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We study the leading-twist unpolarized generalized parton distributions (GPDs) of light and heavy vector mesons, i.e., the $\rho$, $J/\psi$ and $\Upsilon$, at zero skewness. An ansatz incorporating the zero mode contribution is introduced to modify the light front overlap representation of GPDs. The leading Fock-state light front wave functions (LF-LFWFs) of vector mesons from DS-BSEs approach are then employed to study the meson GPDs. The light front spatial distribution of valence quarks within vector mesons is then studied with the impact parameter dependent GPD (IPD GPD). We also investigate the electromagnetic and gravitational form factors, which are the first and second Mellin moments of the GPDs. The light-cone mass radius of $\rho$ is determined to be 0.30 fm, close to a recent NJL model prediction 0.32fm. For $J/\psi$ and $\Upsilon$, they are predicted to be 0.151fm and 0.089 fm respectively., Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures

We calculate the leading twist pion unpolarized transverse momentum distribution $f_1(x,k_T^2)$ and the Boer-Mulders function $h_1^\perp(x,k_T^2)$, using leading Fock-state light front wave functions (LF-LFWFs) based on Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations. These DS-BSEs based LF-LFWFs provide dynamically generated s- and p-wave components, which are indispensable in producing chirally odd Boer-Mulders function that has one parton spin flipped. Employing a non-perturbative SU(3) gluon rescattering kernel to treat the gauge link of the Boer-Mulders function, we thus obtain both TMDs at hadronic scale and then evolve them to the scale of $\mu^2=4.0$ GeV$^2$. We finally calculate the generalized Boer-Mulders shift and find it to be in agreement with the lattice prediction., Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures

We study the leading-twist time-reversal even transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs) of light and heavy vector mesons, i.e., the $\rho$, $J/\psi$ and $\Upsilon$. We employ the leading Fock-state light front wave functions (LF-LFWFs) of $\rho$ and $J/\psi$ from our recent study, and supplement with $\Upsilon$'s LF-LFWFs. These LF-LFWFs are extracted from dynamically solved Bethe-Salpeter wave functions. The vector meson TMDs are then studied with the light front overlap representation at leading Fock-state. All the obtained TMDs are non-vanishing and evolve with current quark mass, in particular the tensor polarized TMDs $f_{1LT}$ and $f_{1TT}$ which undergo a sign flip. The $\rho$ TMDs are compared with other model studies and agreement is found, aside from $f_{1LT}$ and $f_{1TT}$. Finally, the collinear PDFs of vector mesons are studied. The $\rho$'s valence PDFs $f_{1,v}(x)$ and $g_{1L,v}(x)$ are evolved to the scale of 2.4 GeV, with their first three moments compared to lattice QCD prediction. The qualitative behavior of tensor polarized PDF $f_{1LL}(x)$ in $\rho$ at large $x$ is also discussed., Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures

We extract the leading Fock-state light front wave functions (LF-LFWFs) of both the light and heavy pseudoscalar mesons, e.g., the pion (at masses of 130 MeV, 310 MeV and 690 MeV), $\eta_c$ and $\eta_b$, from their covariant Bethe-Salpeter wave functions within the rainbow-ladder (RL) truncation. It is shown that the LF-LFWFs get narrower in $x$ (the longitudinal momentum fraction of meson carried by the quark) with the increasing current quark mass, and the leading twist parton distribution amplitudes (PDAs) inherit this feature. Meanwhile, we find in the pion the LF-LFWFs only contribute around 30\% to the total Fock-state normalization, indicating the presence of significant higher Fock-states within. In contrast, in the $\eta_c$ and $\eta_b$ the LF-LFWFs contribute more than $90$\%, suggesting the $Q\bar{Q}$ valence Fock-state truncation as a good approximation for heavy mesons. We thus study the 3-dimensional parton distributions of the $\eta_c$ and $\eta_b$ with the unpolarized generalized parton distribution function (GPD) and the transverse momentum dependent parton distribution function (TMD). Through the gravitational form factors in connection with the GPD, the mass radii of the $\eta_c$ and $\eta_b$ in the light-cone frame are determined to be $r_{E,{\rm LC}}^{\eta_c} =0.150$ fm and $r_{E,{\rm LC}}^{\eta_b} =0.089$ fm respectively., Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures