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1. Allergies and COVID-19 vaccines:An ENDA/EAACI Position paper

Author

Barbaud, Annick, Garvey, Lene Heise, Arcolaci, Alessandra, Brockow, Knut, Mori, Francesca, Mayorga, Cristobalina, Bonadonna, Patrizia, Atanaskovic-Markovic, Marina, Moral, Luis, Zanoni, Giovanna, Pagani, Mauro, Soria, Angèle, Jošt, Maja, Caubet, Jean-Christoph, Carmo, Abreu, Mona, Al Ahmad, Alvarez-Perea, Alberto, Bavbek, Sevim, Benedetta, Biagioni, Bilo, M Beatrice, Blanca-López, Natalia, Bogas, Herrera Gádor, Buonomo, Alessandro, Calogiuri, Gianfranco, Carli, Giulia, Cernadas, Josefina, Cortellini, Gabriele, Celik, Gülfem, Demir, Semra, Doña, Inmaculada, Dursun, Adile Berna, Eberlein, Bernadette, Faria, Emilia, Fernandes, Bryan, Garcez, Tomaz, Garcia-Nunez, Ignacio, Gawlik, Radoslaw, Gelincik, Asli, Gomes, Eva, Gooi, Jimmy H. C., Grosber, Martine, Gülen, Theo, Hacard, Florence, Hoarau, Cyrille, Janson, Christer, Johnston, Sebastian L, Joerg, Lukas, Kepil Özdemir, Seçil, Klimek, Ludger, Košnik, Mitja, Kowalski, Marek L, Kuyucu, Semanur, Kvedariene, Violeta, Laguna, Jose Julio, Lombardo, Carla, Marinho, Susana, Merk, Hans, Meucci, Elisa, Morisset, Martine, Munoz-Cano, Rosa, Murzilli, Francesco, Nakonechna, Alla, Popescu, Florin Dan, Porebski, Grzegorz, Radice, Anna, Regateiro, Frederico S., Röckmann, Heike, Romano, Antonino, Sargur, Ravishankar, Sastre, Joaquin, Hofmeier, Kathrin Scherer, Sedláčková, Lenka, Sobotkova, Marta, Terreehorst, Ingrid, Treudler, Regina, Walusiak-Skorupa, Jolanta, Wedi, Bettina, Wöhrl, Stefan, Zidarn, Mihael, Zuberbier, Torsten, Agache, Ioana, Torres, Maria J., Barbaud, Annick, Garvey, Lene Heise, Arcolaci, Alessandra, Brockow, Knut, Mori, Francesca, Mayorga, Cristobalina, Bonadonna, Patrizia, Atanaskovic-Markovic, Marina, Moral, Luis, Zanoni, Giovanna, Pagani, Mauro, Soria, Angèle, Jošt, Maja, Caubet, Jean-Christoph, Carmo, Abreu, Mona, Al Ahmad, Alvarez-Perea, Alberto, Bavbek, Sevim, Benedetta, Biagioni, Bilo, M Beatrice, Blanca-López, Natalia, Bogas, Herrera Gádor, Buonomo, Alessandro, Calogiuri, Gianfranco, Carli, Giulia, Cernadas, Josefina, Cortellini, Gabriele, Celik, Gülfem, Demir, Semra, Doña, Inmaculada, Dursun, Adile Berna, Eberlein, Bernadette, Faria, Emilia, Fernandes, Bryan, Garcez, Tomaz, Garcia-Nunez, Ignacio, Gawlik, Radoslaw, Gelincik, Asli, Gomes, Eva, Gooi, Jimmy H. C., Grosber, Martine, Gülen, Theo, Hacard, Florence, Hoarau, Cyrille, Janson, Christer, Johnston, Sebastian L, Joerg, Lukas, Kepil Özdemir, Seçil, Klimek, Ludger, Košnik, Mitja, Kowalski, Marek L, Kuyucu, Semanur, Kvedariene, Violeta, Laguna, Jose Julio, Lombardo, Carla, Marinho, Susana, Merk, Hans, Meucci, Elisa, Morisset, Martine, Munoz-Cano, Rosa, Murzilli, Francesco, Nakonechna, Alla, Popescu, Florin Dan, Porebski, Grzegorz, Radice, Anna, Regateiro, Frederico S., Röckmann, Heike, Romano, Antonino, Sargur, Ravishankar, Sastre, Joaquin, Hofmeier, Kathrin Scherer, Sedláčková, Lenka, Sobotkova, Marta, Terreehorst, Ingrid, Treudler, Regina, Walusiak-Skorupa, Jolanta, Wedi, Bettina, Wöhrl, Stefan, Zidarn, Mihael, Zuberbier, Torsten, Agache, Ioana, and Torres, Maria J.

Abstract

Background: Anaphylaxis, which is rare, has been reported after COVID-19 vaccination, but its management is not standardized. Method: Members of the European Network for Drug Allergy and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology interested in drug allergy participated in an online questionnaire on pre-vaccination screening and management of allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines, and literature was analysed. Results: No death due to anaphylaxis to COVID-19 vaccines has been confirmed in scientific literature. Potential allergens, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polysorbate and tromethamine are excipients. The authors propose allergy evaluation of persons with the following histories: 1—anaphylaxis to injectable drug or vaccine containing PEG or derivatives; 2—anaphylaxis to oral/topical PEG containing products; 3—recurrent anaphylaxis of unknown cause; 4—suspected or confirmed allergy to any mRNA vaccine; and 5—confirmed allergy to PEG or derivatives. We recommend a prick-to-prick skin test with the left-over solution in the suspected vaccine vial to avoid waste. Prick test panel should include PEG 4000 or 3500, PEG 2000 and polysorbate 80. The value of in vitro test is arguable. Conclusions: These recommendations will lead to a better knowledge of the management and mechanisms involved in anaphylaxis to COVID-19 vaccines and enable more people with history of allergy to be vaccinated.

Published
2022

2. Allergies and COVID-19 vaccines:An ENDA/EAACI Position paper

Author

Barbaud, Annick, Garvey, Lene Heise, Arcolaci, Alessandra, Brockow, Knut, Mori, Francesca, Mayorga, Cristobalina, Bonadonna, Patrizia, Atanaskovic-Markovic, Marina, Moral, Luis, Zanoni, Giovanna, Pagani, Mauro, Soria, Angèle, Jošt, Maja, Caubet, Jean-Christoph, Carmo, Abreu, Mona, Al Ahmad, Alvarez-Perea, Alberto, Bavbek, Sevim, Benedetta, Biagioni, Bilo, M Beatrice, Blanca-López, Natalia, Bogas, Herrera Gádor, Buonomo, Alessandro, Calogiuri, Gianfranco, Carli, Giulia, Cernadas, Josefina, Cortellini, Gabriele, Celik, Gülfem, Demir, Semra, Doña, Inmaculada, Dursun, Adile Berna, Eberlein, Bernadette, Faria, Emilia, Fernandes, Bryan, Garcez, Tomaz, Garcia-Nunez, Ignacio, Gawlik, Radoslaw, Gelincik, Asli, Gomes, Eva, Gooi, Jimmy H. C., Grosber, Martine, Gülen, Theo, Hacard, Florence, Hoarau, Cyrille, Janson, Christer, Johnston, Sebastian L, Joerg, Lukas, Kepil Özdemir, Seçil, Klimek, Ludger, Košnik, Mitja, Kowalski, Marek L, Kuyucu, Semanur, Kvedariene, Violeta, Laguna, Jose Julio, Lombardo, Carla, Marinho, Susana, Merk, Hans, Meucci, Elisa, Morisset, Martine, Munoz-Cano, Rosa, Murzilli, Francesco, Nakonechna, Alla, Popescu, Florin Dan, Porebski, Grzegorz, Radice, Anna, Regateiro, Frederico S., Röckmann, Heike, Romano, Antonino, Sargur, Ravishankar, Sastre, Joaquin, Hofmeier, Kathrin Scherer, Sedláčková, Lenka, Sobotkova, Marta, Terreehorst, Ingrid, Treudler, Regina, Walusiak-Skorupa, Jolanta, Wedi, Bettina, Wöhrl, Stefan, Zidarn, Mihael, Zuberbier, Torsten, Agache, Ioana, Torres, Maria J., Barbaud, Annick, Garvey, Lene Heise, Arcolaci, Alessandra, Brockow, Knut, Mori, Francesca, Mayorga, Cristobalina, Bonadonna, Patrizia, Atanaskovic-Markovic, Marina, Moral, Luis, Zanoni, Giovanna, Pagani, Mauro, Soria, Angèle, Jošt, Maja, Caubet, Jean-Christoph, Carmo, Abreu, Mona, Al Ahmad, Alvarez-Perea, Alberto, Bavbek, Sevim, Benedetta, Biagioni, Bilo, M Beatrice, Blanca-López, Natalia, Bogas, Herrera Gádor, Buonomo, Alessandro, Calogiuri, Gianfranco, Carli, Giulia, Cernadas, Josefina, Cortellini, Gabriele, Celik, Gülfem, Demir, Semra, Doña, Inmaculada, Dursun, Adile Berna, Eberlein, Bernadette, Faria, Emilia, Fernandes, Bryan, Garcez, Tomaz, Garcia-Nunez, Ignacio, Gawlik, Radoslaw, Gelincik, Asli, Gomes, Eva, Gooi, Jimmy H. C., Grosber, Martine, Gülen, Theo, Hacard, Florence, Hoarau, Cyrille, Janson, Christer, Johnston, Sebastian L, Joerg, Lukas, Kepil Özdemir, Seçil, Klimek, Ludger, Košnik, Mitja, Kowalski, Marek L, Kuyucu, Semanur, Kvedariene, Violeta, Laguna, Jose Julio, Lombardo, Carla, Marinho, Susana, Merk, Hans, Meucci, Elisa, Morisset, Martine, Munoz-Cano, Rosa, Murzilli, Francesco, Nakonechna, Alla, Popescu, Florin Dan, Porebski, Grzegorz, Radice, Anna, Regateiro, Frederico S., Röckmann, Heike, Romano, Antonino, Sargur, Ravishankar, Sastre, Joaquin, Hofmeier, Kathrin Scherer, Sedláčková, Lenka, Sobotkova, Marta, Terreehorst, Ingrid, Treudler, Regina, Walusiak-Skorupa, Jolanta, Wedi, Bettina, Wöhrl, Stefan, Zidarn, Mihael, Zuberbier, Torsten, Agache, Ioana, and Torres, Maria J.

Abstract

Background: Anaphylaxis, which is rare, has been reported after COVID-19 vaccination, but its management is not standardized. Method: Members of the European Network for Drug Allergy and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology interested in drug allergy participated in an online questionnaire on pre-vaccination screening and management of allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines, and literature was analysed. Results: No death due to anaphylaxis to COVID-19 vaccines has been confirmed in scientific literature. Potential allergens, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polysorbate and tromethamine are excipients. The authors propose allergy evaluation of persons with the following histories: 1—anaphylaxis to injectable drug or vaccine containing PEG or derivatives; 2—anaphylaxis to oral/topical PEG containing products; 3—recurrent anaphylaxis of unknown cause; 4—suspected or confirmed allergy to any mRNA vaccine; and 5—confirmed allergy to PEG or derivatives. We recommend a prick-to-prick skin test with the left-over solution in the suspected vaccine vial to avoid waste. Prick test panel should include PEG 4000 or 3500, PEG 2000 and polysorbate 80. The value of in vitro test is arguable. Conclusions: These recommendations will lead to a better knowledge of the management and mechanisms involved in anaphylaxis to COVID-19 vaccines and enable more people with history of allergy to be vaccinated.

Published
2022

3. Is diet partly responsible for differences in COVID-19 death rates between and within countries?

Author

Bousquet, Jean, Anto, Josep M., Iaccarino, Guido, Czarlewski, Wienczyslawa, Haahtela, Tari, Anto, Aram, Akdis, Cezmi, Blain, Hubert, Canonica, G. Walter, Cardona, Victoria, Cruz, Alvaro A., Illario, Maddalena, Ivancevich, Juan Carlos, Jutel, Marek, Klimek, Ludger, Kuna, Piotr, Laune, Daniel, Larenas-linnemann, Désirée, Mullol, Joaquim, Papadopoulos, Nikos G., Pfaar, Oliver, Samolinski, Boleslaw, Valiulis, Arunas, Yorgancioglu, Arzu, Zuberbier, Torsten, Latiff, Amir, Abdullah, Baharudin, Aberer, Werner, Abusada, Nancy, Adcock, Ian, Afani, Alejandro, Agache, Ioana, Aggelidis, Xenofon, Agustin, Jenifer, Akdis, Mübeccel, Al-Ahmad, Mona, Bassam, Abou Al Zahab, Aldrey-Palacios, Oscar, Cuesta, Emilio Alvarez, Alzaabi, Ashraf, Amad, Salma, Ambrocio, Gene, Annesi-Maesano, Isabella, Ansotegui, Ignacio, Anto, Josep, Arshad, Hasan, Artesani, Maria Cristina, Asayag, Estrella, Avolio, Francesca, Azhari, Khuzama, Baiardini, Ilaria, Bajrović, Nissera, Bakakos, Petros, Mongono, Sergio Bakeyala, Balotro-Torres, Christine, Barba, Sergio, Barbara, Cristina, Barbosa, Elsa, Barreto, Bruno, Bartra, Joan, Bateman, Eric D., Battur, Lkhagvaa, Bedbrook, Anna, Barajas, Martín Bedolla, Beghé, Bianca, Bel, Elizabeth, Kheder, Ali Ben, Benson, Mikael, Berghea, Camelia, Bergmann, Karl Christian, Bernstein, David, Bewick, Mike, Bialek, Slawomir, Białoszewski, Artur, Bieber, Thomas, Billo, Nils, Bilo, Maria Beatrice, Bindslev-Jensen, Carsten, Bjermer, Leif, Marciniak, Malgorzata Bochenska, Bond, Christine, Boner, Attilio, Bonini, Matteo, Bonini, Sergio, Bosnic-Anticevich, Sinthia, Bosse, Isabelle, Botskariova, Sofia, Bouchard, Jacques, Boulet, Louis Philippe, Bourret, Rodolphe, Bousquet, Philippe, Braido, Fulvio, Briggs, Andrew, Brightling, Christopher, Brozek, Jan, Buhl, Roland, Bumbacea, Roxana, Cabañas, María Teresa Burguete, Bush, Andrew, Busse, William W., Buters, Jeroen, Caballero-Fonseca, Fernan, Calderon, Moïses A., Calvo, Mario, Camargos, Paulo, Camuzat, Thierry, Cano, Antonio, Capriles-Hulett, Arnaldo, Caraballo, Luis, Cardona, Vicky, Carlsen, Kai Hakon, Caro, Jorge, Carreon-Asun-cion, Fredelita, Carriazo, Ana Maria, Casale, Thomas, Castor, Mary Ann, Castro, Elizabeth, Cecchi, Lorenzo, Sarabia, Alfonso Cepeda, Chandrasekharan, Ramanathan, Chang, Yoon Suk, Chato-Andeza, Victoria, Chatzi, Lida, Chatzidaki, Christina, Chavannes, Niels H., Chen, Yuzhi, Cheng, Lei, Chivato, Tomas, Chkhartishvili, Ekaterine, Christoff, George, Chrystyn, Henry, Chu, Derek K., Chua, Antonio, Chuchalin, Alexander, Chung, Kian Fan, Cicerán, Alberto, Cingi, Cemal, Ciprandi, Giorgio, Cirule, Ieva, Coelho, Ana Carla, Constantinidis, Jannis, de Sousa, Jaime Correia, Costa, Elisio, Costa, David, Domínguez, María Del Carmen Costa, Coste, André, Cox, Linda, Cullen, John, Custovic, Adnan, Cvetkovski, Biljana, D’amato, Gennaro, Silva, Jane da, Dahl, Ronald, Dahlen, Sven Erik, Daniilidis, Vasilis, Nahhas, Louei Darjazini, Darsow, Ulf, Blay, Frédéric de, Guia, Eloisa De, Santos, Chato de los, Keenoy, Esteban De Manuel, Vries, Govert De, Deleanu, Diana, Demoly, Pascal, Denburg, Judah, Devillier, Philippe, Didier, Alain, Dimou, Maria, Dinh-Xuan, Anh Tuan, Djukanovic, Ratko, Dokic, Dejan, Domínguez Silva, Margarita Gabriela, Douagui, Habib, Douladiris, Nikolaos, Doulaptsi, Maria, Dray, Gérard, Dubakiene, Ruta, Durham, Stephen, Dykewicz, Mark, Ebo, Didier, Edelbaher, Natalija, Eklund, Patrik, El-Gamal, Yehia, El-Sayed, Zeinab A., El-Sayed, Shereen S., El-Seify, Magda, Emuzyte, Regina, Enecilla, Lourdes, Espinoza, Heidilita, Guillermo, Jesús, Contreras, Espinoza, Farrell, John, Fernandez, Lenora, Wagner, Antje Fink, Fiocchi, Alessandro, Fokkens, Wytske J., Fontaine, Jean François, Forastiere, Francesco, Pèrez, Jose Miguel Fuentes, Gaerlan–resureccion, Emily, Gaga, Mina, Romero, José Luis Gálvez, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Garcia, Alexis, Cobas, Cecilia Yvonne García, García Cruz, María de la Luz Hortensia, Gayraud, Jacques, Gemicioglu, Bilun, Genova, Sonya, Gereda, José, Wijk, Roy Gerth van, Gomez, Maximiliano, Diaz, Sandra González, Gotua, Maia, Grigoreas, Christos, Grisle, Ineta, Guidacci, Marta, Guldemond, Nick, Gutter, Zdenek, Guzmán, Antonieta, Halloum, Ramsa, Hamelmann, Eckard, Hammadi, Suleiman, Harvey, Richard, Heinrich, Joachim, Hejjaoui, Adnan, Hellquist-Dahl, Birthe, Velázquez, Luiana Hernández, Hew, Mark, Hossny, Elham, Howarth, Peter, Hrubiško, Martin, Villalobos, Yunuen Rocío Huerta, Humbert, Marc, Hyland, Michael, Ibrahim, Moustafa, Ilyina, Natalia, Irani, Carla, Ispayeva, Zhanat, Jares, Edgardo, Jarvis, Deborah, Jassem, Ewa, Jenko, Klemen, Uscanga, Rubén Darío Jiméneracruz, Johnston, Sebastian, Joos, Guy, Jošt, Maja, Julge, Kaja, Jung, Ki Suck, Just, Jocelyne, Kaidashev, Igor, Kalayci, Omer, Kalyoncu, Fuat, Kapsali, Jeni, Kardas, Przemyslaw, Karjalainen, Jussi, Kasala, Carmela A., Katotomichelakis, Michael, Kazi, Bennoor, Keil, Thomas, Keith, Paul, Khaitov, Musa, Khaltaev, Nikolai, Kim, You Young, Kleine-Tebbe, Jorg, Koffi N’Goran, Bernard, Kompoti, Evangelia, Kopač, Peter, Koppelman, Gerard, Jeverica, Anja Koren, Košnik, Mitja, Kostov, Kosta V., Kowalski, Marek L., Kralimarkova, Tanya, Vrščaj, Karmen Kramer, Kraxner, Helga, Kreft, Samo, Kritikos, Vicky, Kudlay, Dmitry, Kull, Inger, Kupczyk, Maciej, Kvedariene, Violeta, Kyriakakou, Marialena, Lalek, Nika, Lane, Stephen, Larenas-Linnemann, Désiree, Lau, Susanne, Lavrut, Jorge, Le, Lan, Lessa, Marcus, Levin, Michael, Li, Jing, Lieberman, Philip, Liotta, Giuseppe, Lipworth, Brian, Liu, Xuandao, Lobo, Rommel, Lodrup Carlsen, Karin C., Lombardi, Carlo, Louis, Renaud, Loukidis, Stelios, Lourenço, Olga, Luna Pech, Jorge A., Madjar, Bojan, Magnan, Antoine, Mahboub, Bassam, Mair, Alpana, Mais, Yassin, van der Zee, Anke Hilse Maitland, Makela, Mika, Makris, Michael, Malling, Hans Jorgen, Mandajieva, Mariana, Manning, Patrick, Manousakis, Manolis, Maragoudakis, Pavlos, Marshall, Gailen, Martins, Pedro, Reza Masjedi, Mohammad, Máspero, Jorge F., Campos, Juan José Matta, Maurer, Marcus, Mavale-Manuel, Sandra, Meço, Cem, Melén, Erik, Melo-Gomes, Elisabete, Meltzer, Eli O., Menditto, Enrica, Menzies-Gow, Andrew, Merk, Hans, Michel, Jean Pierre, Miculinic, Neven, Midão, Luís, Mihaltan, Florin, Mikael, Kuitunen, Mikos, Nikolaos, Milenkovic, Branislava, Mitsias, Dimitrios, Moalla, Bassem, Moda, Giuliana, Martínez, María Dolores Mogica, Mohammad, Yousser, Moin, Mostafa, Molimard, Mathieu, Momas, Isabelle, Monaco, Alessandro, Montefort, Steve, Mora, Dory, Morais-Almeida, Mario, Mösges, Ralph, Mostafa, Badr Eldin, Münter, Lars, Muraro, Antonella, Murray, Ruth, Mustakov, Tihomir, Naclerio, Robert, Nadif, Rachel, Nakonechna, Alla, Namazova-Baranova, Leyla, Navarro-Locsin, Gretchen, Neffen, Hugo, Nekam, Kristof, Neou, Angelos, Nicod, Laurent, Niederberger-Leppin, Verena, Niedoszytko, Marek, Nieto, Antonio, Novellino, Ettore, Nunes, Elizabete, Nyembue, Dieudonné, O’hehir, Robyn, Odjakova, Cvetanka, Ohta, Ken, Okamoto, Yoshitaka, Okubo, Kimi, Oliver, Brian, Onorato, Gabrielle L., Orru, Maria Pia, Ouédraogo, Solange, Ouoba, Kampadilemba, Paggiaro, Pier Luigi, Pagkalos, Aris, Palaniappan, S. P., Pali-Schöll, Isabella, Palkonen, Susanna, Palmer, Stephen, Bunu, Carmen Panaitescu, Panzner, Petr, Papanikolaou, Vasilis, Papi, Alberto, Paralchev, Bojidar, Paraskevopoulos, Giannis, Park, Hae Sim, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Patella, Vincenzo, Pavord, Ian, Pawankar, Ruby, Pedersen, Soren, Peleve, Susete, Pereira, Ana, Pérez, Tamara, Pham-Thi, Nhân, Pigearias, Bernard, Pin, Isabelle, Piskou, Konstantina, Pitsios, Constantinos, Pitsios, Kostas, Plavec, Davor, Poethig, Dagmar, Pohl, Wolfgang, Susic, Antonija Poplas, Popov, Todor A., Portejoie, Fabienne, Potter, Paul, Poulsen, Lars, Prados-Torres, Alexandra, Prarros, Fotis, Price, David, Prokopakis, Emmanuel, Puy, Robert, Rabe, Klaus, Raciborski, Filip, Ramos, Josephine, Recto, Marysia T., Reda, Shereen M., Regateiro, Frederico, Reider, Norbert, Reitsma, Sietze, Repka-Ramirez, Susana, Rimmer, Janet, Yeverino, Daniela Rivero, Rizzo, José Angelo, Robalo-Cordeiro, Carlos, Roberts, Graham, Roche, Nicolas, González, Mónica Rodríguez, Zagal, Eréndira Rodríguez, Rolland, Christine, Roller-Wirns-berger, Regina, Rodriguez, Miguel Roman, Romano, Antonino, Rombaux, Philippe, Romualdez, Joel, Rosado-Pinto, Jose, Rosario, Nelson, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Rottem, Menachem, Rouadi, Philip, Rovina, Nikoleta, Sinur, Irma Rozman, Ruiz, Mauricio, Segura, Lucy Tania Ruiz, Ryan, Dermot, Sagara, Hironori, Sakai, Daiki, Sakurai, Daiju, Saleh, Wafaa, Salimaki, Johanna, Salina, Husain, Samitas, Konstanti Nos, Coronel, María Guadalupe Sánchez, Sanchez-Borges, Mario, Sanchez-Lopez, Jaime, Sarafoleanu, Codrut, Serpa, Faradiba Sarquis, Sastre-Dominguez, Joaquin, Scadding, Glenis, Scheire, Sophie, Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter, Schuhl, Juan Francisco, Schunemann, Holger, Schvalbová, Maria, Scichilone, Nicola, Sepúlveda, Cecilia, Serrano, Elie, Sheikh, Aziz, Shields, Mike, Shishkov, Vasil, Siafakas, Nikos, Simeonov, Alexander, Simons, Estelle F., Sisul, Juan Carlos, Sitkauskiene, Brigita, Skrindo, Ingelbjorg, Košak, Tanja Soklič, Solé, Dirceu, Sooronbaev, Talant, Soto-Martinez, Manuel, Sova, Milan, Spertini, François, Spranger, Otto, Stamataki, Sofia, Stefanaki, Lina, Stellato, Cristiana, Stelmach, Rafael, Sterk, Peter, Strandberg, Timo, Stute, Petra, Subramaniam, Abirami, Suppli Ulrik, Charlotte, Sutherland, Michael, Sylvestre, Silvia, Syrigou, Aikaterini, Barata, Luis Taborda, Takovska, Nadejda, Tan, Rachel, Tan, Frances, Tan, Vincent, Tang, Ing Ping, Taniguchi, Masami, Tannert, Line, Tattersall, Jessica, Teixeira, Maria Do Ceu, Thijs, Carel, Thomas, Mike, To, Teresa, Todo-Bom, Ana Maria, Togias, Alkis, Tomazic, Peter Valentin, Toppila-Salmi, Sanna, Toskala, Elina, Triggiani, Massimo, Triller, Nadja, Triller, Katja, Tsiligianni, Ioanna, Ulmeanu, Ruxandra, Urbancic, Jure, Pereira, Marilyn Urrutia, Vachova, Martina, Valdés, Felipe, Valenta, Rudolf, Rostan, Marylin Valentin, Valero, Antonio, Vallianatou, Mina, Valovirta, Erkka, Eerd, Michiel Van, Ganse, Eric Van, Hage, Marianne van, Vandenplas, Olivier, Vasankari, Tuula, Vassileva, Dafina, Ventura, Teresa, Vera-Munoz, Cécilia, Vicheva, Dilyana, Vichyanond, Pakit, Vidgren, Petra, Viegi, Giovanni, Vogelmeier, Claus, Hertzen, Leena Von, Vontetsianos, Theodoros, Vourdas, Dimitris, Wagenmann, Martin, Walker, Samantha, Wallace, Dana, Wang, De Yun, Waserman, Susan, Wickman, Magnus, Williams, Sian, Williams, Dennis, Wilson, Nicola, Woo, Kent, Wright, John, Wroczynski, Piotr, Xepapadaki, Paraskevi, Yakovliev, Plamen, Yamaguchi, Masao, Yan, Kwok, Yap, Yoke Yeow, Yawn, Barbara, Yiallouros, Panayiotis, Yoshihara, Shigemi, Young, Ian, Yusuf, Osman B., Zaidi, Asghar, Zaitoun, Fares, Zar, Heather, Zernotti, Mario, Zhang, Luo, Zhong, Nanshan, Zidarn, Mihaela, Zubrinich, Celia, Bousquet, Jean, Anto, Josep M., Iaccarino, Guido, Czarlewski, Wienczyslawa, Haahtela, Tari, Anto, Aram, Akdis, Cezmi, Blain, Hubert, Canonica, G. Walter, Cardona, Victoria, Cruz, Alvaro A., Illario, Maddalena, Ivancevich, Juan Carlos, Jutel, Marek, Klimek, Ludger, Kuna, Piotr, Laune, Daniel, Larenas-linnemann, Désirée, Mullol, Joaquim, Papadopoulos, Nikos G., Pfaar, Oliver, Samolinski, Boleslaw, Valiulis, Arunas, Yorgancioglu, Arzu, Zuberbier, Torsten, Latiff, Amir, Abdullah, Baharudin, Aberer, Werner, Abusada, Nancy, Adcock, Ian, Afani, Alejandro, Agache, Ioana, Aggelidis, Xenofon, Agustin, Jenifer, Akdis, Mübeccel, Al-Ahmad, Mona, Bassam, Abou Al Zahab, Aldrey-Palacios, Oscar, Cuesta, Emilio Alvarez, Alzaabi, Ashraf, Amad, Salma, Ambrocio, Gene, Annesi-Maesano, Isabella, Ansotegui, Ignacio, Anto, Josep, Arshad, Hasan, Artesani, Maria Cristina, Asayag, Estrella, Avolio, Francesca, Azhari, Khuzama, Baiardini, Ilaria, Bajrović, Nissera, Bakakos, Petros, Mongono, Sergio Bakeyala, Balotro-Torres, Christine, Barba, Sergio, Barbara, Cristina, Barbosa, Elsa, Barreto, Bruno, Bartra, Joan, Bateman, Eric D., Battur, Lkhagvaa, Bedbrook, Anna, Barajas, Martín Bedolla, Beghé, Bianca, Bel, Elizabeth, Kheder, Ali Ben, Benson, Mikael, Berghea, Camelia, Bergmann, Karl Christian, Bernstein, David, Bewick, Mike, Bialek, Slawomir, Białoszewski, Artur, Bieber, Thomas, Billo, Nils, Bilo, Maria Beatrice, Bindslev-Jensen, Carsten, Bjermer, Leif, Marciniak, Malgorzata Bochenska, Bond, Christine, Boner, Attilio, Bonini, Matteo, Bonini, Sergio, Bosnic-Anticevich, Sinthia, Bosse, Isabelle, Botskariova, Sofia, Bouchard, Jacques, Boulet, Louis Philippe, Bourret, Rodolphe, Bousquet, Philippe, Braido, Fulvio, Briggs, Andrew, Brightling, Christopher, Brozek, Jan, Buhl, Roland, Bumbacea, Roxana, Cabañas, María Teresa Burguete, Bush, Andrew, Busse, William W., Buters, Jeroen, Caballero-Fonseca, Fernan, Calderon, Moïses A., Calvo, Mario, Camargos, Paulo, Camuzat, Thierry, Cano, Antonio, Capriles-Hulett, Arnaldo, Caraballo, Luis, Cardona, Vicky, Carlsen, Kai Hakon, Caro, Jorge, Carreon-Asun-cion, Fredelita, Carriazo, Ana Maria, Casale, Thomas, Castor, Mary Ann, Castro, Elizabeth, Cecchi, Lorenzo, Sarabia, Alfonso Cepeda, Chandrasekharan, Ramanathan, Chang, Yoon Suk, Chato-Andeza, Victoria, Chatzi, Lida, Chatzidaki, Christina, Chavannes, Niels H., Chen, Yuzhi, Cheng, Lei, Chivato, Tomas, Chkhartishvili, Ekaterine, Christoff, George, Chrystyn, Henry, Chu, Derek K., Chua, Antonio, Chuchalin, Alexander, Chung, Kian Fan, Cicerán, Alberto, Cingi, Cemal, Ciprandi, Giorgio, Cirule, Ieva, Coelho, Ana Carla, Constantinidis, Jannis, de Sousa, Jaime Correia, Costa, Elisio, Costa, David, Domínguez, María Del Carmen Costa, Coste, André, Cox, Linda, Cullen, John, Custovic, Adnan, Cvetkovski, Biljana, D’amato, Gennaro, Silva, Jane da, Dahl, Ronald, Dahlen, Sven Erik, Daniilidis, Vasilis, Nahhas, Louei Darjazini, Darsow, Ulf, Blay, Frédéric de, Guia, Eloisa De, Santos, Chato de los, Keenoy, Esteban De Manuel, Vries, Govert De, Deleanu, Diana, Demoly, Pascal, Denburg, Judah, Devillier, Philippe, Didier, Alain, Dimou, Maria, Dinh-Xuan, Anh Tuan, Djukanovic, Ratko, Dokic, Dejan, Domínguez Silva, Margarita Gabriela, Douagui, Habib, Douladiris, Nikolaos, Doulaptsi, Maria, Dray, Gérard, Dubakiene, Ruta, Durham, Stephen, Dykewicz, Mark, Ebo, Didier, Edelbaher, Natalija, Eklund, Patrik, El-Gamal, Yehia, El-Sayed, Zeinab A., El-Sayed, Shereen S., El-Seify, Magda, Emuzyte, Regina, Enecilla, Lourdes, Espinoza, Heidilita, Guillermo, Jesús, Contreras, Espinoza, Farrell, John, Fernandez, Lenora, Wagner, Antje Fink, Fiocchi, Alessandro, Fokkens, Wytske J., Fontaine, Jean François, Forastiere, Francesco, Pèrez, Jose Miguel Fuentes, Gaerlan–resureccion, Emily, Gaga, Mina, Romero, José Luis Gálvez, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Garcia, Alexis, Cobas, Cecilia Yvonne García, García Cruz, María de la Luz Hortensia, Gayraud, Jacques, Gemicioglu, Bilun, Genova, Sonya, Gereda, José, Wijk, Roy Gerth van, Gomez, Maximiliano, Diaz, Sandra González, Gotua, Maia, Grigoreas, Christos, Grisle, Ineta, Guidacci, Marta, Guldemond, Nick, Gutter, Zdenek, Guzmán, Antonieta, Halloum, Ramsa, Hamelmann, Eckard, Hammadi, Suleiman, Harvey, Richard, Heinrich, Joachim, Hejjaoui, Adnan, Hellquist-Dahl, Birthe, Velázquez, Luiana Hernández, Hew, Mark, Hossny, Elham, Howarth, Peter, Hrubiško, Martin, Villalobos, Yunuen Rocío Huerta, Humbert, Marc, Hyland, Michael, Ibrahim, Moustafa, Ilyina, Natalia, Irani, Carla, Ispayeva, Zhanat, Jares, Edgardo, Jarvis, Deborah, Jassem, Ewa, Jenko, Klemen, Uscanga, Rubén Darío Jiméneracruz, Johnston, Sebastian, Joos, Guy, Jošt, Maja, Julge, Kaja, Jung, Ki Suck, Just, Jocelyne, Kaidashev, Igor, Kalayci, Omer, Kalyoncu, Fuat, Kapsali, Jeni, Kardas, Przemyslaw, Karjalainen, Jussi, Kasala, Carmela A., Katotomichelakis, Michael, Kazi, Bennoor, Keil, Thomas, Keith, Paul, Khaitov, Musa, Khaltaev, Nikolai, Kim, You Young, Kleine-Tebbe, Jorg, Koffi N’Goran, Bernard, Kompoti, Evangelia, Kopač, Peter, Koppelman, Gerard, Jeverica, Anja Koren, Košnik, Mitja, Kostov, Kosta V., Kowalski, Marek L., Kralimarkova, Tanya, Vrščaj, Karmen Kramer, Kraxner, Helga, Kreft, Samo, Kritikos, Vicky, Kudlay, Dmitry, Kull, Inger, Kupczyk, Maciej, Kvedariene, Violeta, Kyriakakou, Marialena, Lalek, Nika, Lane, Stephen, Larenas-Linnemann, Désiree, Lau, Susanne, Lavrut, Jorge, Le, Lan, Lessa, Marcus, Levin, Michael, Li, Jing, Lieberman, Philip, Liotta, Giuseppe, Lipworth, Brian, Liu, Xuandao, Lobo, Rommel, Lodrup Carlsen, Karin C., Lombardi, Carlo, Louis, Renaud, Loukidis, Stelios, Lourenço, Olga, Luna Pech, Jorge A., Madjar, Bojan, Magnan, Antoine, Mahboub, Bassam, Mair, Alpana, Mais, Yassin, van der Zee, Anke Hilse Maitland, Makela, Mika, Makris, Michael, Malling, Hans Jorgen, Mandajieva, Mariana, Manning, Patrick, Manousakis, Manolis, Maragoudakis, Pavlos, Marshall, Gailen, Martins, Pedro, Reza Masjedi, Mohammad, Máspero, Jorge F., Campos, Juan José Matta, Maurer, Marcus, Mavale-Manuel, Sandra, Meço, Cem, Melén, Erik, Melo-Gomes, Elisabete, Meltzer, Eli O., Menditto, Enrica, Menzies-Gow, Andrew, Merk, Hans, Michel, Jean Pierre, Miculinic, Neven, Midão, Luís, Mihaltan, Florin, Mikael, Kuitunen, Mikos, Nikolaos, Milenkovic, Branislava, Mitsias, Dimitrios, Moalla, Bassem, Moda, Giuliana, Martínez, María Dolores Mogica, Mohammad, Yousser, Moin, Mostafa, Molimard, Mathieu, Momas, Isabelle, Monaco, Alessandro, Montefort, Steve, Mora, Dory, Morais-Almeida, Mario, Mösges, Ralph, Mostafa, Badr Eldin, Münter, Lars, Muraro, Antonella, Murray, Ruth, Mustakov, Tihomir, Naclerio, Robert, Nadif, Rachel, Nakonechna, Alla, Namazova-Baranova, Leyla, Navarro-Locsin, Gretchen, Neffen, Hugo, Nekam, Kristof, Neou, Angelos, Nicod, Laurent, Niederberger-Leppin, Verena, Niedoszytko, Marek, Nieto, Antonio, Novellino, Ettore, Nunes, Elizabete, Nyembue, Dieudonné, O’hehir, Robyn, Odjakova, Cvetanka, Ohta, Ken, Okamoto, Yoshitaka, Okubo, Kimi, Oliver, Brian, Onorato, Gabrielle L., Orru, Maria Pia, Ouédraogo, Solange, Ouoba, Kampadilemba, Paggiaro, Pier Luigi, Pagkalos, Aris, Palaniappan, S. P., Pali-Schöll, Isabella, Palkonen, Susanna, Palmer, Stephen, Bunu, Carmen Panaitescu, Panzner, Petr, Papanikolaou, Vasilis, Papi, Alberto, Paralchev, Bojidar, Paraskevopoulos, Giannis, Park, Hae Sim, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Patella, Vincenzo, Pavord, Ian, Pawankar, Ruby, Pedersen, Soren, Peleve, Susete, Pereira, Ana, Pérez, Tamara, Pham-Thi, Nhân, Pigearias, Bernard, Pin, Isabelle, Piskou, Konstantina, Pitsios, Constantinos, Pitsios, Kostas, Plavec, Davor, Poethig, Dagmar, Pohl, Wolfgang, Susic, Antonija Poplas, Popov, Todor A., Portejoie, Fabienne, Potter, Paul, Poulsen, Lars, Prados-Torres, Alexandra, Prarros, Fotis, Price, David, Prokopakis, Emmanuel, Puy, Robert, Rabe, Klaus, Raciborski, Filip, Ramos, Josephine, Recto, Marysia T., Reda, Shereen M., Regateiro, Frederico, Reider, Norbert, Reitsma, Sietze, Repka-Ramirez, Susana, Rimmer, Janet, Yeverino, Daniela Rivero, Rizzo, José Angelo, Robalo-Cordeiro, Carlos, Roberts, Graham, Roche, Nicolas, González, Mónica Rodríguez, Zagal, Eréndira Rodríguez, Rolland, Christine, Roller-Wirns-berger, Regina, Rodriguez, Miguel Roman, Romano, Antonino, Rombaux, Philippe, Romualdez, Joel, Rosado-Pinto, Jose, Rosario, Nelson, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Rottem, Menachem, Rouadi, Philip, Rovina, Nikoleta, Sinur, Irma Rozman, Ruiz, Mauricio, Segura, Lucy Tania Ruiz, Ryan, Dermot, Sagara, Hironori, Sakai, Daiki, Sakurai, Daiju, Saleh, Wafaa, Salimaki, Johanna, Salina, Husain, Samitas, Konstanti Nos, Coronel, María Guadalupe Sánchez, Sanchez-Borges, Mario, Sanchez-Lopez, Jaime, Sarafoleanu, Codrut, Serpa, Faradiba Sarquis, Sastre-Dominguez, Joaquin, Scadding, Glenis, Scheire, Sophie, Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter, Schuhl, Juan Francisco, Schunemann, Holger, Schvalbová, Maria, Scichilone, Nicola, Sepúlveda, Cecilia, Serrano, Elie, Sheikh, Aziz, Shields, Mike, Shishkov, Vasil, Siafakas, Nikos, Simeonov, Alexander, Simons, Estelle F., Sisul, Juan Carlos, Sitkauskiene, Brigita, Skrindo, Ingelbjorg, Košak, Tanja Soklič, Solé, Dirceu, Sooronbaev, Talant, Soto-Martinez, Manuel, Sova, Milan, Spertini, François, Spranger, Otto, Stamataki, Sofia, Stefanaki, Lina, Stellato, Cristiana, Stelmach, Rafael, Sterk, Peter, Strandberg, Timo, Stute, Petra, Subramaniam, Abirami, Suppli Ulrik, Charlotte, Sutherland, Michael, Sylvestre, Silvia, Syrigou, Aikaterini, Barata, Luis Taborda, Takovska, Nadejda, Tan, Rachel, Tan, Frances, Tan, Vincent, Tang, Ing Ping, Taniguchi, Masami, Tannert, Line, Tattersall, Jessica, Teixeira, Maria Do Ceu, Thijs, Carel, Thomas, Mike, To, Teresa, Todo-Bom, Ana Maria, Togias, Alkis, Tomazic, Peter Valentin, Toppila-Salmi, Sanna, Toskala, Elina, Triggiani, Massimo, Triller, Nadja, Triller, Katja, Tsiligianni, Ioanna, Ulmeanu, Ruxandra, Urbancic, Jure, Pereira, Marilyn Urrutia, Vachova, Martina, Valdés, Felipe, Valenta, Rudolf, Rostan, Marylin Valentin, Valero, Antonio, Vallianatou, Mina, Valovirta, Erkka, Eerd, Michiel Van, Ganse, Eric Van, Hage, Marianne van, Vandenplas, Olivier, Vasankari, Tuula, Vassileva, Dafina, Ventura, Teresa, Vera-Munoz, Cécilia, Vicheva, Dilyana, Vichyanond, Pakit, Vidgren, Petra, Viegi, Giovanni, Vogelmeier, Claus, Hertzen, Leena Von, Vontetsianos, Theodoros, Vourdas, Dimitris, Wagenmann, Martin, Walker, Samantha, Wallace, Dana, Wang, De Yun, Waserman, Susan, Wickman, Magnus, Williams, Sian, Williams, Dennis, Wilson, Nicola, Woo, Kent, Wright, John, Wroczynski, Piotr, Xepapadaki, Paraskevi, Yakovliev, Plamen, Yamaguchi, Masao, Yan, Kwok, Yap, Yoke Yeow, Yawn, Barbara, Yiallouros, Panayiotis, Yoshihara, Shigemi, Young, Ian, Yusuf, Osman B., Zaidi, Asghar, Zaitoun, Fares, Zar, Heather, Zernotti, Mario, Zhang, Luo, Zhong, Nanshan, Zidarn, Mihaela, and Zubrinich, Celia

Abstract

Reported COVID-19 deaths in Germany are relatively low as compared to many European countries. Among the several explanations proposed, an early and large testing of the population was put forward. Most current debates on COVID-19 focus on the differences among countries, but little attention has been given to regional differences and diet. The low-death rate European countries (e.g. Austria, Baltic States, Czech Republic, Finland, Norway, Poland, Slovakia) have used different quarantine and/or confinement times and methods and none have performed as many early tests as Germany. Among other factors that may be significant are the dietary habits. It seems that some foods largely used in these countries may reduce angiotensin-converting enzyme activity or are anti-oxidants. Among the many possible areas of research, it might be important to understand diet and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) levels in populations with different COVID-19 death rates since dietary interventions may be of great benefit.

Published
2020

4. Is diet partly responsible for differences in COVID-19 death rates between and within countries?

Author

Bousquet, Jean, Anto, Josep M., Iaccarino, Guido, Czarlewski, Wienczyslawa, Haahtela, Tari, Anto, Aram, Akdis, Cezmi, Blain, Hubert, Canonica, G. Walter, Cardona, Victoria, Cruz, Alvaro A., Illario, Maddalena, Ivancevich, Juan Carlos, Jutel, Marek, Klimek, Ludger, Kuna, Piotr, Laune, Daniel, Larenas-linnemann, Désirée, Mullol, Joaquim, Papadopoulos, Nikos G., Pfaar, Oliver, Samolinski, Boleslaw, Valiulis, Arunas, Yorgancioglu, Arzu, Zuberbier, Torsten, Latiff, Amir, Abdullah, Baharudin, Aberer, Werner, Abusada, Nancy, Adcock, Ian, Afani, Alejandro, Agache, Ioana, Aggelidis, Xenofon, Agustin, Jenifer, Akdis, Mübeccel, Al-Ahmad, Mona, Bassam, Abou Al Zahab, Aldrey-Palacios, Oscar, Cuesta, Emilio Alvarez, Alzaabi, Ashraf, Amad, Salma, Ambrocio, Gene, Annesi-Maesano, Isabella, Ansotegui, Ignacio, Anto, Josep, Arshad, Hasan, Artesani, Maria Cristina, Asayag, Estrella, Avolio, Francesca, Azhari, Khuzama, Baiardini, Ilaria, Bajrović, Nissera, Bakakos, Petros, Mongono, Sergio Bakeyala, Balotro-Torres, Christine, Barba, Sergio, Barbara, Cristina, Barbosa, Elsa, Barreto, Bruno, Bartra, Joan, Bateman, Eric D., Battur, Lkhagvaa, Bedbrook, Anna, Barajas, Martín Bedolla, Beghé, Bianca, Bel, Elizabeth, Kheder, Ali Ben, Benson, Mikael, Berghea, Camelia, Bergmann, Karl Christian, Bernstein, David, Bewick, Mike, Bialek, Slawomir, Białoszewski, Artur, Bieber, Thomas, Billo, Nils, Bilo, Maria Beatrice, Bindslev-Jensen, Carsten, Bjermer, Leif, Marciniak, Malgorzata Bochenska, Bond, Christine, Boner, Attilio, Bonini, Matteo, Bonini, Sergio, Bosnic-Anticevich, Sinthia, Bosse, Isabelle, Botskariova, Sofia, Bouchard, Jacques, Boulet, Louis Philippe, Bourret, Rodolphe, Bousquet, Philippe, Braido, Fulvio, Briggs, Andrew, Brightling, Christopher, Brozek, Jan, Buhl, Roland, Bumbacea, Roxana, Cabañas, María Teresa Burguete, Bush, Andrew, Busse, William W., Buters, Jeroen, Caballero-Fonseca, Fernan, Calderon, Moïses A., Calvo, Mario, Camargos, Paulo, Camuzat, Thierry, Cano, Antonio, Capriles-Hulett, Arnaldo, Caraballo, Luis, Cardona, Vicky, Carlsen, Kai Hakon, Caro, Jorge, Carreon-Asun-cion, Fredelita, Carriazo, Ana Maria, Casale, Thomas, Castor, Mary Ann, Castro, Elizabeth, Cecchi, Lorenzo, Sarabia, Alfonso Cepeda, Chandrasekharan, Ramanathan, Chang, Yoon Suk, Chato-Andeza, Victoria, Chatzi, Lida, Chatzidaki, Christina, Chavannes, Niels H., Chen, Yuzhi, Cheng, Lei, Chivato, Tomas, Chkhartishvili, Ekaterine, Christoff, George, Chrystyn, Henry, Chu, Derek K., Chua, Antonio, Chuchalin, Alexander, Chung, Kian Fan, Cicerán, Alberto, Cingi, Cemal, Ciprandi, Giorgio, Cirule, Ieva, Coelho, Ana Carla, Constantinidis, Jannis, de Sousa, Jaime Correia, Costa, Elisio, Costa, David, Domínguez, María Del Carmen Costa, Coste, André, Cox, Linda, Cullen, John, Custovic, Adnan, Cvetkovski, Biljana, D’amato, Gennaro, Silva, Jane da, Dahl, Ronald, Dahlen, Sven Erik, Daniilidis, Vasilis, Nahhas, Louei Darjazini, Darsow, Ulf, Blay, Frédéric de, Guia, Eloisa De, Santos, Chato de los, Keenoy, Esteban De Manuel, Vries, Govert De, Deleanu, Diana, Demoly, Pascal, Denburg, Judah, Devillier, Philippe, Didier, Alain, Dimou, Maria, Dinh-Xuan, Anh Tuan, Djukanovic, Ratko, Dokic, Dejan, Domínguez Silva, Margarita Gabriela, Douagui, Habib, Douladiris, Nikolaos, Doulaptsi, Maria, Dray, Gérard, Dubakiene, Ruta, Durham, Stephen, Dykewicz, Mark, Ebo, Didier, Edelbaher, Natalija, Eklund, Patrik, El-Gamal, Yehia, El-Sayed, Zeinab A., El-Sayed, Shereen S., El-Seify, Magda, Emuzyte, Regina, Enecilla, Lourdes, Espinoza, Heidilita, Guillermo, Jesús, Contreras, Espinoza, Farrell, John, Fernandez, Lenora, Wagner, Antje Fink, Fiocchi, Alessandro, Fokkens, Wytske J., Fontaine, Jean François, Forastiere, Francesco, Pèrez, Jose Miguel Fuentes, Gaerlan–resureccion, Emily, Gaga, Mina, Romero, José Luis Gálvez, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Garcia, Alexis, Cobas, Cecilia Yvonne García, García Cruz, María de la Luz Hortensia, Gayraud, Jacques, Gemicioglu, Bilun, Genova, Sonya, Gereda, José, Wijk, Roy Gerth van, Gomez, Maximiliano, Diaz, Sandra González, Gotua, Maia, Grigoreas, Christos, Grisle, Ineta, Guidacci, Marta, Guldemond, Nick, Gutter, Zdenek, Guzmán, Antonieta, Halloum, Ramsa, Hamelmann, Eckard, Hammadi, Suleiman, Harvey, Richard, Heinrich, Joachim, Hejjaoui, Adnan, Hellquist-Dahl, Birthe, Velázquez, Luiana Hernández, Hew, Mark, Hossny, Elham, Howarth, Peter, Hrubiško, Martin, Villalobos, Yunuen Rocío Huerta, Humbert, Marc, Hyland, Michael, Ibrahim, Moustafa, Ilyina, Natalia, Irani, Carla, Ispayeva, Zhanat, Jares, Edgardo, Jarvis, Deborah, Jassem, Ewa, Jenko, Klemen, Uscanga, Rubén Darío Jiméneracruz, Johnston, Sebastian, Joos, Guy, Jošt, Maja, Julge, Kaja, Jung, Ki Suck, Just, Jocelyne, Kaidashev, Igor, Kalayci, Omer, Kalyoncu, Fuat, Kapsali, Jeni, Kardas, Przemyslaw, Karjalainen, Jussi, Kasala, Carmela A., Katotomichelakis, Michael, Kazi, Bennoor, Keil, Thomas, Keith, Paul, Khaitov, Musa, Khaltaev, Nikolai, Kim, You Young, Kleine-Tebbe, Jorg, Koffi N’Goran, Bernard, Kompoti, Evangelia, Kopač, Peter, Koppelman, Gerard, Jeverica, Anja Koren, Košnik, Mitja, Kostov, Kosta V., Kowalski, Marek L., Kralimarkova, Tanya, Vrščaj, Karmen Kramer, Kraxner, Helga, Kreft, Samo, Kritikos, Vicky, Kudlay, Dmitry, Kull, Inger, Kupczyk, Maciej, Kvedariene, Violeta, Kyriakakou, Marialena, Lalek, Nika, Lane, Stephen, Larenas-Linnemann, Désiree, Lau, Susanne, Lavrut, Jorge, Le, Lan, Lessa, Marcus, Levin, Michael, Li, Jing, Lieberman, Philip, Liotta, Giuseppe, Lipworth, Brian, Liu, Xuandao, Lobo, Rommel, Lodrup Carlsen, Karin C., Lombardi, Carlo, Louis, Renaud, Loukidis, Stelios, Lourenço, Olga, Luna Pech, Jorge A., Madjar, Bojan, Magnan, Antoine, Mahboub, Bassam, Mair, Alpana, Mais, Yassin, van der Zee, Anke Hilse Maitland, Makela, Mika, Makris, Michael, Malling, Hans Jorgen, Mandajieva, Mariana, Manning, Patrick, Manousakis, Manolis, Maragoudakis, Pavlos, Marshall, Gailen, Martins, Pedro, Reza Masjedi, Mohammad, Máspero, Jorge F., Campos, Juan José Matta, Maurer, Marcus, Mavale-Manuel, Sandra, Meço, Cem, Melén, Erik, Melo-Gomes, Elisabete, Meltzer, Eli O., Menditto, Enrica, Menzies-Gow, Andrew, Merk, Hans, Michel, Jean Pierre, Miculinic, Neven, Midão, Luís, Mihaltan, Florin, Mikael, Kuitunen, Mikos, Nikolaos, Milenkovic, Branislava, Mitsias, Dimitrios, Moalla, Bassem, Moda, Giuliana, Martínez, María Dolores Mogica, Mohammad, Yousser, Moin, Mostafa, Molimard, Mathieu, Momas, Isabelle, Monaco, Alessandro, Montefort, Steve, Mora, Dory, Morais-Almeida, Mario, Mösges, Ralph, Mostafa, Badr Eldin, Münter, Lars, Muraro, Antonella, Murray, Ruth, Mustakov, Tihomir, Naclerio, Robert, Nadif, Rachel, Nakonechna, Alla, Namazova-Baranova, Leyla, Navarro-Locsin, Gretchen, Neffen, Hugo, Nekam, Kristof, Neou, Angelos, Nicod, Laurent, Niederberger-Leppin, Verena, Niedoszytko, Marek, Nieto, Antonio, Novellino, Ettore, Nunes, Elizabete, Nyembue, Dieudonné, O’hehir, Robyn, Odjakova, Cvetanka, Ohta, Ken, Okamoto, Yoshitaka, Okubo, Kimi, Oliver, Brian, Onorato, Gabrielle L., Orru, Maria Pia, Ouédraogo, Solange, Ouoba, Kampadilemba, Paggiaro, Pier Luigi, Pagkalos, Aris, Palaniappan, S. P., Pali-Schöll, Isabella, Palkonen, Susanna, Palmer, Stephen, Bunu, Carmen Panaitescu, Panzner, Petr, Papanikolaou, Vasilis, Papi, Alberto, Paralchev, Bojidar, Paraskevopoulos, Giannis, Park, Hae Sim, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Patella, Vincenzo, Pavord, Ian, Pawankar, Ruby, Pedersen, Soren, Peleve, Susete, Pereira, Ana, Pérez, Tamara, Pham-Thi, Nhân, Pigearias, Bernard, Pin, Isabelle, Piskou, Konstantina, Pitsios, Constantinos, Pitsios, Kostas, Plavec, Davor, Poethig, Dagmar, Pohl, Wolfgang, Susic, Antonija Poplas, Popov, Todor A., Portejoie, Fabienne, Potter, Paul, Poulsen, Lars, Prados-Torres, Alexandra, Prarros, Fotis, Price, David, Prokopakis, Emmanuel, Puy, Robert, Rabe, Klaus, Raciborski, Filip, Ramos, Josephine, Recto, Marysia T., Reda, Shereen M., Regateiro, Frederico, Reider, Norbert, Reitsma, Sietze, Repka-Ramirez, Susana, Rimmer, Janet, Yeverino, Daniela Rivero, Rizzo, José Angelo, Robalo-Cordeiro, Carlos, Roberts, Graham, Roche, Nicolas, González, Mónica Rodríguez, Zagal, Eréndira Rodríguez, Rolland, Christine, Roller-Wirns-berger, Regina, Rodriguez, Miguel Roman, Romano, Antonino, Rombaux, Philippe, Romualdez, Joel, Rosado-Pinto, Jose, Rosario, Nelson, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Rottem, Menachem, Rouadi, Philip, Rovina, Nikoleta, Sinur, Irma Rozman, Ruiz, Mauricio, Segura, Lucy Tania Ruiz, Ryan, Dermot, Sagara, Hironori, Sakai, Daiki, Sakurai, Daiju, Saleh, Wafaa, Salimaki, Johanna, Salina, Husain, Samitas, Konstanti Nos, Coronel, María Guadalupe Sánchez, Sanchez-Borges, Mario, Sanchez-Lopez, Jaime, Sarafoleanu, Codrut, Serpa, Faradiba Sarquis, Sastre-Dominguez, Joaquin, Scadding, Glenis, Scheire, Sophie, Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter, Schuhl, Juan Francisco, Schunemann, Holger, Schvalbová, Maria, Scichilone, Nicola, Sepúlveda, Cecilia, Serrano, Elie, Sheikh, Aziz, Shields, Mike, Shishkov, Vasil, Siafakas, Nikos, Simeonov, Alexander, Simons, Estelle F., Sisul, Juan Carlos, Sitkauskiene, Brigita, Skrindo, Ingelbjorg, Košak, Tanja Soklič, Solé, Dirceu, Sooronbaev, Talant, Soto-Martinez, Manuel, Sova, Milan, Spertini, François, Spranger, Otto, Stamataki, Sofia, Stefanaki, Lina, Stellato, Cristiana, Stelmach, Rafael, Sterk, Peter, Strandberg, Timo, Stute, Petra, Subramaniam, Abirami, Suppli Ulrik, Charlotte, Sutherland, Michael, Sylvestre, Silvia, Syrigou, Aikaterini, Barata, Luis Taborda, Takovska, Nadejda, Tan, Rachel, Tan, Frances, Tan, Vincent, Tang, Ing Ping, Taniguchi, Masami, Tannert, Line, Tattersall, Jessica, Teixeira, Maria Do Ceu, Thijs, Carel, Thomas, Mike, To, Teresa, Todo-Bom, Ana Maria, Togias, Alkis, Tomazic, Peter Valentin, Toppila-Salmi, Sanna, Toskala, Elina, Triggiani, Massimo, Triller, Nadja, Triller, Katja, Tsiligianni, Ioanna, Ulmeanu, Ruxandra, Urbancic, Jure, Pereira, Marilyn Urrutia, Vachova, Martina, Valdés, Felipe, Valenta, Rudolf, Rostan, Marylin Valentin, Valero, Antonio, Vallianatou, Mina, Valovirta, Erkka, Eerd, Michiel Van, Ganse, Eric Van, Hage, Marianne van, Vandenplas, Olivier, Vasankari, Tuula, Vassileva, Dafina, Ventura, Teresa, Vera-Munoz, Cécilia, Vicheva, Dilyana, Vichyanond, Pakit, Vidgren, Petra, Viegi, Giovanni, Vogelmeier, Claus, Hertzen, Leena Von, Vontetsianos, Theodoros, Vourdas, Dimitris, Wagenmann, Martin, Walker, Samantha, Wallace, Dana, Wang, De Yun, Waserman, Susan, Wickman, Magnus, Williams, Sian, Williams, Dennis, Wilson, Nicola, Woo, Kent, Wright, John, Wroczynski, Piotr, Xepapadaki, Paraskevi, Yakovliev, Plamen, Yamaguchi, Masao, Yan, Kwok, Yap, Yoke Yeow, Yawn, Barbara, Yiallouros, Panayiotis, Yoshihara, Shigemi, Young, Ian, Yusuf, Osman B., Zaidi, Asghar, Zaitoun, Fares, Zar, Heather, Zernotti, Mario, Zhang, Luo, Zhong, Nanshan, Zidarn, Mihaela, Zubrinich, Celia, Bousquet, Jean, Anto, Josep M., Iaccarino, Guido, Czarlewski, Wienczyslawa, Haahtela, Tari, Anto, Aram, Akdis, Cezmi, Blain, Hubert, Canonica, G. Walter, Cardona, Victoria, Cruz, Alvaro A., Illario, Maddalena, Ivancevich, Juan Carlos, Jutel, Marek, Klimek, Ludger, Kuna, Piotr, Laune, Daniel, Larenas-linnemann, Désirée, Mullol, Joaquim, Papadopoulos, Nikos G., Pfaar, Oliver, Samolinski, Boleslaw, Valiulis, Arunas, Yorgancioglu, Arzu, Zuberbier, Torsten, Latiff, Amir, Abdullah, Baharudin, Aberer, Werner, Abusada, Nancy, Adcock, Ian, Afani, Alejandro, Agache, Ioana, Aggelidis, Xenofon, Agustin, Jenifer, Akdis, Mübeccel, Al-Ahmad, Mona, Bassam, Abou Al Zahab, Aldrey-Palacios, Oscar, Cuesta, Emilio Alvarez, Alzaabi, Ashraf, Amad, Salma, Ambrocio, Gene, Annesi-Maesano, Isabella, Ansotegui, Ignacio, Anto, Josep, Arshad, Hasan, Artesani, Maria Cristina, Asayag, Estrella, Avolio, Francesca, Azhari, Khuzama, Baiardini, Ilaria, Bajrović, Nissera, Bakakos, Petros, Mongono, Sergio Bakeyala, Balotro-Torres, Christine, Barba, Sergio, Barbara, Cristina, Barbosa, Elsa, Barreto, Bruno, Bartra, Joan, Bateman, Eric D., Battur, Lkhagvaa, Bedbrook, Anna, Barajas, Martín Bedolla, Beghé, Bianca, Bel, Elizabeth, Kheder, Ali Ben, Benson, Mikael, Berghea, Camelia, Bergmann, Karl Christian, Bernstein, David, Bewick, Mike, Bialek, Slawomir, Białoszewski, Artur, Bieber, Thomas, Billo, Nils, Bilo, Maria Beatrice, Bindslev-Jensen, Carsten, Bjermer, Leif, Marciniak, Malgorzata Bochenska, Bond, Christine, Boner, Attilio, Bonini, Matteo, Bonini, Sergio, Bosnic-Anticevich, Sinthia, Bosse, Isabelle, Botskariova, Sofia, Bouchard, Jacques, Boulet, Louis Philippe, Bourret, Rodolphe, Bousquet, Philippe, Braido, Fulvio, Briggs, Andrew, Brightling, Christopher, Brozek, Jan, Buhl, Roland, Bumbacea, Roxana, Cabañas, María Teresa Burguete, Bush, Andrew, Busse, William W., Buters, Jeroen, Caballero-Fonseca, Fernan, Calderon, Moïses A., Calvo, Mario, Camargos, Paulo, Camuzat, Thierry, Cano, Antonio, Capriles-Hulett, Arnaldo, Caraballo, Luis, Cardona, Vicky, Carlsen, Kai Hakon, Caro, Jorge, Carreon-Asun-cion, Fredelita, Carriazo, Ana Maria, Casale, Thomas, Castor, Mary Ann, Castro, Elizabeth, Cecchi, Lorenzo, Sarabia, Alfonso Cepeda, Chandrasekharan, Ramanathan, Chang, Yoon Suk, Chato-Andeza, Victoria, Chatzi, Lida, Chatzidaki, Christina, Chavannes, Niels H., Chen, Yuzhi, Cheng, Lei, Chivato, Tomas, Chkhartishvili, Ekaterine, Christoff, George, Chrystyn, Henry, Chu, Derek K., Chua, Antonio, Chuchalin, Alexander, Chung, Kian Fan, Cicerán, Alberto, Cingi, Cemal, Ciprandi, Giorgio, Cirule, Ieva, Coelho, Ana Carla, Constantinidis, Jannis, de Sousa, Jaime Correia, Costa, Elisio, Costa, David, Domínguez, María Del Carmen Costa, Coste, André, Cox, Linda, Cullen, John, Custovic, Adnan, Cvetkovski, Biljana, D’amato, Gennaro, Silva, Jane da, Dahl, Ronald, Dahlen, Sven Erik, Daniilidis, Vasilis, Nahhas, Louei Darjazini, Darsow, Ulf, Blay, Frédéric de, Guia, Eloisa De, Santos, Chato de los, Keenoy, Esteban De Manuel, Vries, Govert De, Deleanu, Diana, Demoly, Pascal, Denburg, Judah, Devillier, Philippe, Didier, Alain, Dimou, Maria, Dinh-Xuan, Anh Tuan, Djukanovic, Ratko, Dokic, Dejan, Domínguez Silva, Margarita Gabriela, Douagui, Habib, Douladiris, Nikolaos, Doulaptsi, Maria, Dray, Gérard, Dubakiene, Ruta, Durham, Stephen, Dykewicz, Mark, Ebo, Didier, Edelbaher, Natalija, Eklund, Patrik, El-Gamal, Yehia, El-Sayed, Zeinab A., El-Sayed, Shereen S., El-Seify, Magda, Emuzyte, Regina, Enecilla, Lourdes, Espinoza, Heidilita, Guillermo, Jesús, Contreras, Espinoza, Farrell, John, Fernandez, Lenora, Wagner, Antje Fink, Fiocchi, Alessandro, Fokkens, Wytske J., Fontaine, Jean François, Forastiere, Francesco, Pèrez, Jose Miguel Fuentes, Gaerlan–resureccion, Emily, Gaga, Mina, Romero, José Luis Gálvez, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Garcia, Alexis, Cobas, Cecilia Yvonne García, García Cruz, María de la Luz Hortensia, Gayraud, Jacques, Gemicioglu, Bilun, Genova, Sonya, Gereda, José, Wijk, Roy Gerth van, Gomez, Maximiliano, Diaz, Sandra González, Gotua, Maia, Grigoreas, Christos, Grisle, Ineta, Guidacci, Marta, Guldemond, Nick, Gutter, Zdenek, Guzmán, Antonieta, Halloum, Ramsa, Hamelmann, Eckard, Hammadi, Suleiman, Harvey, Richard, Heinrich, Joachim, Hejjaoui, Adnan, Hellquist-Dahl, Birthe, Velázquez, Luiana Hernández, Hew, Mark, Hossny, Elham, Howarth, Peter, Hrubiško, Martin, Villalobos, Yunuen Rocío Huerta, Humbert, Marc, Hyland, Michael, Ibrahim, Moustafa, Ilyina, Natalia, Irani, Carla, Ispayeva, Zhanat, Jares, Edgardo, Jarvis, Deborah, Jassem, Ewa, Jenko, Klemen, Uscanga, Rubén Darío Jiméneracruz, Johnston, Sebastian, Joos, Guy, Jošt, Maja, Julge, Kaja, Jung, Ki Suck, Just, Jocelyne, Kaidashev, Igor, Kalayci, Omer, Kalyoncu, Fuat, Kapsali, Jeni, Kardas, Przemyslaw, Karjalainen, Jussi, Kasala, Carmela A., Katotomichelakis, Michael, Kazi, Bennoor, Keil, Thomas, Keith, Paul, Khaitov, Musa, Khaltaev, Nikolai, Kim, You Young, Kleine-Tebbe, Jorg, Koffi N’Goran, Bernard, Kompoti, Evangelia, Kopač, Peter, Koppelman, Gerard, Jeverica, Anja Koren, Košnik, Mitja, Kostov, Kosta V., Kowalski, Marek L., Kralimarkova, Tanya, Vrščaj, Karmen Kramer, Kraxner, Helga, Kreft, Samo, Kritikos, Vicky, Kudlay, Dmitry, Kull, Inger, Kupczyk, Maciej, Kvedariene, Violeta, Kyriakakou, Marialena, Lalek, Nika, Lane, Stephen, Larenas-Linnemann, Désiree, Lau, Susanne, Lavrut, Jorge, Le, Lan, Lessa, Marcus, Levin, Michael, Li, Jing, Lieberman, Philip, Liotta, Giuseppe, Lipworth, Brian, Liu, Xuandao, Lobo, Rommel, Lodrup Carlsen, Karin C., Lombardi, Carlo, Louis, Renaud, Loukidis, Stelios, Lourenço, Olga, Luna Pech, Jorge A., Madjar, Bojan, Magnan, Antoine, Mahboub, Bassam, Mair, Alpana, Mais, Yassin, van der Zee, Anke Hilse Maitland, Makela, Mika, Makris, Michael, Malling, Hans Jorgen, Mandajieva, Mariana, Manning, Patrick, Manousakis, Manolis, Maragoudakis, Pavlos, Marshall, Gailen, Martins, Pedro, Reza Masjedi, Mohammad, Máspero, Jorge F., Campos, Juan José Matta, Maurer, Marcus, Mavale-Manuel, Sandra, Meço, Cem, Melén, Erik, Melo-Gomes, Elisabete, Meltzer, Eli O., Menditto, Enrica, Menzies-Gow, Andrew, Merk, Hans, Michel, Jean Pierre, Miculinic, Neven, Midão, Luís, Mihaltan, Florin, Mikael, Kuitunen, Mikos, Nikolaos, Milenkovic, Branislava, Mitsias, Dimitrios, Moalla, Bassem, Moda, Giuliana, Martínez, María Dolores Mogica, Mohammad, Yousser, Moin, Mostafa, Molimard, Mathieu, Momas, Isabelle, Monaco, Alessandro, Montefort, Steve, Mora, Dory, Morais-Almeida, Mario, Mösges, Ralph, Mostafa, Badr Eldin, Münter, Lars, Muraro, Antonella, Murray, Ruth, Mustakov, Tihomir, Naclerio, Robert, Nadif, Rachel, Nakonechna, Alla, Namazova-Baranova, Leyla, Navarro-Locsin, Gretchen, Neffen, Hugo, Nekam, Kristof, Neou, Angelos, Nicod, Laurent, Niederberger-Leppin, Verena, Niedoszytko, Marek, Nieto, Antonio, Novellino, Ettore, Nunes, Elizabete, Nyembue, Dieudonné, O’hehir, Robyn, Odjakova, Cvetanka, Ohta, Ken, Okamoto, Yoshitaka, Okubo, Kimi, Oliver, Brian, Onorato, Gabrielle L., Orru, Maria Pia, Ouédraogo, Solange, Ouoba, Kampadilemba, Paggiaro, Pier Luigi, Pagkalos, Aris, Palaniappan, S. P., Pali-Schöll, Isabella, Palkonen, Susanna, Palmer, Stephen, Bunu, Carmen Panaitescu, Panzner, Petr, Papanikolaou, Vasilis, Papi, Alberto, Paralchev, Bojidar, Paraskevopoulos, Giannis, Park, Hae Sim, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Patella, Vincenzo, Pavord, Ian, Pawankar, Ruby, Pedersen, Soren, Peleve, Susete, Pereira, Ana, Pérez, Tamara, Pham-Thi, Nhân, Pigearias, Bernard, Pin, Isabelle, Piskou, Konstantina, Pitsios, Constantinos, Pitsios, Kostas, Plavec, Davor, Poethig, Dagmar, Pohl, Wolfgang, Susic, Antonija Poplas, Popov, Todor A., Portejoie, Fabienne, Potter, Paul, Poulsen, Lars, Prados-Torres, Alexandra, Prarros, Fotis, Price, David, Prokopakis, Emmanuel, Puy, Robert, Rabe, Klaus, Raciborski, Filip, Ramos, Josephine, Recto, Marysia T., Reda, Shereen M., Regateiro, Frederico, Reider, Norbert, Reitsma, Sietze, Repka-Ramirez, Susana, Rimmer, Janet, Yeverino, Daniela Rivero, Rizzo, José Angelo, Robalo-Cordeiro, Carlos, Roberts, Graham, Roche, Nicolas, González, Mónica Rodríguez, Zagal, Eréndira Rodríguez, Rolland, Christine, Roller-Wirns-berger, Regina, Rodriguez, Miguel Roman, Romano, Antonino, Rombaux, Philippe, Romualdez, Joel, Rosado-Pinto, Jose, Rosario, Nelson, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Rottem, Menachem, Rouadi, Philip, Rovina, Nikoleta, Sinur, Irma Rozman, Ruiz, Mauricio, Segura, Lucy Tania Ruiz, Ryan, Dermot, Sagara, Hironori, Sakai, Daiki, Sakurai, Daiju, Saleh, Wafaa, Salimaki, Johanna, Salina, Husain, Samitas, Konstanti Nos, Coronel, María Guadalupe Sánchez, Sanchez-Borges, Mario, Sanchez-Lopez, Jaime, Sarafoleanu, Codrut, Serpa, Faradiba Sarquis, Sastre-Dominguez, Joaquin, Scadding, Glenis, Scheire, Sophie, Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter, Schuhl, Juan Francisco, Schunemann, Holger, Schvalbová, Maria, Scichilone, Nicola, Sepúlveda, Cecilia, Serrano, Elie, Sheikh, Aziz, Shields, Mike, Shishkov, Vasil, Siafakas, Nikos, Simeonov, Alexander, Simons, Estelle F., Sisul, Juan Carlos, Sitkauskiene, Brigita, Skrindo, Ingelbjorg, Košak, Tanja Soklič, Solé, Dirceu, Sooronbaev, Talant, Soto-Martinez, Manuel, Sova, Milan, Spertini, François, Spranger, Otto, Stamataki, Sofia, Stefanaki, Lina, Stellato, Cristiana, Stelmach, Rafael, Sterk, Peter, Strandberg, Timo, Stute, Petra, Subramaniam, Abirami, Suppli Ulrik, Charlotte, Sutherland, Michael, Sylvestre, Silvia, Syrigou, Aikaterini, Barata, Luis Taborda, Takovska, Nadejda, Tan, Rachel, Tan, Frances, Tan, Vincent, Tang, Ing Ping, Taniguchi, Masami, Tannert, Line, Tattersall, Jessica, Teixeira, Maria Do Ceu, Thijs, Carel, Thomas, Mike, To, Teresa, Todo-Bom, Ana Maria, Togias, Alkis, Tomazic, Peter Valentin, Toppila-Salmi, Sanna, Toskala, Elina, Triggiani, Massimo, Triller, Nadja, Triller, Katja, Tsiligianni, Ioanna, Ulmeanu, Ruxandra, Urbancic, Jure, Pereira, Marilyn Urrutia, Vachova, Martina, Valdés, Felipe, Valenta, Rudolf, Rostan, Marylin Valentin, Valero, Antonio, Vallianatou, Mina, Valovirta, Erkka, Eerd, Michiel Van, Ganse, Eric Van, Hage, Marianne van, Vandenplas, Olivier, Vasankari, Tuula, Vassileva, Dafina, Ventura, Teresa, Vera-Munoz, Cécilia, Vicheva, Dilyana, Vichyanond, Pakit, Vidgren, Petra, Viegi, Giovanni, Vogelmeier, Claus, Hertzen, Leena Von, Vontetsianos, Theodoros, Vourdas, Dimitris, Wagenmann, Martin, Walker, Samantha, Wallace, Dana, Wang, De Yun, Waserman, Susan, Wickman, Magnus, Williams, Sian, Williams, Dennis, Wilson, Nicola, Woo, Kent, Wright, John, Wroczynski, Piotr, Xepapadaki, Paraskevi, Yakovliev, Plamen, Yamaguchi, Masao, Yan, Kwok, Yap, Yoke Yeow, Yawn, Barbara, Yiallouros, Panayiotis, Yoshihara, Shigemi, Young, Ian, Yusuf, Osman B., Zaidi, Asghar, Zaitoun, Fares, Zar, Heather, Zernotti, Mario, Zhang, Luo, Zhong, Nanshan, Zidarn, Mihaela, and Zubrinich, Celia

Abstract

Reported COVID-19 deaths in Germany are relatively low as compared to many European countries. Among the several explanations proposed, an early and large testing of the population was put forward. Most current debates on COVID-19 focus on the differences among countries, but little attention has been given to regional differences and diet. The low-death rate European countries (e.g. Austria, Baltic States, Czech Republic, Finland, Norway, Poland, Slovakia) have used different quarantine and/or confinement times and methods and none have performed as many early tests as Germany. Among other factors that may be significant are the dietary habits. It seems that some foods largely used in these countries may reduce angiotensin-converting enzyme activity or are anti-oxidants. Among the many possible areas of research, it might be important to understand diet and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) levels in populations with different COVID-19 death rates since dietary interventions may be of great benefit.

Published
2020

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