Search

Most of the internet traffic is encrypted and it is a challenge to identify streaming videos in the internet traffic. In this paper, we present a methodology named Traffic Pattern Plot (TPP) to identify video streams in encrypted network traffic. The proposed methodology plots the video traffic flows and uses a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to detect the videos. The results show that the traffic pattern plot generated from 120 seconds of sniffing network traffic is enough to identify the video even in the encrypted network traffic with 94% accuracy.

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is one of the enabling technologies for 5G networks that support proximity-based service (ProSe) for wireless network communications. This paper proposes a power control algorithm based on the Nash equilibrium and game theory to eliminate the interference between the cellular user device and D2D links. This leads to reliable connectivity with minimal power consumption in wireless communication. The power control in D2D is modeled as a non-cooperative game. Each device is allowed to independently select and transmit its power to maximize (or minimize) user utility. The aim is to guide user devices to converge with the Nash equilibrium by establishing connectivity with network resources. The proposed algorithm with pricing factors is used for power consumption and reduces overall interference of D2Ds communication. The proposed algorithm is evaluated in terms of the energy efficiency of the average power consumption, the number of D2D communication, and the number of iterations. Besides, the algorithm has a relatively fast convergence with the Nash Equilibrium rate. It guarantees that the user devices can achieve their required Quality of Service (QoS) by adjusting the residual cost coefficient and residual energy factor. Simulation results show that the power control shows a significant reduction in power consumption that has been achieved by approximately 20% compared with algorithms in [11].

The study aims to provide a scientific approach for studying the spatiotemporal variation of consumptive water yield and Water Productivity (WP) at the field level based on high-resolution Landsat 7/8 and sentinel 2 A/B satellite data. The study area is a farmer-owned center pivot located north of Erbil city in Iraq. First, seasonal estimates of water use, yield and WP were computed for wheat using remote sensing approaches. Second, the high and low -performance farms under the centre pivot irrigation system were identified as bright and hot spots. These key variables' spatial and temporal variation for five wheat-growing winter seasons (2016-2017 to 2020-2021) was investigated. Last, the factors behind the variation in field performance were studied in detail. The research results reveal that wheat water consumption and yield under the centre pivot irrigation system are mostly higher in the northern part than the southern part of the study area in most seasons, except in the wet season (2018-2019), which shows a random pattern. On the other hand, water productivity showed a random spatial pattern in the first four seasons. Yet during the drought season (2020-2021), the water productivity was higher in the northern centre pivot fields. Moreover, temporal-variability findings revealed that water consumption showed a small range of temporal fluctuation through the seasons. On the other hand, yield and water productivity increased gradually from 2017-2018 to 2020-2021 winter season in the selected center pivots farms. The highest yield gap was estimated to be during the wet season (2018-2019). According to the results, Moisture stress and nitrogen content play a significant role in increasing the water productivity and narrowing the yield gap, especially at the beginning of the growth season (February). As a result, better irrigation scheduling and fertilizing plan can help increase the yield by 30-50% in low-performance farms. The remotely sensed open access data and

Extracting Handwritten text is one of the most important components of digitizing information and making it available for large scale setting. Handwriting Optical Character Reader (OCR) is a research problem in computer vision and natural language processing computing, and a lot of work has been done for English, but unfortunately, very little work has been done for low resourced languages such as Urdu. Urdu language script is very difficult because of its cursive nature and change of shape of characters based on it's relative position, therefore, a need arises to propose a model which can understand complex features and generalize it for every kind of handwriting style. In this work, we propose a transformer based Urdu Handwritten text extraction model. As transformers have been very successful in Natural Language Understanding task, we explore them further to understand complex Urdu Handwriting.

Wildland fires are diminishing air quality on a seasonal and regional basis, raising concerns about respiratory health risks to the public and occupational groups. This American Thoracic Society (ATS) workshop was convened in 2019 to meet the growing health threat of wildland fire smoke. The workshop brought together a multidisciplinary group of 19 experts, including wildland fire managers, public health officials, epidemiologists, toxicologists, and pediatric and adult pulmonologists. The workshop examined the following four major topics: 1) the science of wildland fire incidence and fire management, 2) the respiratory and cardiovascular health effects of wildland fire smoke exposure, 3) communication strategies to address these health risks, and 4) actions to address wildland fire health impacts. Through formal presentations followed by group discussion, workshop participants identified top priorities for fire management, research, communication, and public policy to address health risks of wildland fires. The workshop concluded that short-term exposure to wildland smoke causes acute respiratory health effects, especially among those with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Research is needed to understand long-term health effects of repeated smoke exposures across fire seasons for children, adults, and highly exposed occupational groups (especially firefighters). Other research priorities include fire data collection and modeling, toxicology of different fire fuel sources, and the efficacy of health protective measures to prevent respiratory effects of smoke exposure. The workshop committee recommends a unified federal response to the growing problem of wildland fires, including investment in fire behavior and smoke air quality modeling, research on the health impacts of smoke, and development of robust clinical and public health communication tools.

In the economy, the industrial sector has the most important role in our country. The existence of an industry can increase regional income and can create jobs. One of the industrial centres in Madiun is the industrial centre for making Brem, who does not know this particular dish. Brem is processed by fermentation of cooked glutinous rice and mixed with yeast which helps to produce a tape which then takes the water to make a brem. In the village of Bwisata Kec. Wonoasri Madiun is one of the centres in making the brem, one of which is Brem Candi Mas. And we make observations there. This program aims to add insight into MSMEs in Madiun Regency, especially in the Brem Candi Mas UMKM Center, increase sales and income so that they can survive the economic crisis caused by the Covid 19 pandemic, and create new marketing strategies. This service activity is assisted by students as entrepreneurial knowledge. The innovation made is helping the digital marketing process, namely through social media such as Instagram, Facebook, and we have created a website so that the current marketing process does not only depend on manual marketing from store to store but is more effective with online marketing. Abstrak. Dalam perekonomian sektor industri mempunyai peranan yang paling penting di negara kita ini. Keberadaan sebuah industri dapat meningkatkan suatu pendapatan daerah dan dapat membuka lapangan pekerjaan. Salah satu sentra industri yang berada di madiun adalah sentra industri pembuatan brem, siapa yang tidak mengenal panganan khas yang satu ini. Brem merupakan olahan dengan cara fermentasi beras ketan yang dimasak dan dalam pembuatannya di campur dengan ragi yang membantu agar menghasilakan sebuah tape yang selanjutnya diambil air nya untuk dijadikan sebuah brem. Di Desa Bancong Kec. Wonoasri Madiun adalah salah satu sentra dalam pembuatan brem tersebut, salah satunya adalah brem candi mas. Dan kita melakukan observasi disana. Progam ini bertujuan untuk menambah wawasan tenta

Ethernet is one of the widespread protocols residing in the second layer of the seven-layers Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Ethernet offers various advantages which enable its widespread use in all types of network topology and becomes an essential part of computer and network architecture. Despite its features, Ethernet suffers from scalability issues where the increasing number of hosts in a single broadcast domain will significantly expand the broadcast traffic in the network. Since the emergence of software-defined networking (SDN), researchers exploited various attractive features of SDN to suppress the broadcast traffic. Although capable in addressing the scalability issue of Ethernet, the existing SDN based solutions are lacking of security mechanism, which may expose the network to various ARP based attacks. Owing to this issue, this paper proposes a floodless and secure mechanism to suppress broadcast traffic. In general, the proposed solution utilizes SDN architecture and accommodates a multistage security algorithm. The multistage security algorithm consists of three stages; each stage incorporates specific analysis to identify the packet status or behavior, and react accordingly based on its status. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed solution, several ARP based attack scenarios are generated and evaluated using Mininet emulator. The performance evaluation indicates that the true positive ratio for attack detection in the proposed solution is 57.14% for the first stage, 66.66% for the second stage, and in some cases may achieve 100% for the final stage.

Ahmed Seri,1,2 Hala Kamal Ali Mohamed,3– 5 Mohammed Elmujtba Adam Essa,6 Elnour Mohammed Elagib,7,8 Noha Ibrahim Ahmed Eltahirm,7,8 Salma Mohammed Alfatih Mansour,9 Abdelkareem A Ahmed6 1Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Care International Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan; 2Department of Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; 3Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, African International University (AIU), Khartoum, Sudan; 4Department of Clinical Immunology, Sudan Medical Specialization Board (SMSB), Khartoum, Sudan; 5Faculty of Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan; 6Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical and Cancer Research Institute, Nyala, Sudan; 7Department of Rheumatology, Omdurman Military Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan; 8Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Karary University, Khartoum, Sudan; 9Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, SudanCorrespondence: Mohammed Elmujtba Adam EssaDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Medical and Cancer Research Institute, Nyala, SudanTel +249 90700938Email Awadali818@yahoo.comIntroduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial membrane. RA is classified as seropositive or seronegative, according to the absence or presence of primarily IgM RF, RF, and/or ACPA. The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between the serotype of rheumatoid arthritis and the level of ESR.Methods and Materials: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study done in Omdurman military hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. Conducted with 60 patients with RA, data were collected through a designated questionnaire which included demographic, age, gender, duration of the disease, laboratory finding. All the patients in the study were treated with conventional DMARDs and diagnosed according to the 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria; their disease activity status was assessed by D

Forskning har visat att ledarskap har en betydande roll för att påverka delaktighet hos medarbetarna och för att nå framgång. De två hörnstenarna engagerat ledarskap och att skapa förutsättningar för delaktighet valdes från Bergman och Klefsjös (2012) hörnstensmodell. Syftet var att skapa en ökad förståelse för hur ledare kan påverka delaktighet hos medarbetare genom att inse sambandet mellan ledarens betende och medarbetarnas grad av delaktighet.Studien utfördes på två kommunala avdelningar i Norge. Resultaten kommer från en enkätundersökning med 30 respondenter och intervjuer genomförda med tre ledare från arbetsplatserna. En mixad forskningsmetod tillämpades och från enkätens resultat har författarna sett samband mellan enkätens olika faktorer. Resultatet från enkäten har tillsammans med citat från intervjuer med ledarna bidragit till studiens resultat.Resultaten visade att en ledare som ger möjlighet till medarbetarna att vara delaktiga vid besluttagande tillfällen bidrar till motivation och arbetstillfredsställelse hos medarbetarna. Vidare visar studien att en faktor som påverkar delaktighet är en ledare som har tillit till sina medarbetare och ger stöd samt delegerar ansvar och befogenheter. Studiens resultat visar betydelsen av hur en ledare kommunicerar och ger stöd till medarbetarna. Stöd och kommunikation har en avgörande betydelse för att positivt kunna påverka medarbetarnas delaktighet., Research has shown that leadership plays a significant role in influencing employee participation and achieving success. The two cornerstones involved leadership and creating the conditions for participation were chosen from Bergman and Klefsjö's (2012) cornerstone model. The aim was to create a better understanding of how leaders can influence employee participation by realizing the relationship between the manager's behavior and the employees' level of participation.The study was conducted at two municipal departments in Norway. The results come from a survey with 30 respondents and interviews conducted with three leaders from these departments. A mixed research method was applied, and from the results of the survey the authors have seen the connection between the different factors of the survey. The results show that the survey, together with citations from interviews with the leaders, have contributed to the study's results.The results show that a leader who gives the employees the opportunity to participate in decision making creates motivation and job satisfaction among the employees. Furthermore, the study shows that a factor that influences participation is a leader who has confidence in his or her employees and provides support and delegates both responsibility and authority. The results of the study also show that how a leader communicates and gives support to employees is of crucial importance in influencing employee participation, 2020-06-26

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are often deployed in hostile environments, where an adversary can physically capture some of the sensor nodes. The adversary collects all the nodes’ important credentials and subsequently replicate the nodes, which may expose the network to a number of other security attacks, and eventually compromise the entire network. This harmful attack where a single or more nodes illegitimately claims an identity as replicas is known as the node replication attack. The problem of node replication attack can be further aggravated due to the mobile nature in WSN. In this paper, we propose an extended version of multi-level replica detection technique built on Danger Theory (DT), which utilizes a hybrid approach (centralized and distributed) to shield the mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) from clone attacks. The danger theory concept depends on a multi-level of detections; first stage (highlights the danger zone (DZ) by checking the abnormal behavior of mobile nodes), second stage (battery check and random number) and third stage (inform about replica to other networks). The DT method performance is highlighted through security parameters such as false negative, energy, detection time, communication overhead and delay in detection. The proposed approach also demonstrates that the hybrid DT method is capable and successful in detecting and mitigating any malicious activities initiated by the replica. Nowadays, crimes are vastly increasing and it is crucial to modify the systems accordingly. Indeed, it is understood that the communication needs to be secured by keen observation at each level of detection. The simulation results show that the proposed approach overcomes the weaknesses of the previous and existing centralized and distributed approaches and enhances the performance of MWSN in terms of communication and memory overhead.

Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is the enabling technology for a new era of underwater monitoring and actuation applications. In this network, data aggregation and forwarding are intensely constrained due to channel impairment, and therefore require due consideration. One way to address the data collection of UWSN is by enhancing the routing protocol using the Opportunistic Routing (OR) technique. This article proposes a normalized advancement based opportunistic routing protocol called NA-TORA. NA-TORA is a geographically opportunistic routing protocol in which the next-hop forwarder is selected based on Normalized Advancement (NA). NA is calculated from Expected Transmission Count (ETX) and node' s energy consumption to find an optimal forwarding node. However, the forwarded data may not be received on the designated sink node due to the existence of a void node in the data forwarding route. To overcome the issue of void nodes, we have incorporated a void node detection and avoiding mechanism on NA-TORA, called NA-TORA with VA. The proposed scheme recursively detect void nodes and avoid these nodes to participate in data routing by utilizing the angle of transmission adjustment and transmission range extension method. The novelty of this work lies within its data transmission phase, where normalized advancement is used to select a potential candidate forwarder. Apart from that, the proposed routing protocol operates in two different modes, i.e., standard operating mode (NA-TORA), and void avoidance mode (NA-TORA with VA). Comprehensive simulations were performed to compare the performance of NA-TORA and NA-TORA with VA with some well-known existing routing protocols.

In the next-generation heterogeneous wireless networks, designing authentication protocols that meet the demand of mobile users/applications is a challenge. This paper proposes authentication and re-authentication protocols for 4G wireless networks, in particular, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), WLAN, and WiMAX-Advanced (WiMAX-A) interworking architecture. The proposed protocols are applicable to 5G networks. With the consideration of the existing standard authentication protocols, a new set of authentication and re-authentication protocols has been reinvented to provide fast and secure handovers (HO) in the current 4G and the next 5G networks. The proposed authentication protocols can be invoked when the users perform a vertical HO (between different networks) for the first time, whereas the re-authentication protocols can be invoked when the users perform a horizontal HO (within the same network domain). These protocols provide an efficient method to protect user identity and reduce the burden on the authentication server (AS) during the sequential handovers. The results of the analytical model show that the proposed protocols achieve better performance than standard and other protocols. The reduction of handover cost, handover delay, and energy consumption in the proposed protocols reaches up to 22%, 44%, and 17%, respectively. In addition, the verification tools show that the proposed protocols are secure, dependable, and prevent all types of authentication and secrecy attacks.

For mobile users, interworking environment comprised of Long Term Evolution (LTE), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) has become a practical consideration. As a prevalent technology, LTE and WiMAX have desirable features that support high data rate, mobile capabilities, good quality of service (QoS), and wide coverage area. On the other hand, WLAN provides higher bit rate but weaker mobility support. Additional features such as cost effectiveness in covering signal dead zones of LTE networks and its plentiful bandwidth for better QoS makes the WLAN a good complementary solution for LTE networks. Accordingly, integration between these wireless network technologies allows users to move from one to another wireless network to get better QoS in case of some applications that demand higher data rates or to connect to a network that has a stronger signal. However, interworking solutions between these different technologies increase the possibility of intrusion on such networks, consume their resources, affect the QoS and disclose its exchanged data. Thus, the security in such environment is considered as an urgent need. The authentication process is the basis of the security which should be performed appropriately whether in the homogeneous or heterogeneous networks. It is becoming an increasingly important factor during the handover (HO) process in the heterogeneous architecture, where authentication delay and signalling cost may contribute signiffcantly to the handover delay and cost. On the other hand, the 3GPP standards have speciffed that, in interworking architectures between LTE and other wireless networks, each user should be authenticated by the home server in LTE network, which makes this server a subject of single point of failure. Therefore, designing authentication and re-authentication protocols that address the mentioned limitations and contribute to fast, seamless and secure roaming or HO at the

Authentication is one of the most important security processes in Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) networks. This process allows the receiver (whether base station or subscriber station) of a packet to be confi- dent of the identity of the sender and the integrity of the message. Most attacks will attempt to violate the authentication process. If such attacks become successful, an attacker will gain an illegitimate access to network resources, thus increasing the probability of future malicious attacks. A number of algorithms and methods have been proposed to improve the security level of authentication in WiMAX networks. However, the evaluations of these algorithms and methods have always been based on a particular aspect, such as reducing overhead, protecting unauthenticated management messages, preventing WiMAX from external attacks, and protection during the handover process. Motivated by these variations, we review the state of art of WiMAX authentication mechanisms, namely, PKMv1, PKMv2, and the recent authentication protocols. We discuss their mechanisms, strengths, weaknesses, and potential countermeasures against each other. Our discussion is based on four categories, namely, enhancements, differences, advantages, and limitations.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka förskolebarns användande av surfplattan, dels undersöks vilka lärandeprinciper som kan kopplas till detta användande dels vilka applikationer som erbjuds och används av barnen. Studien genomfördes på en förskola tillsammans med en grupp barn och deras förskollärare. För att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor, används videoobservation när barnen arbetar med surfplattan i en förskola, där en förskollärare specifikt hade ett intresse att arbeta med surfplattor. Det empiriska materialet består av sammanlagt två timmars videoobservationer. Videoobservationerna sammanställdes och analyserades utifrån tidigare forskning samt utifrån Gees (2005) lärandeprinciper. Resultatet visar att på denna förskola används surfplattan som ett pedagogiskt verktyg. De applikationer på surfplattan som barnen erbjuds att spela på ska bland annat bidra till barnens språkliga utveckling samtidigt som det även finns en idé från förskolläraren om samarbete och turtagning mellan barnen i spelaktiviteterna. Resultatet visar även att lärandeprinciper som observerats vid barns datoranvändande av Gee (2005) även iakttagits i detta examensarbete när barn spelat på en surfplatta. I alla tre aktiviteter har lärandeprinciper som interaction, risk taking, situated meanings och performance, before competence iakttagits. Vilka anses bidra till en vidare förståelse till vad surfplattan kan understödja och synliggöra i vad barnen lär sig när de arbetar med en surfplatta.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks designed by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) represent a widespread technology. LTE is mainly influenced by high data rates, minimum delay and the capacity due to scalable bandwidth and its flexibility. With the rapid and widespread use LTE networks, and increase the use in data/video transmission and Internet applications in general, accordingly, the challenges of securing and speeding up data communication in such networks is also increased. Authentication in LTE networks is very important process because most of the coming attacks occur during this stage. Attackers try to be authenticated and then launch the network resources and prevent the legitimate users from the network services. The basics of Extensible Authentication Protocol-Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA) are used in LTE AKA protocol which is called Evolved Packet System AKA (EPS-AKA) protocol to secure LTE network, However it still suffers from various vulnerabilities such as disclosure of the user identity, computational overhead, Man In The Middle (MITM) attack and authentication delay. In this paper, an Efficient EPS-AKA protocol (EEPS-AKA) is proposed to overcome those problems. The proposed protocol is based on the Simple Password Exponential Key Exchange (SPEKE) protocol. Compared to previous proposed methods, our method is faster, since it uses a secret key method which is faster than certificate-based methods, In addition, the size of messages exchanged between User Equipment (UE) and Home Subscriber Server (HSS) is reduced, this reduces authentication delay and storage overhead effectively. The automated validation of internet security protocols and applications (AVISPA) tool is used to provide a formal verification. Results show that the proposed EEPS-AKA is efficient and secure against active and passive attacks.

The uprising in the Middle East is representing the beginning of a new era in the history of the region. The region has not been stable during most of the 20th century. The strategic position of the region has influenced its security. The Middle East has been part of most of the international conflicts whether directly or indirectly. During the Cold War, the Middle East has not suffered only from a division between Israel and the Arab Countries, but also between the Arab Countries themselves. The region has witnessed several times an intervention by major powers in the international system to protect their interests whether before or after the end of the Cold War. However, US supremacy after the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union was relatively short, as the World began a new era soon after the 9/11 attacks. The war on terrorism, the two wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the financial crisis were some of the factors that ended US supremacy after the end of the Cold War and started the US decline. At the same time, the international system has started to shift from uni-polarity to multi-polarity with the rise of new regional powers most prominent among them is China. The rise of China will affect the international system and have its impact on the Middle East. Besides the changes of the international system, the Middle East has witnessed uprisings late 2010 and beginning of 2011 that led to the removal of the three regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. Although the new regimes have not been fully established, the rise of Islamists is one of the main consequences of such changes. Whether such changes in the Middle East can affect the interests of China in the region positively or negatively is the subject of this research. China’s interests in the region can be identified in three main categories: political and strategic interests; economic interests; and the effect of the developments in the region on Chinese territorial integrity in Xinjiang. T

Despite well-defined and commercially viable security standards for WiMAX networks, vulnerability in current system design and other inherent characteristics expose the network to various types of security attacks. These attacks are commonly related to network access security, authentication of users, validation of data transmission, and confidentiality issues. In order to provide better protection to WiMAX users, several improvements in the security mechanism have been provided. One notable solution is by using a more secure protocol, namely the Privacy Key Management (PKM), which later being revised into PKMv2 (PKM version 2). In this protocol, authentication (as well as mutual authentication) plays an important role since it must be completed in order to establish a secure connection between the network entities. PKMv2 uses either RSA-based or EAP-based authentication modes. While there are variations of authentication modes exist in the literature, some of them prone to man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack and significant overheads. This paper proposes a new method called EAP-TTLS-ISRP which embeds the transmission of security messages in a secure tunnel. This authentication method is proposed for a single EAP based authentication to achieve both user and device authentications between Mobile Station (MS) and Authentication Server (AS) by using strong and fast authentication methods. The proposed method outperforms other methods in the number of messages exchanged and thus it has less overhead cost, it also satisfies the EAP requirement for secure and efficient data exchange, as well as robust to MITM attacks. Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) verification tools are used to verify the security performance of the proposed EAP-TTLS-ISRP method.

Complete elimination of microbes in teeth with an infected dental pulp is one of the main objectives of endodontic treatment. Endodontic sealers should have a wide antimicrobial spectrum and action time because of the polymicrobial characteristics of endodontic infections and to eliminate residual microorganisms unaffected by the effects of chemomechanical preparation and intracanal medication of endodontic treatment. The objectives of this study were 1) To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of NanoSeal ™, AH26 ™, Tubli-Seal ™, Sealapex ™ and Roeko-Seal ® against Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Escherichia coli in three incubation periods of 24 hours, 48 hours and 168 hours . 2) To compare the antimicrobial activity of the five sealers towards each type of microorganism in the three periods. 3) To compare the antimicrobial activity between the tested sealers towards each type of microorganism in the three periods.

Developing autonomous agents for computer games is often a lengthy and expensive undertaking that requires manual encoding of detailed and complex knowledge. In this paper we show how to acquire hierarchical skills for controlling a team of simulated football players by observing video of college football play. We then demonstrate the results in the Rush 2008 football simulator, showing that the learned skills have high fidelity with respect to the observed video and are robust to changes in the environment. Finally, we conclude with discussions of this work and of possible improvements., In U. Kuter & H. Mu'oz-Avila (Eds.) Learning Structural Knowledge from Observations: Papers from the IJCAI Workshop (Technical Report WS-09-21). Pasadena, CA: AAAI Press 2009

This research describes a Hardware in the Loop Simulator (HILS) that was developed to enhance the quality of attitude data received from autopilots. The described system aided in adjusting the contribution of individual IMU sensors and thereby improved the accuracy of IMU data. The HILS system outlined in this research is a gimbaled platform equipped with four stepper motors and two optical shaft encoders. The stepper motors simulated flight, while the shaft encoders reported the platform's exact angular position. Having exact attitude information to compare with IMU data allowed for the filtering of IMU errors. The HILS system was also used as an inertial frame of reference to which IMU data was synchronized.