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Raghuram Kandimalla,1 Suvakanta Dash,2 Ashim Chandra Bhowal,3 Sanjeeb Kalita,1 Narayan Chandra Talukdar,1 Sarathi Kundu,3 Jibon Kotoky1,4 1Drug Discovery Lab, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, 2Girijananda Choudhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3Soft Nano Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, 4National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India Abstract: In this study, a glycogen–gold nanohybrid was fabricated to enhance the potency of a promising hepatoprotective agent silymarin (Sly) by improving its solubility and gut permeation. By utilizing a facile green chemistry approach, biogenic gold nanoparticles were synthesized from Annona reticulata leaf phytoconstituents in combination with Sly (SGNPs). Further, the SGNPs were aggregated in glycogen biopolymer to yield the therapeutic nanohybrids (GSGNPs). Transmission electron microscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the successful formation and conjugation of both SGNPs and GSGNPs. The fabricated nanohybrids showed significant protection against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in Wistar rats and maintained natural antioxidant (superoxide dismutase and catalase) levels. Animals treated with GSGNPs (10 mg/kg) and SGNPs (20 mg/kg) retained usual hepatic functions with routine levels of hepatobiliary enzymes (aspartate transferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase) and inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) with minimal lipid peroxidation, whereas those treated with 100 mg/kg of Sly showed the similar effect. These results were also supported by histopathology of the livers where pronounced hepatoprotection with normal hepatic physiology and negligible inflammatory infiltrate were observed. Significant higher plasma Cmax supported the enhanced bioavailability of Sly u

Raghuram Kandimalla,1 Suvakanta Dash,2 Ashim Chandra Bhowal,3 Sanjeeb Kalita,1 Narayan Chandra Talukdar,1 Sarathi Kundu,3 Jibon Kotoky1,4 1Drug Discovery Lab, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, 2Girijananda Choudhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3Soft Nano Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, 4National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India Abstract: In this study, a glycogen–gold nanohybrid was fabricated to enhance the potency of a promising hepatoprotective agent silymarin (Sly) by improving its solubility and gut permeation. By utilizing a facile green chemistry approach, biogenic gold nanoparticles were synthesized from Annona reticulata leaf phytoconstituents in combination with Sly (SGNPs). Further, the SGNPs were aggregated in glycogen biopolymer to yield the therapeutic nanohybrids (GSGNPs). Transmission electron microscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the successful formation and conjugation of both SGNPs and GSGNPs. The fabricated nanohybrids showed significant protection against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in Wistar rats and maintained natural antioxidant (superoxide dismutase and catalase) levels. Animals treated with GSGNPs (10 mg/kg) and SGNPs (20 mg/kg) retained usual hepatic functions with routine levels of hepatobiliary enzymes (aspartate transferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase) and inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) with minimal lipid peroxidation, whereas those treated with 100 mg/kg of Sly showed the similar effect. These results were also supported by histopathology of the livers where pronounced hepatoprotection with normal hepatic physiology and negligible inflammatory infiltrate were observed. Significant higher plasma Cmax supported the enhanced bioavailability of Sly u

Sanjeeb Kalita,1 Banasmita Devi,1 Raghuram Kandimalla,1 Kaustav Kalyan Sharma,1 Arup Sharma,2 Kasturi Kalita,3 Amal Chandra Kataki,4 Jibon Kotoky1 1Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Division of Life Sciences, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati, Assam, India; 2College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agriculture University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India; 3Hyat Hospital, Lalganesh, Guwahati, Assam, India; 4Dr B Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, Assam, India Abstract: The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection has increased precipitously over the past several decades, with far-reaching health care and societal costs. MRSA infections in the context of burn wounds lead to invasive disease that could potentially cause mortality. Chloramphenicol is a well-known broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic that has been used since 1949, but due to its hydrophobicity, poor penetration in skin, fast degradation, and toxicity, its application has been hindered. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that old antibiotics such as chloramphenicol remained active against a large number of currently prevalent resistant bacterial isolates due to their low-level use in the past. Recently, the novel nanoparticulate drug-delivery system has been used and reported to be exceptionally useful for topical therapeutics, due to its distinctive physical characteristics such as a high surface-to-volume ratio and minuscule size. It helps to achieve better hydrophilicity, bioavailability, and controlled delivery with enhanced therapeutic index, which has resulted in decreased toxicity levels compared to the crude drug. Here, we report a novel chloramphenicol loaded with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-pluronic composite nanoparticles (CAM-PCL-P NPs), physicochemical characterizations, and its bioactivity evaluation in a MRSA-infected burn-wound animal model. CAM-PCL-P NPs could encapsulate 98.3% of the drug in the nanoparticles

Sanjeeb Kalita,1 Banasmita Devi,1 Raghuram Kandimalla,1 Kaustav Kalyan Sharma,1 Arup Sharma,2 Kasturi Kalita,3 Amal Chandra Kataki,4 Jibon Kotoky1 1Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Division of Life Sciences, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati, Assam, India; 2College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agriculture University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India; 3Hyat Hospital, Lalganesh, Guwahati, Assam, India; 4Dr B Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, Assam, India Abstract: The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection has increased precipitously over the past several decades, with far-reaching health care and societal costs. MRSA infections in the context of burn wounds lead to invasive disease that could potentially cause mortality. Chloramphenicol is a well-known broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic that has been used since 1949, but due to its hydrophobicity, poor penetration in skin, fast degradation, and toxicity, its application has been hindered. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that old antibiotics such as chloramphenicol remained active against a large number of currently prevalent resistant bacterial isolates due to their low-level use in the past. Recently, the novel nanoparticulate drug-delivery system has been used and reported to be exceptionally useful for topical therapeutics, due to its distinctive physical characteristics such as a high surface-to-volume ratio and minuscule size. It helps to achieve better hydrophilicity, bioavailability, and controlled delivery with enhanced therapeutic index, which has resulted in decreased toxicity levels compared to the crude drug. Here, we report a novel chloramphenicol loaded with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-pluronic composite nanoparticles (CAM-PCL-P NPs), physicochemical characterizations, and its bioactivity evaluation in a MRSA-infected burn-wound animal model. CAM-PCL-P NPs could encapsulate 98.3% of the drug in the nanoparticles

The Solanum genus (Solanaceae family) comprised of one thousand five hundred species and most of the members of the genus are widely used as food and traditional medicine. Diabetes mellitus is a common and serious metabolic disorder throughout the world. Traditionally used medicinal plants play an important role as alternative medicine due to less toxic effects and cost. The aim of this review is to report anti-diabetic potential of plants of Solanum genus on the basis of the secondary data published. This will help in identifying the state of anti-diabetic knowledge in regards to this genus and to propose future research priorities. The major scientific database including Science direct, SciFinder and Google scholar were searched for information on Solanum genus using various keyword combinations. A total of eight Solanum species were reported in literature to have anti-diabetic property. Some of the plant species reported to modify different complications of diabetes like hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress in diseased animals. On the basis of anti-diabetic and other related activities, plants of Solanumgenus are the most promising plant species to develop as efficacious and safer medicines for diabetes and its complications. Considering the present status of this disease and potential of Solanumgenus, there ismuch scope of studying this genus thoroughly, which may resultin development of affordable, efficacious and safer remedies against the silent killer disease. Key words: Solanum genus, anti-diabetic activity, hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, methyl caffeate.Â

The Solanum genus (Solanaceae family) comprised of one thousand five hundred species and most of the members of the genus are widely used as food and traditional medicine. Diabetes mellitus is a common and serious metabolic disorder throughout the world. Traditionally used medicinal plants play an important role as alternative medicine due to less toxic effects and cost. The aim of this review is to report anti-diabetic potential of plants of Solanum genus on the basis of the secondary data published. This will help in identifying the state of anti-diabetic knowledge in regards to this genus and to propose future research priorities. The major scientific database including Science direct, SciFinder and Google scholar were searched for information on Solanum genus using various keyword combinations. A total of eight Solanum species were reported in literature to have anti-diabetic property. Some of the plant species reported to modify different complications of diabetes like hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress in diseased animals. On the basis of anti-diabetic and other related activities, plants of Solanumgenus are the most promising plant species to develop as efficacious and safer medicines for diabetes and its complications. Considering the present status of this disease and potential of Solanumgenus, there ismuch scope of studying this genus thoroughly, which may resultin development of affordable, efficacious and safer remedies against the silent killer disease. Key words: Solanum genus, anti-diabetic activity, hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, methyl caffeate.Â