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The cirrate octopod Stauroteuthis syrtensis is a mesopelagic species commonly collected in the North Atlantic. Individuals were observed at depths > 600 m and typically within 100 m of the bottom in three similar to 900 m deep canyons indenting the southern edge of Georges Bank. When first sighted, most octopods were floating passively with their webbed arms gathered into a small ball. When disturbed, they expanded their webs to form a 'balloon' shape, swam slowly by Sculling their fins, pulsed their webs like medusae and, in some cases, streamlined their arms and webs and moved away smoothly by rapidly sculling their fins. The bodies of 9 octopods comprised 92 to 95 % water, with tissue containing 9 to 22 % carbon (C) and 2 to 4 % nitrogen (N). These values were similar to those reported for medusae and ctenophores. Oxygen (O(2)) consumption rates of 4.6 to 25.8 mu mol 02 g(-1) C h(-1) were within ranges reported for medusae, ctenophores, and deep-water cephalopods. The stomachs of S. syrtensis, dissected immediately after capture, contained only the calanoid copepod Calan us finmarchicus. Calculations indicated that S. syrtensis need 1.3 to 30.1 ind. d(-1) of C. finmarchicus to meet their measured metabolic demand. Excretion rates (0.3 to 12.4 mu g NH(4)(+) g(-1) C h(-1) and 0.06 to 4.83 mu g PO(4)(3-) g(-1) C h(-1)) were at least an order of magnitude lower than rates reported for other octopods or gelatinous zooplankters. O:N ratios (11 to 366) suggested that S. syrtensis catabolized lipids, which may be supplied by C. finmarchicus. Vertical distribution, relatively torpid behavior and low metabolic rates characterized S. syrtensis as a benthopelagic and relatively passive predator on copepods.

The cirrate octopod Stauroteuthis syrtensis is a mesopelagic species commonly collected in the North Atlantic. Individuals were observed at depths >600 m and typically within 100 m of the bottom in three ~900 m deep canyons indenting the southern edge of Georges Bank. When first sighted, most octopods were floating passively with their webbed arms gathered into a small ball. When disturbed, they expanded their webs to form a ‘balloon’ shape, swam slowly by sculling their fins, pulsed their webs like medusae and, in some cases, streamlined their arms and webs and moved away smoothly by rapidly sculling their fins. The bodies of 9 octopods comprised 92 to 95% water, with tissue containing 9 to 22% carbon (C) and 2 to 4% nitrogen (N). These values were similar to those reported for medusae and ctenophores. Oxygen (O2) consumption rates of 4.6 to 25.8 µmol O2 g–1 C h–1 were within ranges reported for medusae, ctenophores, and deep-water cephalopods. The stomachs of S. syrtensis, dissected immediately after capture, contained only the calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Calculations indicated that S. syrtensis need 1.3 to 30.1 ind. d–1 of C. finmarchicus to meet their measured metabolic demand. Excretion rates (0.3 to 12.4 µg NH4+ g–1 C h–1 and 0.06 to 4.83 µg PO43– g–1 C h–1) were at least an order of magnitude lower than rates reported for other octopods or gelatinous zooplankters. O:N ratios (11 to 366) suggested that S. syrtensis catabolized lipids, which may be supplied by C. finmarchicus. Vertical distribution, relatively torpid behavior and low metabolic rates characterized S. syrtensis as a benthopelagic and relatively passive predator on copepods.

The cirrate octopod Stauroteuthis syrtensis is a mesopelagic species commonly collected in the North Atlantic. Individuals were observed at depths >600 m and typically within 100 m of the bottom in three ~900 m deep canyons indenting the southern edge of Georges Bank. When first sighted, most octopods were floating passively with their webbed arms gathered into a small ball. When disturbed, they expanded their webs to form a ‘balloon’ shape, swam slowly by sculling their fins, pulsed their webs like medusae and, in some cases, streamlined their arms and webs and moved away smoothly by rapidly sculling their fins. The bodies of 9 octopods comprised 92 to 95% water, with tissue containing 9 to 22% carbon (C) and 2 to 4% nitrogen (N). These values were similar to those reported for medusae and ctenophores. Oxygen (O2) consumption rates of 4.6 to 25.8 µmol O2 g–1 C h–1 were within ranges reported for medusae, ctenophores, and deep-water cephalopods. The stomachs of S. syrtensis, dissected immediately after capture, contained only the calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Calculations indicated that S. syrtensis need 1.3 to 30.1 ind. d–1 of C. finmarchicus to meet their measured metabolic demand. Excretion rates (0.3 to 12.4 µg NH4+ g–1 C h–1 and 0.06 to 4.83 µg PO43– g–1 C h–1) were at least an order of magnitude lower than rates reported for other octopods or gelatinous zooplankters. O:N ratios (11 to 366) suggested that S. syrtensis catabolized lipids, which may be supplied by C. finmarchicus. Vertical distribution, relatively torpid behavior and low metabolic rates characterized S. syrtensis as a benthopelagic and relatively passive predator on copepods.

The cirrate octopod Stauroteuthis syrtensis is a mesopelagic species commonly collected in the North Atlantic. Individuals were observed at depths >600 m and typically within 100 m of the bottom in three ~900 m deep canyons indenting the southern edge of Georges Bank. When first sighted, most octopods were floating passively with their webbed arms gathered into a small ball. When disturbed, they expanded their webs to form a ‘balloon’ shape, swam slowly by sculling their fins, pulsed their webs like medusae and, in some cases, streamlined their arms and webs and moved away smoothly by rapidly sculling their fins. The bodies of 9 octopods comprised 92 to 95% water, with tissue containing 9 to 22% carbon (C) and 2 to 4% nitrogen (N). These values were similar to those reported for medusae and ctenophores. Oxygen (O2) consumption rates of 4.6 to 25.8 µmol O2 g–1 C h–1 were within ranges reported for medusae, ctenophores, and deep-water cephalopods. The stomachs of S. syrtensis, dissected immediately after capture, contained only the calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Calculations indicated that S. syrtensis need 1.3 to 30.1 ind. d–1 of C. finmarchicus to meet their measured metabolic demand. Excretion rates (0.3 to 12.4 µg NH4+ g–1 C h–1 and 0.06 to 4.83 µg PO43– g–1 C h–1) were at least an order of magnitude lower than rates reported for other octopods or gelatinous zooplankters. O:N ratios (11 to 366) suggested that S. syrtensis catabolized lipids, which may be supplied by C. finmarchicus. Vertical distribution, relatively torpid behavior and low metabolic rates characterized S. syrtensis as a benthopelagic and relatively passive predator on copepods.

The cirrate octopod Stauroteuthis syrtensis is a mesopelagic species commonly collected in the North Atlantic. Individuals were observed at depths >600 m and typically within 100 m of the bottom in three ~900 m deep canyons indenting the southern edge of Georges Bank. When first sighted, most octopods were floating passively with their webbed arms gathered into a small ball. When disturbed, they expanded their webs to form a ‘balloon’ shape, swam slowly by sculling their fins, pulsed their webs like medusae and, in some cases, streamlined their arms and webs and moved away smoothly by rapidly sculling their fins. The bodies of 9 octopods comprised 92 to 95% water, with tissue containing 9 to 22% carbon (C) and 2 to 4% nitrogen (N). These values were similar to those reported for medusae and ctenophores. Oxygen (O2) consumption rates of 4.6 to 25.8 µmol O2 g–1 C h–1 were within ranges reported for medusae, ctenophores, and deep-water cephalopods. The stomachs of S. syrtensis, dissected immediately after capture, contained only the calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Calculations indicated that S. syrtensis need 1.3 to 30.1 ind. d–1 of C. finmarchicus to meet their measured metabolic demand. Excretion rates (0.3 to 12.4 µg NH4+ g–1 C h–1 and 0.06 to 4.83 µg PO43– g–1 C h–1) were at least an order of magnitude lower than rates reported for other octopods or gelatinous zooplankters. O:N ratios (11 to 366) suggested that S. syrtensis catabolized lipids, which may be supplied by C. finmarchicus. Vertical distribution, relatively torpid behavior and low metabolic rates characterized S. syrtensis as a benthopelagic and relatively passive predator on copepods

[EN] Fatty acid concentrations expressed as percentages of total fatty acid pools in seston, stage V copepodites of Calanus finmarchicus, adults of the euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica, and the physonect siphonophore Nanomia cara were used to elucidate trophic links in Georges Basin and Oceanographer Canyon in September 2003. Seston at both locations was refractory and comprised mainly of saturated fatty acids. Phytoplankton did not contribute significantly to the fatty acid composition of seston or higher trophic levels. Only four fatty acids, i.e. 14:0, 16:0, 16:1 (n–7) and 18:1 (n–7), were transferred from seston to C. finmarchicus or M. norvegica, which suggested weak trophic interactions. Fatty acids transferred from the two species of crustaceans to N. cara included the same four fatty acids, along with three polyunsaturated fatty acids found in relatively high concentrations in both crustaceans, i.e. 20:3 (n–6), 20:5 (n–3) and 22:6 (n–3). In addition, 18:1 (n–9), which occurred in relatively high concentrations only in M. norvegica, and 18:0 and 18:2 (n–6), which were found in low concentrations in both crustaceans, also appeared to be transferred to N. cara. Overall, fatty acid trophic markers proved useful for identifying trophic links to N. cara, [ES] En este estudio se utilizaron las concentraciones de ácidos grasos (expresadas como porcentajes) para identificar posibles relaciones tróficas entre el seston, el estadio V (copepoditos) de Calanus finmarchicus, los adultos del eufáusido Meganyctiphanes norvegica, y el sifonóforo fisonecto Nanomia cara en Georges Basin y el cañón submarino Oceanographer durante Septiembre de 2003. En ambos lugares el seston era muy refractario y compuesto básicamente por ácidos grasos saturados. El fitoplancton no contribuyó de forma significativa a la composición de ácidos grasos del seston o de niveles tróficos superiores. Sólo cuatro ácidos grasos [14:0, 16:0, 16:1 (n–7) y 18:1 (n–7)] se transfirieron potencialmente del seston a C. finmarchicus o M. norvegica, lo que sugiere una débil conexión trófica entre estos eslabones de la cadena. Los ácidos grasos transferidos de las dos especies de zooplancton crustáceo a N. cara incluyen los mismos descritos más arriba y otros tres ácidos grasos poliinsaturados [20:3 (n–6), 20:5 (n–3) y 22:6 (n–3)] encontrados en concentraciones relativamente elevadas en ambos crustáceos. Además, tanto el 18:1 (n–9) (encontrado en elevadas concentraciones en M. norvegica) y los 18:0 y 18:2 (n–6) (encontrados en bajas concentraciones en ambas especies de crustáceos) se transfieren a N. cara. Los ácidos grasos demuestran ser una herramienta útil para identificar conexiones tróficas en N. cara

This monograph examines under what circumstances, if at all, an air campaign can achieve decisive results independent of other forces. The recent war in the Persian Gulf has given the research question its immediate significance. Given the unprecedented nature of the allied aerial campaign against Iraq, was it reasonable to expect that the air war could force a politically acceptable decision without the need to commit US forces to a potentially costly and unneeded ground campaign? The problem is also relevant to future US doctrinal development. AirLand Battle Future is the operational concept that is expected to evolve into US Army doctrine for the 31st century. A key portion of this concept is the targeting and the destruction of the enemy by long-range air forces. Ground maneuver is conceived as a 'mopping-up' phase. This study sought to answer the research question through the use of historical examples analyzed by an appropriate criterion. The criterion, selected from FM 100-5, gave a doctrinal and theoretical framework for the historical analysis. A synthesis of the analysis led to conclusions concerning the role of selecting the appropriate campaign and state, the sequencing of actions over space and time, and the allocation and synchronization of force types, in the creation of circumstances conducive to decisive air operations. These conclusions are applied to a tentative analysis of the Persian Gulf War and the AirLand Battle Future operational concept.

This monograph proposes an appropriate organizational structure for light infantry brigades in support of the operational concept derived for AirLand Battle Future. The follow on operational concept to AirLand Battle is expected to address nonlinear combat operations in the 2004 timeframe. Nonlinearity, the extended battlefield, post Cold War threats, and limited resources, have generated an operational concept that calls for innovations and flexibility in force design. As of now, there have been no proposed changes for light infantry organizations. Light infantry forces, originally designed purely for transportability, now have the chance to be restructured based on an operational concept congenial to their nature. The monograph first examines the current light infantry structure to discover insights to its organizational development and to provide a basis for later structural comparisons. Next, a short discussion of the significant world and national political and military trends sets the stage for an analysis of the AirLand Battle Future operational concept. AirLand Battle Future is presented as an operational concept and analyzed to determine future roles for the light infantry within that operational concept. A theoretically based set of criteria is then developed to evaluate alternative brigade force designs. This criteria is tested in an analysis of the current light brigade structure. Several alternative light brigade structures are evaluated using the criteria. These alternative organizations were selected for analysis based on their applicability to the AirLand Battle Future operational concept. A synthesis of the resulting analysis formed the proposed structure for the light infantry brigade in AirLand Future. The Light Regimental Combat Team is the proposed structure and answers the research question by suggesting an appropriate brigade structure for successful employment on the AirLand Battle Future battlefield.

This monograph examines under what circumstances, if at all, an air campaign can achieve decisive results independent of other forces. The recent war in the Persian Gulf has given the research question its immediate significance. Given the unprecedented nature of the allied aerial campaign against Iraq, was it reasonable to expect that the air war could force a politically acceptable decision without the need to commit US forces to a potentially costly and unneeded ground campaign? The problem is also relevant to future US doctrinal development. AirLand Battle Future is the operational concept that is expected to evolve into US Army doctrine for the 21st century. A key portion of this concept is the targeting and the destruction of the enemy by long-range air forces. Ground maneuver is conceived as a "mopping-up" phase. The current and future relevance of this problem is part of a developing historical pattern in US military thought. There is a tension in US military thought and practice between the imperative of quick decisive results and the desire to minimize casualties. Since the advent of air power, air forces have seemed to offer a convenient answer to this dilemma. The question thus calls for a reexamination of the fundamental relationship between air and ground forces. Under what circumstances, can decisive results be attained at the operational level of war, with air power alone. This study sought to answer the research question through the use of historical examples analyzed by an appropriate criterion. The criterion, selected from FM 100-5, gave a doctrinal and theoretical framework for the historical analysis. A synthesis of the analysis led to conclusions concerning the role of selecting the appropriate campaign end state, the sequencing of actions over space and time, and the allocation and synchronization of force types, in the creation of circumstances conducive to decisive air operations. These conclusions are applied to a tentative analysis of the