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Written sources document the pursuit of trade between India and the Mediterranean world during the early Middle Ages. These traded goods, notably spices, perfume, and luxury fabrics, rarely leave material remains as a result of their perishable nature. Two types of archaeological finds dated from the fifth and sixth centuries have helped fill some of the gaps in the documentary sources. The first includes small beads of green-colored glass found in graves in which the beads appear to have been sewn onto pieces of clothing. As their chemical composition and the specific method of their manufacture reveal, these beads were produced in southern India and Sri Lanka and are known termed Indo-Pacific. The second type of archaeological find are garnets, which are found throughout western Europe at the start of the Merovingian period, decorating weapons, jewelry, and clothing accessories, most often in the cloisonné style. Recent chemical analysis of the garnets and their specific inclusion has been conducted with precision laboratory techniques. This analysis demonstrates that they came from deposits in India (mainly Rajasthan) and Sri Lanka, at least until around 600. For historical and economic reasons that remain unclear, the emporia in southern India and Sri Lanka at this time ceased to export the Indo-Pacific beads, and later garnets, to the Red Sea and the Mediterranean basin., SCOPUS: ch.b, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The principles of tooth preparation are commonly as: biological, biomechanical an aesthetic. Biological factors are influencing the health of periodontal tissues and pulp, the biomechanical (or technical) will affect the integrity and durability of the restorations, and aesthetic factors are related to the natural appearance of the restorations. These principles are routinely modified to suit various clinical situations. Proper tooth preparation intended to prosthodontics treatment should allow successful reproduction of anatomical contours and emergence profiles. Besides providing an appropiate thickness for each type of structure, without exceeding the limitations of each material as well as maintain the biological integrity of the related tissues

Guld har i många år använts som rekonstruktionsmaterial vid bettrehabilitering. Mer än 50% av Sveriges vuxna befolkning har kronor och/eller broar framställda i guldlegering och guld används också till stift i rotfyllda tänder, på vilka sedan kronor kan fästas. Guld har länge betraktats vara inert, dvs. ej kunna ge några reaktioner vid användning i kroppen, men på senare år har en ökad frekvens av kontaktallergi mot guld kunnat konstateras. Kontaktallergi är en typ av allergi, som vid upprepad kontakt med ämnet kan ge patienten en reaktion i hud och slemhinna. När det gäller guld kan kontaktallergi uppstå t.ex. under guldringar, av örhänge eller av halsband. När man utreder patienter för kontaktallergi mot guld – s.k. lapptestning, fäster man en häfta med guldsaltet guldnatriumtiosulfat (GSTS) på ryggen i 48 timmar. Patienten tar efter dessa två dygn bort testlappen och 3–4 samt 7 dagar efter exponeringen värderas den eventuellt uppkomna reaktionen av en hudläkare. Reaktionerna kan klassas som ospecifika irritationsreaktioner, negativa reaktioner, tveksamma reak-tioner och allergiska (positiva) reaktioner av eksemtyp. 1991 började man i Malmö rutinmässigt använda GSTS vid lapptestning av kontaktallergi mot guld, och då kunde konstateras att 10 % av de testade uppvisade kontaktallergi mot guld. Man har också visat att ett positivt lapptest är en manifestation av kontaktallergi. GSTS är, efter nickelsulfat, det näst vanligaste allergenet, som ger positiv hudreaktion vid rutintestning av eksempatienter. Detta tillsammans med en enkätstudie, som indikerade att kontaktallergi för guld var överrepresenterat hos patienter som hade guld i munnen, utgör bakgrunden till detta avhandlingsprojekt. I det första delarbetet studerades om dentalt guld (kronor, broar, inlägg) kunde sättas i samband med kontaktallergi för guld. Patienterna som ingick i studien var patienter som skulle testas eftersom de hade eksem. Resultaten visade att de patienter som vid tandläkarundersökning visa

This study evaluated, in vitro, the loss of tooth substance after cavity preparation for direct and indirect restorations and its relationship with fracture strength of the prepared teeth. Sixty sound human maxillary first premolars were assigned to 6 groups (n=10). MOD direct composite cavities (Groups I, II and III) and indirect inlay cavities (Groups IV, V and VI) were prepared maintaining standardized dimensions: 2-mm deep pulpal floors, 1.5-mm wide gingival walls and 2-mm high axial walls. Buccolingual width of the occlusal box was established at 1/4 (Groups I and IV), 1/3 (Groups II and V) or 1/2 (Groups III and VI) of the intercuspal distance. Teeth were weighed (digital balance accurate to 0.001 g) before and after preparation to record tooth substance mass lost during cavity preparation. The prepared teeth were submitted to occlusal loading to determine their fracture strength using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (alpha= 0.05). 1/4-inlay cavities had higher percent mean mass loss (9.71%) than composite resin cavities with the same width (7.07%). 1/3-inlay preparations also produced higher percent mean mass loss (13.91%) than composite resin preparations with the same width (10.02%). 1/2-inlay cavities had 21.34% of mass loss versus 16.19% for the 1/2-composite resin cavities. Fracture strength means (in kgf) were: GI = 187.65; GII = 143.62; GIII = 74.10; GIV = 164.22; GV = 101.92; GVI = 50.35. Statistically significant difference (p

This study evaluated, in vitro, the loss of tooth substance after cavity preparation for direct and indirect restorations and its relationship with fracture strength of the prepared teeth. Sixty sound human maxillary first premolars were assigned to 6 groups (n=10). MOD direct composite cavities (Groups I, II and III) and indirect inlay cavities (Groups IV, V and VI) were prepared maintaining standardized dimensions: 2-mm deep pulpal floors, 1.5-mm wide gingival walls and 2-mm high axial walls. Buccolingual width of the occlusal box was established at 1/4 (Groups I and IV), 1/3 (Groups II and V) or 1/2 (Groups III and VI) of the intercuspal distance. Teeth were weighed (digital balance accurate to 0.001 g) before and after preparation to record tooth substance mass lost during cavity preparation. The prepared teeth were submitted to occlusal loading to determine their fracture strength using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (alpha= 0.05). 1/4-inlay cavities had higher percent mean mass loss (9.71%) than composite resin cavities with the same width (7.07%). 1/3-inlay preparations also produced higher percent mean mass loss (13.91%) than composite resin preparations with the same width (10.02%). 1/2-inlay cavities had 21.34% of mass loss versus 16.19% for the 1/2-composite resin cavities. Fracture strength means (in kgf) were: GI = 187.65; GII = 143.62; GIII = 74.10; GIV = 164.22; GV = 101.92; GVI = 50.35. Statistically significant difference (p

PURPOSE: The present follow-up study was carried out to evaluate the performance of Class II Cerec inlays after 10 years of clinical service. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-six Class II CAD/CAM ceramic inlays were placed in 27 patients. Each patient received at least one inlay luted with a dual-cured resin composite and one inlay luted with a chemically cured resin composite. At the 10-year recall, 25 (93%) patients with 61 (92%) inlays were available for evaluation using a slight modification of the USPHS criteria. RESULTS: Fifty-four (89%) of the 61 inlays reevaluated still functioned well at the 10-year recall. During the follow-up period, seven (11%) of the inlays required replacement because of: four inlay fractures, one cusp fracture, endodontic problems in one case, and postoperative symptoms in one case. All the replaced inlays had been luted with the dual-cured resin composite. The fractured inlays were all placed in molars. The estimated survival rate after 10 years was 89%, 77% for the dual-cured resin composite-luted inlays and 100% for the chemically cured resin composite-luted ones. The difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Patient satisfaction with and acceptance of the Cerec inlays were high, and the performance after 10 years of clinical service was acceptable, especially regarding the inlays luted with the chemically cured resin composite. The properties of the luting agents seem to affect the longevity of the type of ceramic inlays evaluated., Ranked the second best article published in The Journal of International Prosthodontics, 2004.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality and persistance of esthetics of dedicated inlay by clinical methods. Methods. The paper reviews the clinical significance and technique of preparing particular composite inlays before and after the construction of the metallic framework partial denture. On the basis of indications the total of 30 inlays were placed into cavities under relatively dry working conditions. Six, twelve eighteen and twenty-four months after the placement of filling, control check-up was carried out by Ryge criteria. Results. After two years marginal discoloration as well as the change of the colour occured in 3.3% of inlays. There was neither detectable secondary caries, nor the symtoms of pulpal damage. The requirements to be fulfilled concerning the composite materials in order that they can be implemented for this purpose, were also discussed. Conclusion. From the clinical point of view, purpouse inlays from Herculite XRV lab C8B in combination with Opti Bond System and composite cement Porcelite Dual Cure showed high functional and esthetic values in the observational period of two years., Cilj istraživanja bio je da se kliničkim metodama ispita kvalitet i postojanost namenskih kompozitnih inleja. Metode. U radu je dat prikaz kliničkog značaja i tehnike izrade namenskih kompozitnih inleja, kako pre tako i posle izrade parcijalne skeletirane proteze. Prema utvrđenim indikacijama i uslovima suvog radnog polja, postavljeno je ukupno 30 inleja. Kontrolni pregledi su obavljeni posle 6, 12, 18 i 24 meseca uz primenu kriterijuma po Rygeu. Rezultati. Nakon 24 mesečne opservacije 3,3% inleja su pokazali ivične diskoloracije i promene boje inleja. Sekundarni karijes ili bilo kakve druge objektivne i subjektivne smetnje na lečenim zubima nisu konstatovane. Raspravljano je i o uslovima koje kompozitni materijali moraju da ispune da bi mogli da se koriste za ovu namenu. Zaključak. Sa kliničkog aspekta, namenski inleji od Herculite XRV Lab C&B u kombinaciji sa Opti Bond sistemom i kompozitnim cementom Porcelite Dual Cure u opservacionom periodu od dve godine ispoljili su visoke funkcionalne i estetske vrednosti.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality and persistance of esthetics of dedicated inlay by clinical methods. Methods. The paper reviews the clinical significance and technique of preparing particular composite inlays before and after the construction of the metallic framework partial denture. On the basis of indications the total of 30 inlays were placed into cavities under relatively dry working conditions. Six, twelve eighteen and twenty-four months after the placement of filling, control check-up was carried out by Ryge criteria. Results. After two years marginal discoloration as well as the change of the colour occured in 3.3% of inlays. There was neither detectable secondary caries, nor the symtoms of pulpal damage. The requirements to be fulfilled concerning the composite materials in order that they can be implemented for this purpose, were also discussed. Conclusion. From the clinical point of view, purpouse inlays from Herculite XRV lab C8B in combination with Opti Bond System and composite cement Porcelite Dual Cure showed high functional and esthetic values in the observational period of two years., Cilj istraživanja bio je da se kliničkim metodama ispita kvalitet i postojanost namenskih kompozitnih inleja. Metode. U radu je dat prikaz kliničkog značaja i tehnike izrade namenskih kompozitnih inleja, kako pre tako i posle izrade parcijalne skeletirane proteze. Prema utvrđenim indikacijama i uslovima suvog radnog polja, postavljeno je ukupno 30 inleja. Kontrolni pregledi su obavljeni posle 6, 12, 18 i 24 meseca uz primenu kriterijuma po Rygeu. Rezultati. Nakon 24 mesečne opservacije 3,3% inleja su pokazali ivične diskoloracije i promene boje inleja. Sekundarni karijes ili bilo kakve druge objektivne i subjektivne smetnje na lečenim zubima nisu konstatovane. Raspravljano je i o uslovima koje kompozitni materijali moraju da ispune da bi mogli da se koriste za ovu namenu. Zaključak. Sa kliničkog aspekta, namenski inleji od Herculite XRV Lab C&B u kombinaciji sa Opti Bond sistemom i kompozitnim cementom Porcelite Dual Cure u opservacionom periodu od dve godine ispoljili su visoke funkcionalne i estetske vrednosti.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate Cerec CAD/CAM inlays processed of two industrially made machinable ceramics during an 8-yr follow-up period. Each of 16 patients received two similar ceramic inlays. Half the number of the inlays were made of a feldspathic (Vita Mark II) and the other of a glass ceramic (Dicor MGC) block. The inlays were luted with a dual resin composite and evaluated clinically using modified USPHS criteria at baseline, 8 months, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 8 yr, and indirectly using models. At baseline, 84% of the inlays were estimated as optimal and 16% as acceptable. Postoperative sensitivity was reported by one patient for 8 months. Of the 32 inlays evaluated during the 8 yr, 3 failed due to fracture of the material. No secondary caries was found adjacent to the inlays. No significant differences in the clinical performance were found between inlays made of the two ceramics. It can be concluded that the CAD/CAM inlays processed of the two ceramics functioned well during the 8-yr follow-up period.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate Cerec CAD/CAM inlays processed of two industrially made machinable ceramics during an 8-yr follow-up period. Each of 16 patients received two similar ceramic inlays. Half the number of the inlays were made of a feldspathic (Vita Mark II) and the other of a glass ceramic (Dicor MGC) block. The inlays were luted with a dual resin composite and evaluated clinically using modified USPHS criteria at baseline, 8 months, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 8 yr, and indirectly using models. At baseline, 84% of the inlays were estimated as optimal and 16% as acceptable. Postoperative sensitivity was reported by one patient for 8 months. Of the 32 inlays evaluated during the 8 yr, 3 failed due to fracture of the material. No secondary caries was found adjacent to the inlays. No significant differences in the clinical performance were found between inlays made of the two ceramics. It can be concluded that the CAD/CAM inlays processed of the two ceramics functioned well during the 8-yr follow-up period.