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Using data for over four decades, we examine the ageing of Swedish municipalities and if there has been convergence or divergence across time and space, where we differentiate across the urban–rural hierarchy. As migration is claimed to be a moderating factor in the ageing of places, we assess how the share of immigrants relates to ageing patterns. Our findings show that the share of older individuals increases in more peripheral localities and that there has been convergence across municipalities. However, the share of foreign population is negatively related to the ageing profile of a place. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Using data for over four decades, we examine the ageing of Swedish municipalities and if there has been convergence or divergence across time and space, where we differentiate across the urban–rural hierarchy. As migration is claimed to be a moderating factor in the ageing of places, we assess how the share of immigrants relates to ageing patterns. Our findings show that the share of older individuals increases in more peripheral localities and that there has been convergence across municipalities. However, the share of foreign population is negatively related to the ageing profile of a place. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Using data for over four decades, we examine the ageing of Swedish municipalities and if there has been convergence or divergence across time and space, where we differentiate across the urban–rural hierarchy. As migration is claimed to be a moderating factor in the ageing of places, we assess how the share of immigrants relates to ageing patterns. Our findings show that the share of older individuals increases in more peripheral localities and that there has been convergence across municipalities. However, the share of foreign population is negatively related to the ageing profile of a place. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Using data for over four decades, we examine the ageing of Swedish municipalities and if there has been convergence or divergence across time and space, where we differentiate across the urban–rural hierarchy. As migration is claimed to be a moderating factor in the ageing of places, we assess how the share of immigrants relates to ageing patterns. Our findings show that the share of older individuals increases in more peripheral localities and that there has been convergence across municipalities. However, the share of foreign population is negatively related to the ageing profile of a place. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Using data for over four decades, we examine the ageing of Swedish municipalities and if there has been convergence or divergence across time and space, where we differentiate across the urban–rural hierarchy. As migration is claimed to be a moderating factor in the ageing of places, we assess how the share of immigrants relates to ageing patterns. Our findings show that the share of older individuals increases in more peripheral localities and that there has been convergence across municipalities. However, the share of foreign population is negatively related to the ageing profile of a place. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Using data for over four decades, we examine the ageing of Swedish municipalities and if there has been convergence or divergence across time and space, where we differentiate across the urban–rural hierarchy. As migration is claimed to be a moderating factor in the ageing of places, we assess how the share of immigrants relates to ageing patterns. Our findings show that the share of older individuals increases in more peripheral localities and that there has been convergence across municipalities. However, the share of foreign population is negatively related to the ageing profile of a place. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Using data for over four decades, we examine the ageing of Swedish municipalities and if there has been convergence or divergence across time and space, where we differentiate across the urban–rural hierarchy. As migration is claimed to be a moderating factor in the ageing of places, we assess how the share of immigrants relates to ageing patterns. Our findings show that the share of older individuals increases in more peripheral localities and that there has been convergence across municipalities. However, the share of foreign population is negatively related to the ageing profile of a place.

In recent times, environmental health quality has raised issues on dynamics of population, financial development and environmental health quality in Nigeria. The present study has made an attempt to explore interlinks among these variables using Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) bound cointegration approach. The study period is from1980 to 2019. The coefficient of population has a positive and statistically significant effect on carbon emission proxy for environmental quality for both short and long-run. The coefficient market capitalization (MCP) is statistically significant at 5% level and with the positive sign in the both short-run and long–run. However, credit to private sector has negative and significant impact on carbon emission. Nigeria should develop its financial sector to enhance investment in energy saving equipment that will reduce carbon emission, hence improve environmental quality. Also, the growing population should be encouraged to use the clean form of energy for their daily activities.

We propose a general analytical framework to model the redistributive features of alternative pension systems when individuals face ex ante differences in mortality. Differences in life expectancy between high and low socioeconomic groups are often large and have widened recently in many countries. Such longevity gaps affect the actuarial fairness and progressivity of public pension systems. However, behavioral responses to longevity and policy complicate analysis of possible reforms. Here we consider how various pension systems would perform in an OLG setting with heterogeneous longevity and ability. We evaluate redistributive effects of three Notional Defined Contribution plans and three Defined Benefit plans, calibrated on the US case. Compared to a benchmark non-redistributive plan that accounts for differences in mortality, US Social Security reduces regressivity from longevity differences, but would require group-specific life tables to achieve progressivity. Moreover, without separate life tables, despite apparent accounting gains, lower income groups would suffer welfare losses and higher income groups would enjoy welfare gains through indirect effects of pension systems on labor supply.

We propose a general analytical framework to model the redistributive features of alternative pension systems when individuals face ex ante differences in mortality. Differences in life expectancy between high and low socioeconomic groups are often large and have widened recently in many countries. Such longevity gaps affect the actuarial fairness and progressivity of public pension systems. However, behavioral responses to longevity and policy complicate analysis of possible reforms. Here we consider how various pension systems would perform in an OLG setting with heterogeneous longevity and ability. We evaluate redistributive effects of three Notional Defined Contribution plans and three Defined Benefit plans, calibrated on the US case. Compared to a benchmark non-redistributive plan that accounts for differences in mortality, US Social Security reduces regressivity from longevity differences, but would require group-specific life tables to achieve progressivity. Moreover, without separate life tables, despite apparent accounting gains, lower income groups would suffer welfare losses and higher income groups would enjoy welfare gains through indirect effects of pension systems on labor supply.

Utilizando datos del Programa de Evaluación de Competencias de Adultos (PIAAC, por sus siglas en inglés) de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, analizamos la brecha en habilidades cognitivas de la población adulta en España con respecto al resto de los países de la Unión Europea. Encontramos que la menor escolarización y el peor contexto socioeconómico de la población española explican, en promedio, respectivamente, un tercio y un cuarto del diferencial en las puntuaciones. La brecha española en las habilidades cognitivas aumenta a lo largo de la distribución de la puntuación PIAAC. Sin embargo, la escolarización y los factores socioeconómicos explican una proporción más grande de esa brecha en la parte baja que en la parte alta de la distribución de habilidades., We explore the cognitive skill gap between the adult population in Spain and in the rest of European Union countries using the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies. We find that differences in schooling account for about a third of the average difference in cognitive test scores, whereas differences in socio-economic background explain about one fourth of the average score gap. While cognitive skill gaps are increasing along the distribution of test scores, differences in educational stocks and socio-economic factors explain a larger fraction of the gap at the bottom than at the top of the skill distribution.

Artículo de revista, De acuerdo con la estadística de Cifras de Población del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), con datos a 1 de julio, la población prolongó el perfil de suave recuperación mantenido tras la crisis, al registrar una variación interanual del 0,4%. Este avance de población se produjo a pesar del deterioro del saldo vegetativo, que fue más que compensado por el saldo migratorio, cuya contribución positiva se debió al aumento de los flujos de entrada y, sobre todo, al menor número de salidas. Con respecto a las últimas proyecciones del INE, de octubre de 2018, que llegan hasta el año 2068, se estima que la población total seguirá creciendo hasta alcanzar un máximo de 50 millones en 2048, año a partir del que experimentará caídas moderadas. Detrás de estas proyecciones se encuentran unos flujos migratorios netos positivos y una tasa de fertilidad con una muy suave tendencia al alza en todo el horizonte de proyección. En relación con las anteriores estimaciones del INE, publicadas dos años antes, estas cifras suponen una importante revisión al alza (de unos 7 millones de habitantes al final del horizonte temporal). Este mayor crecimiento de la población, en relación con lo previsto en 2016, debería traducirse en un mayor crecimiento potencial de la economía. Por lo que se refiere a la comparación con proyecciones de otras instituciones, las discrepancias entre ellas se deben a diferencias en los supuestos de partida, si bien coinciden en anticipar un acusado aumento de la tasa de dependencia en los 30 próximos años.

Este estudio utiliza datos de dos encuestas de individuos en Estados Unidos, el Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) y el Medical Expenses Panel Survey (MEPS), para analizar posibles diferencias en el estado de salud entre las personas casadas y las solteras, ambas en edad de trabajar. Cuando se comparan individuos con la misma edad, renta, educación, sexo y raza, se encuentra que las personas casadas declaran un estado de salud superior al de las solteras. Esta diferencia es aproximadamente de 5 puntos porcentuales en edades de 35-40 años y aumenta hasta 10 puntos porcentuales en edades de 55-59 años. El mejor estado de salud entre los casados es similar para hombres y mujeres. Por otra parte, una vez se mantienen constantes las diferencias no observadas en la salud innata (modelizadas como una variable latente que varía con la edad, y que está potencialmente correlacionada entre periodos y con la probabilidad de estar casado) encontramos que el efecto positivo del matrimonio sobre la salud desaparece entre los jóvenes (hasta 40 años), mientras que se sitúa alrededor de 5 puntos porcentuales en edades más avanzadas (entre los 55 y 59 años). Estos resultados indican que los diferenciales observados se deben principalmente a un sesgo de selección a edades tempranas, pero que puede haber un efecto protector del matrimonio a edades avanzadas. Explorando los mecanismos existentes detrás de este resultado, encontramos que una mejor salud innata se asocia con una mayor probabilidad de estar casado y una menor probabilidad de divorciarse, y que existe un fuerte emparejamiento selectivo de las parejas según su salud innata. También encontramos que las personas casadas tienen una mayor probabilidad de seguir comportamientos saludables que las solteras. Finalmente, encontramos que la tenencia de un seguro médico es una variable muy importante a la hora de explicar el efecto beneficioso del matrimonio sobre la salud, Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), we analyze the health gap between married and unmarried individuals of working-age. Controlling for observables, we find a gap that peaks at 10 percentage points at ages 55-59 years. The marriage health gap is similar for men and women. If we allow for unobserved heterogeneity in innate health (permanent and age-dependent), potentially correlated with timing and likelihood of marriage, we find that the effect of marriage on health disappears below age 40 years, while about 5 percentage points difference between married and unmarried individuals remains at older ages (55-59 years). This indicates that the observed gap is mainly driven by selection into marriage at younger ages, but there might be a protective effect of marriage at older ages. Exploring the mechanisms behind this result, we find that better innate health is associated with a higher probability of marriage and a lower probability of divorce, and there is strong assortative mating among couples by innate health. We also find that married individuals are more likely to have a healthier behavior compared to unmarried ones. Finally, we find that health insurance is critical for the benefi cial effect of marriage

This paper examines the temperature-mortality relationship over the course of the twentieth-century United States both for its own interest and to identify potentially useful adaptations for coming decades. There are three primary findings. First, the mortality impact of days with mean temperature exceeding 807F declined by 75 percent. Almost the entire decline occurred after 1960. Second, the diffusion of residential air conditioning explains essentially the entire decline in hot day–related fatalities. Third, using Dubin and McFadden’s discrete continuous model, the present value of US consumer surplus from the introduction of residential air conditioning is estimated to be $85– $185 billion (2012 dollars).

Previously economic growth was generally discussed in terms of foreign direct investment (FDI), educational growth, savings, investments, inflation as well as trade openness of a nation. Very recently it has been identified that population is one of the major determinants of economic growth of a nation. In the recent years, the study of urbanization has gained a matter of concern in developing countries as it has been recognized as part of a larger process of economic development which is affecting developing countries. South Asian countries are one of the emerging economics and growing at a faster rate over the past few years. At the same time, population of South Asia is growing at a significant rate. Therefore the study has attempted to identify the causal relationship between urban population and economic growth in South Asia using a panel data analysis. The study makes use of the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP), Pesaran as well as Fisher methods for panel unit root test. The panel Pedroni cointegration test suggests that there is long run relationship between the variables. The further panel Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) suggests that there is long run causality running from urban population growth to economic growth in South Asia. The study concludes that the growth of urban population can have significant impact on economic growth in South Asia in the long run.

This paper examines the temperature-mortality relationship over the course of the twentieth-century United States both for its own interest and to identify potentially useful adaptations for coming decades. There are three primary findings. First, the mortality impact of days with mean temperature exceeding 807F declined by 75 percent. Almost the entire decline occurred after 1960. Second, the diffusion of residential air conditioning explains essentially the entire decline in hot day–related fatalities. Third, using Dubin and McFadden’s discrete continuous model, the present value of US consumer surplus from the introduction of residential air conditioning is estimated to be $85– $185 billion (2012 dollars).

Previously economic growth was generally discussed in terms of foreign direct investment (FDI), educational growth, savings, investments, inflation as well as trade openness of a nation. Very recently it has been identified that population is one of the major determinants of economic growth of a nation. In the recent years, the study of urbanization has gained a matter of concern in developing countries as it has been recognized as part of a larger process of economic development which is affecting developing countries. South Asian countries are one of the emerging economics and growing at a faster rate over the past few years. At the same time, population of South Asia is growing at a significant rate. Therefore the study has attempted to identify the causal relationship between urban population and economic growth in South Asia using a panel data analysis. The study makes use of the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP), Pesaran as well as Fisher methods for panel unit root test. The panel Pedroni cointegration test suggests that there is long run relationship between the variables. The further panel Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) suggests that there is long run causality running from urban population growth to economic growth in South Asia. The study concludes that the growth of urban population can have significant impact on economic growth in South Asia in the long run.

Popular discussions of changes in American families over the past 60 years have revolved around the “retreat from marriage.” Concern has focused on increasing levels of nonmarital childbearing, as well as falling marriage rates that stem from both increases in the age at first marriage and greater marital instability. Often lost in these discussions is the fact that the decline of marriage has coincided with a rise in cohabitation. Many “single” Americans now live with a domestic partner and a substantial fraction of “single” mothers are cohabiting, often with the child's father. The share of women who have ever cohabited has nearly doubled over the past 25 years, and the majority of nonmarital births now occur to cohabiting rather than to unpartnered mothers at all levels of education. The emergence of cohabitation as an alternative to marriage has been a key feature of the post–World War II transformation of the American family. These changes in the patterns and trajectories of family structure have a strong socioeconomic gradient. The important divide is between college graduates and others: individuals who have attended college but do not have a four-year degree have family patterns and trajectories that are very similar to those of high school graduates.

Previously economic growth was generally discussed in terms of foreign direct investment (FDI), educational growth, savings, investments, inflation as well as trade openness of a nation. Very recently it has been identified that population is one of the major determinants of economic growth of a nation. In the recent years, the study of urbanization has gained a matter of concern in developing countries as it has been recognized as part of a larger process of economic development which is affecting developing countries. South Asian countries are one of the emerging economics and growing at a faster rate over the past few years. At the same time, population of South Asia is growing at a significant rate. Therefore the study has attempted to identify the causal relationship between urban population and economic growth in South Asia using a panel data analysis. The study makes use of the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP), Pesaran as well as Fisher methods for panel unit root test. The panel Pedroni cointegration test suggests that there is long run relationship between the variables. The further panel Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) suggests that there is long run causality running from urban population growth to economic growth in South Asia. The study concludes that the growth of urban population can have significant impact on economic growth in South Asia in the long run.

BackgroundChild mortality differed greatly within rural regions in Europe before and during the mortality decline. Not much is known about the role of nutrition in such geographic differences, and about the factors affecting the nutritional level and hence the resistance to diseases.ObjectiveFocusing on nutrition, we analyse the effects of soil type, used as an indicator of the farm-level agricultural productivity and hence of nutritional status, on mortality of children aged 1-15 living in five rural parishes in southern Sweden, 1850-1914.MethodsUsing longitudinal demographic data combined with unique geographic micro-data on residential histories, the effect of soil type on the mortality risks are analysed considering as outcome all-cause mortality and mortality from non-airborne and airborne infectious diseases.ResultsSoil type primarily affected the mortality of farmers’ children, but not labourers’ children. Particularly, farmers’ children residing in areas with very high proportions of clayey till (75-100% coverage) experienced lower risks of dying compared to children residing in areas with other soil types such as clay and sandy soils.ConclusionsCertain soil types seem to have influenced the agricultural productivity, which, in turn, affected the nutrition of the farmers’ children and thus their likelihood of dying. The results indicate a relatively important role of nutrition as a mortality predictor for these children.ContributionAs, to our knowledge, the first longitudinal study on the micro-level that analyses the effects of soil type on mortality in a historical rural society, we contribute to the literature on the role of nutrition on the risk of dying in a pre-industrial society.

Con este número se inicia una nueva etapa de la REVISTA DE ECONOMÍA LABORAL (REL) de la Asociación Española de Economía del Trabajo, en la que se publicarán anualmente dos números, uno de ellos de carácter monográfico, el primero es el que ahora se presenta. El tema de este primer número, que no puede ser más oportuno, LAS REFORMAS LABORALES Y LA CRISIS ECONÓMICA. CONSECUENCIAS Y EFECTOS ECONÓMICOS, trata de analizar las reformas laborales aprobadas durante la crisis económica, desde la perspectiva económica, punto de vista no demasiado estudiado, en contraste con el elevado número de monografías y artículos disponibles de este tema desde el punto de vista jurídico. Desde la perspectiva económica parece obligado examinar las reformas laborales más relevantes en el contexto de la última crisis económica, es decir, las reformas laborales aprobadas a lo largo de esa crisis.

En diciembre de 2013, la OCDE publicó un informe (OCDE, 2013)[1]cuyo objetivo era ofrecer una primera evaluación del impacto de la reforma laboral aprobada por el gobierno español en febrero de 2012 (RDL 3/2012, de 10 de febrero, posteriormente tramitado como Ley 3/2012, de 6 de julio, de medidas urgentes para la reforma del mercado laboral). En aquel año, es decir, poco más de doce meses después de ser aprobada, aparecieron varios intentos de evaluación del impacto del conjunto de medidas adoptadas en dicha reforma sobre las principales magnitudes del mercado de trabajo[1] OCDE (2103), The 2012 labour market reform in Spain: a preliminary assessment, OECD Publishing, París.

Dentro de la amplia bibliografía de instituciones nacionales e internacionales relacionada con el estudio de la crisis del mercado de trabajo en España y las reformas aprobadas a lo largo de la crisis, destaca el estudio de la OIT, "ESPAÑA. CRECIMIENTO CON EMPLEO", por la singularidad de no poner el énfasis en las rigideces salariales y del mercado de trabajo y en las regulaciones de las relaciones laborales como causas de los problemas relacionados con el empleo y el paro como sí hacen otros organismos como la OCDE, FMI, BCE O BANCO DE ESPAÑA o el propio Gobierno[1]. Por el contrario, el informe de la OIT insiste para explicar los altos niveles de la economía en otros factores diferentes más vinculados con el modelo productivo y de crecimiento económico.[1] Entre los trabajos de las instituciones oficiales que realizan valoraciones de la reforma laboral de 2012 se encuentran Banco de España (2013), Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social (2013) y OCDE (2013).

Con este número se inicia una nueva etapa de la REVISTA DE ECONOMÍA LABORAL (REL) de la Asociación Española de Economía del Trabajo, en la que se publicarán anualmente dos números, uno de ellos de carácter monográfico, el primero es el que ahora se presenta. El tema de este primer número, que no puede ser más oportuno, LAS REFORMAS LABORALES Y LA CRISIS ECONÓMICA. CONSECUENCIAS Y EFECTOS ECONÓMICOS, trata de analizar las reformas laborales aprobadas durante la crisis económica, desde la perspectiva económica, punto de vista no demasiado estudiado, en contraste con el elevado número de monografías y artículos disponibles de este tema desde el punto de vista jurídico. Desde la perspectiva económica parece obligado examinar las reformas laborales más relevantes en el contexto de la última crisis económica, es decir, las reformas laborales aprobadas a lo largo de esa crisis.

En diciembre de 2013, la OCDE publicó un informe (OCDE, 2013)[1]cuyo objetivo era ofrecer una primera evaluación del impacto de la reforma laboral aprobada por el gobierno español en febrero de 2012 (RDL 3/2012, de 10 de febrero, posteriormente tramitado como Ley 3/2012, de 6 de julio, de medidas urgentes para la reforma del mercado laboral). En aquel año, es decir, poco más de doce meses después de ser aprobada, aparecieron varios intentos de evaluación del impacto del conjunto de medidas adoptadas en dicha reforma sobre las principales magnitudes del mercado de trabajo[1] OCDE (2103), The 2012 labour market reform in Spain: a preliminary assessment, OECD Publishing, París.

Dentro de la amplia bibliografía de instituciones nacionales e internacionales relacionada con el estudio de la crisis del mercado de trabajo en España y las reformas aprobadas a lo largo de la crisis, destaca el estudio de la OIT, "ESPAÑA. CRECIMIENTO CON EMPLEO", por la singularidad de no poner el énfasis en las rigideces salariales y del mercado de trabajo y en las regulaciones de las relaciones laborales como causas de los problemas relacionados con el empleo y el paro como sí hacen otros organismos como la OCDE, FMI, BCE O BANCO DE ESPAÑA o el propio Gobierno[1]. Por el contrario, el informe de la OIT insiste para explicar los altos niveles de la economía en otros factores diferentes más vinculados con el modelo productivo y de crecimiento económico.[1] Entre los trabajos de las instituciones oficiales que realizan valoraciones de la reforma laboral de 2012 se encuentran Banco de España (2013), Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social (2013) y OCDE (2013).

Con este número se inicia una nueva etapa de la REVISTA DE ECONOMÍA LABORAL (REL) de la Asociación Española de Economía del Trabajo, en la que se publicarán anualmente dos números, uno de ellos de carácter monográfico, el primero es el que ahora se presenta. El tema de este primer número, que no puede ser más oportuno, LAS REFORMAS LABORALES Y LA CRISIS ECONÓMICA. CONSECUENCIAS Y EFECTOS ECONÓMICOS, trata de analizar las reformas laborales aprobadas durante la crisis económica, desde la perspectiva económica, punto de vista no demasiado estudiado, en contraste con el elevado número de monografías y artículos disponibles de este tema desde el punto de vista jurídico. Desde la perspectiva económica parece obligado examinar las reformas laborales más relevantes en el contexto de la última crisis económica, es decir, las reformas laborales aprobadas a lo largo de esa crisis.

Con este número se inicia una nueva etapa de la REVISTA DE ECONOMÍA LABORAL (REL) de la Asociación Española de Economía del Trabajo, en la que se publicarán anualmente dos números, uno de ellos de carácter monográfico, el primero es el que ahora se presenta. El tema de este primer número, que no puede ser más oportuno, LAS REFORMAS LABORALES Y LA CRISIS ECONÓMICA. CONSECUENCIAS Y EFECTOS ECONÓMICOS, trata de analizar las reformas laborales aprobadas durante la crisis económica, desde la perspectiva económica, punto de vista no demasiado estudiado, en contraste con el elevado número de monografías y artículos disponibles de este tema desde el punto de vista jurídico. Desde la perspectiva económica parece obligado examinar las reformas laborales más relevantes en el contexto de la última crisis económica, es decir, las reformas laborales aprobadas a lo largo de esa crisis.

En diciembre de 2013, la OCDE publicó un informe (OCDE, 2013)[1]cuyo objetivo era ofrecer una primera evaluación del impacto de la reforma laboral aprobada por el gobierno español en febrero de 2012 (RDL 3/2012, de 10 de febrero, posteriormente tramitado como Ley 3/2012, de 6 de julio, de medidas urgentes para la reforma del mercado laboral). En aquel año, es decir, poco más de doce meses después de ser aprobada, aparecieron varios intentos de evaluación del impacto del conjunto de medidas adoptadas en dicha reforma sobre las principales magnitudes del mercado de trabajo[1] OCDE (2103), The 2012 labour market reform in Spain: a preliminary assessment, OECD Publishing, París.

Dentro de la amplia bibliografía de instituciones nacionales e internacionales relacionada con el estudio de la crisis del mercado de trabajo en España y las reformas aprobadas a lo largo de la crisis, destaca el estudio de la OIT, "ESPAÑA. CRECIMIENTO CON EMPLEO", por la singularidad de no poner el énfasis en las rigideces salariales y del mercado de trabajo y en las regulaciones de las relaciones laborales como causas de los problemas relacionados con el empleo y el paro como sí hacen otros organismos como la OCDE, FMI, BCE O BANCO DE ESPAÑA o el propio Gobierno[1]. Por el contrario, el informe de la OIT insiste para explicar los altos niveles de la economía en otros factores diferentes más vinculados con el modelo productivo y de crecimiento económico.[1] Entre los trabajos de las instituciones oficiales que realizan valoraciones de la reforma laboral de 2012 se encuentran Banco de España (2013), Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social (2013) y OCDE (2013).

Dentro de la amplia bibliografía de instituciones nacionales e internacionales relacionada con el estudio de la crisis del mercado de trabajo en España y las reformas aprobadas a lo largo de la crisis, destaca el estudio de la OIT, "ESPAÑA. CRECIMIENTO CON EMPLEO", por la singularidad de no poner el énfasis en las rigideces salariales y del mercado de trabajo y en las regulaciones de las relaciones laborales como causas de los problemas relacionados con el empleo y el paro como sí hacen otros organismos como la OCDE, FMI, BCE O BANCO DE ESPAÑA o el propio Gobierno[1]. Por el contrario, el informe de la OIT insiste para explicar los altos niveles de la economía en otros factores diferentes más vinculados con el modelo productivo y de crecimiento económico.[1] Entre los trabajos de las instituciones oficiales que realizan valoraciones de la reforma laboral de 2012 se encuentran Banco de España (2013), Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social (2013) y OCDE (2013).

Con este número se inicia una nueva etapa de la REVISTA DE ECONOMÍA LABORAL (REL) de la Asociación Española de Economía del Trabajo, en la que se publicarán anualmente dos números, uno de ellos de carácter monográfico, el primero es el que ahora se presenta. El tema de este primer número, que no puede ser más oportuno, LAS REFORMAS LABORALES Y LA CRISIS ECONÓMICA. CONSECUENCIAS Y EFECTOS ECONÓMICOS, trata de analizar las reformas laborales aprobadas durante la crisis económica, desde la perspectiva económica, punto de vista no demasiado estudiado, en contraste con el elevado número de monografías y artículos disponibles de este tema desde el punto de vista jurídico. Desde la perspectiva económica parece obligado examinar las reformas laborales más relevantes en el contexto de la última crisis económica, es decir, las reformas laborales aprobadas a lo largo de esa crisis.

En diciembre de 2013, la OCDE publicó un informe (OCDE, 2013)[1]cuyo objetivo era ofrecer una primera evaluación del impacto de la reforma laboral aprobada por el gobierno español en febrero de 2012 (RDL 3/2012, de 10 de febrero, posteriormente tramitado como Ley 3/2012, de 6 de julio, de medidas urgentes para la reforma del mercado laboral). En aquel año, es decir, poco más de doce meses después de ser aprobada, aparecieron varios intentos de evaluación del impacto del conjunto de medidas adoptadas en dicha reforma sobre las principales magnitudes del mercado de trabajo[1] OCDE (2103), The 2012 labour market reform in Spain: a preliminary assessment, OECD Publishing, París.

Le but de cet article est d'étudier le rôle de la population dans la croissance et le déclin d'uneéconomie exploitant une ressource naturelle renouvelable. Pour ce faire, on compare lecomportement d’un modèle avec population endogène à celui d’un modèle similaire où cettevariable est ignorée. Deux cas de figure sont envisagés selon la nature des coûts d'exploitationde la ressource. Il apparaît que la prise en compte de la population permet d’enrichir et/ou denuancer les résultats obtenus sans population, sans que ceux-ci soient fondamentalement remisen question., The aim of this article is to study the role of population in the growth and decline of aneconomy relying on a renewable resource. We compare the behaviour of a model wherepopulation is endogenous with the one of a similar model where this variable is ignored. Twodifferent cases are considered depending on the form of the extraction costs of the resource.Taking the population into account allows us to enrich and qualify the results withoutpopulation, without putting them fundamentally into question., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The purpose of this paper is to explain why, in 1966, the Romanian leadership adopted a wholly restrictive pronatalist policy, based on the strict limitation of abortion, instead of one based on socioeconomic incentives to families, as suggested by technocrats. Previous literature shows disagreement on whether the choice was motivated by moralistic or economic considerations. In order to find an answer to this question, hundreds of pages of archival material unpublished so far have been analysed, including the minutes of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, statistics, documents identified in the Ministry of Health Archive, and the technical reports that were on the table at the time of the decision. The conclusion of this study, drawn on the basis of these documents, indicates that at the time of 1966, regardless of the suggestions of the technocrats, a decision had already been taken by Ceausescu himself. This decision was influenced directly by economic considerations, namely the wish to obtain the maximum pronatalist effect at a minimum budgetary cost.

In this paper, we define The Chinese Saving Puzzle as the persistently high national saving rate at 34-53 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in the past three decades and a surge in the saving rate by 11 percentage points from 2000-2008. Using data from the Flow of Funds Accounts (FFA) and Urban Household Surveys (UHS) supplemented by the findings from existing studies, we analyze the sources and causes of China's high and rising saving rates in the government, corporate, and household sectors. Although the causes of China's high saving are complex, we suggest that the evolving economic, demographic, and policy trends in the internal and external environments of the Chinese economy will likely lead to a decline in national saving in the foreseeable future.

This paper considers the distribution of consumption expenditures for a large sample of documented and undocumented immigrants in Italy. Using the one-sided and two-sided Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, we show that the distribution of consumption of immigrants with higher permanence in the host country first-order stochastically dominates the one of immigrants with lower permanence. These distributions are first-order stochastically dominated by the ones of natives with similar characteristics. Apart from differences in the first years since migration, undocumented immigrants show similar consumption distributions to the ones of documented immigrants. All results also hold when correcting for possible immigrants’ misreporting on their legal status., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This paper considers the distribution of consumption expenditures for a large sample of documented and undocumented immigrants in Italy. Using the one-sided and two-sided Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, we show that the distribution of consumption of immigrants with higher permanence in the host country first-order stochastically dominates the one of immigrants with lower permanence. These distributions are first-order stochastically dominated by the ones of natives with similar characteristics. Apart from differences in the first years since migration, undocumented immigrants show similar consumption distributions to the ones of documented immigrants. All results also hold when correcting for possible immigrants’ misreporting on their legal status., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This short paper proposes a non-parametric method of accounting for the distribution of background characteristics when testing for segregation in empirical studies. It is shown and exemplified—using data on workplace segregation between immigrants and natives in Sweden—how the method can be applied to correct any measure of segregation for differences between groups in the distribution of covariates by means of simulation, and how analytical results can be used when studying segregation by means of peer group exposure.

Este artículo se refiere a la aplicación de la curva logística, que es un instrumento matemático usado por biólogos y demografistas para describir el crecimiento de poblaciones animales y de poblaciones humanas, así como para formular pronósticos futuros, a los censos de la ciudad de Medellín - Colombia, efectuados entre 1912 y 2005. Presentamos aquí la aplicación del método para calcular la curva logística de una población a partir de recuentos anteriores, y usando la técnica de mínimos cuadrados, desarrollada por Gabriel Poveda Ramos en la referencia [1]. La parte numérica del proceso se ilustra de una manera simple para un mejor entendimiento del manejo de esta técnica que, aunque es muy conocida y sencilla de usar, hasta hoy no se ha empleado (que sepamos) para ajustar dicha curva.

Seit ihrer Einführung ist die Leistungsvergütung der Pflegeversicherung in ihrer Höhe unverändert geblieben. Orientiert an der allgemeinen Preisentwicklung bedeutet dies eine reale Abwertung des Versicherungswertes. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags soll anhand von Daten aus der Hilfe zur Pflege - jene Sozialhilfekategorie, die vor Einführung der Gesetzlichen Pflegeversicherung den Pflegefall abdeckte - ein Dynamisierungsparameter ermittelt werden, der dem Erhalt der Kaufkraft der Pflegeversicherungsleistungen dient. Zudem werden die Auswirkungen der mittels diesen Faktors abgeleiteten kaufkrafterhaltenden Pflegeversicherungsleistungen auf die künftige Entwicklung des Beitragssatzes aufgezeigt.

Jegliche Veränderungen im Inanspruchnahmeverhalten bei der Wahl der Art der Pflege von einer günstigeren hin zu einer teureren Versorgungsform gehen mit Auswirkungen auf die zukünftige Ausgabenentwicklung der gesetzlichen Pflegeversicherung einher. Dabei ist ein verändertes Inanspruchnahmeverhalten bereits das Resultat der demographischen Entwicklung, möglicherweise verschärft durch sich verändernde Haushalts- und Familienstrukturen sowie eine zunehmende Erwerbsbeteiligung der Frauen. In welchem Ausmaß Veränderungen in den Pflegearrangements mit Ausgabensteigerungen einhergehen, soll im Rahmen dieses Beitrags untersucht werden.

Seit ihrer Einführung ist die Leistungsvergütung der Pflegeversicherung in ihrer Höhe unverändert geblieben. Orientiert an der allgemeinen Preisentwicklung bedeutet dies eine reale Abwertung des Versicherungswertes. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags soll anhand von Daten aus der Hilfe zur Pflege - jene Sozialhilfekategorie, die vor Einführung der Gesetzlichen Pflegeversicherung den Pflegefall abdeckte - ein Dynamisierungsparameter ermittelt werden, der dem Erhalt der Kaufkraft der Pflegeversicherungsleistungen dient. Zudem werden die Auswirkungen der mittels dieses Faktors abgeleiteten kaufkrafterhaltenden Pflegeversicherungsleistungen auf die künftige Entwicklung des Beitragssatzes aufgezeigt.

Using detailed survey data from Nepal, this paper examines the determinants of child labor with a special emphasis on urban proximity. We find that children residing in or near urban centers attend school more and work less in total but are more likely to be involved in wage work or in a small business. The larger the urban center, the stronger the effect is. Urban proximity is found to reduce the workload of children and improve school attendance up to 3 hours of travel time from the city. In areas of commercialized agriculture located 3 to 7 hours from the city, children do more farm work. Urban proximity effects are accounted for by a combination of local labor supply and demand conditions, most notably the local importance of agriculture, the education level of the parents, and the local wage rate. Child servants, which represent a small proportion of all children, work much harder than other children and appear particularly at risk.

This paper studies the loss of human capital that emigration generates in the country of origin. To that end I estimate the human capital distribution of emigrants had they not migrated. Unlike previous studies, I take into account the selection of migrants in terms of unobserved characteristics that affect their productivity. Wages in Mexico of those migrants who come back home after being abroad for some time will be crucial to learn something about the selection of non-returning migrants in terms of unobserved productivity. To test whether returning migrants' wages contain any useful information, I follow two steps. First, I use the model of Borjas and Bratsberg (1986) to show that, regardless of the cause for coming back, the distribution of abilities of non-returning migrants is more similar to the distribution of temporary migrants than to that of non-migrants. Moreover, I test some implications of the model in the data. Second, I show that returning migrants' wages reflect their pre-emigration productivity and are not affected by possible human capital gains derived from the decision to emigrate. Taking into account all this evidence, I use returning migrants' wages in Mexico upon return to estimate the distribution of human capital of non-returning migrants had they not migrated. I show that emigrants come form the middle part of the distribution of human capital in the origin country. I find evidence that taking unobserved human capital factors into account is relevant for the dispersion of the estimated distribution as well as for each of its quantiles. Moreover, it does not greatly affect the aggregate mean of human capital. [resumen de autor]

Die Einführung eines jeden auf dem Umlageverfahren basierenden Systems verursacht – bei unterstellter Alterung der Bevölkerung – eine intergenerative Umverteilung zu Gunsten der ersten Generationen und zu Lasten jüngerer und nachwachsender Generationen. Am Beispiel der Einführung der gesetzlichen Pflegeversicherung soll im Rahmen dieses Beitrags unter Verwendung des Konzeptes der internen Rendite aufgezeigt werden, inwiefern die ersten Generationen einen Einführungsvorteil aus der Inkraftsetzung der gesetzlichen Pflegeversicherung als Umlageverfahren gezogen haben. Zudem soll mit Hilfe eines Vergleichs der internen Renditen ermittelt werden, erstens, in welchem Ausmaß den einzelnen Generationen die Tilgung der impliziten Schuld aufgebürdet wird und zweitens, welche Kohorten an der Rückzahlung des Einführungsgeschenks beteiligt sind.