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Who would have guessed digital games could make the average gamer to jump up from their sofa and run around in urban environment, but now it is happening. This influence on players is something new as traditionally players control the games, not vice versa. Augmented reality games opened a new world that needs to be studied. Games are a big business and their business models and monetization have been studied a lot except related to augmented reality. Augmented reality games can be used to influence human behavior, but what this new and still evolving environment augmented reality provides for business is largely an open question. At the verge on new Metaverse this study is needed even more. This study examines the potential for augmented reality games to influence player behavior and monetization strategies within the rapidly evolving digital gaming industry. Utilizing a "In the wild" field trial and a specifically designed augmented reality game, the research explores how augmented reality game environments can be used to indirectly and directly influence player purchase behavior. A group of 11 test players was used and interviewed on their experience and feelings during different scenarios of the game. Results seems to indicate that players are willing to use money for physical products as part of a game story, for advancement in a game and for reasons that are not directly related to the game itself. Just by placing players in suitable locations they tend to use money and get interested in the services provided, creating possible future customers outside of the game. Study also found out that when immersed to an augmented reality game, in comfortable environment and while having fun the players are more willing to use money and that they create a positive attachment to the businesses encountered while playing. These findings have important implications for the development of effective business models and monetization strategies within the augmented rea

The European Green Deal that went into force in July 2021 has significantly changed the needs of transportation services. Due to this the Mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) concept and its effects on the sustainability of transportation services should be researched and examined to what extent the MaaS-concept will be able to contribute to reducing private vehicle kilometres and to increasing the share of sustainable transportation modes following the goals set by the Finnish government. This thesis creates a literature review to study the MaaS-concept and the effects of MaaS-services on the sustainability of the transportation system, answering the research questions: Are MaaS-services capable to decrease the number of private vehicle kilometres, What are the central factors affecting the environmental sustainability of the MaaS-services, What are the most critical factors affecting the success of MaaS-services and What system features are supported to be implemented by the MaaS-research? The results of the literature review are used in creating a list of system features supported by the MaaS-research, fulfilling the first two steps of Design Science Research Methodology. MaaS-concept is capable in reducing private vehicle kilometres but is limited to acting as a complementary transportation mode alongside private cars. This effect is affected by a number of contextual factors. Environmental sustainability of MaaS-service is affected by the cooperation between MaaS-stakeholders. The success of MaaS-services is affected by issues in achieving profitable business model, the users’ lack of willingness to pay and the cooperation between the MaaS-stakeholders. The thesis includes a list of 51 system feature-requirements supported by MaaS-research. These results provide a base for MaaS-service development and highlight key factors to consider while creating new MaaS-services.

Tiivistelmä. Carl Gustav Jungin vaikutus analyyttisen psykologian kehittymiseen on ollut merkittävä. Jungin käsitteistössä ja teoriassa yhdistyvät filosofia, teologia, psykologia ja paikoin jopa parapsykologia. Jungilainen käsitteistö voidaan nähdä laajana ja tulkinnanvaraisena. Tämän kirjallisuuskatsauksen tarkoituksena on kartoittaa Carl Gustav Jungin mielen teorian keskeisintä käsitteistöä ja niiden kautta ymmärtää analyyttisen psykologian taustoja. Käsitteistön avulla pyrin mallintamaan Jungin mielen teoriaa ja sitä kautta sekä ymmärtämään tiedostamattoman ja tietoisen mielen välistä vuorovaikutusta että lisäämään keskustelua käsitteistön ympärille. Tutkimuskysymys on: Mitkä ovat Jungin teorian keskeisimmät käsitteet? Jungilaisen narratiivin keskiössä on tietoisen ja tiedostamattoman mielen dialogi, jonka tavoitteena on itseymmärryksen kasvaminen. Jungin teorian keskiöön nousevat niin ikään tiedostamattoman mielen sisältämät arkkityyppiset rakenteet. Ne voidaan nähdä perittyinä psyykkisinä valmiuksina, joiden pohja on pitkälti viettirakenteissa. Olen rajannut kirjallisuuden perusteella keskeisimmiksi käsitteiksi tiedostamattoman, egon, persoonan, varjoarkkityypin, animan ja animuksen, itsearkkityypin ja individuaation. Käytän kirjallisuusanalyysissani tutkimusmetodina kommentoivaa narratiivista kirjallisuuskatsausta (Salminen, 2011). Salmisen (2011) mukaan sen avulla pystytään luomaan helppolukuinen ja kattava kuva tutkimuksen kohteena olevasta aiheesta. Tutkimuksessani hyödyntämä aineistoni on ollut monipuolinen ja aineistovalintojani eivät ole ohjanneet tiukkarajaiset metodiset säännöt. Narratiivinen kirjallisuuskatsaus valikoitui metodiksi, sillä analyysini tavoitteena ei ole ollut tavoitella analyyttisinta lopputulosta. Tutkielman johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että jungilainen psykologia toimii käsitteistön ja teorian osalta narratiivisena ja kysymyksiä herättävänä lähestymistapana ihmisen psyykkisiin prosesseihin ja niiden lainalaisuuksiin. Teorioiden abs

Abstract Background Physically active learning (PAL) - integration of movement within delivery of academic content - is a core component of many whole-of-school physical activity approaches. Yet, PAL intervention methods and strategies vary and frequently are not sustained beyond formal programmes. To improve PAL training, a more comprehensive understanding of the behavioural and psychological processes that influence teachers’ adoption and implementation of PAL is required. To address this, we conducted a meta-synthesis to synthesise key stakeholders’ knowledge of facilitators and barriers to teachers’ implementing PAL in schools to improve teacher-focussed PAL interventions in primary (elementary) schools. Methodology We conducted a meta-synthesis using a five-stage thematic synthesis approach to; develop a research purpose and aim, identify relevant articles, appraise studies for quality, develop descriptive themes and interpret and synthesise the literature. In the final stage, 14 domains from the Theoretical Domain Framework (TDF) were then aligned to the final analytical themes and subthemes. Results We identified seven themes and 31 sub-themes from 25 eligible papers. Four themes summarised teacher-level factors: PAL benefits, teachers’ beliefs about own capabilities, PAL teacher training, PAL delivery. One theme encompassed teacher and school-level factors: resources. Two themes reflected school and external factors that influence teachers’ PAL behaviour: whole-school approach, external factors. Ten (of 14) TDF domains aligned with main themes and sub-themes: Knowledge, Skills, Social/Professional Role and Identity, Beliefs about Capabilities, Beliefs about Consequences, Reinforcement, Goals, Environmental Context and Resources, Social influences

Background Physically active learning (PAL) - integration of movement within delivery of academic content - is a core component of many whole-of-school physical activity approaches. Yet, PAL intervention methods and strategies vary and frequently are not sustained beyond formal programmes. To improve PAL training, a more comprehensive understanding of the behavioural and psychological processes that influence teachers’ adoption and implementation of PAL is required. To address this, we conducted a meta-synthesis to synthesise key stakeholders’ knowledge of facilitators and barriers to teachers’ implementing PAL in schools to improve teacher-focussed PAL interventions in primary (elementary) schools. Methodology We conducted a meta-synthesis using a five-stage thematic synthesis approach to; develop a research purpose and aim, identify relevant articles, appraise studies for quality, develop descriptive themes and interpret and synthesise the literature. In the final stage, 14 domains from the Theoretical Domain Framework (TDF) were then aligned to the final analytical themes and subthemes. Results We identified seven themes and 31 sub-themes from 25 eligible papers. Four themes summarised teacher-level factors: PAL benefits, teachers’ beliefs about own capabilities, PAL teacher training, PAL delivery. One theme encompassed teacher and school-level factors: resources. Two themes reflected school and external factors that influence teachers’ PAL behaviour: whole-school approach, external factors. Ten (of 14) TDF domains aligned with main themes and sub-themes: Knowledge, Skills, Social/Professional Role and Identity, Beliefs about Capabilities, Beliefs about Consequences, Reinforcement, Goals, Environmental Context and Resources, Social influences and Emotion. Conclusions Our synthesis illustrates the inherent complexity required to change and sustain teachers’ PAL behaviours. Initially, teachers must receive the training, resources and support to develop the capabili

Background Physically active learning (PAL) - integration of movement within delivery of academic content - is a core component of many whole-of-school physical activity approaches. Yet, PAL intervention methods and strategies vary and frequently are not sustained beyond formal programmes. To improve PAL training, a more comprehensive understanding of the behavioural and psychological processes that influence teachers’ adoption and implementation of PAL is required. To address this, we conducted a meta-synthesis to synthesise key stakeholders’ knowledge of facilitators and barriers to teachers’ implementing PAL in schools to improve teacher-focussed PAL interventions in primary (elementary) schools. Methodology We conducted a meta-synthesis using a five-stage thematic synthesis approach to; develop a research purpose and aim, identify relevant articles, appraise studies for quality, develop descriptive themes and interpret and synthesise the literature. In the final stage, 14 domains from the Theoretical Domain Framework (TDF) were then aligned to the final analytical themes and subthemes. Results We identified seven themes and 31 sub-themes from 25 eligible papers. Four themes summarised teacher-level factors: PAL benefits, teachers’ beliefs about own capabilities, PAL teacher training, PAL delivery. One theme encompassed teacher and school-level factors: resources. Two themes reflected school and external factors that influence teachers’ PAL behaviour: whole-school approach, external factors. Ten (of 14) TDF domains aligned with main themes and sub-themes: Knowledge, Skills, Social/Professional Role and Identity, Beliefs about Capabilities, Beliefs about Consequences, Reinforcement, Goals, Environmental Context and Resources, Social influences and Emotion. Conclusions Our synthesis illustrates the inherent complexity required to change and sustain teachers’ PAL behaviours. Initially, teachers must receive the training, resources and support to develop the capabili

Prolyl 4-hydroxylases (P4Hs) catalyze post-translational hydroxylation of peptidyl proline residues. In addition to collagen P4Hs and hypoxia-inducible factor P4Hs, a third P4H—the poorly characterized endoplasmic reticulum–localized transmembrane prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H-TM)—is found in animals. P4H-TM variants are associated with the familiar neurological HIDEA syndrome, but how these variants might contribute to disease is unknown. Here, we explored this question in a structural and functional analysis of soluble human P4H-TM. The crystal structure revealed an EF domain with two Ca2+-binding motifs inserted within the catalytic domain. A substrate-binding groove was formed between the EF domain and the conserved core of the catalytic domain. The proximity of the EF domain to the active site suggests that Ca2+ binding is relevant to the catalytic activity. Functional analysis demonstrated that Ca2+-binding affinity of P4H-TM is within the range of physiological Ca2+ concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum. P4H-TM was found both as a monomer and a dimer in the solution, but the monomer–dimer equilibrium was not regulated by Ca2+. The catalytic site contained bound Fe2+ and N-oxalylglycine, which is an analogue of the cosubstrate 2-oxoglutarate. Comparison with homologous P4H structures complexed with peptide substrates showed that the substrate-interacting residues and the lid structure that folds over the substrate are conserved in P4H-TM, whereas the extensive loop structures that surround the substrate-binding groove, generating a negative surface potential, are different. Analysis of the structure suggests that the HIDEA variants cause loss of P4H-TM function. In conclusion, P4H-TM shares key structural elements with other P4Hs while having a unique EF domain.

Prolonged work stress has an extensive negative impact across modern society. In recent years, it has become an increasing issue, specifically in cognitively demanding knowledge-intensive professions. To address the global necessity of the timely detection and reducing of work stress, sensor-based automated methods for measuring stress are emerging. To date, most stress assessment studies have been conducted in laboratory environments investigating the short-term effects of artificially induced stress. However, in the real world, stress is caused by a wider variety of factors over time, implying a need for more information with long-duration experiments in actual daily work life. Moreover, individuals perceive stress differently, and adaptation to personal characteristics is required for the best results. This dissertation proposes a scientifically novel way of detecting work stress using machine learning and unobtrusive sensors in different types of knowledge work environments. The applicability of indoor environmental quality and human motion sensor data for continuous work stress assessment of individual employees was examined by conducting three longitudinal real-life experiments and an online survey. The results suggested that the developed stress monitoring system can help in assessing perceived work stress on a daily basis. Moreover, the survey results revealed that the use of environmental sensors for continuous work stress assessment is acceptable, and knowledge workers are willing to share their stress-indicative data to promote well-being at work. The presented findings enable automated follow-up of employee stress, suitable for the future development of personalized well-being solutions to avoid excessive work stress at individual and organizational levels., Tiivistelmä Pitkittyneellä työstressillä on merkittäviä negatiivisia vaikutuksia koko yhteiskuntaan. Viime vuosina siitä on tullut kasvava ongelma erityisesti kognitiivisesti haastavissa tietointensiivisissä ammateissa. Jotta voitaisiin vastata maailmanlaajuiseen tarpeeseen tunnistaa ja vähentää työstressiä ajoissa, stressin mittaamiseen tarkoitetut anturipohjaiset automatisoidut menetelmät ovat nousseet tärkeäksi kehityskohteeksi. Tähän mennessä suurin osa stressin arviointiin liittyvistä tutkimuksista on suoritettu laboratorioympäristöissä, joissa tarkastellaan keinotekoisesti aiheutetun stressin lyhytaikaisia vaikutuksia. Tosielämässä stressi aiheutuu ajan kuluessa monenlaisista tekijöistä, minkä vuoksi tarvitaan lisää tietoa todellisesta päivittäisestä työelämästä pitkäkestoisin kokein. Lisäksi ihmiset kokevat stressin eri tavoin, ja parhaan tuloksen saavuttamiseksi vaaditaan adaptoitumista yksilöllisiin ominaisuuksiin. Tässä väitöskirjassa ehdotetaan tieteellisesti uutta tapaa työstressin tunnistamiseen hyödyntämällä koneoppimista ja huomaamattomia antureita erilaisissa tietotyöympäristöissä. Sisäympäristön laadusta ja ihmisen liikkeestä mitatun datan soveltuvuutta yksittäisten tietotyöntekijöiden työstressin jatkuvaan seurantaan tarkasteltiin toteuttamalla kolme pitkittäistä reaalimaailman koetta ja verkkokysely. Tulokset viittasivat siihen, että toteutettu stressin seurantajärjestelmä voi auttaa arvioimaan koettua päivittäistä työstressiä. Lisäksi tuloksista ilmeni, että ympäristöantureiden käyttö jatkuvassa työstressin arvioinnissa on hyväksyttävää, ja tietotyöntekijät ovat kiinnostuneita jakamaan henkilökohtaisia stressitietojaan työhyvinvoinnin edistämiseksi. Esitetyt tulokset mahdollistavat työntekijöiden stressin automaattisen seurannan, mikä on sovellettavissa personoitujen ratkaisujen kehittämiseen liiallisen työstressin välttämiseksi yksilö- ja organisaatiotasolla.

Porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), the third enzyme in the heme biosynthesis, catalyzes the sequential coupling of four porphobilinogen (PBG) molecules into a heme precursor. Mutations in PBGD are associated with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), a rare metabolic disorder. We used Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) to demonstrate that wild-type PBGD and AIP-associated mutant R167W both existed as holoenzymes (Eholo) covalently attached to the dipyrromethane cofactor, and three intermediate complexes, ES, ES₂, and ES₃, where S represents PBG. In contrast, only ES₂ was detected in AIP-associated mutant R173W, indicating that the formation of ES₃ is inhibited. The R173W crystal structure in the ES₂-state revealed major rearrangements of the loops around the active site, compared to wild-type PBGD in the Eholo-state. These results contribute to elucidating the structural pathogenesis of two common AIP-associated mutations and reveal the important structural role of Arg173 in the polypyrrole elongation mechanism.

Modern knowledge work is highly intense and demanding, exposing workers to long-term psychosocial stress. In order to address the problem, stress detection technologies have been developed, enabling the continuous assessment of personal stress based on multimodal sensor data. However, stakeholders lack insights into how employees perceive different monitoring technologies and whether they are willing to share stress-indicative data in order to sustain well-being at the individual, team, and organizational levels in the knowledge work context. To fill this research gap, we developed a theoretical model for knowledge workers’ interest in sharing their stress-indicative data collected with unobtrusive sensors and examined it empirically using structural equation modeling (SEM) with a survey of 181 European knowledge workers. The results did not show statistically significant privacy concerns regarding environmental sensors such as air quality, sound level, and motion sensors. On the other hand, concerns about more privacy-sensitive methods such as tracking personal device usage patterns did not prevent user acceptance nor intent to share data. Overall, knowledge workers were highly interested in employing stress monitoring technologies to measure their stress levels and receive information about their personal well-being. The results validate the willingness to accept the unobtrusive, continuous stress detection in the context of knowledge work.

Purpose: Treatment-refractory Giardia cases have increased rapidly within the last decade. No markers of resistance nor a standardized susceptibility test have been established yet, but several enzymes and their pathways have been associated with metronidazole (MTZ) resistant Giardia. Very limited data are available regarding genetic variation in these pathways. We aimed to investigate genetic variation in metabolic pathway genes proposed to be involved in MTZ resistance in recently acquired, cultured clinical isolates. Methods: Whole genome sequencing of 12 assemblage A2 and 8 assemblage B isolates was done, to decipher genomic variation in Giardia. Twenty-nine genes were identified in a literature search and investigated for their single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in the coding/non-coding regions of the genes, either as amino acid changing (non-synonymous SNVs) or non-changing SNVs (synonymous). Results: In Giardia assemblage B, several genes involved in MTZ activation or oxidative stress management were found to have higher numbers of non-synonymous SNVs (thioredoxin peroxidase, nitroreductase 1, ferredoxin 2, NADH oxidase, nitroreductase 2, alcohol dehydrogenase, ferredoxin 4 and ferredoxin 1) than the average variation. For Giardia assemblage A2, the highest genetic variability was found in the ferredoxin 2, ferredoxin 6 and in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidoreductase putative genes. SNVs found in the ferredoxins and nitroreductases were analyzed further by alignment and homology modeling. SNVs close to the iron-sulfur cluster binding sites in nitroreductase-1 and 2 and ferredoxin 2 and 4 could potentially affect protein function. Flavohemoprotein seems to be a variable-copy gene, due to higher, but variable coverage compared to other genes investigated. Conclusion: In clinical Giardia isolates, genetic variability is common in important genes in the MTZ metabolizing pathway and in the management of oxidative and nitrosative s

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a multi‐domain, homo‐oligomeric enzyme that catalyses the rate‐limiting step of catecholamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis. Missense variants of human TH are associated with a recessive neurometabolic disease with low levels of brain dopamine and noradrenaline, resulting in a variable clinical picture, from progressive brain encephalopathy to adolescent onset DOPA‐responsive dystonia (DRD). We expressed isoform 1 of human TH (hTH1) and its dystonia‐associated missense variants in E. coli, analysed their quaternary structure and thermal stability using size‐exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism, multi‐angle light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, small‐angle X‐ray scattering and assayed hydroxylase activity. Wild‐type (WT) hTH1 was a mixture of enzymatically stable tetramers (85.6%) and octamers (14.4%), with little interconversion between these species. We also observed small amounts of higher order assemblies of long chains of enzyme by transmission electron microscopy. To investigate the role of molecular assemblies in the pathogenesis of DRD, we compared the structure of WT hTH1 with the DRD‐associated variants R410P and D467G that are found in vicinity of the predicted subunit interfaces. In contrast to WT hTH1, R410P and D467G were mixtures of tetrameric and dimeric species. Inspection of the available structures revealed that Arg‐410 and Asp‐467 are important for maintaining the stability and oligomeric structure of TH. Disruption of the normal quaternary enzyme structure by missense variants is a new molecular mechanism that may explain the loss of TH enzymatic activity in DRD. Unstable missense variants could be targets for pharmacological intervention in DRD, aimed to re‐establish the normal oligomeric state of TH.

Tämä kandidaatintyö on kirjallisuusselvitys, joka käsittelee terässulaan liuenneen magnesiumin lähteitä sekä magnesiumin vaikutusta teräksessä oleviin epämetallisiin sulkeumiin. Epämetalliset sulkeumat voivat jakaa joko niiden kemiallisen koostumuksen tai mineralogian mukaan. Sulkeumat vaikuttavat terästen ominaisuuksiin, mutta eivät ole aina haitallisia, vaan tietyt sulkeumat voivat myös tehostaa teräksen muokattavuutta. Tässä kirjallisuusselvityksessä tutkittuja terässulaan liuenneen magnesiumin lähteitä ovat kuona, vuorausmateriaalit sekä jotkut sähköteräsprosessissa teräkseen lisättävät seosaineet. Senkkakuonan korkea MgO-pitoisuus voi olla suurin yksittäinen MgO-lähde, kun alumiinisulkeumat reagoivat spinellisulkeumiksi. On havaittu, että sulkeumien MgO-pitoisuus on korkea tilanteissa, joissa kuonan hapetuspotentiaali (eli käytännössä FeO-pitoisuus) on matala ja joissa sekoitus on voimakasta. Sulkeumien poistuminen voidaan jakaa kolmeen vaiheeseen. Aluksi sulkeumat nousevat ja kiinnittyvät teräs-kuona- rajapinnalle, josta ne sitten liukenevat kuonafaasiin. Sulkeumien muokkaukseen yleisimmin käytetty menetelmä on kalsiumkäsittely. Kalsiumkäsittelyllä oksidi- ja sulfidisulkeumat saadaan muokattua teräksen ominaisuuksien kannalta vähemmän haitalliseen muotoon; esimerkiksi magnesiumia sisältävät spinellisulkeumat pyritään muokkaamaan suliksi kalsiumaluminaateiksi.

The leucine7 to proline7 (Leu7Pro) polymorphism in preproneuropeptide Y (preproNPY) has been associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and type II diabetes, both of which are obesity-related diseases. The current study evaluated the impact of obesity on the disease risk linked to the Leu7Pro polymorphism of preproNPY in 393 elderly subjects. In 6 years follow-up, the polymorphism alone did not change the risk for abnormal glucose regulation, while obesity was associated with a significant 3-fold risk (odds ratio (OR) 2.95; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.81-4.81, P<0.001) and the Leu7Pro polymorphism-obesity interaction, with a remarkable 12-fold risk (OR 12.33; 95% CI 1.18-128.35, P<0.05). The Leu7Pro polymorphism modified significantly the 10-year incidence of cardiovascular events, causing a 7.6-fold increase in the hazard ratio (HR 7.58; 95% CI 2.87-20.03, P<0.001) in the obese but not in the nonobese subjects. The results indicate that obesity may be a pivotal factor in multiplying the disease risk associated with the Leu7Pro polymorphism in preproNPY

The leucine7 to proline7 (Leu7Pro) polymorphism in preproneuropeptide Y (preproNPY) has been associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and type II diabetes, both of which are obesity-related diseases. The current study evaluated the impact of obesity on the disease risk linked to the Leu7Pro polymorphism of preproNPY in 393 elderly subjects. In 6 years follow-up, the polymorphism alone did not change the risk for abnormal glucose regulation, while obesity was associated with a significant 3-fold risk (odds ratio (OR) 2.95; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.81-4.81, P<0.001) and the Leu7Pro polymorphism-obesity interaction, with a remarkable 12-fold risk (OR 12.33; 95% CI 1.18-128.35, P<0.05). The Leu7Pro polymorphism modified significantly the 10-year incidence of cardiovascular events, causing a 7.6-fold increase in the hazard ratio (HR 7.58; 95% CI 2.87-20.03, P<0.001) in the obese but not in the nonobese subjects. The results indicate that obesity may be a pivotal factor in multiplying the disease risk associated with the Leu7Pro polymorphism in preproNPY