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Plant density, the number of plants per unit area, is an important factor in maize production. Plant density exhibits high variability and depends on a number of factors, i.e., the length of the growing period of the hybrid, the morphological characteristics of the plant, the amount and distribution of precipitation during the growing season, the reserve of winter moisture in the soil, the level of soil fertility, the time of sowing, agronomic management practices, and biomass and yield. The objective of this paper was to determine the agronomic optimal plant density for maize in calcareous soil in the semiarid conditions of the South Pannonian Basin. Field experiments were conducted at the experimental field—IFVCNS (two locations: Rimski Šančevi and Srbobran) to evaluate four plant densities (55,000; 65,000; 75,000; and 85,000 plants ha−1). The experimental sites “Rimski Šančevi” and “Srbobran” are located in the typical chernozem zone of the southern part of the Pannonian Basin. On average for all hybrids, the grain yield followed a second-degree polynomial model in response to the increasing planting density, with the highest value at plant density (PD2: 65,000 plants ha−1). To achieve maximum yield, the optimal planting density for corn hybrids of the FAO 200 group should be 57,600 plants ha−1, for the FAO 300 group 64,300 plants ha−1, for the FAO 400 group 68,700 plants ha−1, for the FAO 500 group 66,800 plants ha−1, and for the FAO 600 group 63,500 plants ha−1. “Which–Won–Where” biplot showed that the hybrid H24 from FAO 600 group was the highest yielding in all of the environments. Hybrid H17 from the same FAO group was the most stable across all of the environments. Selected hybrids may further be studied for planting density and nutritional requirements for getting maximum yield. By introducing new maize hybrids with higher genetic yield potential and better agronomic management practices, modern mechanization and agricultural techniques allowed to increase

Cultivated lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) is the most widely grown forage legume, mainly due to its high nutritive quality and yield. The objective of this study was to provide information about the optimal seeding rate and row spacing for alfalfa cultivation under rainfed conditions in the Republic of North Macedonia. Alfalfa was sown in the fall of 2020, using randomized complete block design in a split-split plot arrangement with three replications. The effects of two seeding rates (8 and 16 kg ha-1) and two row spaces (20 and 40 cm) were examined on fresh forage yield (FFY) and dry matter yield (DMY) of four alfalfa cultivars. From the evaluation, the sowing method (row spacing) and cultivar choice showed a significant impact on the obtained forage yield. The higher average yield of fresh (73.7 t ha-1) and dry (20.3 t ha-1) forage was achieved at a sowing distance of 20 cm. Since the seeding rate did not significantly impact FFY and DMY, in regions with a temperate climate, it is recommended that lower seeding rates than 16 kg ha-1 should be used in order to have sufficient and cost-effective alfalfa production. The inevitable issues for increasing alfalfa production are the selection of an appropriate cultivar with good adaptability to recent climate changes within compatible establishment methods.

Novostvorena sorta ozimog graška za zrno (Pisum sativum L.) NS Senior priznata od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije.

Novostvorena sorta jarog graška za zrno (Pisum sativum L.) NS Zefir priznata od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije.

Identifying the contributions of climate factors and fertilization to maize yield is significant for the assessment of climate change impacts on maize production under semiarid conditions. This experiment was conducted with an overall objective to find how N fertilization and cultivar interactions along with climatic conditions determine the mineral composition and maize yield responses of four divergent maize cultivars grown under eight different fertilization levels. The results showed that element contents were significantly affected by year (Y), cultivar (C), N fertilization, and N × C interaction. The element contents of grains were mainly influenced by N rate or N × C interactions. The results showed that maize yield was significantly affected by year (Y), genotype (G), N fertilization (N), and Y × G × N interaction. These results implied that the maize yield was significantly affected by changes in genotypes and environments. Overall, our findings are a result of the interactions of genetic, environmental, and agronomic management factors. Future studies could evaluate more extreme plant densities, N fertilizer levels, and environments to further enhance our understanding of management effects on the mineral composition and maize yield in calcareous soil.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is an important legume that is also known as a rich source of isoflavones, which are compounds with mild estrogenic activity. Therefore, this plant is often used as a raw material in the production of dietary supplements recommended in menopause. Many factors can influence isoflavone content, but those genetically related are considered to be the most important. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile of different plant parts of 30 red clover genotypes grouped according to ploidy and country of seed origin by analyzing the content of dominant isoflavones, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity. It was found that there are significant differences in the examined traits among plant parts. Red clover leaves had the highest total isoflavone content, with biochanin A as the dominant compound, while flower extracts had the highest TPC and antioxidant activity. Diploid and tetraploid genotypes were significantly different concerning the content of daidzein, genistein, formononetin and TPC with higher quantities in tetraploid samples. On the other hand, seed origin was not a useful separating factor for the analyzed samples. The results of this research indicate that ploidy, as a previously poorly studied factor, could influence isoflavone content in red clover.

Krmno bilje predstavlja grupu različitih biljnih vrsta iz familija Poaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Amaranthaceae, za koje je zajedničko formiranje bujne vegetativne mase koja se koristi u ishrani stoke (Karagić i sar., 2019). U poslednje tri godine, površine pod krmnim biljem u Srbiji iznosile su između 223.000 i 235.000 ha. Tokom 2020. godine krmno bilje je u ukupnoj površini zasejanih oranica i bašta zauzimalo 9,0%, tokom 2021. godine 8,7%, a 2022. godine 8,6% (Republika Srbija, 2023). Biljna masa krmnih biljaka se u ishrani stoke koristi kao kabasta ili koncentrovana hrana, kao proteinska ili ugljeno-hidratna komponenta. Krmne biljne vrste se mogu gajiti kao pašnjaci i livade ili kao oranične kulture, usevi koji se uzgajaju za konzervisanu ili svežu hranu (Fuglie et al., 2021). U Srbiji je dominantniji način iskorišćavanja proizvodnja kabaste stočne hrane, zelena krma, seno, senaža ili silaža, dok se proteinski grašak koristi za proizvodnju zrna (Karagić i sar., 2012). Upotrebom konzervisane kabaste hrane zadovoljavajućeg kvaliteta postiže se ušteda u proizvodnji na račun manje potrošnje skupih koncentrata (Karagić i sar., 2016). Većina krmnih biljaka može se gajiti i kao združeni usev sa drugim biljnim vrstama i na taj način osigurava se proizvodnja veće količine izbalansirane stočne hrane u pogledu hranljive vrednosti. Gajenje krmnog bilja ima niz prednosti, osim direktne koristi koja se ogleda u proizvodnji stočne hrane, uključivanjem krmnih biljaka u plodored smanjuje se ili u potpunosti izostavlja primena mineralnih đubriva i povećava efikasnost iskorišćavanja mehanizacije (Katanski i sar., 2022). Za postizanje visokih prinosa zelene krme zadovoljavajućeg kvaliteta neophodna je pravovremena primena svih neophodnih agrotehničkih mera. Mamlić i sar. (2023) su na osnovu rezultata višegodišnjih istraživanja na biljkama iz familije leguminoza zaključili da pravovremena i pravilna primena preporučenih agrotehničkih mera, pre svega obrada zemljišta i upotreba đubr

Oplemeljivanje lucerke u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu započeto je posle Drugog svetskog rata, korišćenjem autohtonih populacija, primenom masovne selekcije, kao najstarije metode. Osnovu uspešnog oplemenjivanja lucerke čini bogata genetska kolekcija, koja je prikupljana, ne samo od autohtonih populacija iz zemlje, već i razmenom materijala sa domaćim i svetskim naučno-istraživačkim institucijama i gen bankama, kao i kroz učešće istraživača u međunarodnim projektima. Oplemenjivanje lucerke u Institutu traje neprekidno više od šest decenija, kroz nekoliko ciklusa, primenom različitih oplemenjivačkih metoda, što je rezultiralo sa 22 sorte priznate u Srbiji i 9 sorti registrovanih u inostranstvu (EU, Belorusija, Ukrajina, Turska, Maroko). Iz globalne perspektive, kraj 20. i početak 21. veka obeležilo je uvođenje novog koncepta oplemenjivanja lucerke - semihibridno oplemenjivanje, kao jedan od načina da se poveća prinos krme lucerke, a farmeri u narednim godinama mogu očekivati nove, visokoprinosne i visokokvalitetne sorte lucerke. Savremene metoda biotehnologije –molekularni markeri, koji su značajni sa aspekta povećanja efikasnosti oplemenjivanja lucerke, takođe se intenzivno primenjuju u oplemenjivačkom radu. Poslednjih godina, Institut se intenzivnije bavi oplemenjivačkim strategijama vezanim za uvođenje genetičke osnove otpornosti na kisela zemljišta/Al tolerantnost korišćenjem populacija diploidne lucerke (M. lessingii Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Kar.), što predstavlja prvi pokušaj povećanja tolerantnosti lucerke na kisela zemljišta. U oplemenjivanju lucerke istraživanja su usmerena ka stvaranju sorti visoke produkcije nadzemne biomase, kao i proučavanje dugovečnosti – trajnosti sorti. Ispitivanje kvaliteta, posebno hranljive vrednosti i svarljivosti krme, kao i povećanje nivoa otpornosti na ekonomski značajne bolesti i poleganje lucerke, jedan su od pravaca rada na oplemenjivanju lucerke u Institutu., Breeding of alfalfa at the Institute of Field and Vegetables in Novi Sad began after the World War II, using autochthonous populations, and mass selection, as the oldest breeding method. The basis of successful alfalfa breeding is a rich genetic collection, which was collected not only from indigenous populations, but also by the exchange of genotypes with domestic and foreign research institutions and gene banks, as well as through the participation of researchers in international projects. Alfalfa breeding at the Institute has been going on continuously for more than six decades, through several cycles, using different breeding methods, which resulted in the development of 22 alfalfa cultivars in scribed in Serbia and 9 cultivars released abroad (EU, Belarus, Ukraine, Turkey, Morocco). From a global perspective, the end of the 20 th and the beginning of the 21 st century was marked by the introduction of a new concept of alfalfa breeding - semi-hybrid breeding, as one of the ways to increase the alfalfa biomass yield, and feed producers can expect the release of new, high- yielding and high-quality cultivars in the coming years. Modern methods of biotechnology - molecular markers, which are significant from the aspect of increasing the efficiency of alfalfa breeding, are also intensively applied in breeding work. In recent years, the Institute has been more intensively dealing with breeding strategies related to the introduction of the genetic basis of acid soil resistance/Al tolerance using diploid alfalfa (M. caerulea) populations, which represents the first attempt to increase alfalfa tolerance to acid soils. In alfalfa breeding, research is directed towards the creation of cultivars with high production of biomass, as well as the study of the durability of the varieties. Testing the quality, especially the nutritional value and digestibility of forage, as well as increasing the level of resistance to economically significant diseases and alfalfa lodging, are o

Ovo je sorta lucerke (Medicago sativa L.) Nera priznata od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srpske., This is a registered alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivar Nera released by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Srpska.

Ovo je sorta panonske grahorice (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) Panonka priznata od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srpske.

Ovo je sorta sastrice Studenica priznata od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srpske.

Najznačajnije krmne biljke koje se gaje na oranicama Srbije su lucerka, crvena detelina, stočni grašak, grahorica, krmni sirak i sudanska trava. Površine na kojima se gaje oranične krmne biljke iznose oko 235.000 ha, što predstavlja oko 9% obradivog zemljišta Srbije (SGRS, 2021). Dominantan način iskorišćavanja krmnih biljaka u Srbiji je proizvodnja kabaste stočne hrane (zelena krma, seno, senaža i silaža) sa izuzetkom proteinskog graška koji se koristi za proizvodnju zrna (Karagić i sar., 2012). Osim direktne koristi za proizvodnju stočne hrane, gajenje NS sorti krmnog bilja, naročito krmnih leguminoza, pozitivno utiče na veći broj činilaca poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Uključivanjem krmnih biljaka u strukturu setve smanjuje se ili u potpunosti izostavlja primena mineralnih đubriva i pesticida, što omogućava proizvodnju zdravstveno-bezbedne stočne hrane. Većim učešćem krmnih biljaka u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji omogućava se potrebna plodosmena i povećava efikasnost iskorišćavanja mehanizacije i zemljišta.

Crvena detelina (Trifolium pratense. L) je jedna od najviše gajenih mahunarki u umerenim i vlažnim područjima. Poznata je kao važan izvor izoflavona, jedinjenja koja pripadaju malobrojnoj porodici fitoestrogena. Crvena detelina se stoga, pored soje, često koristi kao sirovina za proizvodnju dijetetskih suplemenata koji se preporučuju za ublažavanje simptoma menopauze. Druga prisutna fenolna jedinjenja, sa svojim antioksidativnim svojstvima, takođe doprinose ukupnom zdravstvenom potencijalu ove biljke. Postoji mnogo genetskih i ekoloških faktora koji utiču na sadržaj fitoestrogena u crvenoj detelini, ali se malo zna o uticaju nivoa ploidnosti na profil izoflavona. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi sastav izoflavona, ukupni fenolni sadržaj i antioksidativni potencijal različitih biljnih delova 30 genotipova crvene deteline, kao i da se proceni uticaj nivoa ploidnosti na ova svojstva., Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is one of the most widely grown leguminous plants in temperate and humid areas. It is well known as an important source of isoflavones, compounds which belong to the narrow family of phytoestrogens. Red clover, next to soybean, is therefore often used as a raw material for production of dietary supplements recommended for alleviation of menopausal symptoms. Other present phenolic compounds with their antioxidant properties also contribute to the overall health potential of this plant. There are many genetic and environmental factors influencing phytoestrogen content in red clover, but little is known about the impact of ploidy level on isoflavone profile. The aim of this study was to determine isoflavone composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of different plant parts of 30 red clover genotypes, and to evaluate the influence of ploidy level on these traits.

Protein pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a protein-rich legume (up to 33% of seed protein). Using pea in the human and animal diet provides one of the best solutions for the long-term lack of plant-based protein. Although soybean is one of the primary plant protein sources, the advantage of growing pea is their wider geographical area and colder climates adaptability. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of different agroecological conditions in 64 protein pea cultivars on seed protein content and agronomical traits related to seed yield. A two-year trial on two European sites (Serbia and Belgium) was done using an augmented block design. The average temperatures and total precipitation amount during the vegetative period (March-August) in Serbia trials were 18.4 °C and 381.4 mm for 2019 and 18.1°C and 488.9 mm for 2020, and in Belgium trials 14.9 °C and 268.9 mm for 2019 and 14.7°C and 184.6 mm for 2020. Agronomical traits (flowering duration FD, plant seed yield PSY, thousand seed weight TSW, and seed per pod SPP) were determined using ten plant samples, while seed protein content (SPC) was determined using near-infrared spectroscopy (Table 1). Statistically significant differences between localities were determined by T-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were determined between traits. Multivariate analysis was performed based on the examination of mean values of traits for both localities, in order to investigate the population structure of 64 pea genotypes differing in color and seed type. Significant positive correlation was observed between TSW and PSY (0.60), and between SPP and SPC (0.25). A significant negative correlation was determined between SPC and TSW (-0.66) and between SPC and PSY (-0.41). The results of multivariate analysis based on seed color show the separation of pigmented seeds from mixed non-pigmented seeds by the first axis (35.9%) and yellow non-pigmented seeds by the second axis (17.9%), with no clear grouping in rel

Seme lucerke ima veliki privredni i ekonomski značaj od davnina, jer se smatra da je lucerka prva gajena krmna biljka. Danas je veoma raširena i gaji se u više od 80 zemalja na svim kontinentima od umereno hladnog do tropskog pojasa (Katić i sar., 2000). Lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) je po površinama najzastupljenija krmna kultura kako u svetu, tako i kod nas, pre svega zbog hemijskog sastava njene biljne mase. Sadržaj proteina u suvoj materiji lucerke varira između 18 i 25%, u zavisnosti od faze razvoja biljaka, otkosa, sorte i načina iskorišćavanja. Sadržaj mineralnih materija je 9,87%, dok se i sadržaj kalcijuma kreće od 1,4 do 1,9%. Sadržaj masnih materija je nizak, u proseku 1,78% (Katić et al., 2004)., Alfalfa seeds have been of great economic and economic importance since ancient times, because it is considered that alfalfa was the first cultivated fodder plant. Today it is very widespread and is cultivated in more than 80 countries on all continents from the temperate to the tropical zone (Katić et al., 2000). Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most represented forage crop both in the world and in our country, primarily due to the chemical composition of its plant mass. The protein content in the dry matter of alfalfa varies between 18 and 25%, depending on the stage of plant development, cutting, variety and method of utilization. The mineral content is 9.87%, while the calcium content ranges from 1.4 to 1.9%. The content of fatty substances is low, on average 1.78% (Katić et al., 2004).

Cultivated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a highly productive forage crop with great economic potential. Our objectives were to investigate the effects and interactions of environment, harvest maturity stage, seeding rate and cultivars on alfalfa dry matter yield and quality. The field experiment was carried out over 2010-2012 at the Experimental Field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, at two locations: (I) Cenej, and (II) Rimski Šančevi, which were characterized by a contrasting soil condition. The experimental treatments included two seeding rates of 8 and 16 kg ha-1, three different harvest maturity stages of alfalfa, and four alfalfa cultivars included as a subplot in every treatment. Harvesting alfalfa five times within a year (cutting in the beginning of flowering) in the second and third year of stand life is the most efficient harvest regime that allows full exploitation of cultivar genetic potential and environmental conditions. There was no difference in yields between harvests at early and full flowering stage (15.9 t ha-1). Data related to forage quality components show increase of nutritive value when harvesting alfalfa in earlier maturity stage. Maturity stage in the moment of harvesting significantly affected all quality parameters. The results obtained suggest that in a temperate climate of Southeast Europe there is little justification for planting higher seeding rates of alfalfa varieties under good establishment practices. Increasing seeding rates above 16 kg ha-1 does not provide a long-term boon in alfalfa production., Lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) je visokoproduktivna krmna biljka velikog ekonomskog potencijala. Cilj rada je bio da se ispita uticaj uslova spoljne sredine, faze košenja, setvene norme i sorte, kao i njihove interakcije, na prinos i kvalitet suve materije lucerke. Poljski ogled je zasnovan na oglednim poljima Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, na dva lokaliteta: (I) Čenej, i (II) Rimski Šančevi, različitih zemljišnih karakteristika. Tretmani su uključivali dve setvene norme, od 8 i 16 kg ha-1, tri sistema kosidbe i četiri sorte lucerke, tretirane kao podparcele u svakom tretmanu. Kao najbolji sistem kosidbe, u kojem je ostvarena puna eksploatacija i potencijal sorte, bilo je košenje lucerke pet puta godišnje (kosidba u početku cvetanja) u drugoj i trećoj godini života lucerišta. Prinosi ostvareni košenjem na početku i u punom cvetanju se nisu razlikovali (15,9 t ha-1). Podaci o komponentama kvaliteta krme ukazuju na značajno povećanje nutritivne vrednosti pri kosidbi u ranim razvojnim fazama biljaka lucerke. Fenološka faza biljaka u momentu košenja značajno je uticala na sve parametre kvaliteta. Dobijeni rezultati govore da u umerenom klimatu jugoistočne Evrope postoji opravdanje za setvu manje količine semena. Povećanje setvene norme preko 16 kg ha-1 ne obezbeđuje dugoročnu dobit u proizvodnji lucerke.

Description of the subject. Red clover is an important forage legume and a rich source of high quality forage for livestock feed. This study assesses of a diverse red clover collection for agronomic value, forage quality and antioxidant activity in relation to status (cultivar vs natural population) and ploidy level (diploid or tetraploid) for the purpose of diversity study and for identification of potential heterotic groups and classification of accessions according to the results of analyses. Objectives. The aims of this research were to: i) explore agronomic traits, forage quality, and antioxidant activity in relation to status and ploidy level; ii) assess trait associations and the possibility of indirect selection; iii) cluster red clover accessions with regard to forage quality and antioxidant activity. Method. Red clover was represented by 46 accessions, the cultivars and natural populations of diploid (2n) and tetraploid (4n) ploidy levels from 17 countries, which were collected and preserved in the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia. The following traits were determined from the two-year field trial at Rimski Šančevi, Serbia: plant height (PH), internodes number (IN), green mass yield (GMY), dry matter yield (DMY), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter intake (DMI), relative feed value (RFV) and antioxidant activity. All accessions were characterized in the second cut of the second year of life when 20-25% of flowers appeared. Results. The cultivars had higher values for PH, IN, GMY, DMY, DDM, DMI, and RFV. The tetraploid accessions had higher values for IN, GMY, DMY, CP, NDF and DDM. The natural populations and diploid accessions had 39.9% and 21.9% smaller antioxidant capacity, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was positively associated with RFV, DDM, DMI, PH, IN, GMY and DMY, but negatively with ADF and NDF. Conclusions. The grouping of red clov, Description du sujet. Le trèfle violet est une légumineuse fourragère importante et une riche source de fourrage de haute qualité pour l’alimentation du bétail. Cette étude évalue une collection diversifiée de trèfle violet pour la valeur agronomique, la qualité du fourrage et l’activité antioxydante en relation avec le statut (cultivar vs population naturelle) et le niveau de ploïdie (diploïde ou tétraploïde) aux fins d’étude de diversité et d’identification de groupes hétérotiques potentiels et de classification des accessions en fonction des résultats des analyses. Objectifs. Les buts de cette recherche étaient : i) d’explorer les caractéristiques agronomiques, la qualité du fourrage et l’activité antioxydante en relation avec le statut et le niveau de ploïdie ; ii) d’évaluer les associations de caractéristiques et la possibilité de sélection indirecte ; iii) de regrouper les accessions de trèfle violet en ce qui concerne la qualité du fourrage et l’activité antioxydante. Méthode. Le trèfle violet était représenté par 46 accessions, les cultivars et populations naturelles de niveaux de ploïdie diploïde (2n) et tétraploïde (4n) originaires de 17 pays qui ont été collectés et conservés à l’Institut des grandes cultures et des cultures maraîchères de Novi Sad, Serbie. Les caractéristiques suivantes ont été définies sur la base d’un essai bisannuel sur un champ dans la localité de Rimski Sancevi en Serbie : hauteur de la plante (PH), nombre d’entre-noeuds (IN), rendement en masse verte (GMY), rendement en matière sèche (DMY), protéine brute (CP ), fibre détergente acide (ADF), fibre détergente neutre (NDF), matière sèche digestible (DDM), apport en matière sèche (DMI), valeur alimentaire relative (RFV) et activité antioxydante. Toutes les accessions ont été caractérisées à la deuxième coupe de la deuxième année de vie lorsque 20 à 25 % des fleurs sont apparues. Résultats. Les cultivars avaient des valeurs plus élevées pour PH, IN, GMY, DMY, DDM, DMI et RFV. Les acces

Ovo je novostvorena sorta crvene deteline (Trifolium pratense L.) NS Darija priznata od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., This is registered newly-developed cultivar of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) NS Darija released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

Ovo je novostvorena sorta jare obične grahorice (Vicia sativa L.) NS Labudica priznata od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., This is registered newly-developed cultivar of spring common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) NS Labudica released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

Ovo je novostvorena sorta lucerke (Medicago sativa L.) NS Danica priznata od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., This is registered newly-developed cultivar of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) NS Danica released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is the second most important perennial forage legumes in the Republic of Serbia, cultivated on 90-120.000 ha. Nowadays red clover is considered as a very important catch crop and green manure as well as row material for production of pharmaceutical supplements based on phytoestrogens. Currently, domestic seed production is not sufficient to meet the demand, so the import of seeds from other countries is necessary. One of the most important factors that guarantee high yields of red clover seeds is cutting management, heavily influenced by environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cutting management on seed yields, some seed yield components and seed quality of NS red clover variety Una. The trial was established on the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Bački Petrovac according to a randomized block design with three replicates. Red clover variety Una was sown on April 10, 2018, at a row-to-row spacing of 25 cm with a seeding rate of 15 kg ha-1. The size of the elementary plot unit was 15 m2 (3x5 m).

Description of the subject. Red clover is an important forage legume and a rich source of high quality forage for livestock feed. This study assesses of a diverse red clover collection for agronomic value, forage quality and antioxidant activity in relation to status (cultivar vs natural population) and ploidy level (diploid or tetraploid) for the purpose of diversity study and for identification of potential heterotic groups and classification of accessions according to the results of analyses. Objectives. The aims of this research were to: i) explore agronomic traits, forage quality, and antioxidant activity in relation to status and ploidy level; ii) assess trait associations and the possibility of indirect selection; iii) cluster red clover accessions with regard to forage quality and antioxidant activity. Method. Red clover was represented by 46 accessions, the cultivars and natural populations of diploid (2n) and tetraploid (4n) ploidy levels from 17 countries, which were collected and preserved in the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia. The following traits were determined from the two-year field trial at Rimski Šančevi, Serbia: plant height (PH), internodes number (IN), green mass yield (GMY), dry matter yield (DMY), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter intake (DMI), relative feed value (RFV) and antioxidant activity. All accessions were characterized in the second cut of the second year of life when 20-25% of flowers appeared. Results. The cultivars had higher values for PH, IN, GMY, DMY, DDM, DMI, and RFV. The tetraploid accessions had higher values for IN, GMY, DMY, CP, NDF and DDM. The natural populations and diploid accessions had 39.9% and 21.9% smaller antioxidant capacity, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was positively associated with RFV, DDM, DMI, PH, IN, GMY and DMY, but negatively with ADF and NDF. Conclusions. The grouping of red clov

Za profitabilnu proizvodnju lucerke, pored kvalitetne pripreme zemljišta i setve, kao i drugih odgovarajućih agrotehničkih mera, neophodno je biljkama obezbediti i dovoljne količine hraniva. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se ispita efekat primene različitih doza mineralnih đubriva N, P i K na prinos suve materije lucerke, i ekonomičnost proizvodnje u godinama punog iskorišćavanja. Istraživanje je izvedeno na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, na lokalitetu Rimski Šančevi. Ogled je postavljen u proleće 2017. godine, u tri ponavljanja.

Ovo je novostvorena sorta ozimog krmnog graška (Pisum sativum L.) za kombinovano iskorišćavanje NS Kablar priznata od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., This is a registered newly-developed cultivar of winter forage combining pea (Pisum sativum L.) NS Kablar released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

Ovo je novostvorena sorta lucerke (Medicago sativa L.) NS Azra priznata od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., This is registered newly-developed cultivar of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) NS Azra released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

Ovo je novostvorena sorte ozime obične grahorice (Vicia sativa L.) NS Lepenica priznata od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., This is registered newly-developed cultivar of winter vetch (Vicia sativa L.) NS Lepenica released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

In limited growing conditions, intercropped field peas and oats can represent a significant source of forage rich in protein. If applied correctly, factors such as nitrogen fertilizer, the mowing phase, and sowing norms can significantly increase the productivity of these mixtures. Field trials were conducted to examine their productivity under different nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80 kg ha−1 ), different sowing norms/mixtures (field peas: oats—100:15%; 100:30%), and two stages of growth (full flowering, full pod formation). Nitrogen fertilizer and different sowing norms had a significant effect on the biomass, hay, and crude protein yields. On average, the highest hay yields were achieved with 80 kg ha−1 N (4.96 t ha−1 ), followed by 40 kg ha−1 N (4.27 t ha−1 ). The highest protein yields were achieved with 40 kg ha−1 N (CP—704.1 kg ha−1 ), followed by 80 kg ha−1 N (CP—637.6 kg ha−1 ). Sowing norm 100:30% achieved higher hay yields: 100:30%—4.82 t ha−1; 100:15%—4.44 t ha−1, while 100:15% achieved higher crude protein yields: 100:15%—730.4 kg ha−1; 100:30%—692.7 kg ha−1 on average. The costs were not significantly increased with the nitrogen fertilizer, but the net profits were increased by as much as 163%, depending on the nitrogen level and the mixture. Nitrogen fertilizer also achieves higher economic efficiency for the mixture 100:15% compared to the 100:30% mixture. Mixtures of field peas and oats outperform single-grown crops and provide cost-effective feed for a short time. Using optimal seed ratios and nitrogen fertilizer can significantly increase the productivity and profitability of the feed with minimal impact on the overall production costs.

In limited growing conditions, intercropped field peas and oats can represent a significant source of forage rich in protein. If applied correctly, factors such as nitrogen fertilizer, the mowing phase, and sowing norms can significantly increase the productivity of these mixtures. Field trials were conducted to examine their productivity under different nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80 kg ha−1), different sowing norms/mixtures (field peas: oats—100:15%; 100:30%), and two stages of growth (full flowering, full pod formation). Nitrogen fertilizer and different sowing norms had a significant effect on the biomass, hay, and crude protein yields. On average, the highest hay yields were achieved with 80 kg ha−1 N (4.96 t ha−1), followed by 40 kg ha−1 N (4.27 t ha−1). The highest protein yields were achieved with 40 kg ha−1 N (CP—704.1 kg ha−1), followed by 80 kg ha−1 N (CP—637.6 kg ha−1). Sowing norm 100:30% achieved higher hay yields: 100:30%—4.82 t ha−1; 100:15%—4.44 t ha−1, while 100:15% achieved higher crude protein yields: 100:15%—730.4 kg ha−1; 100:30%—692.7 kg ha−1 on average. The costs were not significantly increased with the nitrogen fertilizer, but the net profits were increased by as much as 163%, depending on the nitrogen level and the mixture. Nitrogen fertilizer also achieves higher economic efficiency for the mixture 100:15% compared to the 100:30% mixture. Mixtures of field peas and oats outperform single-grown crops and provide cost-effective feed for a short time. Using optimal seed ratios and nitrogen fertilizer can significantly increase the productivity and profitability of the feed with minimal impact on the overall production costs.

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of electrostatic fields on seed vigor (VI), mean rate of germination (MGR) and coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG) of five soybean genotypes. Testing was conducted at the Novi Sad Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops on the seeds of five soybean varieties: Sava, NS 2024, NS 1347, NS 3127, and NS Blackstar. The seeds were exposed to different voltages of direct current (DC): 0 V (control), 3 V, 6 V and 9 V, to which the seeds were exposed for 0 min (control), 1 min and 3 min. The application of DC can be a suitable method for improving VI, MGR and CVG. In addition, the results indicate that it is necessary to adjust the DC treatment (voltage and duration of exposure of seeds) to a particular genotype, since inadequate treatments may deteriorate the quality of seeds., Cilj rada je bio da se ispita uticaj elektrostatičkog polja na vigor semena (VI), srednju brzinu klijanja (MGR) i koeficijent srednje brzine klijanja (CVG) pet genotipova soje. Testiranje je sprovedeno u novosadskom Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na semenu pet sorti soje: Sava, NS 2024, NS 1347, NS 3127, i NS Blackstar. Seme je bilo izloženo različitim vrednostima jednosmerne struje (DC) napona: 0 V (kontrola), 3 V, 6 V i 9 V, u trajanju od 0 min (kontrola), 1 min i 3 min. Nakon toga seme je stavljeno na naklijavanje na temperaturi od 25°C u trajanju od osam dana, a posle toga utvrđene su vrednosti parametara klijanja. Rezultati su pokazali značajan uticaj elektrostatičkog polja na VI, MGR i CVG u zavisnosti od genotipa i napona. Najbolji uticaj na sve parametre klijanja ostvaren je kod genotipa NS 2024. Primenom elektrostatičkog polja od 6 V ostvaren je najbolji efekat kod svih ispitivanih parametara. VI je povećan za 19,75%, dok su MGR i CVG za 5.22% viši u odnosu na kontrolu. Pored toga, rezultati su pokazali da je potrebno utvrditi tačnu kombinaciju napona i vremena ekspozicije za određeni genotip, jer u suprotnom dolazi do značajnog pogoršanja parametara klijavosti semena.

In limited growing conditions, intercropped field peas and oats can represent a significant source of forage rich in protein. If applied correctly, factors such as nitrogen fertilizer, the mowing phase, and sowing norms can significantly increase the productivity of these mixtures. Field trials were conducted to examine their productivity under different nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1), different sowing norms/mixtures (field peas: oats—100:15%; 100:30%), and two stages of growth (full flowering, full pod formation). Nitrogen fertilizer and different sowing norms had a significant effect on the biomass, hay, and crude protein yields. On average, the highest hay yields were achieved with 80 kg ha-1 N (4.96 t ha-1), followed by 40 kg ha-1 N (4.27 t ha-1). The highest protein yields were achieved with 40 kg ha-1 ha-1 N (CP—704.1 kg ha-1), followed by 80 kg ha-1 N (CP—637.6 kg ha-1). Sowing norm 100:30% achieved higher hay yields: 100:30%—4.82 t ha-1; 100:15%—4.44 t ha-1, while 100:15% achieved higher crude protein yields: 100:15%—730.4 kg ha-1; 100:30%—692.7 kg ha-1 on average. The costs were not significantly increased with the nitrogen fertilizer, but the net profits were increased by as much as 163%, depending on the nitrogen level and the mixture. Nitrogen fertilizer also achieves higher economic efficiency for the mixture 100:15% compared to the 100:30% mixture. Mixtures of field peas and oats outperform single-grown crops and provide cost-effective feed for a short time. Using optimal seed ratios and nitrogen fertilizer can significantly increase the productivity and profitability of the feed with minimal impact on the overall production costs.

The aim of the research was to test the effect of application of plant growth regulators ascorbic acid (AsA), glycine betaine (GB) salicylic acid (SA), and water (H2O) on morphological characteristics of soybean plant (plant height, number of lateral branches, total number of nodules, number of fertile nodules, number of pods and weight of 1000 seeds). The field trial was conducted at an experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia in 2016–2017. The plant of the soybean cultivar ‘Sava’ was treated twice. The first treatment was done in the R1 reproductive stage and the second treatment was done in the R3 reproductive stage. Research has shown that in a favorable year (2016), the application of GB had the best effect on the number of lateral branches and fertile nodules. The use of SA achieved a significantly higher 1000 seed weight in relation to the control, but also water, regardless of the weather conditions during the vegetation. In 2016, compared to the control, the 1000 seeds weight increased by 10.36%, while in 2017 the effect was slightly higher by 12.92%. However, studies have shown that the use of growth regulators can also have a negative effect on the morphological characteristics of soybean plants, depending on the year and the weather conditions during the growing season.

The aim of this paper was to examine the influence of the electrostatic field on seeds of soybean (Glycine max L), vetch (Vicia spp. L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) which were selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The DC voltage of 9V was used. The durations of seed treatment were 0 (control), 1, 2 and 3 minutes. The trial was set up as a randomized block design with four replications. 4x100 seeds of each variant and control (untreated seed) were treated. After treatment, seed quality was examined using a germination test (optimal temperature) and a cold test (low temperature). The results of the study showed that the effect of the electrostatic field on seed quality depended on the plant species, the time of seed treatment and the temperature conditions in which the seed germinated after treatment. The increase in germination energy ranged up to 18.18% in vetch, and a decrease of up to 12% was observed in chickpea. The application of the electrostatic field had a significantly greater impact on seeds that were exposed to low temperatures in the germination process after treatment. The increase in seed germination ranged up to 82.35% in chickpeas, and the decrease amounted to 92.68% in peas. In addition, the obtained results indicate that it is not possible to talk about the universal application of a certain duration of seed treatment., Cilj rada je bio ispitivanje uticaja elektrostatičkog polja na seme soje (Glycine max L.), grahorice (Vicia spp. L.), graška (Pisum sativum L.), sastrice (Lathyrus sativus L.) i nauta (Cicer arietinum L.) koji su selekcionisani na Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu. Za tretiranje je korišćen jednosmerni napon jačine 9 V. Vreme tretiranja semena iznosilo je 0 (kontrola), 1, 2 i 3 minuta. Nakon tretiranja, ispitan je kvalitet semena primenom standardnog testa klijavosti (optimalna temperatura) i hladnog testa (niska temperatura). Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je efekat elektrostatičkog polja na kvalitet semena zavisio od biljne vrste, vremena tretiranja semena i temperaturnih uslova u kojima je seme klijalo nakon tretiranja. Povećanje energije klijanja se kretalo do 18,18% kod grahorice, a smanjenje do 12% kod nauta. Značajno veći uticaj primena elektrostatičkog polja imala je na semenu koje je posle tretiranja izloženo niskoj temperaturi u procesu klijanja. Povećanje klijavosti semena se kretalo do 82,35% kod nauta, a smanjenje do 92,68% kod graška. Takođe, dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na to da se ne može govoriti o univerzalnoj primeni određenog vremena tretiranja, jer se može dogoditi da ono ne odgovara određenoj biljnoj vrsti, pa može doći do pogoršanja kvaliteta semena.

Seed vitality and vigour are the two most common parameters related to seed quality. It is crucial to have reliable methods and tests for seed quality and seed vigour testing. The standard germination test can be used to predict field emergence, but laboratory seed testing conditions are often in conflict with field conditions. Validated tests for vigour evaluation in legumes are the conductivity test, the accelerated ageing test and the tetrazolium test. Also, other types of vigour tests have been used to solve different problems in the seed sector. The modern approach, the computerised image analysis of legume seeds and sprouts, based on interactive and traditional methods, is a promising alternative for vigour determination., Vitalnost semena i vigor su dva najčešća parametra u vezi sa kvalitetom semena. Veoma je važno imati pouzdane metode i testove za ispitivanje kvaliteta i vigora semena. Standardni test klijavosti se može koristiti za predviđanje nicanja u polju, ali uslovi u kojima se nalazi seme tokom ispitivanja često su u suprotnosti sa uslovima na polju. Validovani testovi za procenu vigora leguminoza su test provodljivosti, test ubrzanog starenja i tetrazolijum test. U proučavanju životne sposobnosti semena leguminoza, zavisno od problema koji bi trebalo rešiti, koriste se i drugi vigor testovi. Savremeni pristup, zasnovan na interaktivnim i tradicionalnim metodama mašinskog učenja, omogućava pouzdanu ocenu semena i ponika leguminoza i predstavlja dobru alternativu za objektivno određivanje vigora.

This paper presents the plant genetic resources maintained by the Center of Excellence for Legumes of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia. The genetic resources of legumes (soybean, alfalfa, red clover, pea and vetch) are an invaluable source material and a rich source of genetic divergence for the development of varieties adapted to specific agricultural and environmental conditions. Soybean is the most important of all cultivated legumes and occupies the largest area under cultivation. The alfalfa collection consists of over 800 genotypes with different agronomic traits and dormancy values. The novel alfalfa breeding concept - breeding for yield per se, based on natural heterosis in the development of half hybrids - was introduced in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The Center of Excellence for Legumes has 757 soybean genotypes, 655 red clover genotypes, about 730 pea genotypes and 495 vetch genotypes. The development of the winter pea variety for grain (NS Mraz), the first of its kind in South-Eastern Europe, was significant for science., Cilj rada je bio da se prikažu biljni genetski resursi (BGR) kojima raspolaže Centar izuzetnih vrednosti za leguminoze Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Instituta od nacionalnog značaja za Republiku Srbiju. Genetski resursi leguminoza (soja, lucerka, crvena detelina, grašak i grahorice) predstavljaju dragocen polazni materijal i izvor raznovrsne genetske divergentnosti za stvaranje novih sorti prilagođenih određenim agroekološkim uslovima. Među leguminozama, soja zauzima najveće površine i spada u red najznačajnijih gajenih biljaka u svetu. Do sada postignuti i valorizovani rezultati istraživanja u zemlji i svetu potvrđuju lidersku poziciju u regionu i šire, a novosadsku genetiku soje čine prepoznatljivom. Kolekcija lucerke poseduje oko 800 genotipova različitih varijateta i nivoa dormantnosti. Kraj XX i početak XXI veka, karakteriše primena novog koncepta oplemenjivanja lucerke na prinos per se, koji treba da iskoristi prirodni heterozis u cilju stvaranja semihibrida. Centar izuzetnih vrednosti za leguminoze raspolaže sa 655 genotipova crvene deteline, oko 730 genotipova graška i 495 genotipova grahorica. Značajan doprinos nauci je stvaranje prve sorte ozimog graška za zrno u Jugoistočnoj Evropi (NS Mraz).

Alfalfa cutting schedule is a more significant factor in achieving high quality, high yields and stand persistence than numerous cultural practices such as irrigation, fertilisation, pest control, sowing management, variety selection, etc. The objective of this research was to determine dry matter (DM) yield and plant density of alfalfa stand as affected by the three different cutting schedules: C 1 - early (first flower, 5 cuts), C 2 - medium (late flower, 4 cuts), and C 3 - late (green pod, 3 cuts), and two seeding rates: S1-8 kg ha-1 and S2-16 kg ha-1, during 2009 - 2011. The numbers of plants per square metre were determined six weeks after sowing, in the spring 2010 and in spring 2011. In each year and over a two year total, C 3 had significantly lower DM yield than other treatments. Alfalfa harvested at the C 1 stage produced higher total DM yield (45.0 t ha-1) than harvesting at the C 3 stage (36.4 t ha-1). Cutting schedule did not influence plant populations of alfalfa stand. The final plant densities were approximately the same in all cutting treatments (early - 90; medium - 85; late - 90 plants m-2). The analysed agronomic traits were not significantly affected by seeding rate.

Plava ili obična lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) je široko rasprostranjena krmna biljka namenjena za iskorišćavanje kao zelena krma, seno, senaža, silaža ili za ispašu širom sveta, zbog visoke hranljive vrednosti krme i široke adaptabilnosti. Setva je kompleksna agrotehnička operacija koja se sastoji iz više elemenata: vremena i dubine setve, i setvene norme. Upotreba optimalne količine semena pri setvi lucerke je jedna od najvažnijih agrotehničkih mera, jer se odgovarajućom setvenom normom obezbeđuje optimalan broj biljaka po jedinici površine, sa kojima se može postići visoka proizvodnja kvalitetne stočne hrane i sniziti troškovi zasnivanja lucerke.

Ovo je priznata novostvorena sorta ozime panonske grahorice (Vicia panonica L.) priznata od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vidoprivrede Republike Srbije., This is a registered newly-developed cultivar of winter pannonian vetch (Vicia panonica L.) released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

U cilju intenziviranja stočarske proizvodnje, rešenje treba tražiti u gajenju visoko prinosnih krmnih biljaka dobrog kvaliteta. Zajedno sa naporima da se smanji energetska potrošnja, zagađenje životne sredine i intenziviraju sistemi održive poljoprivrede, treba razmotriti mogućnost povećanja površina pod ovim biljnim kulturama. Dominantan način iskorišćavanja krmnih biljaka je proizvodnja kabaste stočne hrane (zelena krma, seno, senaža i silaža) sa izuzetkom proteinskog graška koji se koristi za proizvodnju zrna. Značajan doprinos u proizvodnji kvalitetne i raznovrsne stočne hrane u Republici Srbiji pripada Odeljenju za krmno bilje čiju osnovnu delatnost čini naučnoistraživački rad, oplemenjivanje i stvaranje novih sorti lucerke, crvene deteline, stočnog graška, grahorice, stočnog kelja, krmnog sirka i sudanske trave.

Phytoestrogens are plant compounds that can exhibit estrogen-like activity. Isoflavones are one of the best studied groups of phytoestrogens known for their human health benefits. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is one of the leading forage legumes in northern and south-eastern Europe, the United States and Canada. In recent years, the use of natural antioxidants found in red clover has attracted interest due to their presumed nutritional and therapeutic values (Vlaisavljevic et al., 2014; Vlaisavljevic et al., 2017). Studies of utilization of red clover by the pharmaceutical industry have pointed that dietary phytoestrogens play an important role in the prevention of menopausal symptoms (Lipovac et al., 2010), osteoporosis (Atkinson et al., 2004a), estrogen-related cancers like breast cancer, prostate cancer (Atkinson et al., 2004b; Velentzis et al., 2008) and heart disease (Cano et al., 2010; Dixon, 2004). The isoflavones content in red clover is controlled by genetic and environmental factors (Boot et al., 2006; Sivesind and Seguin, 2005; Tsao et al., 2006; Visnevschi-Necrasov et al., 2013).

Field peas are mostly used for animal nutrition in the Balkan region and in the countries of the former USSR, while in the countries of Western Europe, Canada, the USA and the Middle East they are mostly used for human nutrition. Over three years (2010-2012), the yield and grain yield components of the most widespread field pea varieties were examined. The lowest number of plants was determined in 'NS Junior' intended for combined use (65 plants/m2), while 'Dukat' and 'Partner' had 88 and 85 plants/m2 on average, respectively. The average stem height was 158 cm for 'NS Junior', and 65 and 70 cm for 'Dukat' and 'Partner', respectively. 'Dukat' (4846 kg/ha) and 'Partner' (4521 kg/ha) had significantly higher grain yields compared with 'NS Junior' (2717 kg/ha). The content of crude protein in the grain was highest in 'NS Junior' (27.6%), while 'Dukat' and 'Partner' had lower contents (23-25%)., Proteinski grašak se uglavnom koristi za ishranu životinja u našem regionu i u zemljama bivšeg SSSR-a, dok se u zemljama zapadne Evrope, Kanade, SAD-a i Bliskog istoka najviše koristi za ishranu ljudi. Tokom tri godine (2010-2012) ispitivane su komponente prinosa i prinos zrna najrasprostranjenijih sorti proteinskog graška. Najmanji broj biljaka utvrđen je kod sorte NS Junior, namenjene za kombinovanu upotrebu (65 biljaka / m2), dok su sorte Dukat i Partner imale u proseku 88 i 85 biljaka / m2. Prosečna visina stabljike za sortu NS Junior iznosila je 158 cm, a za sorte Dukat i Partner 65 i 70 cm. Sorte Dukat (4846 kg / ha) i Partner (4521 kg / ha) imale su znatno veći prinos zrna u poređenju sa sortom NS Junior (2717 kg / ha). Sadržaj sirovih proteina u zrnu bio je najveći kod sorte NS Junior (27,6%), dok su sorte Dukat i Partner imale između 23 i 25%.

Drought is one of the most important factors limiting the successful production of cultivated plants. One of the most sensitive stage to the water deficit in plants is seed germination. There are various methods of pre-sowing treatments that aim to reduce the negative impact of drought stress and improve seed germination. One of them is priming seeds. The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of priming seeds in solutions - KNO3 (1%), ascorbic acid - AsA (100 mgl-1) and potassium chloride KCl (1%) on the reduction of the negative effect of drought stress. The effect of drought stress was simulated using different concentrations of PEG 6000 (0 (control), -0.30, -0.51, -0.80 MPa). The results of the research showed that with the increase of water deficiency, the effect of priming seeds is greater. At the water potential of the solution of -0.30 MPa, germination energy and seed germination increased on average by 6.77% and 5.08%, while at the water potential of the solution of -0.80 MPa, the increase was 19.28% and 16.75%, respectively. Also, priming seeds significantly reduced the intensity of lipid peroxidation and the content of free proline. From all the above, it can be concluded that priming of seeds is a method that can serve to improve the germination of soybean seeds in conditions of drought stress., Suša je jedan od najvažnijih faktora koji ograničava uspešnu proizvodnju kulturnih biljaka. Jedna od najosetljivijih faza na nedostatak vode kod biljaka je klijanje semena. Postoje razne metode odnosno predsetveni tretmani koj imaju cilj da smanje negativan uticaj nedostatka vode i poboljšaju klijanje semena. Jedan od njih je potapanje semena. Cilj ovog eksperimenta bio je da se ispita uticaj potapanja semena u rastvore - KNO3 (1%), askorbinsku kiselinu - AsA (100mgl-1) i kalijum hlorid KCl (1%) na smanjenje negativnog uticaja suše. Dejstvo suše simulirano je primenom različitih koncentracija PEG-a 6000 (0 (kontrola), -0,30, -0,51, -0,80 MPa). Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je sa povećanjem nedostatka vode efekat potapanja semena veći. Pri vodnom potencijalu rastvora od -0,30 MPa enerija klijanja i klijavost semena povećani su, u proseku, za 6,77% odnosno 5,08% dok je pri vodnom potencijalu rastvora od - 0,80 MPa povećanje iznosilo 19,28% odnosno 16,75%. Takođe, potapanje semena značajno je smanjilo intenzitet lipidne peroksiacije i sadržaj slobodnog prolina. Iz svega navedenog može se zaključiti da je potapanje semena metod koji može da poboljša klijanje semena soje u uslovima suše.

Značaj lucerke u srpskoj poljoprivredi, kao i njena velika tržišna vrednost nameće stalnu potrebu za unapređenjem proizvodnje ove krmne biljke koja zauzima velike površine, kako u svetu tako i u našoj zemlji. Sveobuhvatni cilj doktorske disertacije je da se oceni uticaj različitih sistema gajenja (režima kosidbe) na prinos i hranljivu vrednost lucerke, doprinese rešavanju praktičnih pitanja u proizvodnji lucerke (redefiniše optimalna količina semena za setvu) i odredi fenološka faza u momentu kosidbe u kojoj se postiže balans prinosa i kvaliteta suve materije lucerke. Trogodišnje istraživanje (2010-2012) je izvedeno na oglednim poljima Odeljenja za krmno bilje Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, na dva lokaliteta (Rimski Šančevi i Čenej). Poljski ogled je postavljen po slučajnom blok sistemu u tri ponavljanja na oba lokaliteta. U radu su analizirane četiri sorte lucerke (Banat VS, Nijagara, NS Medijana ZMS V i NS Alfa); dve setvene norme od 8 i 16 kg/ha i tri sistema kosidbe u zavisnosti od fenološke faze razvoja biljaka: I – rani (10% cvetalih biljaka), II – srednje rani (50% cvetalih biljaka), i kasni (početak zametanja mahuna). Tretmani su aranžirani po sistemu podeljenih parcela (split-plot metod), a kao osnovna parcela (veličina 72 m2) korišćena je setvena norma, dok su sve ostale kombinacije sorti i režima kosidbe tretirane kao podparcele (veličina 6 m2). Dimenzije podparcele su 5 m dužina i 1,2 m širina, sa međurednim razmakom od 20 cm. Razmak između blokova je 1 m. Među ispitivanim sortama nije bilo značajne razlike u visini prinosa i komponentama prinosa suve materije lucerke, kao ni u pogledu njihovog kvaliteta. Različite količine semena za setvu lucerke, od 8 i 16 kg/ha, nisu uticale na prinos suve materije kao ni na komponente prinosa (visina biljaka, udeo lista u prinosu, broj izdanaka i broj biljaka). U umereno-kontinentalnim klimatskim uslovima, kakvi vladaju u većem delu u Republike Srbije, nema opravdanja povećanja setvene norme izn, The importance of alfalfa in Serbian agriculture, as well as its high market value, imposes a constant need for the improvement of this forage crop production that occupies large areas both in the world and in our country. The overall objective was to evaluate the effect of different growing systems (cutting regimes) on yield and nutritional value of alfalfa, contribute to solving practical issues in alfalfa production (redefine the optimal amount of seed for sowing) and specify the phenological stage in the moment of cutting when the balance of yield and dry matter quality of alfalfa is achieved. Three-year study (2009-2012) was carried out on experimental fields of Forage Crops Department of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, at two sites (Rimski Šančevi and Čenej). Field trial was set up in a randomized block design with three replications at both sites. Four cultivars of alfalfa were studied in this dissertation (Banat VS, Nijagara, NS Medijana ZMS V and NS Alfa); two sowing rates from 8 and 16 kg/ha and three cutting systems depending on crop phenological stage of development: I – early (10% of flowering plants), II – medium early (50% of flowering plants), and late (beginning of pod setting). Treatments were arranged by split-plot method, and the basic plot (size 72 m2) was used as the sowing rate, while all the other combinations of cultivars and cutting regimes were treated as sub-plots (6 m2). Sub-plot dimensions were 5 m in length and 1.2 m in width, with interrow distance of 20 cm. Inter-block distance was 1 m. There were no significant differences in yield and yield components of alfalfa dry matter, or in their quality, among the tested cultivars. Different amounts of seed for alfalfa sowing, from 8 and 16 kg/ha, did not affect the dry matter yield, or the yield components (crop height, leaf ratio in yield, number of shoots, and number of plants). In moderate-continental climatic conditions, which are present in the majority of the R

Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia has an 80-year long tradition in plant breeding and seed production. The Institute’s basic activities include scientific research, extension services, and production of the basic categories of its own seed. It is a well-developed chain from the basic science, through breeding and seed production, to seed market and farmers. With over 100 researchers, the Institute is one of the largest institutions of its kind in southeast Europe. Its fundamental and applied research are primarily focused on the development of the high-yielding field and vegetable crop cultivars, including forage and industrial crops, medicinal plants and spice herbs tolerant to major diseases and resistant to unfavourable biotic and non-biotic factors. The Institute has a well-developed international scientific cooperation, and it participates in various international and bilateral projects. In addition to research, the Institute develops its commercial sector and thereby functions both as a research institute and a seed company. The Institute has created a new seed brand 'NS seme', which has already become a synonym for high quality and high yield. Over 1000 cultivars of field and vegetable crops have been developed at the Institute so far. Of that number, almost 500 have been registered and commercially grown abroad. The institute's cultivars compete for their place at seed markets of 26 countries, from Argentina, through EU countries, Ukraine and Russia, to China and India.

In Serbia, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is grown on about 140,000 ha, out of which 3–7% are intended for seed production. Climatic factors (amount and distribution of precipitation) are the main determinants of alfalfa seed yield. Average alfalfa seed yield in Serbia is about 250 kg ha-1, and seed production is characterized by huge variation (15–800 kg ha-1). The most challenging year for seed production is the establishment year, i.e., the first year of plant life. To be successful on the market, new alfalfa varieties are selected for high forage production, quality of forage, and persistence. However, outstanding seed-yield potential is also needed. Even if breeding for seed yield is not prioritized, genetic variation among cultivars is known. In order to explore genetic variation for alfalfa seed yield and its components in the establishment year, a trial with 400 accessions was established at the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia, on May 21, 2018. The genotypes were tested in a partially replicated design. For the purpose of this study, we extracted model best linear unbiased predictions (BLUPs) for 20 populations, which represent a part of the European alfalfa core collection. The plot size was 6 m2 . Seed yield and its components were recorded for each plot. The 2018 field season was not favorable for alfalfa seed production in Serbia, but the results clearly demonstrate differences among varieties for total seed yield and its components in the establishment year. Seed yields varied from 31.8 kg ha-1 for the variety ‘Tereza’ to 96.7 kg ha-1 for the variety ‘Etincelle’. Higher seed yields were obtained with less dormant varieties (dormancy ratings 5–6), while lower yields were recorded with more dormant varieties (dormancy ratings 3–4). Analyses showed that, even under unfavorable conditions, genetic variation could be important for alfalfa seed production in the year of establishment.

Proteinski grašak (Pisum sativum L.) pripada familiji Fabaceae (mahunarke, leguminoze) koja se sastoji od tri podfamilije sa oko 15.000 vrsta, različitih po morfološkim svojstvima, arealu gajenja i ekonomskom značaju (Denarie et al. 1992). Grašak odlikuje velika genetička raznolikost. Postoje ozime i jare sorte, po morfološkoj građi sorte sa lišćem (konvencionalne) i bez lišća (sa viticama, tzv. afila tip), indeterminantnog i determinantnog porasta stabla, vrlo ranostasne i kasnostasne. Seme je različito po boji, obliku i veličini. Sorte graška mogu se svrstati u baštenski grašak, koji se koristi kao povrće, poljski grašak koji se koristi za proizvodnju suvog zrna za hranu i krmni grašak, koji se gaji prvenstveno za zelenu krmu. Međutim, brojne sorte graška mogu biti višenamenske. Grašak namenjen ishrani ljudi može da se koristi i u stočarstvu i za sideraciju (Maxted, 2001).

Krmni sirak i sudanska trava predstavljaju značajnu ugljenohidratnu komponentu u ishrani preživara. Za postizanje visokih prinosa zelene krme važno je primeniti kvalitetnu agrotehniku, pre svega izvršiti setvu na odgovarajući međuredni razmak. Cilj rada je da se odredi uticaj međurednog razmaka na morfološke osobine i prinos sorti krmnog sirka i sudanske trave. Ispitivane morfološke osobine nisu se značajno razlikovale pod uticajem međurednog razmaka, dok je na prinos zelene krme i suve materije razmak veoma značajno uticao. Na međurednom razmaku od 12,5 cm sorte su ostvarile prosečno najveći prinos zelene krme (70,1 t ha-1) i prinos suve materije (21,0 t ha-1 ). Za proizvodnju ovih useva preporučuje se uskoredna setva., Forage sorghum and Sudan grass represent a significant carbohydrate component in ruminant nutrition. In order to achieve high yield of green forage, it is important to apply quality agro-technology, mainly to seed at the appropriate row spacing. The aim of the paper is to determine the effect of row spacing on the morphological traits and yield of forage sorghum and Sudan grass varieties. Tested morphological traits did not differ significantly due to the effect of the row spacing, while green forage and dry matter yield were significantly different. At row spacing of 12.5 cm, the average green forage and dry matter yields were the highest (70.1 t ha-1 and 21.0 t ha-1). Seeding at the narrow rows is recommended for the production of these crops.

Široki areal gajenja, adaptabilnost, visoki prinosi suve materije odličnog kvaliteta uslovaljavaju ne samo veliki agronomski nego i ekonomski značaj lucerke (M. sativa L.). Glavna osobina koja se koristi za klasifikaciju sorti i populacija lucerke je dormantnost - jesenji porast. Izbor sorte lucerke određene grupe dormantnosti je izuzetno važan, kako zbog otpornosti na niske i visoke temperature, tako i zbog trajnosti, kvaliteta i prinosa. Dobijeni rezultati jasno ukazuju na značaj indeksa dormantnosti na prinos i visinu biljaka ispitivanih sorti i populacija lucerke. Najveći prinosi suve materije i najviše biljke lucerke ostvareni su sa srpskim sortama klasa dormantnosti 4-5, Nijagara, Nera i NS Mediana ZMS V i američkom sortom OK 49. U Srbiji i regionu najveći prinos i balans prinosa i kvaliteta se ostvaruje gajenjem sorti lucerke indeksa dormantnosti 4-6., Alfalfa (M. sativa L.), is the most important forage crop in Serbia and worlwide. The aim of this paper was to examine impact of alfalfa varieties different in dormancy classes and geographic on dry matter yield and plant height. Fall dormancy in alfalfa is defined as the plant’s response to shortening photoperiod and temperature in autumn and plays a main role in worldwide adaptation of alfalfa germplasm. Various agronomical traits such as plant vigor, recovery rate after cutting, dry matter yield, stand persistence, reaction to some diseases were related to fall dormancy. Obtained results clearly demonstrate importance and impact of different dormancy rates on alfalfa yield and plant height among followed alfalfa variteis and populations.

Sirak je jednogodišnja, toploljubiva biljna vrsta iz familije trava Poaceae. Ističe se visokim stepenom tolerantnosti prema uslovima suše i visokih temperatura, a moguće je gajiti ga i na marginalnim zemljištima lošijeg mehaničkog sastava. Prema podacima FAOSTAT (2019), tokom 2017. godine sirak je u Srbiji gajen na površini od 2.580 ha. U okviru ove biljne vrste postoje četiri agronomske forme: sirak za proizvodnju zrna, sirak metlaš, krmni sirak i sudanska trava. Na Odeljenju za krmno bilje Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu intenzivno se radi na oplemenjivanju krmnog sirka i sudanske trave radi stvaranja novih, poboljšanih sorti i hibrida. U periodu od 1973. godine do danas, u Srbiji su stvorene i priznate četiri sorte (Novosadski silosirak, Novosadski šećerac, NS Džin, Titan) i tri hibrida krmnog sirka (NS Čiker, Siloking, NS Šećerac), kao i tri sorte sudanske trave (Srem, Zora, Sava).

Stočni grašak (Pisum sativum.) je jednogodišnja biljna vrsta iz familije Fabaceae. Zauzima veoma značajno mesto u ishrani ljudi i domaćih životinja zbog visokog sadržaja nutritivnih i niskog sadržaja antinutritivnih materija. U zavisnosti od sorte stočnog graška sadržaj sirovih proteina u semenu se kreće od 18 do 28%. Oplemenjivanje stočnog graška u cilju stvaranja visokoproteinskih sorti zahteva i propratne analize proteina u semenu, koje iziskuju mnogo posla i troškova, pa treba olakšati i pojednostaviti dobijanje rezultata uvođenjem u upotrebu novih metoda, poput bliske infracrvene spektroskopije (NIRS). Upotreba NIRS metode zasniva se na razvijanju kalibracionog modela za određenu organsku materiju, pri čemu je potrebno povezati referentne laboratorijske vrednosti sa spektralnim karakteristikama uzorka. Upoređivani su rezultati skeniranih spektara 196 genotipova stočnog graška stvorenih u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu sa laboratorijskim analizama proteina urađenim CNS elementarnom analizom.

Krmno bilje je zbirni, kolokvijalni naziv za veći broj biljnih vrsta koje se odlikuju formiranjem bujne vegetativne mase namenjene ishrani stoke. Jedna od osnovnih karakteristika krmnih biljaka je njihova raznolikost. Najznačajnije krmne biljke Srbije pripadaju različitim familijama (Fabacea, Poace, Amaranthaceae, Brassicacea). Gaje se kao pašnjaci i livade ili kao oranične kulture, mogu biti višegodišnje (lucerka, crvena detelina, trave, travno-leguminozne smeše), jednogodišnje (grašak, grahorica, sudanska trava, sirak) ili efemerne (stočni kelj, krmna repica, grašak, grahorica), jare ili ozime. U Srbiji pod krmnim biljem podrazumevaju se i biljne vrste namenjene proizvodnji proteinima bogatog zrna (grašak i bob). Raznolikost biljnih vrsta koje se smatraju krmnim biljkama dodatno je naglašena značajnom varijabilnošću načina iskorišćavanja, mogu se koristiti kao zelena krma, silaža, senaža, seno, pelete ili brašno. Zahvaljujući ovim osobinama, ali i konstantnom povećanju tražnje hrane i energije izazvane rastom i još više urbanizacijom svetske populacije, uloga krmnih biljaka u savremenoj poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji ne ograničava se samo na proizvodnju stočne hrane. Krmne biljke se u svetu, ali i Srbiji, sve češće koriste u proizvodnji hrane za ljude, kao sirovina za farmaceutsku industriju, za proizvodnju energije ili u zaštiti životne sredine, za proizvodnju i izvoz semena.