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The paper aims to investigate the degree of cognitive skills required for success in online versions of the popular card game rummy and poker. The study focuses on analyzing the impact of experience and learnable skills on success in the online card game. We also propose a framework to analyze online games to conclude on whether they are games of learnable skill or are they games of chance. The hypotheses proposed aim to test whether online and offline card games are comparable in terms of cognitive engagement and skill requirements. To assess these hypotheses, key elements of gameplay such as shuffling of cards, card deck randomness, and seating of players are analyzed. We also adopted statistical approaches to understand the characteristics of card games in terms of random chance or skill. From the analysis, we could see that the normality of the derived variables deviates significantly from the normal distribution showing a non-linear trend. It signifies that the mean of the involved skill variables is not zero as the user plays a greater number of games, thereby strengthening the assumption that the long-term success in online card games is attributed to skill and not chance. There is no difference in online and offline versions of card games (rummy and poker) from the perspective of requirement of skills. Moreover, our finding suggests that there is a preponderance of skills to succeed in online card gaming. Overall, the findings of this research contribute to a better understanding of cognitive skills in online gaming environments.

The solubility and dissolution rate of simvastatin, a drug used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. Simvastatin is a selective competitive inhibitor of HMG Co A reductase. However its absolute bioavailability is 5%. To increase the solubility of drug solid dispersion was prepared. Solid dispersion preliminary solubility analysis was carried out for the selection of the carrier and solid dispersion was prepared with Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) and Methyl Cellulose (MC). These solid dispersions were analyzed for the solubility and in-vitro dissolution profile solid dispersion of drug with polymer has shown enhanced solubility with improved dissolution rate. Further FTIR, X-Ray studies were carried out. Solid dispersion prepared with polymer in 1:5 ratios shows the presence of amorphous form confirmed by the characterization study. The study also shows that dissolution rate of simvastatin can be enhanced to considerable extent by solid dispersion technique with Polymer. Keywords: Solubility enhancement, Solid dispersion, Low aqueous solubility

The main objective of the present study is too prepared, characterized and evaluate and surfactant used as a carrier in solid dispersions for enhancing the dissolution rate of simvastatin. The feasibility of formulating solid dispersions of pure drug with gum and surfactant combination that enhanced dissolution rate was also investigated. Solid dispersions of simvastatin in gum: surfactant different polymer ratios were prepared by kneading method and evaluated for dissolution rate and efficiency. All the solid dispersions prepared gave rapid and higher dissolution of simvastatin when compared with pure drug. The DE60 was also increased from many folds in the case of pure drug and solid dispersions. Experimental design was applied systematically and determine the influence of the individual and combined effect on independent variables (X1) ratio and (X2) concentration of surfactants on the dependent variables percent dissolution efficiency at 60 min (%DE 60) and yield percent and optimized formulation selected and characterised by its UV, Differential scanning caloriemetery, Scanning electron microscopy and X- Diffraction studies and formulated into capsule dosage form. In conclusion, the result of this work to suggest that solid dispersion is a useful technique for enhancing the solubility and dissolution study of water insoluble drug. Keywords: Solubility enhancement, Poorly water soluble drug, Simvastatin, Solid dispersions

The solubility and dissolution rate of simvastatin, a drug used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. Simvastatin is a selective competitive inhibitor of HMG Co A reductase. However its absolute bioavailability is 5%. To increase the solubility of drug solid dispersion was prepared. Solid dispersion preliminary solubility analysis was carried out for the selection of the carrier and solid dispersion was prepared with Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) and Methyl Cellulose (MC). These solid dispersions were analyzed for the solubility and in-vitro dissolution profile solid dispersion of drug with polymer has shown enhanced solubility with improved dissolution rate. Further FTIR, X-Ray studies were carried out. Solid dispersion prepared with polymer in 1:5 ratios shows the presence of amorphous form confirmed by the characterization study. The study also shows that dissolution rate of simvastatin can be enhanced to considerable extent by solid dispersion technique with Polymer. Keywords: Solubility enhancement, Solid dispersion, Low aqueous solubility

The main objective of the present study is too prepared, characterized and evaluate and surfactant used as a carrier in solid dispersions for enhancing the dissolution rate of simvastatin. The feasibility of formulating solid dispersions of pure drug with gum and surfactant combination that enhanced dissolution rate was also investigated. Solid dispersions of simvastatin in gum: surfactant different polymer ratios were prepared by kneading method and evaluated for dissolution rate and efficiency. All the solid dispersions prepared gave rapid and higher dissolution of simvastatin when compared with pure drug. The DE60 was also increased from many folds in the case of pure drug and solid dispersions. Experimental design was applied systematically and determine the influence of the individual and combined effect on independent variables (X1) ratio and (X2) concentration of surfactants on the dependent variables percent dissolution efficiency at 60 min (%DE 60) and yield percent and optimized formulation selected and characterised by its UV, Differential scanning caloriemetery, Scanning electron microscopy and X- Diffraction studies and formulated into capsule dosage form. In conclusion, the result of this work to suggest that solid dispersion is a useful technique for enhancing the solubility and dissolution study of water insoluble drug. Keywords: Solubility enhancement, Poorly water soluble drug, Simvastatin, Solid dispersions

Certain techniques are used for the preparation of solid dispersions and used to enhance the solubility of water insoluble drugs. One of its techniques is supercritical fluid technology that is used for the preparation of solid dispersions. The present aim of this technique is to provide the recent advances in the use of supercritical fluids for the preparation of solid dispersion and for pharmaceutical substances with particular attention to drug delivery systems. Basically, a “supercritical fluid” can be defined as it enters in the pure substance when both temp. & pressure above its critical P&T. In the SCF techniques, there are certain solvents like CO2, N2O used as the supercritical fluid. This innovative technique is highly promising and approachable for the future applications in pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: Supercritical fluids, solubility, solid dispersion, drug delivery, and Applications.

Rosuvastatin calcium is a BCS class II drug (low solubility and high permeability), used as a lipid lowering agent by acting as HMG CoA reductase inhibitor and it is used for the management of hyperlipidemia. Increase in the solubility of the poorly water soluble drug is the most challenging aspect for various new chemical entities which leads to the unsatisfactory dissolution profile, consequently, the bioavailability. There are various techniques to enhance the solubility of the drug, such as particle size reduction, nanosuspension, use of surfactants, salt formation, pH modifier, solid dispersion etc. Solid dispersions in water-soluble carriers have attracted considerable interest as a means of improving the dissolution rate and hence possibly bioavailability, of a range of hydrophobic drugs. Carriers are the major players in these formulations, e.g., hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol etc. HPMC and EC is one of the most efficient polymers among all of these to work as a carrier for these drugs to enhance solubility. Four ratios of drug: carrier were prepared (1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7) and 1:7 was the optimized ratio which shows a maximum release of the drug via dissolution profile. In the present work, Solid Dispersions were prepared by Kneading technique to enhance the solubility of Rosuvastatin Calcium. Solid dispersions were evaluated for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis, dissolution studies, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and stability studies to confirm enhancement in solubility. The prepared solid dispersions are formulated into tablet dosage form and characterized by various parameters i.e. weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution rate. The evaluated parameters of tablet dosage form show increase in solubility and dissolution rate of the pure drug. Keywords: Rosuvastatin Calcium, Carriers, HP

Rosuvastatin calcium is a BCS class II drug (low solubility and high permeability), used as a lipid lowering agent by acting as HMG CoA reductase inhibitor and it is used for the management of hyperlipidemia. Increase in the solubility of the poorly water soluble drug is the most challenging aspect for various new chemical entities which leads to the unsatisfactory dissolution profile, consequently, the bioavailability. There are various techniques to enhance the solubility of the drug, such as particle size reduction, nanosuspension, use of surfactants, salt formation, pH modifier, solid dispersion etc. Solid dispersions in water-soluble carriers have attracted considerable interest as a means of improving the dissolution rate and hence possibly bioavailability, of a range of hydrophobic drugs. Carriers are the major players in these formulations, e.g., hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol etc. HPMC and EC is one of the most efficient polymers among all of these to work as a carrier for these drugs to enhance solubility. Four ratios of drug: carrier were prepared (1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7) and 1:7 was the optimized ratio which shows a maximum release of the drug via dissolution profile. In the present work, Solid Dispersions were prepared by Kneading technique to enhance the solubility of Rosuvastatin Calcium. Solid dispersions were evaluated for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis, dissolution studies, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and stability studies to confirm enhancement in solubility. The prepared solid dispersions are formulated into tablet dosage form and characterized by various parameters i.e. weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution rate. The evaluated parameters of tablet dosage form show increase in solubility and dissolution rate of the pure drug. Keywords: Rosuvastatin Calcium, Carriers, HP

Certain techniques are used for the preparation of solid dispersions and used to enhance the solubility of water insoluble drugs. One of its techniques is supercritical fluid technology that is used for the preparation of solid dispersions. The present aim of this technique is to provide the recent advances in the use of supercritical fluids for the preparation of solid dispersion and for pharmaceutical substances with particular attention to drug delivery systems. Basically, a “supercritical fluid” can be defined as it enters in the pure substance when both temp. & pressure above its critical P&T. In the SCF techniques, there are certain solvents like CO2, N2O used as the supercritical fluid. This innovative technique is highly promising and approachable for the future applications in pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: Supercritical fluids, solubility, solid dispersion, drug delivery, and Applications.