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This research effort examined the current advanced battery requirement (baseline) and projects anticipated battery requirements for the operating force in 2035 and 2045. The research is conducted using a mission engineering perspective to determine the battery requirements. The analysis includes battery chemistry, energy density, charge/discharge rate, safety concerns, and the like, of the battery. In this research the following questions are answered: What is the current advanced battery requirement (baseline)? What is the projection for batteries required by the operating force by 2035? What is the projection for batteries required by the operating force by 2045? Upon completion of the research, the team was able to definitively determine that there will be a role for Li-ion batteries within the fleet of Navy vessels. That role will, however, be limited to running specific subsystems or equipment and will not replace the ship generators. This will remain true until the energy density of battery technology even begins to approach that of petrochemicals, which we believe is many years away if possible., Outstanding Thesis, Civilian, Department of the Army, Civilian, Department of the Army, Civilian, Department of the Army, Civilian, Department of the Army, Civilian, Department of the Army, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

There are subtle mechanisms at work in nature to maintain a balance in the interactions between plants and animals. The production of secondary metabolites is one of the key strategies utilized by plants to minimize their over-exploitation. The ‘lily borer’ moth Brithys crini poses a considerable challenge to Amaryllidaceaous plants owing to the devestation it can cause during the larval stage of its development. This, despite the fact that the Amaryllidaceae is richly endowed with an assortment of isoquinoline alkaloids which exhibit a diverse array of biological properties, particularly cytotoxicity-related effects. In this study, laboratory-maintained larvae of B. crini were periodically fed fresh leaves of Crinum moorei during the September to November infestation period in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Solvent extracts of the plant leaves, moth larvae and larvae excrement material were then prepared and subjected to HPLC and LC-MS analyses. The presence of several alkaloids, including cherylline and ambelline, in all three extracts was ratified via HR-MS and NMR analyses. The identification of ambelline is noteworthy since it has not been reported in previous studies of C. moorei. Toxicity related criteria are also considered based on the present detection of alkaloids in B. crini larvae material, as well as precedence for their association with other known insect predators of the Amaryllidaceae.

This study is an historical analysis of Soviet actions, verbal and actual, following the violation of USSR airspace by Korean Air Lines Flight KE-007 on the morning of 1 September 1983. Soviet and Western primary sources, as well as other literature, are examined to determine the nature of the Soviet response: their actions taken during the two and one half hours prior to termination of the flight, the ability of Soviet commanders to identify the Korean airliner, the level at which the final decision was made, and any adverse action taken by authorities against Soviets involved in the operation. The study begins with an examination of views expressed by the Soviet Chief of the General Staff, Marshal Nikolaj V. Ogarkov, at a 9 September 1983 press conference, then analyzes articles published in the Soviet and Western press concerning the incident. Reaction to an earlier Korean commercial airliner which overflew Soviet Karelia and was subsequently forced down in 1978 is used for comparison. The examination touches on various aspects contributing to the response, including the organization of Soviet Air Defense Forces, decision making at both civilian and military levels, disinformation, and strategic deception (maskirovka). Theories on the relationship between the Korean Air Lines incident and the dismissa1 of Marshal Nikolaj V. Ogarkov are considered. The analysis finds that despite initial confusion as the Korean jet entered Soviet airspace, the military response went generally according to plan. Although the Soviets may have been aware that the airliner was a commercial 747, they were unsure of its mission and therefore assumed the worst. The final decision was strictly a military one, made by the theater air defense commander. There is no hard evidence of punishment having been meted out to those involved, but punishment is still a possibility. The study concludes that the Soviets continue to handle border violations by following established military procedure. Th

This study is an historical analysis of Soviet actions, verbal and actual, following the violation of USSR airspace by Korean Air Lines Flight KE-007 on the morning of 1 September 1983. Soviet and Western primary sources, as well as other literature, are examined to determine the nature of the Soviet response: their actions taken during the two and one half hours prior to termination of the flight, the ability of Soviet commanders to identify the Korean airliner, the level at which the final decision was made, and any adverse action taken by authorities against Soviets involved in the operation.

Prepared in cooperation with Michigan Univ., Extension Service. See also Volume 1, AD-A029 885.

A partial listing of topic areas includes: Some features of the urban environment of Tokyo by remote sensing; An examination of the extent of fire in the grassland and Savanna of Africa along the southern side of the Sahara; Environmental studies of Iceland with ERTS-1 imagery; A method of specifying remotely sensed units for soil sample points; Geologic interpretation of ERTS-1 satellite images for east Aswan area, Egypt; Geologic interpretation of ERTS-1 satellite images for west Aswan area, Egypt; Classification and mapping of coal refuse, vegetative cover types, and forest types by digital processing ERTS-1 data; A remote sensing study of Pacific Hurricane AVA; Extraction of urban land cover data from multiplexed synthetic aperture radar imagery; Land-use planning aided by computer cellular modelling/mapping system to combine remote sensing, natural resources, social and economic data; Investigation of radar discrimination of sea ice; Remote measurement of atmospheric temperatures by Raman lidar; Design concepts for land use and natural resource inventories and information systems; The use of remote sensing and natural indicators to delineate floodplains; Remote detection of soil surface moisture., See also Volume 2, AD-A008 468.

A partial listing of topic areas includes: Investigation of microwave hologram techniques for application to earth resources; The usefulness of imaging passive microwave for rural and urban terrain analysis; Single flight stero radar capabilities; Electrically scanning microwave radiometers; Measurement of sea surface currents using airborne doppler radar and inertial navigation systems; A practical oil sensor; Multi-spectral remote fluorimeter for detection of oil films; Passive microwave sensing of oil slicks; Oil slick detection by x-band synthetic aperture radar; Air borne oil pollution surveillance system; The remote raman spectrometer is a viable instrument for remote sensing of the environment; Optical data processing analysis of stream patterns exhibited on ERTS-1 imagery; Remote sensing of rock type in the visible and near-infrared; Remote sensing to detect the toxic effects of metals on vegetation for mineral exploration; The use of space photos for search of oil and gas fields; A summary of ERTS data applications in Alaska., See also Volume 2, AD-A008 468.

A partial listing of topic areas includes: Interactive machine assessment of critical land resources using ERTS-1 data; New application of remotely sensed data processing technique; Automatic data processing for non-mathematicians; Digital image correction and information extraction; Scanning thermal plumes; The use of remote sensing in limnological studies; Automatic classification of eutrophication of inland lakes from spacecraft data; The economic impact of remote sensing data as the source of nonpoint pollution monitoring and control; Determining range condition and forage production potential in California from ERTS-1 imagery; Remote sensing applications: forest tree disease detection and vegetation classification within the sub-boreal forest region; Forest defoliation assessment with satellite imagery; Vegetation analysis with ERTS digital data; Computer derived coastal water classifications via spectral signatures; Correlation of coastal water turbidity and current circulation with ERTS-1 and SKYLAB imagery; Detection of several sea states around Japan from multispectral scanner imageries by ERTS-1; Land use classification and ground truth correlations from simultaneously acquired aircraft and ERTS-1 MSS data; Methods of filtering photographic images and the possibility of their use in geology., See also Volume 1, AD-A008 467 and Volume 3, AD-A008 469.

The antiquity of acorn processing has been a major concern of archaeologists because of its paramount importance in the historic subsistence economy of native Central California. In the lower Central Valley acorn use is amply documented for Middle period (post-500 B.C.) and succeeding cultures, but whether the Early period peoples of the region shared this well known pattern has been a focus for debate. This paper presents the first direct evidence for acorn use during that period.

The antiquity of acorn processing has been a major concern of archaeologists because of its paramount importance in the historic subsistence economy of native Central California. In the lower Central Valley acorn use is amply documented for Middle period (post-500 B.C.) and succeeding cultures, but whether the Early period peoples of the region shared this well known pattern has been a focus for debate. This paper presents the first direct evidence for acorn use during that period.

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