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Caregivers are socializing agents for their children and play an important role in their psychosocial development and desistance from criminal pathways. When children’s psychosocial needs are unmet by their caregivers, social workers play an important role in supporting their healthy development. Considering the increased attention by scholars toward caregiver engagement in children’s interventions, and the acknowledgment of emergent power dynamics in the interaction between caregivers and social workers, it is of interest to explore broader influences of engagement. This paper compares the experiences of social workers and caregivers at an outpatient treatment working on behalf of Swedish Social Services. Caregiver engagement in children’s psychosocial development is discussed from stereotypes and broader sociocultural influences to explore potential power dynamics. The findings suggest that caregiver engagement is not a simple dichotomy of good or bad. Instead, sociocultural influences such as shame, guilt, and blame, along with integrational processes and sociocultural norms are indicative of inclusive and exclusive processes of caregiver engagement. Failure to address intercultural misunderstandings and failure to recognize individual needs beyond the caregiver identity are perceived as discriminatory factors contributing to unfair assessments of caregiver capabilities and practices. Consequently, power dynamics resulting in discriminatory assessments have led to fear and mistrust towards Swedish authorities, leading caregivers to avoid seeking support. This avoidance from caregivers could potentially result in children persisting on criminal or deviant pathways. Therefore, the result warrants awareness of unequal or unjust assessments of caregiver engagement based on prejudice toward cultural and social stereotypes. Practically, this emphasizes the implementation of individualized interventions that promote open communication, trust, and intercultural learning.

El Compromiso Escolar (CE) abarca componentes afectivos, conductuales y cognitivos, y mide de manera amplia el estado de involucramiento del estudiante en su proceso educativo. Es una variable altamente influenciada por Factores Contextuales (FC; profesorado, familia y pares) que permite promover trayectorias educativas significativas. A partir del desarrollo incremental de cuatro proyectos científicos tecnológicos, se ha diseñado y validado un Sistema Integrado de Evaluación, Seguimiento y Estrategias de Promoción de Compromiso Estudiantil y Factores Contextuales (SIESE). Basado en una metodología mixta, se diseñaron y validaron en Chile y, posteriormente, a nivel piloto en Colombia, España, Perú y Uruguay, instrumentos de medición del CE y los FC, para estudiantes desde 5º de educación básica (10-11 años) a 2º de educación media (17-18 años), facilitando su transferencia y escalamiento. También, se comprobó un modelo predictivo de CE, FC y variables de desempeño académico para cinco países de Iberoamérica (Chile, Colombia, España, Perú y Uruguay), reportería con resultados circunstanciales y de seguimiento a nivel individual (estudiante) y agregado (nivel educativo y establecimiento), fichas de registro de las estrategias de promoción de CE y FC (plan de acción, seguimiento y cierre), entre otros recursos. Como resultados, se ha producido un sistema integral de base web (pudiendo ser implementado tanto en modalidad de educación presencial como virtual) que involucra la evaluación y el monitoreo del CE y FC de estudiantes, así como la planificación y la aplicación de estrategias de intervención temprana asociadas a reportes de resultados, fichas de registro y material complementario. De este modo, el SIESE constituye una herramienta útil y complementaria para la gestión escolar sobre la base de trabajo asociativo y coordinado, e información oportuna para la toma de decisiones entre profesorado- estudiantes-familias/comunidad. Desde esta perspectiva ecosistémica per, The School Engagement (SE) encompasses affective, behavioral, and cognitive components, and broadly measures the state of student involvement in their educational process. It is a variable highly influenced by Contextual Factors (CF; teachers, family, and peers) that help promote positive educational trajectories. Based on the incremental development of four technical scientific projects, an Integrated System of Evaluation, Monitoring and Strategies for the Promotion of Student Engagement and Contextual Factors (ISEMS) has been designed and validated. Based on a mixed methodology, SE and CF measurement instruments were designed and validated in Chile and, subsequently, at the pilot level in Colombia, Spain, Peru, and Uruguay, for students from the 5th grade of basic education (10-11 years) to the 2nd year of secondary education (17-18 years), facilitating their transfer and scaling. Also, a predictive model of SE, CF and academic performance variables was verified for five Ibero-American countries (Chile, Colombia, Spain, Peru, and Uruguay), reporting with circumstantial and follow-up results at the individual (student) and aggregate level (educational level and establishment), record sheets of the promotion strategies for SE and CF (action plan, follow-up, and closure), among other resources. As a result, a comprehensive web-based system has been produced (which can be implemented in both face-to-face and virtual education modalities) that involves the evaluation and monitoring students SE and CF, as well as the planning and application of early intervention strategies associated with result reports, registration sheets and complementary material. In this way, the ISEMS constitutes a useful and complementary tool for school management based on associative and coordinated work, and timely information for decision-making between teachers-students-families/community. From this ecosystem perspective, it allows greater alignment and integration of educational policies a

The arena of metacognition has been studied in various disciplines including education, psychology, positive psychology, and neuroscience, however, research studies have yet to address the role of metacognition in enhancing resilience. Thus, the present study explored how metacognitive intervention strategies enhance resilience among pre-service teachers. The understanding of resilience may act as a catalyst for pre-service teachers to overcome difficulties during and after their training period. An experimental method with a single group design was employed in this study and the sample was 20 pre-service teachers undertaking the Bachelor of Education course at Alagappa University College of Education, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Sivagangai district, Tamil Nadu, India. The convenience sampling technique was utilized for this study. A metacognitive awareness questionnaire constructed and validated by the researcher and research supervisor with a Cronbach’s alpha reliability of the present sample is 0.72 and a Resilience Appraisal Scale (RAS) developed by Johnson et al., 2010 with Cronbach’s alpha reliability of the present sample is 0.75 were used for data collection. Results revealed that metacognitive intervention strategies influence the resilience of pre-service teachers and considerable improvement present in resilience among pre-service teachers after the experimentation period. Future research needs to focus on various dimensions of resilience for extensive knowledge and survey research would encourage measuring these constructs in the larger sample.

The purpose of this hermeneutic, phenomenological study was to understand the lived experiences of secondary athletic coaches concerning the influence of sports participation as part of an intervention strategy for at-risk students in a suburban school district in the southwest United States. The central research question was, what is the perceived influence participation in secondary sports programs has on at-risk students? The theories guiding this study are Bandura’s social cognitive theory and Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development theory, which explain changes in individuals resulting from environmental and mentor influences. This study used a questionnaire, individual interview, and a letter-writing prompt as data collection methods to capture the lived experiences of athletic coaches. The results from data collection underwent thematic analysis based on van Manen’s data analysis approach to understand the influence of sports participation on at-risk student-athletes. The results of this study close the gap in qualitative literature regarding the influence of athletic participation on at-risk students. The research found that at-risk students demonstrate improved academic and behavioral outcomes when exposed to a constructive environment, a positive role model, and opportunities to build confidence. Athletic coaches express that all three factors can be found in an athletic program; therefore, the results of this study imply that participation in a secondary athletic program leads to enhanced academic achievement and socially acceptable behaviors for at-risk students.

This hermeneutic phenomenological study aimed to assess the general effectiveness of civil gang injunctions based on community members' perceptions of their safety in Los Angeles County, California. The theory that served as the foundation for this study was social disorganization, as interpreted by Shaw and McKay (1972). It helped to gauge how well community members understood their lived experiences and perceived the effects of injunctions on their safety. The following question guided this study: Do local citizens believe communities are safer and more secure when civil gang injunctions are used? Eight community members from two Los County cities were chosen using a purposeful criterion and snowball sampling. One-on-one semistructured interviews were used to collect the data, and the researcher maintained reflective memos in the data analysis. The answer to the research question was both yes and no, and the application of social disorganization theory was both confirmed and disconfirmed. Safer neighborhoods served as confirmation of the social disorganization theory. Disconfirming the theory was indicated by gangs involved internal and external disruption: disturbing gang relationships with the community and other gangs, and disrupting gang culture and family ties. The findings also revealed that CGIs should not have an unlimited term because people can change, and those placed on CGIs are hampered access to meaningful employment.

Dual cognitive and mobility impairments are associated with an increased risk of dementia. Recent studies examining temporal trajectories of mobility and cognitive function in aging found that dual decline is associated with higher dementia risk than memory decline or gait decline only. Although initial data show that individuals with dual decline or impairment have excessive cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, the causes of dual decline or what underlies dual decline with a high risk of dementia remain largely unknown. In December 2021, the National Institute on Aging Intramural and Extramural Programs jointly organized a workshop on Biology Underlying Moving and Thinking to explore the hypothesis that older persons with dual decline may develop dementia through a specific pathophysiological pathway. The working group discussed assessment methods for dual decline and possible mechanisms connecting dual decline with dementia risk and pinpointed the most critical questions to be addressed from a translational perspective.

Introduction: The relevance of communicative competences and the management of oral expression in university education is reflected in different curricula and subjects within the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). These skills are a priority for professional development in different fields and involve the learning of a series of skills ranging from the management of appropriate vocabulary, the organization of speech and information, to the regulation of the anxiety that is usually caused by public speaking. The objectives of the present study are: 1. to promote the learning of oral skills and to reduce public speaking anxiety in university students; 2. to test and compare the effects of the educational and psychoeducational strategies applied. Methodology: For this purpose, an experiment (pre-post) was applied in which three different strategies were implemented in a sample of 51 participants divided into three groups (workshop intervention group; discussion intervention group; control group). Results: Positive and effective results were observed in the improvement of oral skills and confidence in public speaking, as well as a reduction of anxiety after the different interventions. Discussion: these findings are relevant for their implementation in specific programs to improve communication skills in students. Conclusions: educational and psychoeducational interventions improve oral competence and anxiety, and the application of a communication workshop is more effective than other strategies, generating a climate of active participation in the classroom., Introducción: la importancia de las competencias comunicativas y el manejo de la expresión oral en la formación Universitaria viene recogida en distintos planes de estudios y asignaturas dentro del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. Estas competencias son prioritarias para el desarrollo profesional en distintos campos e implican el aprendizaje de una serie de habilidades que van desde el manejo de vocabulario adecuado, la organización del discurso y de la información, hasta la regulación de la ansiedad que suele provocar el hecho de hablar en público. Los objetivos del presente estudio son; 1 favorecer el aprendizaje de competencias orales y disminuir la ansiedad a hablar en público en estudiantes universitarios; 2. comprobar y comparar los efectos de las estrategias educativas y psicoeducativas aplicadas. Metodología: para ello se aplicó un experimento (pre-post) en el que se implementaron tres estrategias diferentes en una muestra de 51 participantes divididos en tres grupos, (grupo de intervención mediante taller; grupo de intervención mediante debate; grupo control). Resultados: se observan resultados positivos y eficaces en la mejora de competencias orales y confianza para hablar en público, así como una reducción de la ansiedad tras las distintas intervenciones. Discusión: estos hallazgos son relevantes para su implementación en programas específicos de mejora de las competencias comunicativas en el alumnado. Conclusiones: las intervenciones educativas y psicoeducativas mejoran la competencia oral y la ansiedad, siendo la aplicación de un taller de comunicación más efectiva que otras estrategias, consiguiendo generar un clima de participación activa en el aula.

Introducción: la importancia de las competencias comunicativas y el manejo de la expresión oral en la formación Universitaria viene recogida en distintos planes de estudios y asignaturas dentro del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. Estas competencias son prioritarias para el desarrollo profesional en distintos campos e implican el aprendizaje de una serie de habilidades que van desde el manejo de vocabulario adecuado, la organización del discurso y de la información, hasta la regulación de la ansiedad que suele provocar el hecho de hablar en público. Los objetivos del presente estudio son; 1 favorecer el aprendizaje de competencias orales y disminuir la ansiedad a hablar en público en estudiantes universitarios; 2. comprobar y comparar los efectos de las estrategias educativas y psicoeducativas aplicadas. Metodología: para ello se aplicó un experimento (pre-post) en el que se implementaron tres estrategias diferentes en una muestra de 51 participantes divididos en tres grupos, (grupo de intervención mediante taller; grupo de intervención mediante debate; grupo control). Resultados: se observan resultados positivos y eficaces en la mejora de competencias orales y confianza para hablar en público, así como una reducción de la ansiedad tras las distintas intervenciones. Discusión: estos hallazgos son relevantes para su implementación en programas específicos de mejora de las competencias comunicativas en el alumnado. Conclusiones: las intervenciones educativas y psicoeducativas mejoran la competencia oral y la ansiedad, siendo la aplicación de un taller de comunicación más efectiva que otras estrategias, consiguiendo generar un clima de participación activa en el aula., Introduction. The relevance of communicative competences and the management of oral expression in university education is reflected in different curricula and subjects within the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). These skills are a priority for professional development in different fields and involve the learning of a series of skills ranging from the management of appropriate vocabulary, the organization of speech and information, to the regulation of the anxiety that is usually caused by public speaking. The objectives of the present study are: 1. to promote the learning of oral skills and to reduce public speaking anxiety in university students; 2. to test and compare the effects of the educational and psychoeducational strategies applied. Methodology: For this purpose, an experiment (pre-post) was applied in which three different strategies were implemented in a sample of 51 participants divided into three groups (workshop intervention group; discussion intervention group; control group). Results: Positive and effective results were observed in the improvement of oral skills and confidence in public speaking, as well as a reduction of anxiety after the different interventions. Discussion: these findings are relevant for their implementation in specific programs to improve communication skills in students. Conclusions: educational and psychoeducational interventions improve oral competence and anxiety, and the application of a communication workshop is more effective than other strategies, generating a climate of active participation in the classroom.

The study explores the knowledge levels held by communities about the impact of climate change on food security and livelihoods in Matabeleland South Province of Zimbabwe. The study identifies and describes how climate change has impacted on these variables; and establishes the types of micro-mechanism coping measures the communities have initiated to address challenges that frustrate attainment of their food security and livelihoods in this Province. The study goes further to identify the long term intervention strategies adopted; and subsequently assesses their sustainability towards ensuring food security and livelihoods. The study finally advocates for a more sustainable model of intervention strategies resilient enough to take care of, nurture and rehabilitate the natural resources base, the ecosystems and biodiversity. Such strategies are projected to be robust enough to withstand all forms of challenges that emanate from the dynamics and numerous impacts of climate change for the purposes of maintaining equilibrium in terms of serving the needs of the current and future generations. To achieve resilience, robustness and sustainability, the study brought on board the participatory concept and monitoring and evaluation elements to the intervention strategies to close the gap that exit in the strategies for continuity. The study reviews various journal papers, chapters in books, conference proceedings and summit meetings [14 , 70]. Articles relevant to the topic under review were utilised to show the gap(s), contradictions and silences in the existing knowledge base. The review process uses the desk type of research method.

More diversity is now shown in students gaining admission into universities, many who are ill-equipped for first-year studies and assessment writing. This can result in a failing grade for some, which can impact their success and progression. This study contributes to the student success literature by reporting on the six-step one-on-one targeted intervention strategy devised to support the 33 out of 500 students who were unsuccessful in their first university assessment and its resubmission. The study also details the theoretical framework that underpinned the subject—Carol Dweck’s growth mindset, Mezirow’s transformative learning theory, and the maxim “Your success is our goal”! The study determined that: i) the intervention was successful for the 33 students who each passed the assessment; ii) a pre- and post-intervention writing skills assessment showed an improvement of +0.67 to give an average of 3.48, where 3 is a pass, and iii) at interview, students (76.9%) reported their improved writing abilities and that the intervention support was helpful. The study concluded that failing students can be successful when they are encouraged to use a growth mindset and individually supported to develop their writing skills.

This survey study investigated the attitude of librarians towards library users with learning disabilities in Nigeria. The study applied descriptive survey method and was guided by three research questions and hypotheses respectively. The sampled population for the study stood at 451 drawn among certified librarians working in various libraries in the country through proportionate stratified random sampling technique based on gender and years of experience. The major instrument used in collecting data for the study is the questionnaire titled ‘Librarians’ Attitude Towards Library Users with Learning Disability Questionnaire (LATLULDQ) and validated by professionals in psychology and Educational evaluation and Measurement. To establish the reliability of the instrument, Cronbach Alpha Statistical technique was used and a reliability coefficient of 0.82 as a measure of internal consistency was established. In answering the research questions, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used while chi-square, independent t-test and one way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. The outcome of the study shows that librarians with positive attitude towards library users with learning disabilities are at the high side than those librarians with negative attitude. The result of attitude based on gender, reveals that librarians attitude towards library users with learning disabilities based on gender differ significantly as the outcome shows that male librarians tend to exhibit positive attitude to these users than their female counterparts, whereas there was no significant difference in attitude of librarians based on their years of experience. It was based on the findings of this study that recommendations were made which include that female librarians should apply their nature endowed motherly care and passion while discharging their duties as librarians more so when attending to users with learning disabilities.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is within the neurodevelopmental disorders and is characterized by alterations related with the communication and social interaction, as well as by presenting fixed interests and repetitive behaviors (Kids Health, 2019). The objective of this study was to analyze the family experience of the siblings of children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder, in the city of Estelí. The methodology used was based on an exploratory and descriptive qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. The type of sampling was non-probabilistic and intentional, five families were selected that met the sampling criteria. The techniques used were In-depth interview and family test. The results show that the family experience of the siblings of children diagnosed with ASD, perform the fulfillment of duties in the life of their siblings such as: caregivers, protector and facilitator of the social relationship. For the siblings of autistic children not everything has been negative, in spite of the change that the new diagnosis has meant for the family, they show for the family greater empathy, tolerance to stress and capacity to adapt and a greater sense of responsibility for the care of the family. It is demonstrated that the parents have given their children a great deal of responsibility for the care of their siblings with autism. Most of the siblings who play the role of mother and father in the autistic child, is due to the absence of a father or mother figure, this fact in one of the factors that most affect attachment and overprotection toward the autistic siblings. Finally, a psychological intervention strategy applied to the siblings’ autistic children is proposed in order to improve their adaptation and reduce their stress., El Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) se encuentra dentro de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo y se caracteriza por las alteraciones relacionadas con la comunicación y la interacción social, así como por presentar intereses fijos y conductas repetitivas (Kids Health, 2019). El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar la vivencia familiar de los hermanos de niños diagnosticados con Trastornos del Espectro Autista, en la ciudad de Estelí. La metodología que se planteó fue en base a un estudio cualitativo de tipo exploratorio y descriptivo con un enfoque fenomenológico. El tipo de muestreo es no probabilístico intencional, se seleccionaron cinco familias que cumplieran con el criterio de muestreo. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron entrevista en profundidad y test de la familia. Los resultados demuestran que la vivencia familiar de los hermanos de niños diagnosticados con TEA, realizan el cumplimiento de deberes en la vida de su hermano tal como: cuidador, protector y facilitador de las relaciones sociales. Para los hermanos de niños autistas no todo ha sido negativo, a pesar del cambio que ha significado el nuevo diagnóstico en la familia, muestran una mayor empatía, tolerancia al estrés, capacidad para adaptarse y mayor sentido de responsabilidad de cuidado de la familia. Se demuestra que los padres y madres de familia han dado mucha responsabilidad a sus hijos sobre el cuido a su hermano con autismo. La mayoría de los hermanos que ejercen el rol de mamá o papá en el niño autista, se debe a la ausencia de la figura paterna o materna, este dato es uno de los factores que más inciden en el apego y sobreprotección hacia el hermano autista. Finalmente, se propone una estrategia de intervención psicológica aplicada a los hermanos de niños autistas, con el fin de mejorar la adaptación y disminuir su estrés.

This is a study that, from the point of view indigenous Miskito of women and man with AIDS, traditional doctors and key actors consulted, reinforced the thesis that the response of the HIV and AIDS in the Northern Caribbean of Puerto Cabezas, was based on an intercultural institutional practice in a period marked by great successes and advances in terms of accessibility, participation, equity, equality, human rights and sustainability of the strategies. The study aims to seek, find and define new paths for the implementation of intervention with a holistic, viable and sustainable over time. It problematizes and evidences from the circuit of culture, the existing relationship between what is done in the production process of the strategies and what is said about HIV and AIDS as the constitution of a system of social representation from which it is necessary to influence and influence in order to deconstruct practices that shape prejudices, stigma, discrimination, violence and structural inequalities. From the use of the Grounded Theory hierarchical classification scheme of the information was elaborated, yielding globally important concepts and categories that sustain and socially reaffirm the validity of conceptions, practices, values, signs, senses and meanings that shape people’s the perception of HIV and AIDS. Congruent with the above the study shows that although today the state of Nicaragua is making great effort to contain HIV/AIDS pandemic, there is an urgent need for comprehensive interventions and actions with intercultural gender and intergenerational relevance, that encourage and secure the involvement of society., Este es un estudio que desde la mirada de mujeres y hombres indígenas miskitos con VIH, médicos tradicionales y actores claves consultados refuerzan la tesis que la respuesta del VIH y el SIDA en el Caribe Norte de Nicaragua, tuvo como centro una práctica institucional intercultural en un periodo marcado por grandes aciertos y avances en materia de accesibilidad, participación, equidad, igualdad, derechos humanos, y sostenibilidad de las estrategias. El estudio se propone buscar, encontrar y definir nuevos caminos para la implementación de intervenciones con visión holística, viables y sostenibles en el tiempo. Problematiza y evidencia desde el circuito de la cultura, la relación existente entre lo que se hace en el proceso de producción de las estrategias y lo que se dice respecto al VIH y SIDA como constitución de un sistema de representaciones sociales desde el cual se hace necesario incidir e influenciar para deconstruir prácticas configurativas de prejuicios, estigma, discriminación, violencias y desigualdades estructurales. Desde el uso de la Grounded Theory se procedió a la elaboración de un esquema de clasificación jerárquico de la información, arrojando a modo global importantes conceptos y categorías que sostienen y reafirman socialmente la vigencia de concepciones, prácticas, valores, signos, sentidos y significados que moldean la percepción que la gente tiene respecto al VIH/SIDA. Congruente con lo anterior, el estudio evidencia que si bien hoy el Estado de Nicaragua realiza grandes esfuerzos por contener la pandemia del VIH/SIDA, urgen intervenciones y acciones integrales con pertinencia intercultural de género e intergeneracional, que incentiven y aseguren el involucramiento de la sociedad.

Mourning is a natural process that people go through as a reaction to the loss of a person or something significant, we tend to think of mourning only in the context of the death of a love one, but it can also occur as a reaction to the loss of a longed-for and idealized being, in this case it occurs when a person in the diagnosed with a disability. The research was conducted with the objective of understanding the mourning experiences of caregivers of people diagnosed with cerebral palsy at the Los Pipitos Matagalpa Center, august – december 2020. It was carried out through qualitative approach phenomenological design and exploratory research. The sample consisted of four caregivers affiliated with the Los Pipitos center in the city of Matagalpa, selected thought convenience sampling. The instruments applied were in-depth interview with the caregivers, a semi-structured interview with a psychologist working in the mental health area, observation guide for the caregivers. The main results show the existence of a painful process in the caregivers of people diagnosed with cerebral palsy, and one of the caregivers even presents a mourning unresolved. A lot of stress perceived, especially the attachment and overprotection they have to their relatives. Finally, a general intervention plan is proposed with strategies and psychological intervention techniques to cope with mourning in caregivers of people with cerebral palsy., El duelo es un proceso natural que atraviesan las personas como reacción ante la pérdida de una persona o algo significativo, se tiende a pensar en duelo solo en el contexto de la muerte de una persona querida, pero también puede producirse como reacción ante la pérdida del ser anhelado e idealizado, en este caso se produce ante el diagnóstico de discapacidad de una persona en el seno familiar. La investigación se realizó con el objetivo de comprender las experiencias de duelo en cuidadoras de personas con diagnóstico de parálisis cerebral, en el Centro Los Pipitos Matagalpa, agosto – diciembre 2020. Se llevó a cabo a través de un enfoque cualitativo diseño fenomenológico y alcance exploratorio. La muestra estuvo conformada por cuatro cuidadoras afiliadas al centro los Pipitos de la ciudad de Matagalpa, seleccionadas mediante un muestreo por conveniencia. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron entrevistas en profundidad a las cuidadoras, entrevista semiestructurada a una psicóloga que trabaja el área de salud mental, guía de observación a las cuidadoras. Los principales resultados demuestran la existencia de un proceso doloroso en las cuidadoras de personas con diagnóstico de parálisis cerebral, incluso una de las cuidadoras presenta un duelo aún no resuelto. Se percibió mucho estrés, sobre todo el apego y sobreprotección que tienen a sus familiares. Finalmente, se plantea un plan de intervención general con estrategias y técnicas de intervención psicológica para afrontar el duelo en cuidadores de personas con Parálisis Cerebral.

When we refer to the “field” of art or mental health, we refer to the conceptual notion of field as the meeting space between the two cores of knowledge, a place where things merge and mix and, in general, where the change occurs. Artwork in the field of mental health is not new. In this article we seek to explore the encounter between art and Social Work intervention strategies in the specific universo of mental health, a health area where this type of approach is becoming more and more common. We choose to carry out an analysis that combines the experience of empirical work with conceptual theoretical analysis. This work arises from the field research carried out by the author during the process of preparing her Doctoral Thesis in Social Work., Cuando nos referimos al “campo” del arte o de la salud mental, nos referimos a la noción conceptual de campo como el espacio de encuentro entre los dos núcleos de conocimiento, un lugar donde las cosas se funden y se mezclan y, en general, donde ocurre el cambio. El trabajo artístico en el campo de salud mental no resulta algo novedoso. En este artículo buscamos explorar el encuentro entre el arte y las estrategias de intervención del Trabajo Social en el universo específico de la salud mental, área de la salud donde ese tipo de abordajes se torna cada vez más común. Optamos por realizar un análisis que conjuga la experiencia del trabajo empírico con el análisis teórico conceptual. Este trabajo surge a partir de la investigación de campo realizada por la autora durante el proceso de elaboración de su Tesis Doctoral en Trabajo Social.

[ES] En los últimos tiempos, la regeneración urbana se convierte poco a poco en un amplio campo de trabajo para los arquitectos debido a la cantidad de construcción realizada en el desarrollo de las ciudades a mediados del pasado siglo. A partir de un análisis es posible identificar las zonas donde es necesaria una intervención debido a un estado de degradación del espacio público y de la edificación, a partir del cual ver las necesidades que tiene el lugar y establecer unas estrategias de regeneración. Mediante este estudio extraeremos cuales pueden ser estas pautas a seguir y se aplicarán al caso concreto del barrio Zaspa en Gdanks, Polonia, diseñado según las bases del urbanismo masivo, como ejemplo de un lugar afectado por el cambio de la ciudad, la sociedad, y la manera de entender la arquitectura con el paso del tiempo., [EN] In recent times, urban regeneration gradually becomes a broad field of work for architects due to the amount of construction carried out in the development of cities in the middle of the last century. From an analysis it is possible to identify the areas where an intervention is necessary due to a state of degradation of the public space and the building, where you can see the needs of the place and establish regeneration strategies. Through this study we will extract these guidelines can be and will be applied to the specific case of the Zaspa neighborhood in Gdanks, Poland, designed according to the foundations of mass urbanism, as an example of a place affected by the change of the city, society, and the way to understand architecture over time.

In this work we considered a nonlinear dynamical system to study the impact of temperature and rainfall on the transmission of malaria disease in Ethiopia. We found disease free and endemic equilibrium points and we proved their local and global stability. We calculate the effective reproduction number using real data collected from different health sectors in Ethiopia and we found that the malaria disease spreads in both high risk and low risk areas since the effective reproduction number  is greater than unity. We perform sensitivity analysis to identify the most influential control parameter of the spread of malaria disease. And thus, the most temperature dependent influential control parameter is mosquito biting rate  which can be controlled by insecticide treated net. The most rainfall dependent influential control parameter is larvae development rate  which can be controlled by destruction of mosquitoes breeding sites and regular use of larvicides.

Involvement in vegetable preparation is thought to be an effective strategy to increase children's vegetable intake, but the evidence from experimental studies is scarce. A between-subject experiment was executed in a restaurant setting to investigate the effect of participation in vegetable preparation on 4–6-year-old children's vegetable intake. After a baseline evening meal, intervention children (N = 50) participated in a vegetable preparation session together with an enthusiastic chef. Control children (N = 51) participated in small groups in a book-reading activity. Subsequently, they ate an evening meal. Follow-up sessions at one month and three months were included to assess possible longer-term effects. Vegetable intake was the main outcome. Secondary outcomes were vegetable choice and involvement in food-related activities at home. For all four sessions, children's vegetable intake ranged between 50 and 60 g in both conditions (p > 0.05). Participation in carrot preparation did not increase children's vegetable intake. Involvement in food-related activities at home remained stable in the intervention group, whereas it decreased slightly in the control group (p = 0.01). A cluster analysis identified four distinct vegetable eating patterns over time, suggesting that there are different segments of children. To conclude, participating once in an out-of-home vegetable preparation session with an enthusiastic chef did not influence children's intake of a familiar vegetable, but it may support their general involvement in food-related activities at home.

[ES] La infraestructura verde es una red estratégicamente planificada de zonas naturales y seminaturales de alta calidad con otros elementos medioambientales, diseñada y gestionada para proporcionar un amplio abanico de servicios ambientales y proteger la biodiversidad, tanto de los asentamientos rurales como urbanos. El objetivo de este trabajo es definir estrategias de mejora de la infraestructura verde urbana en el barrio Virgen del Carmen (Valencia). Esta zona, situada en el distrito de Poblados Marítimos, comprende un conjunto de vivienda social degradado desde el punto de vista ambiental, arquitectónico y social. Se realiza una caracterización de la situación actual de los elementos de infraestructura verde complementario del trazado viario y el espacio público, se identifican problemas y oportunidades y se proponen estrategias de intervención relativas a su infraestructura verde que contribuyan a la mejora ambiental y social de la zona., [EN] Green infrastructure is a planned strategically network of natural and semi-naturals areas of high quality with others environmental elements, designed and managed to provide a high types of environmental services and protect the biodiversity of rural and urban settlement. The objective of this work is defining strategies of urban green infrastructure improvement in Virgen del Carmen neighbourhood (Valencia). This area is situated in Poblados Marítimos district, including a degree in social housing group in environmental, architectural and social sense. A characterization of present situation of the elements of Green infrastructure complementary of the road mapping and public space is done, problems and opportunities are identified and intervention strategies are proposed regarding their green infrastructure that contributes to the environmental and social improvement of the area., [CA] La infraestructura verda és una xarxa estratègicament planificada de zones naturals i seminaturals d’alta qualitat amb altres elements mediambientals, dissenyada i gestionada per a proporcionar un ampli palmito de servicis ambientals i protegir la biodiversitat, tant del assentaments naturals com urbans. L’Objectiu d’aquest treball és definir estratègies de millora de la infraestructura verda urbana del barri Verge del Carme (València). Aquesta zona, situada al districte del Poblats Marítims, envolta un conjunt de vivenda social degradat des el punt de vista ambiental, arquitectònic i social. Es realitza una caracterització de la situació actual dels elements de infraestructura verda complementari al traçat viari i l’espai públic, s’identifiquen problemes i oportunitats i es proposen estratègies d’intervenció relatives a la seua infraestructura verda que contribueixin a la millora ambiental i social de la zona.

During the past three years, substantial parts of Sweden have experienced a decrease in the groundwater levels, whereas some geographical areas were more affected than others. Requests from the government, counties and municipalities have been sent out to the citizens, to attract attention, increase awareness and decrease the use of drinking water. The communication strategies have looked different in the municipalities depending on their water situation, prerequisites and resources. This study aims at explaining how five municipalities in Jönköping county communicate with their citizens regarding water resources and use of drinking water. The five participating municipalities are; Jönköping, Mullsjö, Habo, Värnamo and Eksjö. Jönköping county is one of the counties that were affected by the low groundwater levels, if so to varying degrees, which is the reason the study focuses on Jönköping county. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to examine how municipalities communicate in relation to intervention strategies, to create a behavioural change regarding the use of drinking water among citizens. Intervention strategies were analysed in the study to compare the municipalities’ communication work and have been used as an analytical tool during the process. Intervention strategies can be separated into antecedent strategies and consequence strategies to change behaviour. The antecedent strategies consist of commitment, information, goal setting and modelling, and consequence strategies consist of feedback, rewards and prompts. A combination of multiple strategies has been proven to create a more extensive impact, and behavioural change can, in that way, easier be accomplished. A total number of seven interviews were performed for collection of data. Two communication managers from Värnamo and Eksjö municipality participated, and five Water and Sewer Manager from Jönköping, Mullsjö, Habo, Värnamo and Eksjö municipality. An important factor that has

Diverse teaching strategies implemented in university education tend to be traditionalist, and complex thinking is presented as a solution alternative. In this paper a systematic review is presented; the objective is to analyze intervention strategies with a complex thinking approach that have been implemented in university education. For this purpose, it was made research taking articles published from 2008 to 2018, from the databases of Redalyc, Scielo, Dialnet, and Web of science. The keywords used were, “complex thinking,” “education” and “university.” The results show that the applied strategies with complex thinking are: case study, problem-solving, use of the digital platform (Moodle), conceptual cartography, problem-based learning, project tasks and use of the internet, in the areas of medicine, education, pedagogy, and administration. In conclusion, the review makes it possible to specify that the analyzed strategies with complex thinking orientation contribute to student’s significant learning, their motivation, collaborative work, as well as a tendency to use ICTs and to solve real problems., Diversas estrategias didácticas implementadas en la educación universitaria tienden a ser tradicionalistas y el pensamiento complejo, se presenta como una alternativa de solución. Se presenta una revisión sistemática cuyo objetivo consiste en analizar estrategias de intervención con enfoque de pensamiento complejo que se han implementado en la formación universitaria. Para tal fin, se realizó una búsqueda de artículos publicados entre el año 2008 hasta el 2018, en las bases de datos de Redalyc, Scielo, Dialnet y Web of science. Las palabras claves utilizadas fueron, “pensamiento complejo”, “educación” y “universidad”. Los resultados muestran que las estrategias aplicadas con enfoque de pensamiento complejo son, estudio de caso, resolución de problemas, uso de plataforma digital (Moodle), cartografía conceptual, aprendizaje basado en problemas, tareas proyectos y uso de internet; se exploraron las áreas de medicina, educación, pedagogía y administración. En conclusión, la revisión de los estudios permite precisar que las estrategias con orientación de pensamiento complejo analizadas, contribuyen al aprendizaje significativo de los estudiantes, a su motivación y al trabajo colaborativo, además se observa una tendencia de uso de las TIC y a la solución de situaciones problemas reales.

In spite of a much improved labor market, the outcome of a leading evaluation report on reemployment programs in the Netherlands turned out negative. This result might be due to limitations of the evaluation method used by the researchers, who had to content themselves with a nonexperimental approach. Currently, for many evaluation researchers, the experimental method stands out as the superior design, especially when combined with a meta-analysis over several trials. We show, however, that experimental evaluations do not solve the uncertainties in this field. Meta-analyses of evaluation studies in Europe and the United States produced strikingly mixed results. Efforts to trace their diversity to variations in reemployment programs have not been very successful. This is mainly because of the “black box character” of many experimental evaluations, which offer little information about the content of the programs. Following “realistic evaluation,” we argue for a focus on the theories behind these programs in evaluation research. To this end, reemployment services are depicted in twelve core (mediating) mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: Large amounts of sitting at work have been identified as an emerging occupational health risk, and findings from intervention trials have been reported. However, few such reports have examined participant-selected strategies and their relationships with behaviour change. METHODS: The Stand Up Victoria cluster-randomised controlled trial was a workplace-delivered intervention comprising organisational, environmental and individual level behaviour change strategies aimed at reducing sitting time in desk-based workers. Sit-stand workstations were provided, and participants (n = 134; intervention group only) were guided by health coaches to identify strategies for the 'Stand Up', 'Sit Less', and 'Move More' intervention targets, including how long they would stand using the workstation. Three-month workplace sitting and activity changes (activPAL3-assessed total sitting, prolonged sitting (i.e., sitting ≥30 min continuously) and purposeful walking) were evaluated in relation to the number (regression analysis) and types of strategies (decision-tree analysis). RESULTS: Over 80 different strategies were nominated by participants. Each additional strategy nominated for the 'Stand Up' intervention target (i.e. number of strategies) was associated with a reduction in prolonged sitting of 27.6 min/8-h workday (95% CI: -53.1, - 2.1, p = 0.034). Types of strategies were categorised into 13 distinct categories. Strategies that were task-based and phone-based were common across all three targets. The decision tree models did not select any specific strategy category as predicting changes in prolonged sitting ('Stand Up'), however four strategy categories were identified as important for total sitting time ('Sit Less') and three strategy categories for purposeful walking ('Moving More'). The uppermost nodes (foremost predictors) were nominating > 3 h/day of workstation standing (reducing total workplace sit

Lately, due to overutilization of scarce natural resources such as water, tourist islands have been severely threatened. This is also the case in Santa Cruz Island, the main inhabited island of the Galápagos Archipelago. Therefore, a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) was carried out with the aim of mitigating the future water crisis. The proposed solutions were evaluated in terms of environmental, technical, economic and social criteria. The results indicate that the ‘best’ alternative for municipality representatives is the option including desalination. However, for the other two groups of stakeholders, the chosen option was the one that combined all the proposed alternatives (greywater recycling, specific demand reduction and rainwater harvesting), except desalination. Conclusions show that for most stakeholders the environment is the most important criteria., Sanitary Engineering

Vehicle crashes are identified as the primary cause of occupational fatalities and driving a vehicle for work is considered the most hazardous operation undertaken by many workers. The thesis explored contemporary issues impacting on work-related road safety (WRRS). Findings suggest that WRRS is a complex issue requiring a multi-dimensional or holistic approach to assess the factors impacting on work-related driving. Within the organisations studied, WRRS was not adequately addressed and differing levels of management commitment and support determine the degree of organisational response.

Currently, schools face the challenge of dealing with the phenomena of cyberbullying, which is increasingly present among teenagers. This study analyses teachers’ and students’ perception of the problem, as well as the strategies that both groups use to avoid it. Its findings will allow advances in prevention and intervention in the schools. The study was conducted on 1704 primary and secondary school students and 238 teachers who completed questionnaires about cyberbullying. We used a cross-sectional descriptive method. Findings show significant differences in the motives teachers attributed to cyberbullying. These depend on the educational stage they work in, whereas, among students, it depends on the role they have in the cyberbullying: victim or aggressor. We also find differences in the intervention strategies used by teachers, depending on the type of school, educational stage, and gender. Those used the most are communicating, mediating and seeking help. For students, the predominate strategies are avoidance, protection, and reporting. Schoolchildren, in general, show little confidence in their teachers' ability to solve the problem of cyberbullying. The study highlights the importance of training teachers and providing them with action models when faced with this issue, and it points out the necessity of coordinating the efforts of both teachers and students., Actualmente los centros educativos tienen el reto de enfrentarse al fenómeno del ciberacoso, cada vez más presente entre los adolescentes. El presente estudio analiza la percepción del profesorado y del alumnado y las estrategias que ambos colectivos utilizan para afrontarlo. Su conocimiento permitirá avanzar en su prevención e intervención en las aulas. El estudio se realizó con 1.704 estudiantes de educación primaria, secundaria y 238 profesores a los que se aplicaron sendos cuestionarios sobre ciberacoso. Se utilizó un método descriptivo y transversal. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en las causas que el profesorado atribuye al ciberacoso según la etapa educativa donde ejerza la docencia, apareciendo en el alumnado según el rol que adopta en la situación de acoso: víctima o acosador. También se encuentran diferencias en las estrategias de intervención utilizadas por el profesorado, según la titularidad del centro, la etapa educativa y el sexo, siendo las más empleadas comunicar, mediar y buscar ayuda; en el alumnado predominan las estrategias de evitación, protección y denuncia. Los escolares en general muestran escasa confianza en el profesorado para resolver el problema del ciberacoso. Se concluye exponiendo la importancia de dotar al profesorado de formación específica y de modelos de actuación ante este fenómeno, y señalando la necesidad de coordinar los esfuerzos de docentes y estudiantes.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors may experience significant communication disorders that depend on factors such as the extent and the severity of the injury, and the level of cognitive functioning. Communication disorders restrict participation in conversation and daily functional tasks and limit the reintegration to familiar, social and working environments. Communication needs that stem from these impairments are usually unmet. Hence, the Augmentative and Alternative Communication intervention is an option for consideration along recovery process to compensate for temporal or permanent communicative needs and in an attempt to maximize communication function for social interaction. The aim of this paper is to describe the variety of AAC tools and strategies for a successful AAC assessment and intervention for TBI survivors. We follow the organizational framework of interventions strategies proposed by Fager et al. (Fager, 2005; Fager & Beukelman, 2005; Fager & Karantounis, 2010; Fager, Doyle, & Karantounis, 2007) that include the Stimulation Level, Structured Level and Compensation Level, rather than the traditional phases of recovery model. This study aims to contribute to Speech and Language Therapy intervention insofar as there are no materials written in Spanish that describe and summarize the variety of AAC assessment and intervention strategies in the traumatic brain-damaged population, Las personas que sobreviven a un traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) pueden presentar trastornos significativos de la comunicación que dependen del tamaño y severidad de la lesión y del nivel resultante de funcionamiento cognitivo. Los trastornos comunicativos generan una restricción en la participación en las actividades diarias y en la reintegración familiar, social y laboral. Ante las necesidades comunicativas insatisfechas derivadas de estos trastornos, el uso de la Comunicación Aumentativa y Alternativa (CAA) es una opción a considerar a lo largo del proceso de recuperación para compensar las necesidades temporales o permanentes, y llevar al máximo potencial la comunicación para la interacción social. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la variedad de herramientas y estrategias de CAA para una buena valoración e intervención de los supervivientes a un TCE, siguiendo el marco organizativo de estrategias de intervención que incluye los niveles de estimulación, de estructuración y compensatorio, y no las tradicionales fases del modelo de recuperación, y que ha sido descrito en esta área de trabajo por Fager y sus colaboradores (Fager, 2005; Fager y Beukelman, 2005; Fager y Karantounis, 2010; Fager, Doyle, y Karantounis, 2007). Con este trabajo se pretende realizar una contribución a la intervención logopédica, en tanto en cuanto no existen documentos en español que describan y resuman las diferentes estrategias de valoración e intervención de la CAA en población con daño cerebral por TCE

Healthcare reform is a difficult policy issue that involves complex trade-offs between policy goals, such as ensuring access to high-quality healthcare and keeping public spending at fiscally affordable levels. Namibia, like most emerging economies faces challenges in expanding public healthcare coverage without undermining its fiscal sustainability. Yet, in the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis, developed countries had to undertake fiscal consolidation, which has seen a decline in the flow of donor funds to healthcare in developing countries. With dwindling donor funding and increased public outcry on the deterioration of healthcare delivery systems in Namibia, the Ministry of Health and Social Services had for the first time since independence, to introduce the Health Sector Strategic Plan 2009 – 2013. With this in mind, the aim of this study was to develop a deterministic framework for the successful measurement of healthcare service quality in public healthcare organisations, focusing on the staff members’ satisfaction levels with the 2009 - 2013 strategic decisions implementation in three Namibian State hospitals based in Windhoek (Katutura), Rundu and Oshakati. A quantitative interpretive structural modelling (ISM) approach was used within an action implementation framework (AIF). The AIF is an implementation science approach that played the dual role of providing a hands-on approach to implement strategy and identifying determinants for its evaluation. As such, this study employed three models that complied with the action implementation framework’s dual roles. The EIS model provided the hands on support to the implementing strategy role by retrospectively focusing on the 2009-2013 MoHSS Strategic plan implementation. While, the Enablers, also referred to as the Implementation Success Factors (ISF) model and the Inhibitors, also referred to as the Implementation Failure Factors (IFF) models were used to identify the determinants for its evaluation. The

In spite of a much improved labor market, the outcome of a leading evaluation report on reemployment programs in the Netherlands turned out negative. This result might be due to limitations of the evaluation method used by the researchers, who had to content themselves with a nonexperimental approach. Currently, for many evaluation researchers, the experimental method stands out as the superior design, especially when combined with a meta-analysis over several trials. We show, however, that experimental evaluations do not solve the uncertainties in this field. Meta-analyses of evaluation studies in Europe and the United States produced strikingly mixed results. Efforts to trace their diversity to variations in reemployment programs have not been very successful. This is mainly because of the “black box character” of many experimental evaluations, which offer little information about the content of the programs. Following “realistic evaluation,” we argue for a focus on the theories behind these programs in evaluation research. To this end, reemployment services are depicted in twelve core (mediating) mechanisms.

[EN] Our objective in this paper is to model the dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus in the region of Valencia (Spain) and analyse the effect of vaccination strategies from a health-economic point of view. Compartmental mathematical models based on differential equations are commonly used in epidemiology to both understand the underlying mechanisms that influence disease transmission and analyse the impact of vaccination programs. However, a recently proposed Bayesian stochastic susceptible-infected-recovered-susceptible model in discrete-time provided an improved and more natural description of disease dynamics. In this work, we propose an extension of that stochastic model that allows us to simulate and assess the effect of a vaccination strategy that consists on vaccinating a proportion of newborns.

Background: Few studies have examined the impact of 'sit less, move more' interventions on workplace performance. This study assessed the short and mid-term impacts of and patterns of change within, a 19-week workplace web-based intervention (Walk@WorkSpain; W@WS; 2010-11) on employees' presenteeism, mental well-being and lost work performance. Methods: A site randomised control trial recruited employees at six Spanish university campuses (n = 264; 42 +/- 10 years; 171 female), assigned by worksite and campus to an Intervention (IG; used W@WS; n = 129; 87 female) or an active Comparison group (A-CG; pedometer, paper diary and self-reported sitting time; n = 135; 84 female). A linear mixed model assessed changes between the baseline, ramping (8 weeks), maintenance (11 weeks) and follow-up (two months) phases for the IG versus A-CG on (i) % of lost work productivity (Work Limitations Questionnaire; WLQ); (ii) three scales for presenteeism (WLQ) assessing difficulty meeting scheduling demands (Time), performing cognitive and inter-personal tasks (Mental-Interpersonal) and decrements in meeting the quantity, quality and timeliness of completed work (Output); and (iii) mental well-being (Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale). T-tests assessed differences between groups for changes on the main outcomes. In the IG, a multivariate logistic regression model identified patterns of response according to baseline socio-demographic variables, physical activity and sitting time. Results: There was a significant 2 (group) x 2 (program time points) interaction for the Time (F [3]= 8.69, p = 0.005), Mental-Interpersonal (F [3]= 10.01, p = 0.0185), Output scales for presenteeism (F [3]= 8.56, p = 0.0357), and for % of lost work performance (F [3]= 10.31, p = 0.0161). Presenteeism and lost performance rose significantly in both groups across all study time points; after baseline performance was consistently better in the IG than in the A-CG. Better performance was linked to emplo

This paper presents a descriptive case study, which establishes a comparative analysis of the level of specificity between two microcycles carried out by two teams at different competition level (professional versus in-formation). A new instrument, the Specificity of Football Training Scale (SFTS), was created for assessing tasks specificity, sessions and training microcycles in football. SFTS is based on an broader and more complex interpretation of the concept of specificity: synchronous, contextual and functional (Castelo, 2009; Vales, Arce, Miñano & García, 2012; Vales 2012). Its internal structure is conformed by four levels of specificity: low, moderate, high and maximum, based on the application of three original measurement indices: Specificity Index of Tasks (SIT), Specificity Index of Sessions (SIS), and Specificity Index of Microcycles (SIM). Data show that training models applied by both teams are developed under methodological guidelines characterized by a medium-high specificity, the professional team showing greater degree of specificity in training tasks, sessions and microcycles (5,2 ± 2,3 points) compared to the in-formation team (4,3 ± 0,4 points). Our overall results can be considered relevant for future intervention studies, as well as for establishing strategies to optimize football training planning processes., En el presente artículo se plantea un estudio de caso descriptivo, en el cual se establece un análisis comparativo del grado de especificidad que presentan dos microciclos de entrenamiento pertenecientes a dos equipos de diferente nivel competitivo (profesional vs. formación). Para ello, se ha construido un novedoso instrumento de evaluación del grado de especificidad que presentan las tareas, sesiones y microciclos de entrenamiento en el fútbol, denominado Escala de Especificidad del Entrenamiento en el Fútbol (E.E.E.F.), fundamentado en una interpretación más amplia y compleja del concepto de especificidad: sincrónica, contextual y funcional (Castelo, 2009; Vales, Arce, Miñano & García, 2012; Vales 2012). Su estructura interna se configura a partir de cuatro niveles de especificidad: bajo, moderado, elevado y máximo, en base a la aplicación de tres índices de medida originales: Índice de Especificidad de las Tareas (I.E.T.), Índice de Especificidad de las Sesiones (I.E.S.) e Índice de Especificidad de los Microciclos (I.E.M.). Los datos obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que los modelos de entrenamiento aplicados por ambos equipos analizados se desarrollan bajo unas pautas metodológicas caracterizadas por una especificidad media-alta, observándose un mayor grado de especificidad en las tareas, sesiones y microciclos de entrenamiento en el equipo profesional (5,2 puntos ± 2,3), en comparación al equipo de formación (4,3 puntos ± 0,4). En su conjunto, los resultados registrados pueden considerarse relevantes para futuros estudios de intervención, así como para el establecimiento de estrategias optimizadoras de los procesos de planificación del entrenamiento en fútbol.

Our objective in this paper is to model the dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus in the region of Valencia (Spain) and analyse the effect of vaccination strategies from a health-economic point of view. Compartmental mathematical models based on differential equations are commonly used in epidemiology to both understand the underlying mechanisms that influence disease transmission and analyse the impact of vaccination programs. However, a recently proposed Bayesian stochastic susceptible-infected-recovered-susceptible model in discrete-time provided an improved and more natural description of disease dynamics. In this work, we propose an extension of that stochastic model that allows us to simulate and assess the effect of a vaccination strategy that consists on vaccinating a proportion of newborns., Peer Reviewed

En el presente artículo se plantea un estudio de caso descriptivo, en el cual se establece un análisis comparativo del grado de especificidad que presentan dos microciclos de entrenamiento pertenecientes a dos equipos de diferente nivel competitivo (profesional vs. formación). Para ello, se ha construido un novedoso instrumento de evaluación del grado de especificidad que presentan las tareas, sesiones y microciclos de entrenamiento en el fútbol, denominado Escala de Especificidad del Entrenamiento en el Fútbol (E.E.E.F.), fundamentado en una interpretación más amplia y compleja del concepto de especificidad: sincrónica, contextual y funcional (Castelo, 2009; Vales, Arce, Miñano & García, 2012; Vales 2012). Su estructura interna se configura a partir de cuatro niveles de especificidad: bajo, moderado, elevado y máximo, en base a la aplicación de tres índices de medida originales: Índice de Especificidad de las Tareas (I.E.T.), Índice de Especificidad de las Sesiones (I.E.S.) e Índice de Especificidad de los Microciclos (I.E.M.). Los datos obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que los modelos de entrenamiento aplicados por ambos equipos analizados se desarrollan bajo unas pautas metodológicas caracterizadas por una especificidad media-alta, observándose un mayor grado de especificidad en las tareas, sesiones y microciclos de entrenamiento en el equipo profesional (5,2 puntos ± 2,3), en comparación al equipo de formación (4,3 puntos ± 0,4). En su conjunto, los resultados registrados pueden considerarse relevantes para futuros estudios de intervención, así como para el establecimiento de estrategias optimizadoras de los procesos de planificación del entrenamiento en fútbol, This paper presents a descriptive case study, which establishes a comparative analysis of the level of specificity between two microcycles carried out by two teams at different competition level (professional versus in-formation). A new instrument, the Specificity of Football Training Scale (SFTS), was created for assessing tasks specificity, sessions and training microcycles in football. SFTS is based on an broader and more complex interpretation of the concept of specificity: synchronous, contextual and functional (Castelo, 2009; Vales, Arce, Miñano & García, 2012; Vales 2012). Its internal structure is conformed by four levels of specificity: low, moderate, high and maximum, based on the application of three original measurement indices: Specificity Index of Tasks (SIT), Specificity Index of Sessions (SIS), and Specificity Index of Microcycles (SIM). Data show that training models applied by both teams are developed under methodological guidelines characterized by a medium-high specificity, the professional team showing greater degree of specificity in training tasks, sessions and microcycles (5,2 ± 2,3 points) compared to the in-formation team (4,3 ± 0,4 points). Our overall results can be considered relevant for future intervention studies, as well as for establishing strategies to optimize football training planning processes

Although transformational change is a rather new topic in climate change adaptation literature, it has been studied in organisational theory for over 30 years. This paper argues that governance scholars can learn much from organisation theory, more specifically regarding the conceptualisation of change and intervention strategies. We reconceptualise the divide between transformational change and incremental change by questioning the feasibility of changes that are concurrently in-depth, large scale, and quick; and the assumption that incremental change is necessarily slow and can only result in superficial changes. To go beyond this dichotomy, we introduce the conceptualisation of continuous transformational change. Resulting intervention strategies include (1) providing basic conditions for enabling small in-depth wins; (2) amplifying small wins through sensemaking, coupling, and integrating; and (3) unblocking stagnations by confronting social and cognitive fixations with counterintuitive interventions. These interventions necessitate a modest leadership. Governing transformational change thus requires transformation of the governance systems themselves.

This master thesis deals with the teacher's use of the English language and mother tongue when solving discipline problems. It is divided into the theoretical and practical part. The main aim of the theoretical part is to introduce the essential concepts such as mother tongue, second language, discipline, uncooperative behaviour of learners, types of misbehaviour and strategies for dealing with misbehaviour. The practical part concentrates on a multiple-case study which was carried out at one selected basic school and three teachers of the English language were involved in the study., Tato diplomová práce se zabývá využíváním anglického a mateřského jazyka učitelem při řešení problémů s disciplínou. Je rozdělena na teoretickou a praktickou část. Hlavním cílem teoretické části je představit klíčové pojmy jako je mateřský jazyk, druhý jazyk, disciplína, nespolupracující chování žáků, druhy nevhodného chování a strategie při řešení nevhodného chování. Praktická část představuje kolektivní případovou studii, která byla provedena v jedné vybrané základní škole. Studie se zúčastnili tři učitelé anglického jazyka., Fakulta filozofická

El presente trabajo explora tres campos conceptuales que se consideran relevantes en relación con el proyecto de los espacios públicos urbanos, y busca relacionarlos entre sí para obtener una sistemática de intervención en la ciudad acompasada a las circunstancias y desafíos de la sociedad actual. Estos tres campos son la metodología de intervención, el lugar en el que se interviene y, por último, la participación de los ciudadanos. El tipo de metodología de intervención en la ciudad que se explora es la conocida como "Acupuntura Urbana", que se produce a través de operaciones puntuales. Se analizan cuatro experiencias de intervención en la ciudad que se consideran episodios representativos de diferentes relaciones posibles entre los tres campos: Curitiuba (Brasil), Barcelona, Hamar (Noruega) y Orriols (Valencia)., The present paper explores three conceptual fields that can be considered as relevant ones regarding public urban space project, searching for a link between them to obtain a systematic process for an intervention in the city accurated to the new circunstances and challenges of our society. These three fields are the methodology of intervention, the place where the intervention is developed and the citizen´s participation. The typology of intervention that we explore here it is known as “Urban acupuncture”, which is settled up through punctual operations. In order to do so, we examine four experiences of intervention in the city which are representative episodes of different possible relationships between the three fields: Curitiba (Brazil), Barcelona, Hamar (Norway) and Orriols (Valencia)., El present treball explora tres camps conceptuals que es consideren rellevants en relació amb el projecte dels espais públics urbans, y busca relacionar-los entre si per a obtindre una sistemàtica d'intervenció en la ciutat compassada a les circumstàncies i desafiaments de la societat actual. Aquests tres camps són la metodologia d'intervenció, el lloc en el que s'intervé i, per últim, la participació dels ciutadans. El tipus de metodologia d'intervenció en la ciutat que s'explora és coneguda com "Acupuntura Urbana", que es produeix a través d'operacions puntuals. S'analitzen quatre experiències d'intervenció en la ciutat que es consideren episodis representatius de diferents relacions possibles entre els tres camps: Curitiuba (Brasil), Barcelona, Hamar (Noruega) i Orriols (València).

Creel acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER (EU), through the Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (SEV-2011-0075), and from grants MICINN-ECO2009-11857 and SGR2009-578. Kristensen gratefully acknowledges research support by the Economic and Social Research Council through the ESRC Centre for Microdata Methods and Practice grant RES-589-28-0001, the Danish National Research Foundation (througha grant to CREATES) and the European Research Council (grant no. ERC-2012-StG 312474)., En este trabajo se conceptualizan, analizan y proponen acciones referidas a las conductas disruptivas en el nivel de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, en el contexto de Catalunya. Dichas conductas pueden evidenciar procesos de inadaptación de los estudiantes que es necesario atajar, de igual manera que problematiza el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje con consecuencias para el alumnado, el profesorado y el contexto de aprendizaje. En este escenario se han analizado los factores que inciden en la aparición de las conductas disruptivas, las dimensiones implicadas y la percepción que tienen los docentes (N=433) y discentes (N=6453) a partir de cuestionarios ad-hoc y de entrevistas. Se ha utilizado un enfoque metodológico mixto cuali-cuantitativo, de carácter descriptivo interpretativo ex -post- facto. A partir del análisis realizado, que determina las percepciones de discentes y docentes con relación a las conductas disruptivas, las estrategias y los recursos que utilizan, se establece la necesidad de desarrollar un planteamiento sistémico de la intervención con relación a las conductas disruptivas; a través de programas donde intervengan la comunidad, los centros educativos, docentes, estudiantes y padres de familia dirigidos a favorecer la capacidad resiliente de los estudiantes. Se tienen presentes diferentes niveles de actuación, desde el alumno al centro educativo y la comunidad, asumiendo estrategias de mediación para atender las conductas disruptivas., In this paper we conceptualize, analyze and propose actions related to disruptive behavior at the level of compulsory secondary education in the context of Catalonia. Such behaviors may prove maladaptive processes of students that need tackling, just as questions the teaching-learning process with consequences for students, teachers and the learning context. In this scenario we have analyzed the factors affecting the appearance of disruptive behaviors, the dimensions involved and the perception of teachers (N = 433) and students (N = 6453) from ad-hoc questionnaires and interviews. It used a mixed qualitative and quantitative methodological approach, interpretive descriptive ex -post- facto. From the analysis, which determines the perceptions of learners and teachers in relation to disruptive behavior, strategies and resources used, the need to develop a systemic approach to intervention regarding disruptive behavior is established through program which involved the community, schools, teachers, students and parents aimed at promoting resilient ability of students. Different levels of action are present, from the student to the school and the community, assuming mediation strategies to address disruptive behavior., Este trabajo se encuadra en el Proyecto I+D-2010 (EDU2010-2015. Subprograma EDUC), financiado por el MICIN, titulado "La influencia de los comportamientos disruptivos en el fracaso escolar de los alumnos de ESO".

The majority of the young adult offenders have a low level of education and are without the proper skills desired by employers. Vocational rehabilitation programme offered to young adult offenders seem ineffective in preparing young adult offenders for better lives after release. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible intervention strategies for improving vocational rehabilitation programme offered to young adult offenders at Polokwane Correctional Services Centre. Focus was also on the challenges faced by young adult offenders during the implementation of vocational rehabilitation programmes for the young adult offenders. Qualitative research approach was applied using case study design. Semi-structured interviews, focus group and documents analysis were employed to gather data. The major research findings indicated that:  Young adult offenders receive insufficient and inadequate vocational rehabilitation training due to lack of qualified trainers for specific field.  Young adult offenders often skip classes due to shortage of prison officers who can escort them to their classes.  There is lack of resources such as textbooks, apparatus to conduct practicals for engineering studies and skills development programmes.  There is insufficient support and motivation to the young adult offenders from the management and educational staff. It was recommended that:  Enough qualified trainers and section heads should be appointed to conduct vocational rehabilitation training to the young adult offenders.  Enough prison officers should be appointed to escort young adult offenders from cells to classroom to avoid the issue of skipping lessons.  Sufficient resources such as textbooks and apparatus to conduct practicals must be provided to centre should be made in order to provide support and motivation to young adult offenders.

BACKGROUND: Office workers spend a large proportion of their working hours sitting. This may contribute to an increased risk of chronic disease and premature mortality. While there is growing interest in workplace interventions targeting prolonged sitting, few qualitative studies have explored workers' perceptions of reducing occupational sitting outside of an intervention context. This study explored barriers to reducing office workplace sitting, and the feasibility and acceptability of strategies targeting prolonged sitting in this context. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 20 office workers (50 % women), including employees and managers, in Melbourne, Australia. The three organisations (two large, and one small organisation) were from retail, health and IT industries and had not implemented any formalised approaches to sitting reduction. Questions covered barriers to reducing sitting, the feasibility of potential strategies aimed at reducing sitting, and perceived effects on productivity. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Participants reported spending most (median: 7.2 h) of their working hours sitting. The nature of computer-based work and exposure to furniture designed for a seated posture were considered to be the main factors influencing sitting time. Low cost strategies, such as standing meetings and in-person communication, were identified as feasible ways to reduce sitting time and were also perceived to have potential productivity benefits. However, social norms around appropriate workplace behaviour and workload pressures were perceived to be barriers to uptake of these strategies. The cost implications of height-adjustable workstations influenced perceptions of feasibility. Managers noted the need for an evidence-based business case supporting action on prolonged sitting, particularly in the context of

This research shows a case study of two students schooled in the Communication and Language classroom of a Valencian school. The main goal is to understand the situation of inclusive education of these students. With this aim, it has collected information through record sheets, interviews, surveys, informal conversations and field journal that allowed us to do a qualitative analysis. We have described the difficulties that hinder the transition to ordinary classroom and we have analyzed the correspondence between intervention strategies of both classrooms. With these results, we reflect on the accomplishment of the goal of creating C&L classrooms: the progressive inclusion in ordinary classrooms., Este texto muestra un estudio de casos de dos alumnos escolarizados en el aula de Comunicación y Lenguaje de un colegio valenciano. El objetivo principal se centra en conocer la situación de inclusión educativa de estos alumnos. Para llevarlo a cabo, se ha recogido una serie de datos utilizando hojas de registro de observaciones, entrevistas, encuestas, conversaciones informales y un diario de campo que han permitido realizar un análisis cualitativo de los mismos. Se han descrito las dificultades que obstaculizan el paso del aula CyL al aula ordinaria y se ha analizado la correspondencia entre las diferentes estrategias de intervención. Con los resultados obtenidos, reflexionamos sobre el grado de cumplimiento del objetivo original de la creación de las aulas CyL: la progresiva inclusión al aula ordinaria.

Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening, is a global citrus disease occurring in almost all citrus growing regions. It causes substantial economic burdens to individual growers, citrus industries and governments. Successful management strategies to reduce disease burden are desperately needed but with so many possible interventions and combinations thereof it is difficult to know which are worthwhile or cost-effective. We review how mathematical models have yielded useful insights into controlling disease spread for other vector-borne plant diseases, and the small number of mathematical models of HLB. We adapt a malaria model to HLB, by including temperature-dependent psyllid traits, “flushing” of trees, and economic costs, to show how models can be used to highlight the parameters that require more data collection or that should be targeted for intervention. We analyze the most common intervention strategy, insecticide spraying, to determine the most cost-effective spraying strategy. We find that fecundity and feeding rate of the vector require more experimental data collection, for wider temperatures ranges. Also, the best strategy for insecticide intervention is to spray for more days rather than pay extra for a more efficient spray. We conclude that mathematical models are able to provide useful recommendations for managing HLB spread.

Au Québec, comme partout dans les pays développés, le vieillissement de la population oblige à repenser les méthodes d’intervention (Couturier et al., 2013). De plus, vieillir chez soi en conservant la meilleure qualité de vie possible est un souhait cher à la majorité des personnes aînées (Mauriat et al., 2009). Pour prendre en considération ce souhait, malgré la complexité de la situation biopsychosociale de plusieurs, le système de santé et de services sociaux offre un service de soutien à domicile dans lequel des coordonnateurs dédiés (ex. : gestionnaires de cas, travailleuses sociales pivots) coordonnent les différents services requis afin de répondre aux besoins des personnes vivant à domicile avec une autonomie fonctionnelle diminuée (Couturier et al., 2013). Plusieurs personnes aînées en situation biopsychosociale complexe refusent les services offerts (Corvol et al., 2012). Ce refus peut aller de la simple décision de ne pas prendre sa médication ou de ne pas accepter l’aide à la toilette à celle de refuser l’aide alimentaire ou des soins et services essentiels, et, ce faisant, d’encourir d’importants risques quant à leur sécurité, voire leur survie (Balard et Somme, 2011). Au Québec, sauf dans les cas d’exception prévus par la loi, la liberté de consentir ou non à des soins est un droit reconnu à chaque personne, consacrant ainsi les principes d’intégrité et d’inviolabilité de la personne (gouvernement du Québec, n.d.). Le cadre professionnel des travailleuses sociales, via leur formation et les lignes directrices de l’Ordre des travailleurs sociaux et des thérapeutes conjugaux et familiaux du Québec (OTSTCFQ), favorise également l’autonomie de la personne à travers des approches visant l’empowerment. Cependant, les mêmes cadres leur donnent également un rôle central à jouer lorsqu’il est question de reconnaître l’inaptitude des personnes à décider pour elles-mêmes, notamment à travers l’acte d’évaluation psychosociale dans un tel contexte. Plus largement

With the recent implementation of the Graduation and Completion Index (GCI), schools in the Commonwealth of Virginia are charged with graduating students within a four year time frame. The purpose of this study was to investigate the intervention strategies implemented by a school receiving the status of 'warned' for falling below the GCI benchmark in the school year 2011-2012 and subsequently receiving 'meets benchmark' status for the next two school years, 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. This study sought to determine what support and interventions this school provided for students who successfully graduated from high school within the designated four year time frame. A review of previous research and findings demonstrated the need for further research in this area. The intervention strategies implemented at a school that received 'warning' status yet currently maintains 'meets benchmark' status could benefit other schools and students. Some of the identified intervention strategies were: a) in-school detention was used as an intervention strategy; b) calling home and home visits were used as intervention strategies; c) the four by four block schedule was used as an intervention strategy d); attendance, retention, and discipline influenced a student's decision to stay in school; e) intervention strategies for students must be supported at the elementary, middle, and high school levels; and f) additional academic support (Saturday school) was an effective strategy for meeting the GCI benchmark. Implications were that school leaders should: a) consider creating a team that meets frequently to address the needs of at-risk students; b) identify ways to engage parents and the community in meeting the needs of students who are at risk of dropping out; c) consider alternatives to out of school suspension; and d) consider the four by four block scheduling model to support on time graduation rates for students.

This paper aims to present the challenges of research in occupational health psychology, particularly work stress, which is one of the issues of greatest development in this discipline. This paper describes the key conceptual elements of work stress. Furthermore, the difficulties of research in this field are identified and methodological suggestions are presented for enriching research on this issue. Intervention programs in this area are analyzed comparing approaches, designs and effective results. Finally, guidelines are proposed to improve research in this field., El presente artículo tiene como propósito exponer los retos de la investigación en psicología de la salud ocupacional, en particular el estrés en el trabajo, uno de los temas de mayor desarrollo en esta disciplina. El artículo describe los elementos conceptuales y determinantes del estrés en el trabajo, se identifican las dificultades de la investigación en esta área y, se plantean sugerencias metodológicas para enriquecer esta investigación. Los programas de intervención son analizados comparando enfoques, diseños y resultados efectivos. Por último, se proponen directrices para mejorar la investigación en este campo.

The present study investigates acceptance of intervention strategies for low-calorie snack choices that vary regarding the effect they have on consumers’ freedom of choice (providing information, guiding choice through (dis)incentives, and restricting choice). We examine the mediating effects of perceived effectiveness and perceived fairness, and the moderating effects of barriers to choose low-calorie snacks and perceived responsibility for food choice. Data was collected through an online survey, involving three waves that were completed over a seven week timespan. Information was collected on barriers and perceived responsibility, and evaluations of a total of 128 intervention strategies with varying levels of intrusiveness that were further systematically varied in terms of source, location, approach/avoidance, type, and severity. A total of 1173 respondents completed all three waves. We found that the effect of intervention intrusiveness on acceptance was mediated by the perceived personal- and societal effectiveness, and the perceived fairness of interventions. For barriers and perceived responsibility, only main effects on intervention-specific beliefs were found. Government interventions were accepted less than interventions by food manufacturers. In conclusion, the present study shows that acceptance of interventions depends on perceptions of personal- and societal effectiveness and fairness, thereby providing novel starting points for increasing acceptance of both existing and new food choice interventions. Keywords: obesity prevention; intervention strategies; consumer acceptance; effectiveness; fairness; intrusiveness; beverages; snack foods; low-calorie; healthy choices

Introduction: This study focuses on the strategies of implementing practical activities in children with intellectual disabilities. It is aimed at encouraging and rehabilitating neuropsychological processes of attention, behaviour and cognition (visual and spatial abilities, elemental and complex motor abilities and conceptual functions). Subject: This study was aimed at children with mild intellectual disabilities with the emphasis on their cognitive and behavioural functioning in relation to different aspects of the applied treatment strategies. Material and methods: The sample consists of 124 examinees with mild intellectual disability, of both genders, aged between 8 and 13, attending primary schools in Belgrade. In this research we applied the Trial Making Test (TMT; Reitan, 1971) for attention assessment, the IOWA Conners' Rating Scale for Children for behaviour assessment, and the Test of Concept Utilization (TCU; Crager and Lane, 1981) for the assessment of cognitive functions. Results: The results indicate the presence of developmental disabilities in the examined areas in more than 50% of the tested children and a high statistically significant correlation between the applied treatment modalities and tested abilities and functions (r=0.52-0.59, df lt 0.01). The study points out the necessity of implementing the multimodal approach: team work of professionals and non-professionals (cooperation between professionals and parents), complementary treatment (medical and special treatment, psychosocial interventions, combination of treatment strategies), psychotherapy and psycho-pharmacotherapy when necessary, as well as special education and rehabilitation, based on individual education programs and individual training programs (IEP and ITP) and special rehabilitation procedures and methods. Conclusion: New treatment strategies, with the emphasis on special rehabilitation treatment, were proposed in conclusion.