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Rural assistance as we know it today dates back to post-World War II. In Brazil, the importance and application for small producers have been constantly debated. In the state of Alagoas, sugar and alcohol production is extremely important for the economy, which makes family farming marginalized, with little incentive and investment, making it of low quality and discontinued. In opposition to the large properties of monoculture and intermittent work are the rural settlements. In the state of Alagoas, currently exist 143 rural settlements and in this work, two were analyzed from data collected in field observations and interviews, from July to December 2017, along with fourteen settled families from the settlements, Florestan Fernandes, in Matriz Camaragibe and Belo Horizonte, in Novo Lino. Persistent problems, including infrastructure, since the establishment of the settlements, and in addition to problems in the execution of programs linked to government policies and the political and administrative obstacles that family farming faces, directly reflect on how the extension worker works with these families., A assistência técnica rural como conhecemos atualmente, remonta do pós Segunda Guerra Mundial. No Brasil, a importância e aplicação para pequenos produtores, vem sendo debatida constantemente. No estado de Alagoas, a produção sucroalcooleira tem extrema importância, para a economia, o que torna a agricultura familiar marginalizada, com pouco incentivo e investimento, tornando-a de baixa qualidade e descontinuada. Uma oposição as grandes propriedades de monocultura e trabalho intermitente são os assentamentos rurais. No estado de Alagoas existem, 143 assentamentos rurais atualmente e neste trabalho dois foram analisados a partir de dados coletados em observações de campo e entrevistas, no período de julho a dezembro de 2017, junto à quatorze famílias assentadas dos assentamentos, Florestan Fernandes, em Matriz do Camaragibe e Belo Horizonte, em Novo Lino. Problemas persistentes, inclusive de infraestrutura, desde a criação dos assentamentos, além de problemas na execução de programas vinculados à políticas governamentais e os entraves políticos e administrativos que a agricultura familiar enfrenta, refletem diretamente na forma de como o extensionista atua junto à essas famílias.

[ES]De una lectura sistemática del texto constitucional español se extrae una amplia descentralización política en los planos legislativo y ejecutivo que no se extiende al plano judicial. El Estado autonómico cuenta con una única estructura judicial, fundamentada en el principio de unidad jurisdiccional, sin que las Comunidades Autónomas cuenten con sus propias estructuras jurisdiccionales. Al mismo tiempo, la Constitución reserva al Estado la competencia exclusiva sobre la Administración de Justicia, dejando a las Comunidades Autónomas en un segundo plano en esta materia. El presente Trabajo Fin de Grado tratará de aproximarse a una reflexión acerca del diseño constitucional del poder judicial y de la Administración de Justicia y su adecuación al Estado autonómico, mediante la lectura conjunta de los principios de unidad jurisdiccional y autonomía, sobre una visión global del ordenamiento jurídico español como ordenamiento único. Del mismo modo, se tratará de ofrecer una serie de propuestas con el fin de acercar el poder judicial y la Administración de Justicia a la forma territorial del Estado constitucional autonómico., [EU]Espainiako Konstituzioaren irakurketa sistematiko bat egitean, botere legegilearen eta betearazlearen alorretan deszentralizazio politiko zabala dagoela ondorioztatu daiteke. Deszentralizazio zabal honek, ordea, ez du arlo jurisdikzionala barne hartzen. Estatu autonomikoak batasun jurisdikzionalean oinarrituta dagoen sistema jurisdikzional unitario bat du, eta Autonomia Erkidegoek ez dute berezko egitura jurisdikzionalik. Aldi berean, Estatuak Justizia Administrazioaren gaineko eskumen esklusiboa du, arlo honetan Autonomia Erkidegoen esku hartzea bigarren mailan utziz. Gradu Amaierako Lan honek botere judizialaren eta Justizia Administrazioaren diseinu konstituzionalaren inguruko hausnarketa du helburu, bi hauek Estatu autonomikoan duten egokitzapena zalantzan jarrita, horretarako batasun jurisdikzional eta autonomia printzipioen irakurketa bateratu bat eginez, ordenamendu juridikoaren batasunean oinarrituta. Era berean, botere judiziala eta Justizia Administrazioa Estatuaren lurralde-eredu autonomikora hurbiltzeko zenbait proposamen emango dira., [EN]A systematic reading of the Spanish Constitution leads to the conclusion that the broad political decentralization at the legislative and executive levels does not extend to the judiciary. The State of Autonomies has a unitary judicial structure, based on the principle of jurisdictional unity, with the result that the Autonomous Communities do not have their own jurisdictional structures. Simultaneously, the State holds exclusive competence over the administration of Justice, leaving the Autonomous Communities in the background on this field. The aim of this paper is to approach a discussion on the constitutional design of the judiciary and the administration of Justice and its adaptation to the State of Autonomies, through the reading of the principle of jurisdictional unity along with the autonomy principle, settled on a global vision of the Spanish legal system as a unitary system. Similarly, a number of proposals will be made to bring the judiciary and the administration of Justice closer to the territorial form of the State of Autonomies.

29 p. : il. -- Bibliogr.: p. 28-29, [ES] El presente trabajo trata de analizar algunas cuestiones sobre el proceso de transición que llevó a España de la dictadura franquista a la democracia liberal. El objetivo principal será definir el rol de Torcuato Fernández-Miranda, profesor de Derecho Político de Juan Carlos de Borbón, secretario general del Movimiento y vicepresidente durante el Gobierno de Carrero Blanco y, finalmente, presidente de las últimas Cortes franquistas y del Consejo del Reino. Existe un consenso historiográfico en atribuirle a Torcuato la autoría intelectual de la Ley para la Reforma Política de 1976, que fue el abrelatas de la Transición. También se le reconoce como patrocinador y sostén de Suárez para su acceso al poder, quien tras atribuirse la victoria del referéndum para la Reforma Política de diciembre de 1976 desplazó a Fernández-Miranda de la primera fila de la política. ¿Por qué Fernández-Miranda se opuso a las asociaciones políticas durante el franquismo y el primer Gobierno de la Monarquía para luego impulsar la aprobación de la LPR? ¿Están en contradicción ambas posturas? Durante el trabajo se tratará de exponer que esa oposición de Torcuato a la apertura de la participación política antes de la muerte de Franco probablemente se debía a que este advirtió el peligro que un Movimiento revigorizado suponía para el poder de partida de la futura monarquía. También se analizará cómo su oposición política velada a las iniciativas reformistas del segundo Gobierno de Arias fue debido a la competencia entre actores políticos por capitalizar el proceso de cambio, más que a un debate sustancial. Estas luchas internas por el poder existieron durante todo el franquismo, pero se recrudecieron tras la desaparición de Carrero Blanco en diciembre de 1973. La descomposición del régimen se debió, en parte, a la ruptura de la solidaridad entre las fuerzas que lo componían. Pero esa división se vio aumentada al tener que definirse respecto a la creciente conflictividad obrera y barrial, a la, [EN] This research seeks to analyze some issues about the transition process that led Spain from Franco's dictatorship to liberal democracy. The main objective is to define the role of Torcuato Fernández-Miranda, Political Law professor of Juan Carlos de Borbón, Secretary General of the Movement (the single party) and Vice President during the Carrero Blanco's administration and, finally, president of the last Francoist Cortes (legislature) and of the Council of the Realm. There is a historiographical consensus in attributing to Torcuato the intellectual authorship of the Law for Political Reform of 1976, which was the point of departure of the Transition. He is also known as sponsor and supporter of Suárez for his access to power, who, after claiming the victory of the referendum for the Political Reform of December 1976, displaced Fernández-Miranda from the forefront of politics. Why did Fernández-Miranda oppose the political associations during Franco's regime and the first administration of the Monarchy and then promote the approval of the LPR? Are both positions in contradiction? The purpose of this paper is to try to expose that his opposition to the opening up of political participation before Franco's death could be a result of the fact that he saw the potential danger that a re-energized Movement posed for the starting power of the future Monarchy. It will also analyze how his concealed political opposition to the reform initiatives of the second administration of Arias was due to the competition between political actors to capitalize on the process of change, rather than a substantial debate. These internal struggles for power existed throughout the Franco's regime, but worsened after the demise of Carrero Blanco in December 1973. The decomposition of the regime was due, in part, to the breakdown of solidarity between its constituent forces. But that division was increased by having to define itself with respect to the growing labor and neighborhood confli

During 2019, the Matamoros Union Movement 20/32, arises, it stands out by its achievements, among them, the creation of the Sindicato Nacional Independiente de Trabajadores de Industrias y Servicios (SNITIS); whereby, in this article its analyzed as a way of syndicalist reconstruction in Mexico. On the other hand, even though it is necessary to explain it from an historic perspective and in a broader context, that of the globalization of Neoliberalism, with which have worsen the labor and life conditions of the working class. For this purpose, a retelling from the trajectory of the movement is presented, as well as a synthesis of the historical background of syndicalism in Mexico during the centuries XIX and XX, through which is possible to explain the importance of the leadership from the labour lawyer Susana Prieto Terrazas. The strength, magnitude and political sense of the MUM victory in the contracted factories set a historic precedent of rupture with the old model of neoliberal labor peace., Durante el 2019 surge el Movimiento Obrero Matamorense 20/32 que se destaca por su carácter masivo y por sus logros, entre ellos, la formación del Sindicato Nacional Independiente de Trabajadores de Industrias y Servicios (SNITIS); por lo cual, en este artículo se analiza como signo de recomposición del sindicalismo en México. Por otra parte, aunque es un movimiento reciente y localizado, hace falta explicarlo en perspectiva histórica y en un contexto más amplio, el de la globalización del neoliberalismo, con el cual se han empeorado las condiciones laborales y de vida de la clase trabajadora. Para estos propósitos se presenta un recuento de la trayectoria del movimiento, así como una síntesis de los antecedentes históricos del sindicalismo en México en los siglos XIX y XX, a través de los cuales es posible explicar la importancia del liderazgo de la abogada Susana Prieto Terrazas. La fuerza, magnitud y significado político del triunfo del MOM en las industrias maquiladoras sientan un precedente histórico de ruptura con el viejo modelo de paz laboral neoliberal., Durante o ano de 2019, surgiu o Movimento dos Trabalhadores de Matamoros 20/32, que se destaca por seu caráter massivo e por suas conquistas, incluindo a formação do Sindicato Nacional Independente dos Trabalhadores da Indústria e Serviços (SNITIS). Portanto, neste artigo é analisado como um sinal da recomposição do sindicalismo no México. Por outro lado, embora seja um movimento recente e localizado, precisa ser explicado em perspectiva histórica e em um contexto mais amplo, o da globalização do neoliberalismo, com o qual se agravaram as condições de trabalho e de vida da classe trabalhadora. Para tanto, apresenta-se um relato da trajetória do movimento, bem como uma síntese do pano de fundo histórico do sindicalismo no México nos séculos XIX e XX, através do qual é possível explicar a importância da liderança da advogada Susana Prieto Terrazas. A força, a magnitude e o significado político da vitória do MOM nas indústrias maquiladoras abriram um precedente histórico para romper com o antigo modelo de paz trabalhista neoliberal.

During 2019, the Matamoros Union Movement 20/32, arises, it stands out by its achievements, among them, the creation of the Sindicato Nacional Independiente de Trabajadores de Industrias y Servicios (SNITIS); whereby, in this article its analyzed as a way of syndicalist reconstruction in Mexico. On the other hand, even though it is necessary to explain it from an historic perspective and in a broader context, that of the globalization of Neoliberalism, with which have worsen the labor and life conditions of the working class. For this purpose, a retelling from the trajectory of the movement is presented, as well as a synthesis of the historical background of syndicalism in Mexico during the centuries XIX and XX, through which is possible to explain the importance of the leadership from the labour lawyer Susana Prieto Terrazas. The strength, magnitude and political sense of the MUM victory in the contracted factories set a historic precedent of rupture with the old model of neoliberal labor peace., Durante o ano de 2019, surgiu o Movimento dos Trabalhadores de Matamoros 20/32, que se destaca por seu caráter massivo e por suas conquistas, incluindo a formação do Sindicato Nacional Independente dos Trabalhadores da Indústria e Serviços (SNITIS). Portanto, neste artigo é analisado como um sinal da recomposição do sindicalismo no México. Por outro lado, embora seja um movimento recente e localizado, precisa ser explicado em perspectiva histórica e em um contexto mais amplo, o da globalização do neoliberalismo, com o qual se agravaram as condições de trabalho e de vida da classe trabalhadora. Para tanto, apresenta-se um relato da trajetória do movimento, bem como uma síntese do pano de fundo histórico do sindicalismo no México nos séculos XIX e XX, através do qual é possível explicar a importância da liderança da advogada Susana Prieto Terrazas. A força, a magnitude e o significado político da vitória do MOM nas indústrias maquiladoras abriram um precedente histórico para romper com o antigo modelo de paz trabalhista neoliberal., Durante el 2019 surge el Movimiento Obrero Matamorense 20/32 que se destaca por su carácter masivo y por sus logros, entre ellos, la formación del Sindicato Nacional Independiente de Trabajadores de Industrias y Servicios (SNITIS); por lo cual, en este artículo se analiza como signo de recomposición del sindicalismo en México. Por otra parte, aunque es un movimiento reciente y localizado, hace falta explicarlo en perspectiva histórica y en un contexto más amplio, el de la globalización del neoliberalismo, con el cual se han empeorado las condiciones laborales y de vida de la clase trabajadora. Para estos propósitos se presenta un recuento de la trayectoria del movimiento, así como una síntesis de los antecedentes históricos del sindicalismo en México en los siglos XIX y XX, a través de los cuales es posible explicar la importancia del liderazgo de la abogada Susana Prieto Terrazas. La fuerza, magnitud y significado político del triunfo del MOM en las industrias maquiladoras sientan un precedente histórico de ruptura con el viejo modelo de paz laboral neoliberal.

Chaitanya Bhargave,1 Manish Verma,2 Rupert W Jakes,3 Yoshitaka Okamoto4 1Global Medical Affairs, GSK, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; 2Respiratory and Allergy, GSK, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; 3Epidemiology, GSK, London, UK; 4Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University and Chiba Rosai Hospital, Chiba, JapanCorrespondence: Manish Verma, Respiratory and Allergy, GSK, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, Tel +919920961331, Email manish.8.verma@gsk.comPurpose: Our study compared knowledge of, and attitudes towards, allergic rhinitis (AR) among patients and physicians in: Brazil, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Spain, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.Patients and Methods: Patients with AR were recruited via probability-based sampling. Data were captured via telephone interview, personal interview, or self-administered online survey. Physicians were recruited from an online physician panel and interviewed by self-administered online survey.Results: In total, 1436 patients and 1637 physicians were surveyed. Most patients (76.9%) reported moderate-to-severe AR, whereas physicians reported more mild (mean cases ranging from 57.0– 68.2) than moderate-to-severe AR (mean cases ranging from 31.8– 43.0). Overall, most physicians (85.4%) and patients (77.5%) agreed AR could be controlled with treatment. Physicians preferred prescribing oral antihistamines (OAHs) for mild AR (from 45.3% of physicians in Brazil to 73.6% of physicians in Mexico). For moderate and severe AR, more physicians preferred prescribing intranasal corticosteroids (INCSs) and OAHs for moderate and severe AR than other available treatments (from 48.5% of physicians in the UK to 69.5% of physicians in Spain). Patients preferred OAHs to INCSs for treating AR (62.0%). Patients also reported a range of comorbidities: overall, sinus infections were the most common (24.7%), and comorbid asthma was present in 12.9% of patients. Per country, Saudi Arabia had the highest proportion (53.5%) and Mexico had the lo

We introduce a new approach to computation on encrypted data -- Encrypted Operator Computing (EOC) -- as an alternative to Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE). Given a plaintext vector $|{x}\rangle$, $x\in \{0,1\}^n$, and a function $F(x)$ represented as an operator $\hat F$, $\hat F\;|{x}\rangle = |{F(x)}\rangle$, the EOC scheme is based on obfuscating the conjugated operator (circuit) $\hat{F}^E = \hat E\;\hat F\;\hat{E}^{-1}$ that implements computation on encrypted data, $\hat E |{x}\rangle$. The construction of EOC hinges on the existence of a two-stage NC$^1$ reversible-circuit-based IND-CCA2 cipher $\hat{E} = \hat{N} \hat{L}$, where $\hat{L}$ and $\hat{N}$ represent, respectively, linear and non-linear NC$^1$ tree-structured circuits of 3-bit reversible gates. We make and motivate security assumptions about such a NC$^1$ cipher. Furthermore, we establish the polynomial complexity of the obfuscated circuit, the evaluator $O(\hat{F}^E)$, by proving that: (a) conjugation of each gate of $F$ with $\hat{L}$ yields a polynomial number of gates; and (b) the subsequent conjugation with $\hat{N}$ yields a polynomial number of ``chips,'' $n$-input/$n$-output reversible functions, with outputs expressed as polynomial-sized ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (OBDDs). The security of individual chips is connected to the notion of Best Possible Obfuscators which relies on poly-size OBDDs and the fact that OBDDs are normal forms that expose the functionality but hide the gate implementation of the chip. We conjecture that the addition of random pairs of NOTs between layers of $\hat{N}$ during the construction of $F^E$, a device analogous to the AddRoundKey rounds of AES, ensures the security of the the evaluator. We also present a generalization to asymmetric encryption.

Despite the continuous increase in capacity, lithium-ion intercalation batteries are approaching their performance limits. As a result, research is intensifying on next-generation battery technologies. The use of a lithium metal anode promises the highest theoretical energy density and enables use of lithium-free or novel high-energy cathodes. However, the lithium metal anode suffers from poor morphological stability and Coulombic efficiency during cycling, especially in liquid electrolytes. In contrast to solid electrolytes, liquid electrolytes have the advantage of high ionic conductivity and good wetting of the anode, despite the lithium metal volume change during cycling. Rapid capacity fade due to inhomogeneous deposition and dissolution of lithium is the main hindrance to the successful utilization of the lithium metal anode in combination with liquid electrolytes. In this perspective, we discuss how experimental and theoretical insights can provide possible pathways for reversible cycling of two-dimensional lithium metal. Therefore, we discuss improvements in the understanding of lithium metal nucleation, deposition, and stripping on the nanoscale. As the solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a key role in the lithium morphology, we discuss how the proper SEI design might allow stable cycling. We highlight recent advances in conventional and (localized) highly concentrated electrolytes in view of their respective SEIs. We also discuss artificial interphases and three-dimensional host frameworks, which show prospects of mitigating morphological instabilities and suppressing large shape change on the electrode level.

Despite the continuous increase in capacity, lithium-ion intercalation batteries are approaching their performance limits. As a result, research is intensifying on next-generation battery technologies. The use of a lithium metal anode promises the highest theoretical energy density and enables use of lithium-free or novel high-energy cathodes. However, the lithium metal anode suffers from poor morphological stability and Coulombic efficiency during cycling, especially in liquid electrolytes. In contrast to solid electrolytes, liquid electrolytes have the advantage of high ionic conductivity and good wetting of the anode, despite the lithium metal volume change during cycling. Rapid capacity fade due to inhomogeneous deposition and dissolution of lithium is the main hindrance to the successful utilization of the lithium metal anode in combination with liquid electrolytes. In this perspective, we discuss how experimental and theoretical insights can provide possible pathways for reversible cycling of two-dimensional lithium metal. Therefore, we discuss improvements in the understanding of lithium metal nucleation, deposition, and stripping on the nanoscale. As the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a key role in the lithium morphology, we discuss how the proper SEI design might allow stable cycling. We highlight recent advances in conventional and (localized) highly concentrated electrolytes in view of their respective SEIs. We also discuss artificial interphases and three-dimensional host frameworks, which show prospects of mitigating morphological instabilities and suppressing large shape change on the electrode level.

Perspective on recent improvements in experiment and theory towards realizing lithium metal electrodes with liquid electrolytes.

The multi-scale hierarchical structure of tooth enamel enables it to withstand a lifetime of damage without catastrophic failure. While many previous studies have investigated structure-function relationships in enamel, the effects of crystal misorientation on mechanical performance have not been assessed. To address this issue, in the present study, we review previously published polarization-dependent imaging contrast (PIC) maps of mouse and human enamel, and parrotfish enameloid, in which crystal orientations were measured and displayed in every 60-nm-pixel. By combining those previous results with the PIC maps of sheep enamel presented here we discovered that, in all enamel(oid)s, adjacent crystals are slightly misoriented, with misorientation angles in the 0°-30° range, and mean 2°-8°. Within this limited range, misorientation is positively correlated with literature hardness values, demonstrating an important structure-property relation, not previously identified. At greater misorientation angles 8°30°, this correlation is expected to reverse direction, but data from different non-enamel systems, with more diverse crystal misorientations, are required to determine if and where this occurs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We identify a structure-function relationship in tooth enamels from different species: crystal misorientation correlates with hardness, contributing to the remarkable mechanical properties of enamel in diverse animals.

"This book reexamines the political economy of foreign rule and the role of political-economic thought in the struggles over the character and status of the British occupation of Egypt after 1882 through its independence in 1922. The book traces a complex history of economism, a term that refers to the reduction of social phenomena to the play of economic forces, and the intermingling of economics and politics in the colonial Egyptian context. It overturns long-standing assumptions of Egypt during the period of British occupation, and deepens our understanding of global capitalism's contradictions and the way that it defines and delimits notions of freedom, with implications that extend to the present day", Includes bibliographical references and index., Infrastructures of occupation -- Egypt's colonial interior -- Fields of finance -- Gilded speech -- The many agents of azmah -- Unions of mass mobilization -- Punjab on the Nile -- The material occupation -- Conclusion : economism militarized., "This book reexamines the political economy of foreign rule and the role of political-economic thought in the struggles over the character and status of the British occupation of Egypt after 1882 through its independence in 1922. The book traces a complex history of economism, a term that refers to the reduction of social phenomena to the play of economic forces, and the intermingling of economics and politics in the colonial Egyptian context. It overturns long-standing assumptions of Egypt during the period of British occupation, and deepens our understanding of global capitalism's contradictions and the way that it defines and delimits notions of freedom, with implications that extend to the present day", Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed.

A agricultura familiar expressa grande relevância para a economia do estado de Alagoas, porém o não acesso a extensão rural, assistência técnica e crédito condicionam os agricultores a reprodução de modelos de produção incompatíveis com suas unidades produtivas. Diante disso, objetivou-se por este trabalho analisar a produção agrícola dos agricultores familiares do assentamento Canafístula, localizado no município de Jacuípe-AL, bem como sua caracterização socioeconômica. Para tento, fez-se uso das abordagens quali e quantitativas, por meio da pesquisa documental e bibliográfica e pela aplicação de entrevistas junto aos núcleos familiares. Por meio dos dados e informações coletados, foi possível verificar que o assentamento tem como forte característica a diversificação produtiva, no entanto é evidenciada forte presença do monocultivo da cana-de-açúcar que traz como reflexo a perda de autonomia das famílias, encarecimento dos custos de produção, o uso de agrotóxicos e fertilizantes químicos, substituição e diminuição de áreas voltadas para culturas destinadas a alimentação das famílias e direcionadas as feiras. Ademais, ainda se observa forte influência do patriarcado, influenciando em certo apagamento da figura feminina, embora esta seja presente também nas tomadas de decisões e como proprietárias dos lotes. Esses dados são importantes para com a contribuição do desenvolvimento agrário da região, pois ainda é comum a reprodução de práticas agrícolas que não fomentam o pleno desenvolvimento dos assentamentos, especialmente no tocante da autonomia e identidade desses ambientes., Family farming expresses great relevance to the economy of the state of Alagoas, but the no access to rural extension, technical assistance and credit conditions, farmersto reproduce production models incompatible with their production units. Therefore, the aim of this work was to analyze the agricultural production of family farmers in the Canafístula settlement, located in the municipality of Jacuípe-AL, as well as their socioeconomic characterization. For this purpose, qualitative and quantitative approaches were used, through documentary and bibliographic research and through the application of interviews with family nucleus. Through the data and information collected,it was possible to verify that the settlement has a strong characteristic of productive diversification, however it is evidenced a strong presence of the sugarcane monoculture, which reflects the loss of family autonomy, higher costs production, the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, substitution and reduction of areas aimed at crops destined to the families food and directed to the fairs. Furthermore, there is still a strong influence of patriarchy, influencing a certain erasure of the female figure, although she is also present in decision-making and as owners of the lots. These data are important for the contribution of agricultural development in the region, as it is still common to reproduce agricultural practices that do not encourage the full development of settlements, especially with regard to the autonomy and identity of these environments.

The Human Resources Department (HRD) is the department that deals with hiring, administration, benefits, and training of personnel. HR is used to describe the people who work for a company or organization, and the HDR is responsible for managing resources related to employees. In this research, the readers will see the functions and roles of the HDR to achieve the goals of Bestlink College of the Philippines. This paper also stated the different services that the HRD can offer to the employees. This research was conducted to provide and equip the readers with knowledge. The HRD is the lifeblood of the company because its job is to ensure that the institution gets the most out of its employees. In other words, the HDR needs to provide a high return on the institution’s investment in its people. The researchers conducted an interview, survey, and collected some information on their manual. By using this process, the researchers identified the company’s information, functions, flowcharts of their transactions, employment per position, qualifications, and various services offered by the department. The researchers proposed procedures that improve the services and ethical value of the HRD to ensure that the vision of the school, which is to have total customer satisfaction, can be reached through the proposed process and improve the service being given. The researchers proposed a new procedure to improve the current services inside the HR department. The proposed procedures will not affect any of the policies inside the company, specifically in the HRD. It will not go beyond the limitations of the rules and regulations of the company. Each proposed enhancement gives an advantage to the HRD where the study has been focused. It will help produce services that will make the company more effective. The HDR is one of the most important departments in any company. Its main task is to ensure that the business gets the most out of its employee. The implementation of the research

Objectives. To explore UK clinicians’ beliefs and behaviours around recommending e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid for patients with cancer. Design. Cross-sectional online survey. Setting. England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Participants. Clinicians involved in the care of patients with cancer. Primary and secondary outcomes. Behavioural Change Wheel capability, opportunity and motivation to perform a behaviour, knowledge, beliefs, current practice around e-cigarettes and other smoking cessation practices. Method. Clinicians (n=506) completed an online survey to assess beliefs and behaviours around e-cigarettes and other smoking cessation practices for patients with cancer. Behavioural factors associated with recommending e-cigarettes in practice were assessed. Results. 29% of clinicians would not recommend e-cigarettes to patients with cancer who continue to smoke. Factors associated with recommendation include smoking cessation knowledge (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.44) and e-cigarette knowledge (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.55), engagement with patients regarding smoking cessation (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.12 to 4.03), belief in the effectiveness of e-cigarettes (OR 2.36 95% CI 1.61 to 3.47) and belief in sufficient evidence on e-cigarettes (OR 2.08 95% CI 1.10 to 4.00) and how comfortable they felt discussing e-cigarettes with patients (OR 1.57 95% CI 1.04 to 2.36). Conclusion. Many clinicians providing cancer care to patients who smoke do not recommend e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid and were unaware of national guidance supporting recommendation of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid.

Mine-tailing dam bursts occur frequently with attendant implications for the environment and human populations. Institutional preparedness for such events plays an important role in their lasting impact. This study analyzes the stakeholder engagement in the new governance framework created to recover the Doce River ecosystem following the 2015 disaster, where 34 million m3 of tailings were released, killing 19 people and causing massive impacts on riverine life. Following the disaster, poorly conceived political and management decisions impeded and continue to impede the progress of ecosystem recovery. The post-event management structure shows a centralized and poorly diverse stakeholder pool. We conclude that poor governance structure, and weak law enforcement, are among the main reasons preventing the Doce River post-disaster watershed recovery. A watershed vulnerability analysis combining dam stability and socioeconomic data, concluded that low ratings of socioeconomic performance substantially increase basin vulnerability. We recommend that the watershed committee should be fully involved in the implementation of the program and take a central role so that the most vulnerable communities (including indigenous people) take ownership of ecosystem recovery.

Biofabrication AR is an exploration of biofabrication technologies and the hospital of the future in augmented reality for use on the Microsoft Hololens. The digital experience can be set up anywhere and features a guided, step-by-step journey for the user to use the biofabrication platform technologies of 3D scanning, 3D modelling and 3D printing to repair a defect in a digital patient's skull. The work is a collaboration between medical researchers and mechatronics students. The experience was presented at the inaugural Herston Biofabrication Institute conference (22/03/2019) and at Robotronica (18/08/2019) for a total of 70 members of the public and healthcare professionals to discover augmented reality and become familiar with biofabrication technologies.

Food production is being widely discussed worldwide, both in terms of increasing productivity to meet the needs of the growing population and also in terms of the quality of these foods. Small farms are responsible for producing for the majority of the population and for their own family subsistence. The objective of this study was to reveal the importance of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (ATER) actions for small farmers to remain in the countryside, due to their role in food production and job creation. The study was carried out in the municipality of São Bento do Una/Pernambuco, which receives technical assistance from the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco (IPA). Interviews with semi-structured script were carried out with family farmers and IPA technicians, in addition to direct observations covering qualitative and quantitative data. There was a need for greater government attention, with more public policies so that services, projects and programs can be better developed. In this sense, family farmers need more effective ATER actions that bring better working and development conditions to the rural areas of the municipality., A produção de alimentos está sendo muito discutida mundialmente, tanto no que diz respeito ao aumento da produtividade para atender as necessidades da crescente população como também à qualidade desses alimentos. As pequenas propriedades agrícolas são encarregadas de produzir para a maioria da população e para própria subsistência familiar. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho revelar a importância das ações de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (ATER) para permanência de pequenos agricultores no campo, devido ao seu papel na produção de alimentos e na geração de emprego. O estudo foi realizado no município de São Bento do Una/Pernambuco, o qual recebe assistência técnica do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA). Foram feitas entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado aos agricultores familiares e aos técnicos do IPA, além de observações diretas englobando dados qualitativos e quantitativos. Foi percebida uma necessidade de maior atenção do governo, com mais políticas públicas para que os serviços, projetos e programas possam ser melhores desenvolvidos. Nesse sentido, os agricultores familiares necessitam de ações de ATER mais efetivas e que tragam melhores condições de trabalho e desenvolvimento para o meio rural do município.

This contribution addresses the experimental proof of the relaxation coupling of the 7Li (I = 3/2) longitudinal magnetization orders in the solid-state electrolyte Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS). This effect was theoretically described by Korb and Petit in 1988 but has not yet been shown experimentally. In a 2D-T1/spin-alignment echo (SAE) experiment, the inverse Laplace transformation of the spectral component over two time dimensions revealed the asymmetric course of the spin-lattice relaxation following from the coupling of all longitudinal orders. These observations were supported by Multi-quantum-filter experiments and by simulations of the 2D-T1/SAE experiment with a lithium spin system. Since the asymmetric relaxation effects are directly dependent on the velocities and degrees of freedom of ion motion they could be used especially in fast Li-ion conductors as a separation tool for environments with different mobility processes.

We study the problem of finding contraction orderings on tensor networks for physical simulations using a syncretic abstract data type, the $\textit{contraction-tree}$, and explain its connection to temporal and spatial measures of tensor contraction computational complexity (nodes express time; arcs express space). We have implemented the Ratcatcher of Seymour and Thomas for determining the carving-width of planar networks, in order to offer experimental evidence that this measure of spatial complexity makes a generally effective heuristic for limiting their total contraction time., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, 1 table

Endowing continuum robots with compliance while it is interacting with the internal environment of the human body is essential to prevent damage to the robot and the surrounding tissues. Compared with passive compliance, active compliance has the advantages in terms of increasing the force transmission ability and improving safety with monitored force output. Previous studies have demonstrated that active compliance can be achieved based on a complex model of the mechanics combined with a traditional machine learning technique such as a support vector machine. This paper proposes a recurrent neural network based approach that avoids the complexity of modeling while capturing nonlinear factors such as hysteresis, friction and delay of the electronics that are not easy to model. The approach is tested on a 3-tendon single-segment continuum robot with force sensors on each cable. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate that the continuum robot with an RNN based feed-forward controller is capable of responding to external forces quickly and entering an unknown environment compliantly., Comment: 7 pages, 13 figures, 1 table, 1 video, IROS2019, typos corrected

Background. The adverse effects of smoking continue after a diagnosis of cancer, increasing risk of treatment-related complications, recurrence, development of second primary cancer, and mortality. E-cigarettes have become increasingly popular, and there is growing evidence of a significant reduction in harm compared to tobacco smoking, providing an alternative approach for smoking cessation in cancer patients. However, while Public Health England and the Royal College of Physicians support the use of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation, their use remains controversial. Method. This study was a national online survey to investigate UK health professionals’ knowledge, attitudes, and current practice of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation intervention in cancer patients. 506 health professionals (HPs) completed the survey including GPs (n=103), oncologists (n=102), cancer surgeons (n=100), practice nurses (n=102), cancer nurse specialists (n=99). The sample was stratified by NHS regions. Results. Twenty nine percent of HPs would not recommend e-cigarettes to cancer patients who smoke, with cancer surgeons and cancer nurse specialists significantly less likely to recommend e-cigarettes. 38% believed colleagues would feel uncomfortable about recommending e-cigarettes to cancer patients. The majority of respondents reported that e-cigarettes were either banned or only allowed in designated tobacco smoking areas in both primary and secondary care. 46% of HPs reported their organisation did not have guidance on e-cigarettes, with 45% of HPs saying they were unsure. Over half of HPs believed their knowledge was not sufficient to recommend e-cigarettes to cancer patients, and 25% did not know whether e-cigarettes were less harmful than smoking tobacco cigarettes. Conclusion. While UK health policy promotes e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid, this has not yet been adopted by local health organisations, causing barriers to and uncertainty around promoting use of e-cigarett

Offers guidelines for gathering stakeholders by using the Community Capitals Framework, enabling a community to determine its assets, and make investments for future growth.

Pulsed field gradient (PFG) 1H NMR was used to characterize the mobility of ionic liquid cations in porous gas diffusion electrode (GDE) frameworks for metal–air electrochemical systems. The carbon GDE frameworks were produced by electrospinning. It was found that the motion of ionic liquids in the highly porous hosts is more complex than what is commonly exhibited by conventional fluids, which makes a multimodal investigation essential for an adequate description of mobility and wetting of GDEs. Observed NMR diffraction-like patterns cannot be linked to the tortuosity limit but may serve as a proxy for structural features in the fibrous material. While the observed data were interpreted using standard theoretical models, alternative explanations and causes for artifacts are discussed.

Plant lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant, renewable feedstock for the production of biobased fuels and chemicals. Previously, we showed that iron can act as a co-catalyst to improve the deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass. However, directly adding iron catalysts into biomass prior to pretreatment is diffusion limited, and increases the cost of biorefinery operations. Recently, we developed a new strategy for expressing iron-storage protein ferritin intracellularly to accumulate iron as a catalyst for the downstream deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, we extend this approach by fusing the heterologous ferritin gene with a signal peptide for secretion into Arabidopsis cell walls (referred to here as FerEX). The transgenic Arabidopsis plants. FerEX. accumulated iron under both normal and iron-fertilized growth conditions; under the latter (iron-fertilized) condition, FerEX transgenic plants showed an increase in plant height and dry weight by 12 and 18 %, respectively, compared with the empty vector control plants. The SDS- and native-PAGE separation of cell-wall protein extracts followed by Western blot analyses confirmed the extracellular expression of ferritin in FerEX plants. Meanwhile, Perls' Prussian blue staining and X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) maps revealed iron depositions in both the secondary and compound middle lamellae cell-wall layers, as well as in some of the corner compound middle lamella in FerEX. Remarkably, their harvested biomasses showed enhanced pretreatability and digestibility, releasing, respectively, 21 % more glucose and 34 % more xylose than the empty vector control plants. These values are significantly higher than those of our recently obtained ferritin intracellularly expressed plants. This study demonstrated that extracellular expression of ferritin in Arabidopsis can produce plants with increased growth and iron accumulation, and reduced thermal and enzymatic recalcitrance. The results are attrib

Chemical modification of wood increases decay resistance but the exact mechanisms remain poorly understood. Recently, Ringman and coauthors examined established theories addressing why modified wood has increased decay resistance and concluded that the most probable cause of inhibition and/or delay of initiation of brown-rot decay is lowering the equilibrium moisture content. In another recent study, Jakes and coauthors examined moisture-induced wood damage mechanisms, including decay and fastener corrosion, and observed that these mechanisms require chemical transport through wood cell walls. They proposed that chemical transport within wood cell walls is controlled by a moisture-induced glass transition in interconnected networks of hemicelluloses and amorphous cellulose. This paper shows how these models jointly suggest mechanisms by which wood modifications can inhibit brown-rot. Alternative mechanisms are also discussed. These models can be used to understand and further improve the performance of wood modification systems.

Barbed and woven wire fences, common structures across western North America, act as impediments to wildlife movements. In particular, fencing influences pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) daily and seasonal movements, as well as modifying habitat selection. Because of fencing's impacts to pronghorn and other wildlife, it is a potentially important factor in both wildlife movement and habitat selection models. At this time, no geospatial fencing data is available at regional scales. Consequently, we constructed a regional fence model using a series of land tenure assumptions for the Hi-Line region of northern Montana – an area consisting of 13 counties over 103,400 km2. Randomized 3.2 km long transects (n = 738) on both paved and unpaved roads were driven to collect information on habitat, fence densities and fence type. Using GIS, we constructed a fence location and a density model incorporating ownership, size, neighboring parcels, township boundaries and roads. Local knowledge of land ownership and land use assisted in improving the final models. We predict there is greater than 263,300 km of fencing in the Hi-Line region, with a maximum density of 6.8 km of fencing per km2 and mean density of 2.4 km of fencing per km2. Using field data to assess model accuracy, Cohen's Kappa was measured at 0.40. On-the-ground fence modification or removal could be prioritized by identifying high fence densities in critical wildlife areas such as pronghorn migratory pathways or sage grouse lekking habitat. Such novel fence data can assist wildlife and land managers to assess effects of anthropogenic features to wildlife at various scales; which in turn may help conserve declining grassland species and overall ecological functionality.

The effect of multivalency manganese doping on the defect structure and enhanced electrical resistivity is studied for the high-temperature piezoelectric (1 - x)BiScO3-xPbTiO3 (BSPT) solid-solution system by means of multifrequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy combined with conductivity measurements. The results show that manganese is rather incorporated on a scandium than a titanium site as an isovalent substitute (MnScx) instead of acceptor-type centers, such as Mn(Ti)', Mn(Ti)'', or Mn(Sc)'. The enhanced electric resistivity is found being on the one hand due to the trapping of conduction electrons at the manganese functional center sites (Mn(Sc)(x) + e' -> Mn(Sc)'). On the other hand, through the formation of (Mn(Sc)' - V(O)(center dot center dot))(center dot) defect complexes the ionic conductivity is reduced. Concerning the overall mechanism of charge compensation in that material, both kinds of defects mutually compensate.

Desde que el rey Alfonso VIII de Castilla otorgó a Hondarribia la carta puebla (1203), ésta obtuvo el dominio de los pueblos vecinos del bajo Bidasoa y confirmó su monopolio sobre la pesca del salmón. Esta situación fue el origen de polémicas, contiendas y muertes durante siglos. Desde que se inventaron y se empezaron a usar redes para esta pesca (siglos XV-XVI) la situación se fue agravando, al mismo tiempo que aumentaban los problemas políticos entre ambos reinos. La explotación cada vez mayor puso en peligro de extinción a la especie., Gaztelako errege Alfonso VIII.ak, "hiri kutun" izendatu zuenetik (1203), Hondarribiak bere menpean eman zituen Bidasobeko auzo herriak eta izokin arrantzaren monopolioa baietsi. Egoera horrek, eztabaida, aharra eta erahilketak ekarri zituen mendetan zehar. Sare arrapakari berriak asmatu eta erabili zirenetik (15-16. mendean) egoera larrituz joan zen oraino bi erresumen arazo politikoekin betan. Ustiapen gehikorrak espezia desagertzeko hil zorian eman zuen., Depuis que le roi Alfonse VIII de Castille octroya la charte de ville à Hondarribia (1203), celle-ci obtint le contrôle des villages voisins de la basse Bidasoa et confirm a son monopole sur la pêche du saumon. Cette situation fut à l'origine de polémiques, conflits et morts durant des siècles. Depuis l'invention et l'usage de filets pour cette pêche (XV-XVIème siècles) la situation s'est aggravée, en même temps qu'augmentaient les problèmes politiques entre les deux royaumes. L'exploitation de plus en plus importante mit les espèces en danger d'extinction., Since King Alfonso VIII of Castille granted Hondarribia the statute of population (1203), Hondarribia obtained the dominance of the neighbouring villages of the lower Bidasoa and confirmed its monopoly on salmon fishing. This situation was the origin of polemics, conflicts and deaths for centuries. Since the invention and use of nets for such fishing (15th-16th centuries) the situation gradually became worse, while at the same time as the political problems between both kingdoms also worsened. Such intense exploitation of this resource placed the species in danger of extinction.

Objective: To examine the validity of the short, last 7-day, self-administered form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Design: All subjects wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days and completed the IPAQ questionnaire on the eighth day. Criterion validity was assessed by linear regression analysis and by modified Bland–Altman analysis. Specificity and sensitivity were calculated for classifying respondents according to the physical activity guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Setting: Workplaces in Uppsala, Sweden. Subjects: One hundred and eighty-five (87 males) participants, aged 20 to 69 years. Results: Total self-reported physical activity (PA) (MET-min day21) was significantly correlated with average intensity of activity (counts min 21) from accelerometry (r ¼ 0.34, P 0.001). Gender, age, education and body mass index did not affect this relationship. Further, subcomponents of self-reported PA (time spent sitting, time in PA, time in moderate and vigorous activity (MVPA)) were significantly correlated with objectively measured PA (P , 0.05). Self-reported time in PA was significantly different from time measured by accelerometry (mean difference: 225.9 min day21; 95% limits of agreement: 2172 to 120 min day21; P , 0.001). IPAQ identified 77% (specificity) of those who met the current PA guidelines of accumulating more than 30 min day 21in MVPA as determined by accelerometry, whereas only 45% (sensitivity) of those not meeting the guidelines were classified correctly. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the short, last 7-days version of the IPAQ has acceptable criterion validity for use in Swedish adults. However, the IPAQ instrument significantly overestimated self-reported time spent in PA. The specificity to correctly classify people achieving current PA guidelines was acceptable, whereas the sensitivity was low.

A valence force field is presented for the grouping R-CO-NH-R' where R and R' are CH2 or CH3, derived from the frequencies of N-methylacetanide, nylons, and some of the deuteroderivatives. By refining all experimental data simultaneously, the overall agreement between the experimental and calculated frequencies is good.

Normal coordinate analyses have been performed on molecules with the amide group using force constants transferred from N-methylacetamides and polyamides. The molecules involved were hexamethylenedipropionamide, N, N'-dihexyladipamide, N, N'-dihexylsebacamide, some N-alkylamides, and some C-deuterated derivatives of nylon 66. In some molecules the dependence of frequencies on torsion angles about C-C(=O) or N-C(=H2) was studied. Dispersion curves were obtained for nylon 6 and nylon 66. The agreement between observed and calculated frequencies is good in most cases, and a complete or nearly complete assignment of infrared frequencies has been established.

Fullerene können als Fallen für Atome oder kleine Cluster angesehen werden. Der Einschluß hochreaktiver Atome wie Stickstoff und Phosphor führen zu isolierten paramagnetischen Systemen. Diese können wie eine gefüllte Einkaufstasche an beliebigen Positionen abgelegt werden. Damit ist eine Nanostrukturierung von paramagnetischen Festkörpern möglich. Das in C60 oder C70 gefangene hochreaktive Stickstoffatom ist aufgrund der sehr langen Spin-Gitter und Spin-Spin Relaxationszeiten und den daraus resultierenden sehr schmalen Absorptionslinien ein interessantes System. Mit der Elektron-Paramagnetischen-Resonanz (EPR) können diese endohedralen Stickstoffullerene auch in hoher Verdünnung (1:10000) detektiert werden. Aufgrund der hohen Stabilität von N@C60 und N@C70 gegenüber Sauerstoff, Licht, Temperatur (bis zu 100 °C) und der Möglichkeit der chemischen Modifikation sind diese Systeme als Spin-Sonde einsetzbar. Der erste Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Isolierung von N@C60 aus einer Mischung von N@C60 und leerem C60 (1:10000) mit der Hochdruckflüssigchromatographie (HPLC). Neben der eigens dafür entwickelten computergesteuerten chromatographischen Anlage werden zwei weitere Trennverfahren vorgestellt. Die Säulenfiltration und das Peakrecycling. Damit konnte erstmals eine Reindarstellung von N@C60 durchgeführt werden. Das optische Spektrum (UV/VIS) von N@C60 zeigt, daß die atomare Wellenfunktion des Stickstoffatoms nicht mit der molekularen Wellenfunktion des Fullerenkäfigs wechselwirkt und bestätigt damit die Ergebnisse früherer Elektron-Kern-Doppelresonanz-Messungen (ENDOR). Der zweite Teil beschreibt die konzentrationsabhängigen EPR-Festkörper-Spektren von N@C60/C60 und die Temperaturabhängigkeit der EPR-Spektren der Reinsubstanz. Die Simulation der Spektren wurde mit einem eigens dafür geschriebenen Computer-Monte-Carlo-Verfahren, basierend auf der Dipol-Dipol-Kopplung, durchgeführt. Der dritte Teil der Arbeit beschreibt die EPR-Spektren der ausgerichteten endoh

In the past few years, the genetic contribution to Parkinson's disease (PD) has gained major attention and has resulted in the identification of the first mutant gene, called alpha-synuclein, involved in the pathogenesis of autosomal-dominant PD. alpha-Synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies, which are a neuropathological feature of PD. Furthermore, deletions in the parkin gene have been identified as the primary cause in rare forms of autosomal-recessive juvenile PD. The elucidation of polygenic changes in the dopamine pathway, mitochondrial dysfunction, and metabolism of xenobiotics is now technically possible by means of association and genotype studies. The increasing knowledge of the pathogenesis of PD at a molecular level will have important implications for the development of individual therapeutic strategies to prevent disease progression.

The principal fibrous component of neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer's disease, the paired helical filament, is formed from hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau. Here we show that recombinant tau protein either in a non-phosphorylated state or following phosphorylation with brain extract can be assembled in vitro into filaments resembling those seen in Alzheimer's disease. © 1994.

Are we heading in the right direction? A survey of USDA Forest Service employees, an executive summary of survey findings