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Th e aim of this study was to evaluate the eff ect of adding diff erent dosages of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in diet on growth performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal morphology, and gut microfl ora of broilers. Th e study was conducted on 270 oneday old chickens (Ross 308) during a 42-day period. Broilers were randomly allocated to one of three dietary treatments that diff ered in the content of added yeast: no additional yeast; with 0.25 g/kg; and with 0.65 g/kg of added yeast. Each experimental group contained 90 animals. Th e results from our study showed that diet supplemented with 0.25 g/kg of yeast resulted in better growth performance and carcass quality (P<0.05), improved intestinal morphology (P<0.001), higher development of beneficial microfl ora (Lactobacillus spp.) (P<0.01), and reduction of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli) in guts of broilers than in the group fed only with the basic diet (P<0.05). On the other hand, the group with the highest inclusion of yeast in diet (0.65 g/kg) achieved similar results for the examined parameters as did the group with no added yeast. Th erefore, the adequate dose of S. cerevisiae in diet was 0.25 g/kg of yeast, while higher dose of live yeast in broiler diet (0.65 g/kg) did not achieve better results.

Background. Changes in the intestinal microbiome trigger the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Adverse fluctuations in intestinal microbiota are associated with increased intestinal permeability, activation of mucosal and adaptive immunity, increase in production and intestinal absorption of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The ratio of acetic, propionic, butyric acid is an important indicator of the integrity of the microbial community of the intestine. Thus, the study of the gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids production represents a very appealing approach to increasing our knowledge about the mechanisms leading to NAFLD in children. The purpose of the study was to determine the features of the fecal short-chain fatty acids (fSCFA) content and the colonic microbiota composition in children with NAFLD. Materials and methods. A comprehensive examination of 102 children was provided in the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology of the Institute of Gastroenterology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. According to the presence of obesity, transient elastography data and alanine aminotransferase levels the patients were divided into four groups: I group — children with simple hepatic steatosis (n = 24); II group — children with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (n = 14); III group — children with obesity without steatosis (n = 48), IV group — children with normal weight (n = 16). Chromatographic study of fSCFA was conducted using gas chromatograph Chromatec-Crystal 5000. The microorganisms were identified using a microbiological study of the colon content. Diagnosis of NAFLD was established with FibroScan 502 Touch (Echosens, France) with the determination of the controlled attenuation parameter. Results. Significant changes in the spectrum of fSCFA were observed in children of the III group with acetic acid content increased by 4.8 times (р < 0.05), propionic acid by 1.5 times (р, Актуальность. Качественные и количественные изменения кишечного микробиома способствуют развитию и прогрессированию неалкогольной жировой болезни печени (НАЖБП). Девиации представительства кишечной микрофлоры ассоциированы с повышением кишечной проницаемости, активацией врожденных и адаптивных иммунных реакций, увеличением продукции и всасывания в кишечнике короткоцепочечных жирных кислот (КЖК). Соотношение уксусной, пропионовой и масляной кислот является важным показателем целостности микробного сообщества кишечника. Таким образом, изучение состава кишечной микробиоты и продукции короткоцепочечных жирных кислот представляет собой перспективное направление, способствующее пониманию механизмов, приводящих к развитию НАЖБП у детей. Цель работы: изучить особенности состояния кишечной микрофлоры и содержания фекальных короткоцепочечных жирных кислот у детей с НАЖБП. Материалы и методы. Комплексное обследование 102 детей было проведено в отделении детской гастроэнтерологии Института гастроэнтерологии Национальной академии медицинских наук Украины. В зависимости от наличия ожирения, данных транзиентной эластографии и уровня аланинаминотрансферазы пациенты были разделены на четыре группы: I группа — дети с простым стеатозом печени (n = 24); II группа — дети с неалкогольным стеатогепатитом (НАСГ) (n = 14); III группа — дети с ожирением без стеатоза (n = 48), IV группа — дети с нормальным весом (n = 16). Хроматографическое исследование КЖК проводилось с помощью газового хроматографа «Хроматек-Кристалл 5000». Идентификация микроорганизмов осуществлялась с использованием микробиологического исследования содержимого толстой кишки. Диагноз НАЖБП подтвержден при помощи аппарата «FibroScan 502 Touch» (Echosens, Франция) с определением контролируемого параметра затухания ультразвука. Результаты. У детей с ожирением (III группа) выявлены значительные изменения в спектре КЖК: увеличение содержания уксусной кислоты в 4,8 раза (р < 0,05), пропионовой кислоты в 1,5 раза (р < 0,001, Актуальність. Якісні та кількісні зміни стану кишкового мікробіому сприяють розвитку та прогресуванню неалкогольної жирової хвороби печінки (НАЖХП). Девіації представництва кишкової мікробіоти асоційовані з підвищенням кишкової проникності, активацією механізмів вродженого та адаптивного імунітету, збільшенням продукції та всмоктування коротколанцюгових жирних кислот (КЖК). Співвідношення оцтової, пропіонової, масляної кислот є важливим показником цілісності мікробної спільноти кишечника. Таким чином, вивчення складу мікробіоти кишечника та продукції КЖК є перспективним напрямком, що сприяє розумінню механізмів, які призводять до розвитку НАЖХП у дітей. Мета роботи: вивчити особливості стану кишкової мікрофлори й умісту фекальних коротколанцюгових жирних кислот у дітей з ожирінням з урахуванням наявності НАЖХП. Матеріали та методи. Комплексне обстеження 102 дітей було проведене у відділенні дитячої гастроентерології Інституту гастроентерології Національної академії медичних наук України. Відповідно до наявності ожиріння, даних транзієнтної еластографії і рівня аланін­амінотрансферази пацієнти були розділені на чотири групи: I група — діти з простим стеатозом печінки (n = 24); II група — діти з неалкогольним стеатогепатитом (НАСГ) (n = 14); III група — діти з ожирінням без стеатозу печінки (n = 48); IV група — діти з нормальною вагою (n = 16). Хроматографічне дослідження КЖК проводилося за допомогою газового хроматографу «Хроматек-Кристал 5000». Ідентифікація мікроорганізмів здійснювалася з використанням мікробіологічного дослідження вмісту товстої кишки. Діагноз НАЖХП підтверджений за допомогою апарата «FibroScan 502 Touch» (Echosens, Франція) з визначенням контрольованого параметра загасання ультразвуку. Результати. У дітей з ожирінням (III група) виявлені значні зміни в спектрі КЖК: збільшення вмісту оцтової кислоти в 4,8 раза (р < 0,05), пропіонової кислоти в 1,5 раза (р < 0,001) і масляної кислоти в 1,7 раза порівняно з контрольною групою. У дітей з НАСГ в

Background. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) typically presented by Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are still regarded as one of the most difficult and unsolved challenges in contemporary gastroenterology due to its wide spread, high incidence, severe disease progression and complications in diagnosis. Unfortunately, the etiology of IBD is still unknown, but the hypothesis of an immune “hyper-response” caused by environmental factors in relation to the altered gut microbiota or pathogenic microorganisms in a genetically susceptible host is considered the most plausible. The changes of microbiota in IBD are widely recognized and their studies are of great significance for deeper understanding of etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases, as well as for the search of new alternative methods of their treatment. Therefore, the studies of the intestinal dysbiosis in IBD attract more and more attention of the scientists worldwide. Purpose: the current paper aims at studying the features of intestinal dysbiosis and the incidence of small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in patients with IBD depending on the disease area and gender. Materials and methods. Forty-six patients with IBD aged 20 to 79 years have been examined, their average age was (47.4 ± 2.4) years. The patients have been distributed into two groups according to the di­sease area. The first group consisted of 15 individuals with CD, the second group included 31 patients with UC. There were 19 females and 27 males in these groups. All patients underwent hydrogen breath test for SIBO detection and the bacteriologic fecal culture. Results. The microbiological study has revealed the presence of deep qualitative and quantitative changes in the colonic microflora in 97.8 % of patients with IBD, with predominance of dysbiosis II in 48.4 % of people with UC and dysbiosis II and III in 33.3 % of individuals with CD. These changes were caused by a decrease in the quantity of bifidobacteria and l, Актуальность. В настоящее время хронические воспалительные заболевания кишечника (ХВЗК), яркими представителями которых являются болезнь Крона (БК) и неспецифический язвенный колит (НЯК), в связи с высокой распространенностью и заболеваемостью, тяжестью течения заболевания и трудностями диагностики остаются одной из наиболее сложных и нерешенных проблем современной гастроэнтерологии. К сожалению, и сегодня этиология ХВЗК точно неизвестна, однако наиболее вероятной считают гипотезу иммунного «гиперответа», вызванного факторами окружающей среды к измененной микробиоте кишечника или патогенным микроорганизмам у генетически склонного хозяина. Изменения микробиоты при ХВЗК общепризнанны, а их исследование имеет большое значение для более глубокого понимания этиологии и патогенеза этих заболеваний и поиска новых альтернативных методов лечения. Именно поэтому исследования дисбиоза кишечника при ХВЗК привлекают все большее внимание ученых всего мира. Цель исследования: исследовать особенности дисбиоза кишечника и частоту синдрома избыточного бактериального роста (СИБР) у пациентов с ХВЗК в зависимости от нозологии и пола. Материалы и методы. Проведено обследование 46 больных ХВЗК в возрасте от 20 до 79 лет, в среднем (47,4 ± 2,4) года. В зависимости от нозологии все пациенты были разделены на 2 группы. Первую составляли 15 пациентов с БK, вторую — 31 больной НЯК. Среди пациентов было 19 женщин и 27 мужчин. Всем больным был проведен водородный дыхательный тест (ВДТ) для выявления СИБР и бактериологическое исследование кала. Результаты. Микробиологические исследования выявили наличие глубоких изменений качественного и количественного состава микрофлоры толстой кишки у 97,8 % больных ХВЗК, с преобладанием дисбиоза II степени у 48,4 % больных НЯК и дисбиоза II и III степени у 33,3 % больных БК. Эти изменения были обусловлены уменьшением количества бифидо- и лактофлоры, повышением концентрации условно-патогенных микроорганизмов и дрожжеподобных грибов. Результаты, полученные при, Актуальність. На даний час хронічні запальні захворювання кишечника (ХЗЗК), яскравими представниками яких є хвороба Крона (ХК) та неспецифічний виразковий коліт (НВК), у зв’язку з високою поширеністю та захворюваністю, тяжкістю перебігу захворювання та труднощами діагностики залишаються однією з найбільш складних і невирішених проблем сучасної гастроентерології. На жаль, і на сьогодні етіологія ХЗЗК достеменно невідома, однак найбільш вірогідною вважають гіпотезу імунної «гіпервідповіді», викликаної чинниками навколишнього середовища до зміненої мікробіоти кишечника або патогенних мікроорганізмів у генетично схильного хазяїна. Зміни мікробіоти при ХЗЗК загальновизнані, а їх дослідження має велике значення для глибшого розуміння етіології та патогенезу цих захворювань та пошуку нових альтернативних методів лікування. Саме тому дослідження дисбіозу кишечника при ХЗЗК привертають дедалі більшу увагу науковців усього світу. Мета дослідження: дослідити особливості дисбіозу кишечника та частоту синдрому надлишкового бактеріального росту (СНБР) у пацієнтів із ХЗЗК залежно від нозології та статі. Матеріали та методи. Проведене обстеження 46 хворих на ХЗЗК віком від 20 до 79 років, у середньому (47,4 ± 2,4) року. Залежно від нозології всі пацієнти були розподілені на 2 групи. Першу становили 15 пацієнтів iз XK, другу — 31 хворий на НВК. Серед пацієнтів було 19 жінок і 27 чоловіків. Усім хворим було проведено водневий дихальний тест (ВДТ) для виявлення синдрому надлишкового бактеріального росту та бактеріологічне дослідження калу. Результати. Мікробіологічні дослідження виявили наявність глибоких змін якісного та кількісного складу мікрофлори товстої кишки у 97,8 % хворих на ХЗЗК, з переважанням дисбіозу ІІ ступеня у 48,4 % хворих на НВК та дисбіозу ІІ і ІІІ ступеня у 33,3 % хворих на ХК. Ці зміни були обумовлені зменшенням кількості біфідо- та лактофлори, підвищенням концентрації умовно-патогенних мікроорганізмів і дріжджоподібних грибів. Результати, отримані при проведенні

This study explored the effects of dietary pantothenic acid (PA) supplement on juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing six graded levels of pantothenic acid (0, 16.4, 20.0, 26.0, 33.4 and 37.0 mg/kg) were formulated. Juvenile golden pompano (8.80±0.10g) were randomly assigned into six groups with three replicates in each group and 20 fish in each replicate. The fish were fed twice a day for 8 weeks. The results indicated that PA deficiency caused clubbed gills with interlamellar proliferative lesions. Survival rate increased significantly (P＜0.05) when PA levels were increased. Dietary PA significantly increased the activities of hepatic acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione reductase (GR) (P＜0.05) and their activities reached the maximum in the Diet-P4 group. A diet supplemented with 20.0 and 26.0 mg/kg PA significantly decreased (P＜0.05) the activity of hepatic MDA. Dietary PA also increased the diversity and abundance of intestinal microflora and inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria. In conclusion, PA deficiency caused lesions of gills and optimal PA supplement in diet increased hepatic antioxidative abilities and improved intestinal microflora of juvenile golden pompano.

Recent studies have suggested the role of an infectious component in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In light of this, research has focused on some bacteria constituting the intestinal microbial flora which can produce amyloid. Once generated, the latter hypothetically triggers a systemic inflammatory response which compromises complex brain functions, such as learning and memory. Clinical studies have shown that, in cognitively impaired elderly patients with brain amyloidosis, there is lower abundance in the gut of E. rectale and B. fragilis, two bacterial species which have an anti-inflammatory activity, versus a greater amount of pro-inflammatory genera such as Escherichia/Shigella. According to these findings, some clinical studies have demonstrated that supplementation with Lactobacilli- and Bifidobacteria- based probiotics has improved cognitive, sensory and emotional functions in subjects with AD. Moreover, certain herbal products, in particular dietetic polyphenols, have proved capable of restoring dysbiosis and, therefore, their prebiotic role could be effective in counteracting the onset of AD regardless of their activity of free radical scavenging or enhancement of the cell stress response. One of the recent greatest novelties in the field of neurodegenerative diseases is the chance to prevent or slow down AD progression with agents, such as probiotics and prebiotics, acting outside the central nervous system.

This 70 day trial was conducted to investigate the effects of surfactin on intestinal morphology and intestinal microflora of growth retarded marbled eels (Anguilla marmorata). A total of six hundred and forty marbled eels at elver stage were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups on the basis of body weight. There were 4 replicate tanks in each treatment group with 40 fish per tank. Four diets were formulated with four levels of dietary surfactin: 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for 70 days. Retarded marbled eels fed diets with surfactin supplementation had enhanced mucosa folds in their intestines (P<0.05). It seems that the quantity of mucosa folds increased with the increasing surfactin levels in the diet. Dietary surfactin supplementation decreased the E. coli population significantly (P<0.05), and increased the Lactobacillus population significantly (P<0.05), but had no effect on total bacterial population in intestines of marbled eels (P>0.05). Results of the present study indicate that surfactin improves intestinal function in retarded elvers of marbled eels.

The worldwide prevalence of obesity more than doubled between 1980 and 2014. The obesity pandemic is tightly linked to an increase in energy availability, sedentariness and greater control of ambient temperature that have paralleled the socioeconomic development of the past decades. The most frequent cause which leads to the obesity development is a dysbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor which influence whole-body metabolism by affecting energy balance but also inflammation and gut barrier function, integrate peripheral and central food intake regulatory signals and thereby increase body weight. Probiotics have physiologic functions that contribute to the health of gut microbiota, can affect food intake and appetite, body weight and composition and metabolic functions through gastrointestinal pathways and modulation of the gut bacterial community., Celosvětová prevalence obezity v období let 1980 – 2014 vzrostla na dvojnásobek. Pandemie obezity má paralelu se socioekonomickým vývojem posledního desetiletí a je těsně spojena s nárůstem příjmu potravy, nižším kalorickým výdejem a sedavým způsobem života. Nejčastější příčinou, která vede k vývoji obezity, je nerovnováha mezi příjmem a výdejem energie. Přirozená mikrobiotika střevní mikroflóry ovlivňují celkový tělesný metabolismus tím, že napomáhají udržovat energetickou rovnováhu, správnou funkci bariér, působí protizánětlivě, interferují funkce trávení a tím tak přispívají i k nárůstu tělesné hmotnosti. Probiotika působí vedle těchto přirozených mikrobiotik tím, že ovlivňují příjem potravy a chuť, metabolické funkce, tělesnou hmotnost a ovlivňují gastrointestinální pasáž a modulují funkce střevní mikroflóry.

Diseases cause major production losses in fish farms. Bacteria of the genus Vibrio are known as opportunistic pathogens, and have been associated with mass-mortality episodes. To cope with these disease outbreaks, fish farmers often resort to the use of antibiotics. However, preventive overuse has led to the emergence of resistant strains and frequent treatment failures. Probiotic lactic acid bacteria are increasingly used to improve the quality of seed production in aquaculture, while limiting antibiotic treatments. Microbial strains must fulfil several criteria to be evaluated as potential probiotics.In a first step, we selected and characterized 55 strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fish hatchery. The first selection criterion focused on the in-vitro inhibition of pathogenic Vibrio strains. Lactic acid bacteria with antagonistic properties were tested for biofilm formation. The strains were characterised with the phenotypes, based on enzymatic and physiological tests, and identified by genotyping. In-vivo challenges with Vibrio aligonlyticus were then performed on Artemia. Lactobacillus casei X2 was thus selected, due to the best combination of the attributes that are required for probiotics. The strain showed antagonistic activity, adhered strongly to polystyrene plate, and secured Artemia with the best protection against V. alginolyticus. In a second step, La. casei X2 and a commercial strain of probiotics (Bactocell, Pediococcus acidilactici) were tested on European sea bass larvae, with a view to assess the effects on alevin quality, immune response and associated microbiota. Both of the lactic acid bacteria, La. casei and P. acidilactici, decreased the bacterial load and Vibrio in sea bass larvae. P. acidilactici changed significantly the profile of the bacterial community associated with fish larvae, compared to the control group. La. casei did not affect the structure of the bacterial community, although the strain was detected at high concentra, Les élevages des poissons sont soumis à des épisodes de mortalité anormale. Les bactéries du genre Vibrio sont connues comme des pathogènes opportunistes et ont été associées à ces épisodes de mortalité. Pour faire face à ces problèmes d’épizooties, les pisciculteurs ont le plus souvent recours à l’utilisation des antibiotiques. Néanmoins, des abus dans son utilisation ont malheureusement conduit à l’apparition des souches résistantes et à des fréquents échecs de traitement. Actuellement, les traitements par des bactéries lactiques probiotiques permettent d’améliorer la qualité des alevins produits pour les besoins de l’aquaculture, tout en limitant le recours aux antibiotiques. Pour qu’un micro-organisme soit reconnu comme étant potentiellement probiotique, une évaluation de ce produit basée sur plusieurs critères doit être établie. Dans une première étape, nous avons sélectionné et caractérisé 55 souches de bactéries lactiques isolées en écloserie. Le premier critère de sélection a porté sur l’inhibition de souches de vibrions pathogènes in vitro. Les bactéries lactiques ayant un effet anti Vibrio ont subi des tests de formation de biofilms et des tests de caractérisations phénotypiques, enzymatiques, physiologiques et génétiques, afin de procéder à leur identification. Puis des tests de compétition avec V. aligonlyticus ont été pratiqués in vivo sur des larves d’Artemia. Ce travail nous a permis de sélectionner la souche Lactobacillus casei (X2), car elle présentait la meilleure combinaison de propriétés requises pour un probiotique. Elle possède en effet une bonne activité antagoniste, elle n’est pas hémolytique, elle présente une forte adhérence sur plaque polystyrène et elle offre la meilleure protection contre V. alginolyticus lors du test de challenge avec Artemia. Dans une deuxième étape, la souche retenue (La. casei X2) et une autre déjà commercialisée sous le nom de Bactocell (Pediococcus acidilactici) ont été testées sur des larves de bar, afin d'évaluer

原著, Background: Recent studies have found associations between maternal probiotic consumption and early growth of healthy intestinal flora in their newborns. We gave probiotics to mothers during late pregnancy and compared changes in the intestinal flora of their newborns. Methods: Thirty pregnant women were given 100 gof yogurt containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG(LGG)from the start of the 33rd week of gestation until parturition(LGG group), and the results obtained from their newborns were compared with those from infants born to 20 mothers who had not received this probiotic treatment. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the presence and number of bifidobacteria in newborn meconium and in stool after receiving colostrum, at discharge from hospital, and at ages 1, 4, and 6 to 9 months and 1 year. Results: The LGG group had higher bifidobacteria detection rates, a greater number and variety of flora, and higher detection rates of Bifidobacterium breve. In particular, the bifidobacteria detection rate was significantly higher in the LGG group(p=0.008). Conclusions: Giving LGG yogurt probiotics to pregnant women during late pregnancy significantly increased and maintained bifidobacteria growth in the intestinal flora of their newborns, especially from the start to the end of weaning. 目的: 妊娠後期の母体にプロバイオティクスを摂取させ,出生した児の腸内細菌叢の変化を比較検討した.対象および方法: 妊娠33週の妊婦30例にLactobacillus rhamnosus GG(LGG)ヨーグルト(菌)を出産まで毎日1個摂取させた群をLGG群,摂取していない妊婦20例を対象群とした.出生した児の便中のBifidobacterium属菌をreverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)を用いて定量し経過観察した.検査の時期は,胎便,初乳後,退院時,生後1, 4, 6〜9カ月,1歳で行った.結果: LGG群の方が,Bifidobacterium属菌の検出率,菌数,菌種数,およびBifidobacterium breve(B. breve)の検出率が高く,とくにBifidobacterium属菌の検出率はLGG群で有意に高かった(p=0.008).考察: 妊娠後期の母体が,LGGヨーグルトでプロバイオティクスを摂取し,児の離乳初期から離乳後期におけるBifidobacterium属菌優位の腸内細菌叢の形成が促進され,その後も維持された.

The aim of this study was to evaluate three combinations of antibiotics applied perorally prior to laparotomy and gastrointestinal surgery and to select the most favorable combination. Research was performed on 24 female and male dogs divided into four groups. Following abdominal wall incision the caecum was compressed manually and 5 mL of saline solution was injected into it. Five mL of caecum contents was aspirated in a sterile syringe and only 0.1 mL was incubated into blood agar and homogenous agar. Bacterial colonies were counted and determined. Prior to surgery the control group (n=6) received no antibiotics. The group which received the combination of gentamicin and clindamycin (n=6) achieved the best reduction of E. coli whereas Enterococcus faecals was 100% destroyed. The group which received amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and metronidazole (n=6) acquired a reduction of bacteria Enterococcus faecalis, which could be sufficient for prophylaxis. The combination of gentamicin and erythromycin (n=6) failed to accomplish a reduction of the number of bacteria., Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se procene tri kombinacije antibiotika primenjenih peroralno pre laparotomije i gastrointestinalne hirurgije i da se odredi najefi kasnija kombinacija. Istraživanje na psima je izvedeno na 24 mužjaka i ženke podeljene u četiri grupe. Nakon incizije abdominalnog zida slepo crevo je pritisnuto i ubrizgano je 5 mL fi ziološkog rastvora u njega. Pet mL sadržaja slepog creva je aspirirano u sterilne injekcione špriceve, od čega je samo 0,1 mL inkubiran na krvni i homogeni agar. Nakon toga su prebrojane i determinisane bakterijske kolonije. Pre hirurškog zahvata kontrolna grupa (n=6) nije primila antibiotik. U grupi koja je primila kombinaciju gentamicina i klindamicina (n=6) ostvareno je najveće smanjenje broja E. coli, dok je Enterococcus faecalis uništen u 100% efektu. U grupi koja je primila amoksicilin - klavulansku kiselinu i metronidazol (n=6) ostvareno je smanjenje broja bakterije Enterococcus faecalis, što bi moglo da bude dovoljno za profi laksu. Kombinacija gentamicina i eritromicina (n=6) nije ostvarila zadovoljavajuće rezultate.

Diarrhoea is a common complication observed in critically ill patients. Relationships between diarrhoea, enteral nutrition and aerobic intestinal microflora have been disconnectedly examined in this patient cohort. This research used a two-study, observational design to examine these associations. Higher diarrhoea incidence rates were observed when patients received enteral tube feeding, had abnormal serum blood results, received multiple medications and had aerobic microflora dysbiosis. Further, significant aerobic intestinal microflora changes were observed over time in patients who experienced diarrhoea. These results establish a platform for further work to improve the intestinal health of critically ill patients.

The intestinal microflora is a complex ecosystem composed of numerous genera, species and strains of bacteria. This enormous cell mass performs a variety of unique activities that affect both the colonic and systemic physiology. The gut is colonized by a small number of bacterial species; Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria spp. are seldom, if ever, identified. The predominant species are Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Hygienic conditions and antimicrobial procedures strongly influence the intestinal colonization pattern. But, when large numbers of bacteria colonize the small intestine, a syndrome known as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) occurs. Nutrient malabsorption is a hallmark of the disorder and can result in a multitude of problems for the host. New links between SIBO and disease entities such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), provide intriguing new insights into the pathophysiology of the syndrome. On the other hand, in addition to its role in digestion of food in the gastrointestinal tract, intestinal microflora are also capable of biotransforming numerous drugs. Likewise, intestinal microflora may significantly modulate xenobiotic-induced toxicity by either metabolically activating or inactivating xenobiotics. We herewith present a review of the research on the importance of intestinal microflora and nutrition. Probiotics can introduce missing microbial components with known beneficial functions to the human host. Prebiotics can enhance the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms or probiotics, to maximize sustainable changes in the human microbiome. In addition, among the numerous purported health benefits attributed to probiotic bacteria, their capacity to interact with the host’s immune system is now supported by an increasing number of experiments. In addition to these, a few trials aimed at preventing chronic immune dysregulation hav

The distal intestinal microflora was investigated in 25 women aged from 50–79 years old, health and with osteoporosis, depending on their nutrition. The quantitative representation of intestinal microflora in women with osteoporosis confirms the dysbacteriosis induced by decreased concentration of bifid and lactic bacteria and enhanced concentration of negative microflora. Seventy-eight nutrients in investigated women were analyzed. Food ration of the patients with osteoporosis was found to be more caloric and enriched with essential nutrients in comparison with the food ration of health women. Bone density mass was analyzed depending on the quantitative representation of 9 groups of microorganisms from distal intestine. Enhanced concentration of Enterococcus in distal intestine was significantly associated with worse structure functional condition of bone tissue., Изучен состав микрофлоры дистального отдела кишечника 25 женщин в возрасте 50–79 лет, здоровых и больных остеопорозом, в зависимости от их питания. Количественный состав микрофлоры кишечника женщин, больных остеопорозом, свидетельствует о наличии дисбактериоза, обусловленного снижением содержания бифидо-и лактобактерий и повышенным уровнем нежелательной микрофлоры. Проанализирован состав 78 нутриентов в рационе питания исследуемых женщин. Показано, что рацион питания женщин, больных остеопорозом, является более калорийным и обогащенным эссенциальными нутриентами, чем рацион здоровых женщин. Проанализированы показатели минеральной плотности костной ткани в зависимости от количественного состава представителей девяти групп микроорганизмов, выделенных из дистального отдела кишечника. Достоверно установлено, что с увеличением количества энтерококков в содержимом дистального отдела кишечника наблюдается ухудшение структурно-функционального состояния костной ткани., Вивчено склад мікрофлори дистального відділу кишечника 25 жінок віком 50–79 років, здорових і хворих на остеопороз, залежно від їх харчування. Кількісний склад мікрофлори кишечника жінок, хворих на остеопороз, свідчить про наявність дисбактеріозу, зумовленого зниженням вмісту біфідо- та лактобактерій і збільшеним рівнем небажаної мікрофлори. Проаналізовано склад 78 нутрієнтів у раціоні харчування досліджених жінок. Показано, що раціон харчування пацієнток із захворюванням на остеопороз є більш калорійним та збагаченим на есенціальні нутрієнти, ніж раціон здорових жінок. Проаналізовано показники мінеральної щільності кісткової тканини залежно від кількісного складу представників дев’яти груп мікроорганізмів, виділених із вмісту дистального відділу кишечника. Вірогідно встановлено, що зі збільшенням кількості ентерококів у вмісті дистального відділу кишечника спостерігається погіршення структурно-функціонального стану кісткової тканини.

Background: Because of their unique biological properties and strong antimicrobial activity, silver nanoparticles have received considerable attention and been used widely in an increasing number of consumer and medical products. In the present study, the potential of silver nanoparticles as an alternative antimicrobial growth-promoting supplement for broiler chickens was investigated. Methods: On day 1 of incubation, two groups of fertile eggs were injected with colloidal silver nanoparticles 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg. A third group was not injected and designated as a control group. At day 7 post-hatching, drinking water containing three silver nanoparticle concentrations (0, 10, and 20 mg/kg) was offered for 4 weeks. Body weight and feed consumption were measured weekly. At days 22 and 36, blood samples and intestinal contents were collected to evaluate the effects of the silver nanoparticles on plasma concentrations of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) and intestinal microflora. Results: In ovo injection of silver nanoparticles 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg and subsequent provision in the drinking water during the post-hatch period reduced feed intake by about 5.0 g/day (P = 0.02) and body weight by about 41.0 g (P = 0.001); however, no concurrent effect on feed conversion ratio was observed. Bacterial populations in the ileum were not affected. Numbers of lactose-negative enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria decreased in the cecum (P < 0.05). Silver nanoparticle supplementation increased the concentration of acetic acid (P = 0.006), but not the concentrations of butyric, propionic, valeric, and succinic acid in the cecum. No treatment effects on plasma concentrations of IgG and IgM were noted. Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles affect feed intake, acetic acid concentration, numbers of lactose-negative and lactic acid bacteria, and immunoglobulin levels in broiler chickens. Silver nanoparticles are a potent antimicrobial agent for use in these birds. However

Grapes have high amounts of phenolic compounds, which can modulate the gut activity as well as modify the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract. The microbiological activity of avoparcin, grape pomace concentrate, and grape seed extract was evaluated in an in vitro study. An in vivo experiment was also conducted to study the effect of the inclusion of grape pomace concentrate and grape seed extract in the diet of broiler chicks on performance, intestinal microflora (by cultured and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology), and gut morphology at 21 d of age. Dietary treatments included an antibiotic-free diet (CON), a positive control (AVP; 50 mg/kg of avoparcin), and antibiotic-free diets containing grape pomace concentrate (GPC; 60 g/kg) or grape seed extract (GSE; 7.2 g/kg). Performance was not affected by dietary treatment except in the case of birds fed the GSE diet, which showed decreased weight gain. In the ileal content, birds fed CON and GSE diets had the highest populations of Lactobacillus. Compared with the CON diet, the AVP, GPC, and GSE diets increased the populations of Enterococcus and decreased the counts of Clostridium in the ileal content. In the cecal digesta, birds fed GPC and GSE diets had higher populations of Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Clostridium than birds in any other treatment group. Animals fed GPC and GSE diets showed a higher biodiversity degree than those fed control diets. The frequency of detection of several potential phenol-degrading bacteria as well as unidentified and uncultured organisms was increased in animals fed GPC and GSE diets. Birds fed the CON diet had longer villi and deeper crypt depth than birds in any other treatment group. The highest villi height:crypt depth ratio corresponded to birds fed GPC and AVP diets and the lowest to those fed CON and GSE diets. In conclusion, dietary polyphenol-rich grape products modify the gut morphology and intestinal microfl, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

BACKGROUND: Both gastrointestinal microbiota composition and cesarean section have been linked to atopic manifestations. However, results are inconsistent, and the hypothesized intermediate role of the microbiota in the association between birth mode and atopic manifestations has not been studied yet. OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate the relationship between microbiota composition, mode and place of delivery, and atopic manifestations. METHODS: The Child, Parent and Health: Lifestyle and Genetic Constitution Birth Cohort Study included data on birth characteristics, lifestyle factors, and atopic manifestations collected through repeated questionnaires from birth until age 7 years. Fecal samples were collected at age 1 month (n = 1176) to determine microbiota composition, and blood samples were collected at ages 1 (n = 921), 2 (n = 822), and 6 to 7 (n = 384) years to determine specific IgE levels. RESULTS: Colonization by Clostridium difficile at age 1 month was associated with wheeze and eczema throughout the first 6 to 7 years of life and with asthma at age 6 to 7 years. Vaginal home delivery compared with vaginal hospital delivery was associated with a decreased risk of eczema, sensitization to food allergens, and asthma. After stratification for parental history of atopy, the decreased risk of sensitization to food allergens (adjusted odds ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.35-0.77) and asthma (adjusted odds ratio, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.29-0.77) among vaginally home-born infants was only found for children with atopic parents. Mediation analysis showed that the effects of mode and place of delivery on atopic outcomes were mediated by C difficile colonization. CONCLUSION: Mode and place of delivery affect the gastrointestinal microbiota composition, which subsequently influences the risk of atopic manifestations.

BACKGROUND: Perturbations in the gut microbiota have been linked to atopic diseases. However, the development of atopic diseases depends not only on environmental factors (like microbial stimulation) but also on genetic factors. It is likely that particularly gene-environmental interactions in early life determine the development of atopy. OBJECTIVE: We examine the interaction between detection of fecal Escherichia coli and genetic variations in the CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) genes in relation to atopic manifestations. METHODS: Within the Child, Parent and Health: Lifestyle and Genetic Constitution (KOALA) Birth Cohort Study, fecal samples of 957 one-month-old infants were collected and quantitatively screened for E coli. Fourteen haplotype-tagging polymorphisms in the genes TLR4 and CD14 were genotyped in 681 of the 957 children. Atopic outcomes were parentally reported eczema in the first 2 years of life and clinically diagnosed eczema and allergic sensitization at age 2 years. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate a multiplicative model of interaction. RESULTS: Most of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed no significant interaction with E coli exposure for both eczema and allergic sensitization. A borderline significant multiplicative interaction was found between E coli and the rs2569190 (CD14/-159) SNP regarding allergic sensitization. Furthermore, a statistically significant multiplicative interaction was found for the TLR4 SNP rs10759932 (P for interaction = .001). E coli colonization was associated with a decreased risk of sensitization only in children with the rs10759932 TT genotype (adjusted odds ratio, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.14-0.68) and not in children with the minor C allele. This interaction remained statistically significant after controlling for multiple testing. CONCLUSION: The current study is the first to address the potential effect-modifying role of genetic variations in the relationship between the intestinal microb

P. acidilactici MA 18/5M is a dietary probiotic (BACTOCELL®) which has shown its efficiency on several terrestrial and aquatic species. The present thesis aimed to investigate more fully the effects of this probiotic on cultured penaeid shrimps. For this study, we chose a global approach by replacing the problem studied in a model of interactions between three compartments: the shrimp, its intestinal microflora and the probiotic. Having first defined how the probiotic should be administrated, we studied its effects under controlled laboratory conditions at several levels of Litopenaeus stylirostris biology: (i) Nutritional status and growth, (ii) associated bacterial microflora, and (iii) health status with respect to oxidative stress. Then the probiotic improves the growth of the shrimps and the feed conversion ratio. Our study shows that these effects are partially due to a better use of the feed, particularly of dietary carbohydrates, but also suggest an action on the metabolism, and\or on the growth via a contribution of essential nutrients. On the other hand, although the intestinal bacterial communities seems little affected, we show an antagonism effect of the probiotic toward total and vibrionacea intestinal flora, as well as a decrease in the level of infection of shrimps during challenge with pathogenic V. nigripulchritudo. Beside, our works highlight that infection by this pathogen, led to a reduction in antioxidant defences, to a rise in oxidative damages, and to a release of mortalities within 48 hours. This oxidative stress following bacterial infection was better controlled by animals receiving the probiotic diet, and resistance of the shrimps to infection was significant improved. A nutritional hypothesis is proposed to explain such result, hypothesis based on a link between carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant status. As a conclusion of these works, we can propose a first explanatory scenario for the effects of P. acidilactici on a penaeid shrimp, Pediococcus acidilacticii MA18/5M est un probiotique bactérien (BACTOCELL®) qui a démontré son efficacité chez plusieurs espèces d'animaux terrestres et aquatiques. Cette thèse avait pour objectif d'investiguer plus en détails les effets de ce probiotique chez les crevettes pénéides d'élevage. Pour cette étude, nous avons choisi une approche globale replaçant la problématique dans un modèle d'interactions entre trois compartiments : la crevette, sa microflore intestinale et le probiotique. Après avoir défini les modalités d'administration, l'effet de P. acicilactici a été étudié, en conditions de laboratoire, chez la crevette Litopenaeus stylirostris, à différents niveaux: (i) statut nutritionnel et croissance, (ii) microflore bactérienne associée, et (iii) santé de l'animal à travers son statut antioxydant et son niveau de stress oxydant. Ainsi, le probiotique améliore la croissance des crevettes et l'indice de conversion de l'aliment. Notre étude montre que ces effets sont en partie liés à une meilleure utilisation de l'aliment, notamment des carbohydrates alimentaires, mais suggèrent aussi une action sur le métabolisme, et/ou sur la croissance via un apport de nutriments essentiels. D'autre part, bien que les communautés bactériennes intestinales semblent peu affectées, un effet d'antagonisme du probiotique vis-à-vis de la flore intestinale totale et vibrionacée a été montré, ainsi qu'une réduction du niveau d'infection des crevettes au cours de challenge avec le pathogène V. nigripulchritudo. Par ailleurs, nous mettons en évidence que l'infection par ce pathogène, conduit à un abaissement des défenses antioxydantes, à une élévation des dégâts oxydatifs, et au déclenchement de mortalités dans les 48 heures. Le probiotique atténue le niveau de ce stress oxydant, et améliore significativement la résistance des crevettes à l'infection. Une hypothèse nutritionnelle est proposée afin d'expliquer ce résultat, hypothèse reposant sur un lien entre le métabolisme des carb

The article deals with the concepts of irritable bowel syndrome. A brief analysis of probable factors of irritable bowel syndrome development was performed. The role of intestinal microflora and the contribution of short-chain fatty acids to the processes occurring in the irritable bowel syndrosme are considered in detail. There were analyzed the studies of different authors concerning short-chain fatty acids. The results of own studies evaluating fecal content of short-chain fatty acids in patients with irritable bowel syndrome are shown. There was revealed a significant increase in the level of short-chain fatty acids, especially in diarrheal form of irritable bowel syndrome., В статье рассматриваются вопросы патогенеза синдрома раздраженного кишечника. Проведен короткий анализ вероятных факторов развития синдрома раздраженного кишечника. Отдельно рассмотрена роль кишечной микрофлоры и вклад короткоцепочечных жирных кислот в процессы, происходящие при синдроме раздраженного кишечника. Проанализованы исследования различных авторов относительно короткоцепочечных жирных кислот. Показаны результаты собственных исследований, в которых опеределялось содержание в кале короткоцепочечных жирных кислот у больных с синдромом раздраженного кишечника. Было выявлено существенное повышение содержания короткоцепочечных жирных кислот, особенно при диарейной форме синдрома раздраженного кишечника., У статті розглядаються питання патогенезу синдрому подразненого кишечника. Проведено короткий аналіз імовірних чинників розвитку синдрому подразненого кишечника. Окремо розглянута роль кишкової мікрофлори та внесок коротколанцюгових жирних кислот у процеси, що відбуваються при синдромі подразненого кишечника. Проаналізовані дослідження різних авторів стосовно коротколанцюгових жирних кислот. Показані результати власних досліджень, у яких визначався вміст коротколанцюгових жирних кислот у хворих на синдром подразненого кишечника. Було виявлено суттєве підвищення вмісту в калі коротколанцюгових жирних кислот, особливо при діарейній формі синдрому подразненого кишечника.

Although their exact function remains enigmatic, bifidobacteria are among the first colonizers of the newborn infant gut, and further develop to abundant communities, notably in response to diet. Therefore, the transcriptional response of bifidobacteria was studied in rapidly processed fecal samples of young infants that were either fed with breast-milk or a formula, containing a mixture of galacto- and fructoligosaccharides. The presence and diversity of the bifidobacterial fecal communities was determined using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative real time PCR for specific species. Changes in total number of bifidobacteria as well as in species diversity were observed indicating their metabolic activity within the infant gut. In addition, total RNA isolated from feces of the infants was labeled and hybridized to a bifidobacterial-specific microarray, comprising approximately 6000 clones of the major bifidobacterial species of the human gut. Approximately 270 clones, that showed the most prominent hybridization with the samples, were sequenced. Less than 10% of the hybridizing clones contained ribosomal RNA genes, whereas the vast majority of the inserts showed matches with protein-encoding genes predicted to originate from bifidobacteria. Although a wide range of functional groups was covered by the obtained sequences, most (14 %) of the transcribed genes were predicted to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism while also some were implied in exopolysaccharide production or folate production. A total of 3 of these were selected for qPCR and sequence analysis that confirmed the expression of the corresponding gene and expected nucleotide sequence. In conclusion, this study shows the feasibility of obtaining insight in the transcriptional response of intestinal bifidobacteria by analyzing fecal RNA and highlights the in vivo expression of bifidobacterial genes implied in host-related functions

Probiotika, prebiotika a jejich pozitivní vliv na lidské zdraví je v současnosti často diskutované téma. Tato bakalářská práce shrnuje současné vědecké poznatky o účincích probiotik a prebiotik na lidský organismus, jejich využití v potravinářském průmyslu a stanovení prebiotických vlastností., Probiotics, prebiotics and their positive effect on human helth are frequently discussed topics these days. This bachelor thesis summaries current scientific knowledge of effects of probiotics and pebiotics on human organism, their utilisation in food industry and determination properties of prebiotics., Katedra analytické chemie, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

The increasing prevalence of allergic diseases in affluent societies has been associated with changes in microbial exposure early in life and a less diverse gut flora. The objective of this thesis was to assess the development of allergic sensitisation and symptoms during the first four years of life in a non-selected birth cohort in relation to environmental factors, family history, gut microbiota and salivary IgA antibodies. The cohort comprised all 1,228 infants living in a Swedish county who were born over a one-year period. The parents replied to questionnaires, and 817 children (67 %) were skin prick tested both at 1 and 4 years of age. Saliva (n=279), faecal (n=139) and blood (n=253) samples were collected at 1 year of age from children with a positive skin prick test at 1 year and from a sample of children with a negative skin prick test. Faecal samples were also obtained from 53 children at 4 years of age. Dog keeping during infancy was associated with a decreased risk of sensitisation to pollen and late-onset wheezing at age 4, and the reduced odds ratios persisted after adjustment for heredity and avoidance measures, OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.9 and OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.2-1.0, respectively. In contrast, early dog keeping was associated with an increased risk of earlyonset transient wheezing but only in children with parental asthma (OR 2,8, 95% CI 1.3-6.4). Levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in faeces were assessed both at 1 and 4 years of age and related to the development of sensitisation and symptoms. The levels of acetic (p<.01) and propionic (p<.01) acids decreased from one to four years of age, whereas valeric acid (p<.001) increased which is in line with a more complex gut microbiota with age. Allergic children, compared with non-allergic children, had lower levels of i-butyric, i-valeric and valeric acid in faeces both at 1 and 4 years of age. Low levels of secretory IgA (SIgA) in saliva were associated with wheezing but only in sensitised c

Allergic diseases, for example asthma and eczema, are nowadays considered belonging to the most common chronic diseases amongst children in the West, but the cause for this increase in allergy prevalence is unknown. Since studies have indicated a connection between children's exposure of microorganisms during infancy and risk of developing allergic disease, it is suggested that this exposure is a crucial factor in question of allergy development or not. Other studies have established differences in microflora composition between healthy children and children with allergic disease, and several studies have shown that probiotic therapy can give positive results in both prevention and treatment of allergic diseases. The aim of this master's thesis was to develop a method, using PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, to study the diversity of Lactobacillus spp. in fecal samples retrieved from a study of the probiotic strain L. reuteri ATCC 55730. The developed method was successful in detecting lactobacilli in fecal samples, but three other bacterial genera commonly found in humans were also amplified. Comparison of average numbers of detected bacterial strains and lactobacilli strains between samples belonging to the probiotics and placebo groups, respectively, showed higher numbers for the probiotics group. Also, the only fecal samples that contained L. reuteri belonged to the probiotics group. Although the results are far from statistically significant, they support the theories that probiotics may influence the intestinal microbiota.

The current study aimed to evaluate the variation in fermentation activity along the distal canine gastrointestinal tract (GIT, Exp. 1). It also aimed to assess fermentation kinetics and end product profiles of 16 dietary fibers for dog foods using canine fecal inoculum (Exp. 2). For Exp. 1, digesta were collected from the distal ileum, proximal colon, transverse colon, and rectum of 3 adult dogs. Digesta per part of the GIT were pooled for 3 dogs, diluted (1:25, wt/vol), mixed, and filtered for the preparation of inoculum. A fructan, ground soy hulls, and native potato starch were used as substrates and incubated for cumulative gas production measurement as an indicator of the kinetics of fermentation. In addition, fermentation bottles with similar contents were incubated but were allowed to release their gas throughout incubation. Fermentation fluid was sampled at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after initiation of incubation, and short-chain fatty acids and ammonia were measured. Results showed comparable maximal fermentation rates for rectal and proximal colonic inocula (P > 0.05). Production of short-chain fatty acids was least for the ileal and greatest for the rectal inoculum (P <0.05). Therefore, for in vitro studies, fecal microbiota can be used as an inoculum source but may slightly overestimate in vivo fermentation. Experiment 2 evaluated the gas production, fermentation kinetics, and end product profiles at 8 and 72 h of incubation for citrus pectin, 3 fructans, gum arabic, 3 guar gums, pea fiber, peanut hulls, soy fiber, sugar beet fiber, sugar beet pectin, sugar beet pulp, wheat fiber, and wheat middlings. Feces of 4 adult dogs were used as an inoculum source. Similar techniques were used as in Exp. 1 except for the dilution factor used (1:10, wt/vol). Among substrates, large variations in fermentation kinetics and end product profiles were noted. Sugar beet pectin, the fructans, and the gums were rapidly fermentable, indicated by a greater maximal rate of

The transgenomic metabolic effects of exposure to either Lactobacillus paracasei or Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotics have been measured and mapped in humanized extended genome mice (germ-free mice colonized with human baby flora). Statistical analysis of the compartmental fluctuations in diverse metabolic compartments, including biofluids, tissue and cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in relation to microbial population modulation generated a novel top-down systems biology view of the host response to probiotic intervention. Probiotic exposure exerted microbiome modification and resulted in altered hepatic lipid metabolism coupled with lowered plasma lipoprotein levels and apparent stimulated glycolysis. Probiotic treatments also altered a diverse range of pathways outcomes, including amino-acid metabolism, methylamines and SCFAs. The novel application of hierarchical-principal component analysis allowed visualization of multicompartmental transgenomic metabolic interactions that could also be resolved at the compartment and pathway level. These integrated system investigations demonstrate the potential of metabolic profiling as a top-down systems biology driver for investigating the mechanistic basis of probiotic action and the therapeutic surveillance of the gut microbial activity related to dietary supplementation of probiotics.

Poznato je da se u digestivnom traktu domaćih životinja i riba nalaze bakterije koje imaju značajnu ulogu u fiziologiji varenja. Poremećaji u bakterijskoj flori creva dovode do gastrointestinalnih promena sa reperkusijom na druge unutrašnje organe izazivajući oboljenja. Zbog toga smo pristupili ispitivanju bakterijske flore digestivnog trakta zdrave mlađi tilapije i šarana koja je gajena u polikulturi. Bakteriološka ispitivanja sprovedena su iz srednjeg segmenta creva 30 uzoraka tilapije i istog broja uzoraka šarana zasejavanjem na hranljivom agaru, triptoza soja agaru, krvnom agaru, R-S agaru i brilijant zelenom agaru. Na osnovu morfoloških, kulturelnih i biohemijskih osobina izolovali smo sledeće mikroorganizme: E.coli, Enterobacter, Seratia sp., Citrobacter, Proteus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas sp., Streptococcus i Aeromonas hydrophila koja je patogena za ribe i čoveka. U toj činjenici vidimo značaj upoznavanja bakterijske flore u zdravih riba kako sa epizootiološkog gledišta tako i sa aspekta zoonoza., It is known that gastrointestinal microflora of terrestrial and aquatic animals contains bacteria which have important role in digestion. Changes in microflora have influence on normal functioning of gastrointestial tract, and can lead to disease. In this paper, bacterial microflora of gastrointestinal tract of tilapia and common carp breed in aquaculture was examined. Bacterial strains were isolated from intestine of tilapia and common carp. Based on morphology of the colonies, Gram staining and biochemical properties, we have isolated E.coli, Enterobacter, Seratia sp., Citrobacter, Proteus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas sp., Streptococcus i Aeromonas hydrophila.

The gastrointestinal tract harbours a huge load of bacteria which exerts important biological functions to maintain health. In certain conditions the relation between commensal bacteria and pathogens may be set off balance, with an increase in number of pathogens and risk of bacterial translocation (BT). Disease and trauma may also render the intestinal barrier dysfunctional, inducing BT and increased permeability. Probiotic bacteria, i.e. living bacteria which, when ingested, exerts beneficial effects on the host, have been found to stabilize the intestinal mucosa and affect the intestinal microflora. The aim of this thesis was to study the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v in relation to intestinal permeability and BT. In study I L. plantarum 299v normalized E. coli-induced permeability in distal ileum of rats. This effect was achieved with a more continuous supply of L. plantarum 299v, rather than intermittent or acute pretreatment. Study II showed that pretreatment with L. plantarum 299v prevented BT in rats rendered septic with LPS. The protective effect seemed to be dependent on the ability of L. plantarum 299v to adhere to intestinal mucosa, indicating competitive inhibition as a possible mechanism behind prevention of translocation. Moreover, treatment with prebiotics, without a probioticum, did not prevent translocation. In study III LPS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction on rats was found to be regulated by P-selectin-dependent leukocyte recruitment. With anti-P-selectin antibody intestinal permeability was attenuated, as well as leukocyte rolling and adhesion. This indicates anti-P-selectin treatment as a mean of ameliorating barrier dysfunction in sepsis. Finally, in study IV, it was found that high doses of L. plantarum 299v given to patients undergoing colon surgery were not able to reduce translocation of selected enteric bacteria but seemed to have a stimulatory effect on bacterial load in the colon. Further, L. plantarum 299v could be give

Various bacterial components are potent activators of the innate immune system and probably (in)directly determine subsequent specific immune responses. Therefore, effects of i.v. administered Salmonella enteriditis-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Staphylococcus aureus-derived lipoteichoic acid (LTA), respectively, on the primary antibody (Ab) response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were studied in cocks from 2 lines divergently selected for high (H line) and low (L line) Ab responses to SRBC. The Ab responses to KLH were significantly affected by a line-by-treatment-by-time interaction. Significantly higher Ab titers to KLH, S. aureus LTA, and S. enteriditis LPS were found in H line birds than in the L line birds. Ab titers to KLH were enhanced if the chickens were intravenously pretreated 24 h earlier with LTA but decreased if the chickens were intravenously pretreated 24 h earlier with LPS. Ab responses to S. enteriditis LPS were significantly enhanced when birds were immunized with KLH or pretreated with S. aureus LTA. Ab responses to S. aureus LTA were also significantly enhanced when birds were immunized with KLH or pretreated with LTA and subsequently immunized with KLH. Our findings suggest that LTA and LPS have immunomodulatory features in chickens, albeit in opposite directions. In addition, KLH acted in an immunomodulatory role too. Possible mechanisms underlying our observations and the role of LTA and LPS in polarization of the specific immune response in chickens are discussed.

Nondigestible but fermentable dietary fructans such as oligofructose exert many effects on gut physiology through their fermentation end products such as short-chain fatty acids. Could other metabolites be produced in the gut and contribute to the physiologic effects of dietary fructans? The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of oligofructose on putrescine, spermidine and spermine concentrations in the cecum, the portal vein and the liver of rats and to assess their involvement in cecal enlargement and the modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine were quantified by HPLC in samples obtained from male Wistar rats fed a nonpurified standard diet (controls) or the same diet enriched with 10 g/100 g oligofructose (OFS) for 4 wk. OFS-fed rats had significantly greater cecal content and tissue weights. OFS almost doubled the concentration of putrescine in the cecal contents. The concentration of all three polyamines in the cecal tissue was significantly greater than in controls. The concentration of spermidine in portal plasma was lower in rats fed OFS, whereas the treatment did not affect the polyamine concentrations in the liver, The fermentation of dietary fructans contributed to an increase in the concentration of putrescine in the gut without modifying putrescine concentration in either the portal blood or liver. Moreover, the greater levels of polyamines in cecal tissue may be related to the cell proliferation resulting from OFS fermentation in the gut.

Background The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased particularly over the past 30-40 years. A reduced microbial stimulation during infancy may result in a development of a disturbed balance between Th1- and Th2-like immunity. The gut flora is, quantitatively, the most important source for such stimulation. Objective The aim of the study was to compare the gut microbial flora in 25 allergic and 47 nonallergic 13-month-old infants (range 11-18), through analysing microflora-associated biochemical markers in faeces. Methods Microflora associated characteristics (MACs) were assessed by determining the concentrations of eight different short chain fatty acids and the conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol by gas chromatography. Faecal tryptic activity was analysed spectrophotometrically. Results The allergic infants had lower levels of propionic, i-butyric, butyric, i-valeric and valeric acid. In contrast, they had higher levels of the rarely detected i-caproic acid, which has been associated with the presence of Clostridium difficile. Furthermore, the allergic infants had higher relative distribution of acetic and i-caproic acid. None of the other parameters differed between the groups. Conclusion The results demonstrate differences in the MACs between allergic and nonallergic infants, indicating differences in the composition of the gut flora. that may disturb the development of a normal Th1-/Th2-balance in allergic children.

SCOPUS: cp.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The reported incidence of shellfish-borne illness in the United States increased dramatically during the last decade. Most of the outbreaks are attributed to diseases of viral aetiology. These human health problems result primarily from the ingestion of raw shellfish which have accumulated enteric pathogens from environmental waters or from wet storage facilities. Our studies have demonstrated that hard-shelled clams concentrate different indicator micro-organisms at variable and unpredictable rates during the year. In temperate waters, this has been observed at two abbreviated periods in mid-spring and again in late fall when accumulation rates increased dramatically. Moreover, these rates were not generally coincident for viruses and bacteria. In addition, our studies have shown that, using conventional depuration technologies, the elimination rates for viruses and bacteria are profoundly different. Relative to vegetative bacterial indicators (fecal coliforms, Echerischia coli), the male-specific coliphage group may take as long as ten times that of the conventional indicator for a similar degree of elimination. Our results, coupled with those of other investigators as well as with certain epidemiological reports, demonstrate that viral behaviour within molluscan shellfish is not indexed by bacterial indicator organisms.

We studied the effects of preoperative administration of antibiotics on postoperative infections. Patients were 347 cases of colon carcinoma undergoing colorectal surgery. They were divided into 4 groups； 48 cases without antibiotic therapy group (Group I), 35 cases with kanamycin 2g therapy group (Group II), 189 cases with kanamycin 2g ＋ clindamycin 0.6g therapy group (Group III) and 75 cases with tobramycin 0.9g ＋ metronidazole 1.5g therapy group (Group IV). We examined the surgical wound and intraperitoneal infection rates in all the cases and changes in intestinal microflora per 1g of feces before and after oral antibiotic therapy in 5 cases of Group II, 6 cases of Group III and 6 cases of Group IV. The surgical wound and intraperitoneal infection rates were significantly lower in Group III and Group IV than in Group I and Group II. The infection rate was especially lower in Group IV than in Group III. On the examinatin of changes in intestinal microflora, a significant decrease was observed in anaerobic bacteria, gram-negative bacilli and Enterococcus faecalis of gram-positive cocci except for Eumycetes.

Immediate studies include (a) an evaluation of bacteriologic diagnostic methods, some of which are being used in the field for the first time, (b) an investigation of the numbers of vibrios in cholera stools, (c) attempts to demonstrate endotoxins and/or mucinase in stools, (d) an evaluation of the pH and eH potentials of stools with reference to flora, and (e) a study of the problem of motility of gastro-intestinal tract. (Author)

The purpose of this study was the determination of the aerobic and anaerobic microflora of human feces and any effect, real or relative, of a space-type diet upon this flora. Fecal specimens from four young men confined in an experimental activity facility were cultured both aerobically and anaerobically thirteen times during a six-week period. During certain periods the men wore space suits. Two of the men were on an experimental space-type diet which was freeze-dehydrated. During this same time period the other two subjects were on a 'control' diet which contained identical foods, fresh and canned, in order to duplicate as nearly as possible the dehydrated diet from a nutritional viewpoint. Midway in the experiment the diets of the subjects were switched. The procedures used emphasized the anaerobic isolation of the predominating microorganisms using Gall's specialized technique. The aerobes were isolated and identified by standard procedures. An attempt was made to roughly quantitate the flora by the use of triplicate aerobic dilution series and by the plating from each dilution into differential media. Although the obligately anaerobic character of the flora remained constant, a shift was found in the types of anaerobic organisms isolated. This change in the biochemically distinct flora occurred after a sufficiently lengthy period on the diet to suggest that the diet was a contributing factory. (Author)

Díky velkému pokroku ve vědě, medicíně a poznání člověk dosáhl v léčení vysoké úrovně. Nicméně, i v dnešní době se lidstvo snaží o návrat ke svým kořenům – přírodě a využít ji pro udržení svého pevného zdraví. Pojmem probiotika se myslí živé mikroorganismy, které jsou schopny usídlit se v lidském střevě a mít zde kladný vliv na udržení zdravé střevní mikrofóry, což se dále promítne pozitivními účinky na lidské zdraví obecně. Firma Valosun a.s. poskytla pro testování probiotický potravní doplněk pro děti, který byl vyzkoušen matkami s dětmi předškolního věku a těhotnými. Cílem našeho sociologického průzkumu, bylo zjistit, jaká je informovanost o problematice probiotik v této skupině, dále jak vnímají dotazované dostupnost probiotik a jaké jsou nejčastější důvody pro jejich užívání., With great advances in science, medicine and knowledge of a man at the high level of treatment. However, even today the humanity seeking to return to its roots - the nature and use it to maintain its good health. The term probiotics is meant by living organisms that are capable of resettling in the human intestine and have a positive impact on maintaining healthy intestinal microorganisms, which also reflected the positive effects on human health in general. Company Valosun a.s. provided for testing probiotický food supplement for children, which was tested mothers with children preschool age and pregnant. The aim of our sociological survey was to determine what is the awareness of the issue of probiotics in this group, the perception of the queried the availability of probiotics and what are the most common reasons for their use.

Napriek vysokej úrovni vedy a medicíny sa ľudia snažia vrátiť k prírode a využiť ju pre svoje zdravie. Napríklad sa snažia využiť probiotiká, čo sú živé kultúry, schopné usídliť sa v ľudskom čreve a tu vykonávať svoju činnosť. Teoretická časť bakalárskej práce sa zaoberá probiotickými baktériami, ich vlastnosťami ako aj vlastnosťami, ktoré sú dôležité pre potravinársky priemysel a hlavne sa zameriava na probiotiká využívané v detskej výžive. Experimentálna časť je zameraná na analýzu dvoch potravinových výrobkov pre deti (BioLac Baby a Probacílium+). Z týchto produktov bola vyizolovaná DNA metódou fenolovej extrakcie a pomocou magnetických nosičov. Celková izolovaná DNA z výrobkov bola amplifikovaná rodovo špecifickou PCR., Despite of the high level of science and medicine, people are trying to return to the nature and use it for their lives. For example, they are using probiotics, which are live cultures able to reside in the human intestine and there can start their role. The teoretical part of this bachelor thesis deals with probiotic bacteria, their properties and those properties which are important in the food industry and the main part focuses on the probiotics used in baby food. The experimental part of the thesis targets on an analysis of two probiotic supplements for children (BioLac Baby and Probacílium+). There was a DNA isolated from these two products by method of phenol extraction and using magnetic media. The whole DNA isolated from these products was amplificated by genus-specific PCR.

Velká část imunitního systému se nachází v tlustém střevě, a to díky velkému množství mikrobů, které ovlivňují nejen trávicí trakt člověka. Kontakt těchto mikrobů a zažívacího traktu člověka je velice důležitý pro další rozvoj imunitních obranných mechanismů a přirozené imunitní odpovědi, jež podporuje zdraví hostitele (člověka). Z tohoto důvodu je v posledních letech věnována velká pozornost a úsilí možnosti zlepšení zdravotního stavu člověka modulací střevní mikroflóry. Jako probiotika jsou označovány živé mikroorganismy, které mohou mít pozitivní vliv na zdraví a některé, např. Saccharomyces boulardii, mají pozitivní účinky v prevenci a léčbě některých onemocnění spojených s průjmy. Firma Valosun a.s. poskytla probiotický doplněk stravy vhodný pro užívání při akutních průjmových onemocněních. Tento produkt byl vyzkoušen pacienty gastroenterologické ambulance. Cílem sociologického průzkumu bylo zmapovat informovanost respondentů v oblasti probiotik a probiotických preparátů., A great deal of immune system is located in the colon thanks to a large number of microbs that influence not only digestive tract of a human. The contact of these microbs with the digestive tract of a human is very important for other development of immune defensive mechanisms and the natural immune response, which supports health of a host. That is why in recent years a great deal of attention and efforts have been paid to possibility of human health status improving by a modulation of the intestinal microflora. As probiotics are indicated living microorganisms, that can have positive effects on human health and some species, for example Saccharomyces boulardii, have positive effects in prevention and treatment of many diseases associated with diarrhea. The company Valosun a.s. has provided for testing the probiotic food supplement which is suitable in acute diarrheal disorders. This product has been tried by patients of gastroenterology ambulance. The aim of sociological survey was to map knowledge of respondents in the field of probiotics and probiotic food supplements.

Napriek vysokej úrovni vedy a medicíny sa ľudia snažia vrátiť k prírode a využiť ju pre svoje zdravie. Napríklad sa snažia využiť probiotiká, čo sú živé kultúry, schopné usídliť sa v ľudskom čreve a tu vykonávať svoju činnosť. Teoretická časť bakalárskej práce sa zaoberá probiotickými baktériami, ich vlastnosťami ako aj vlastnosťami, ktoré sú dôležité pre potravinársky priemysel a hlavne sa zameriava na probiotiká využívané v detskej výžive. Experimentálna časť je zameraná na analýzu dvoch potravinových výrobkov pre deti (BioLac Baby a Probacílium+). Z týchto produktov bola vyizolovaná DNA metódou fenolovej extrakcie a pomocou magnetických nosičov. Celková izolovaná DNA z výrobkov bola amplifikovaná rodovo špecifickou PCR., Despite of the high level of science and medicine, people are trying to return to the nature and use it for their lives. For example, they are using probiotics, which are live cultures able to reside in the human intestine and there can start their role. The teoretical part of this bachelor thesis deals with probiotic bacteria, their properties and those properties which are important in the food industry and the main part focuses on the probiotics used in baby food. The experimental part of the thesis targets on an analysis of two probiotic supplements for children (BioLac Baby and Probacílium+). There was a DNA isolated from these two products by method of phenol extraction and using magnetic media. The whole DNA isolated from these products was amplificated by genus-specific PCR.

Díky velkému pokroku ve vědě, medicíně a poznání člověk dosáhl v léčení vysoké úrovně. Nicméně, i v dnešní době se lidstvo snaží o návrat ke svým kořenům – přírodě a využít ji pro udržení svého pevného zdraví. Pojmem probiotika se myslí živé mikroorganismy, které jsou schopny usídlit se v lidském střevě a mít zde kladný vliv na udržení zdravé střevní mikrofóry, což se dále promítne pozitivními účinky na lidské zdraví obecně. Firma Valosun a.s. poskytla pro testování probiotický potravní doplněk pro děti, který byl vyzkoušen matkami s dětmi předškolního věku a těhotnými. Cílem našeho sociologického průzkumu, bylo zjistit, jaká je informovanost o problematice probiotik v této skupině, dále jak vnímají dotazované dostupnost probiotik a jaké jsou nejčastější důvody pro jejich užívání., With great advances in science, medicine and knowledge of a man at the high level of treatment. However, even today the humanity seeking to return to its roots - the nature and use it to maintain its good health. The term probiotics is meant by living organisms that are capable of resettling in the human intestine and have a positive impact on maintaining healthy intestinal microorganisms, which also reflected the positive effects on human health in general. Company Valosun a.s. provided for testing probiotický food supplement for children, which was tested mothers with children preschool age and pregnant. The aim of our sociological survey was to determine what is the awareness of the issue of probiotics in this group, the perception of the queried the availability of probiotics and what are the most common reasons for their use.

Velká část imunitního systému se nachází v tlustém střevě, a to díky velkému množství mikrobů, které ovlivňují nejen trávicí trakt člověka. Kontakt těchto mikrobů a zažívacího traktu člověka je velice důležitý pro další rozvoj imunitních obranných mechanismů a přirozené imunitní odpovědi, jež podporuje zdraví hostitele (člověka). Z tohoto důvodu je v posledních letech věnována velká pozornost a úsilí možnosti zlepšení zdravotního stavu člověka modulací střevní mikroflóry. Jako probiotika jsou označovány živé mikroorganismy, které mohou mít pozitivní vliv na zdraví a některé, např. Saccharomyces boulardii, mají pozitivní účinky v prevenci a léčbě některých onemocnění spojených s průjmy. Firma Valosun a.s. poskytla probiotický doplněk stravy vhodný pro užívání při akutních průjmových onemocněních. Tento produkt byl vyzkoušen pacienty gastroenterologické ambulance. Cílem sociologického průzkumu bylo zmapovat informovanost respondentů v oblasti probiotik a probiotických preparátů., A great deal of immune system is located in the colon thanks to a large number of microbs that influence not only digestive tract of a human. The contact of these microbs with the digestive tract of a human is very important for other development of immune defensive mechanisms and the natural immune response, which supports health of a host. That is why in recent years a great deal of attention and efforts have been paid to possibility of human health status improving by a modulation of the intestinal microflora. As probiotics are indicated living microorganisms, that can have positive effects on human health and some species, for example Saccharomyces boulardii, have positive effects in prevention and treatment of many diseases associated with diarrhea. The company Valosun a.s. has provided for testing the probiotic food supplement which is suitable in acute diarrheal disorders. This product has been tried by patients of gastroenterology ambulance. The aim of sociological survey was to map knowledge of respondents in the field of probiotics and probiotic food supplements.

The potential clinical application of Bacillus pumilus cytotoxic ribonuclease (binase) for selectively inducing the death of tumor cells makes it imperative to investigate its effect on the normal human microflora. Flow cytometry was used to determine that binase concentration causing the apoptosis of cancer cells had no effect of the viability of Escherichia coli K12. The changes in the paramagnetic centers of E. coli K12 cells in the presence of nontoxic binase concentrations revealed by EPR spectroscopy included higher EPR signals from iron-containing proteins (including those from the Fe-S clusters) and of the Mn(II) hyperfine structure. The TMTH spin probe (N-(1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-4-il)-2-methylpropanamide hydrochloride) was used to reveal a twofold increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells, which induced oxidative stress in the enzyme-treated bacteria. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed elevated contents of alkaline (Li, Na, K), alkali earth (Mg, Ca), transition (Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn), and post-transition metals (Bi, Pb) in the cells. Elevated levels of Cu and Zn (which impair the activity of the respiratory chain enzymes) and of Mn, which is known as a superoxide dismutase cofactor, confirmed development of the oxidative stress in bacteria. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.

The potential clinical application of Bacillus pumilus cytotoxic ribonuclease (binase) for selectively inducing the death of tumor cells makes it imperative to investigate its effect on the normal human microflora. Flow cytometry was used to determine that binase concentration causing the apoptosis of cancer cells had no effect of the viability of Escherichia coli K12. The changes in the paramagnetic centers of E. coli K12 cells in the presence of nontoxic binase concentrations revealed by EPR spectroscopy included higher EPR signals from iron-containing proteins (including those from the Fe-S clusters) and of the Mn(II) hyperfine structure. The TMTH spin probe (N-(1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-4-il)-2-methylpropanamide hydrochloride) was used to reveal a twofold increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells, which induced oxidative stress in the enzyme-treated bacteria. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed elevated contents of alkaline (Li, Na, K), alkali earth (Mg, Ca), transition (Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn), and post-transition metals (Bi, Pb) in the cells. Elevated levels of Cu and Zn (which impair the activity of the respiratory chain enzymes) and of Mn, which is known as a superoxide dismutase cofactor, confirmed development of the oxidative stress in bacteria. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.

Velká část imunitního systému se nachází v tlustém střevě, a to díky velkému množství mikrobů, které ovlivňují nejen trávicí trakt člověka. Kontakt těchto mikrobů a zažívacího traktu člověka je velice důležitý pro další rozvoj imunitních obranných mechanismů a přirozené imunitní odpovědi, jež podporuje zdraví hostitele (člověka). Z tohoto důvodu je v posledních letech věnována velká pozornost a úsilí možnosti zlepšení zdravotního stavu člověka modulací střevní mikroflóry. Jako probiotika jsou označovány živé mikroorganismy, které mohou mít pozitivní vliv na zdraví a některé, např. Saccharomyces boulardii, mají pozitivní účinky v prevenci a léčbě některých onemocnění spojených s průjmy. Firma Valosun a.s. poskytla probiotický doplněk stravy vhodný pro užívání při akutních průjmových onemocněních. Tento produkt byl vyzkoušen pacienty gastroenterologické ambulance. Cílem sociologického průzkumu bylo zmapovat informovanost respondentů v oblasti probiotik a probiotických preparátů., A great deal of immune system is located in the colon thanks to a large number of microbs that influence not only digestive tract of a human. The contact of these microbs with the digestive tract of a human is very important for other development of immune defensive mechanisms and the natural immune response, which supports health of a host. That is why in recent years a great deal of attention and efforts have been paid to possibility of human health status improving by a modulation of the intestinal microflora. As probiotics are indicated living microorganisms, that can have positive effects on human health and some species, for example Saccharomyces boulardii, have positive effects in prevention and treatment of many diseases associated with diarrhea. The company Valosun a.s. has provided for testing the probiotic food supplement which is suitable in acute diarrheal disorders. This product has been tried by patients of gastroenterology ambulance. The aim of sociological survey was to map knowledge of respondents in the field of probiotics and probiotic food supplements.

Napriek vysokej úrovni vedy a medicíny sa ľudia snažia vrátiť k prírode a využiť ju pre svoje zdravie. Napríklad sa snažia využiť probiotiká, čo sú živé kultúry, schopné usídliť sa v ľudskom čreve a tu vykonávať svoju činnosť. Teoretická časť bakalárskej práce sa zaoberá probiotickými baktériami, ich vlastnosťami ako aj vlastnosťami, ktoré sú dôležité pre potravinársky priemysel a hlavne sa zameriava na probiotiká využívané v detskej výžive. Experimentálna časť je zameraná na analýzu dvoch potravinových výrobkov pre deti (BioLac Baby a Probacílium+). Z týchto produktov bola vyizolovaná DNA metódou fenolovej extrakcie a pomocou magnetických nosičov. Celková izolovaná DNA z výrobkov bola amplifikovaná rodovo špecifickou PCR., Despite of the high level of science and medicine, people are trying to return to the nature and use it for their lives. For example, they are using probiotics, which are live cultures able to reside in the human intestine and there can start their role. The teoretical part of this bachelor thesis deals with probiotic bacteria, their properties and those properties which are important in the food industry and the main part focuses on the probiotics used in baby food. The experimental part of the thesis targets on an analysis of two probiotic supplements for children (BioLac Baby and Probacílium+). There was a DNA isolated from these two products by method of phenol extraction and using magnetic media. The whole DNA isolated from these products was amplificated by genus-specific PCR.