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While the NCAA grapples with how to return to sport during the COVID-19 pandemic, knowledge of the current exercise habits and well-being of collegiate athletes can better inform strength and conditioning professionals how to adjust periodization plans for the coming year. As collegiate athletes attempt to train independently, there is an opportunity to survey the athletes who normally participate in organized strength and conditioning programs. This study aims to understand current independent exercise regimes and explore current well-being measures such as fatigue, sleep, mood, soreness, and stress. Coaches may be facing massive levels of detraining or potentially the rest and recovery desperately needed for a rejuvenated return to sport. In this study, 237 collegiate athletes (mean age = 19.75, SD = 1.18) completed an online survey measuring exercise participation and well-being. Exercise habits indicate a statistically (p < .05) and clinically significant increase in frequency (t(234) = 4.36, p = .000, ES = .32), intensity (t(235) = 5.31, p = .000, ES = .47), and duration (t(234) = 6.54, p = .000, ES = .47) of exercise sessions overtime during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine. Perceived psychological well-being also increased as time went on during quarantine with an improvement in fatigue (Z = 3.42, p = .001, ES = .22), sleep quality (Z = 4.59, p = .000, ES = .30), stress (Z = 6.53, p = .000, ES = .42), and mood (Z = 5.86, p = .000, ES = .38). It appears there was a potential adaptation to quarantine that improved athletes’ exercise participation and perceived well-being but concerns for periodization strategies, motivation, and possibility of detraining remain for strength and conditioning professionals in the transition to the return to sport.

This qualitative study examines high school students´ views on independent practice in drums, as well as the drum students' experiences of strategies for practice. The study also intends to investigate which cultural tools the drum students use in their practice and whether any form of practice culture emerges. Previous research shows that independent practice in music is influenced by cultural context, knowledge of practice strategies, the quality of the exercise, teaching content, motivation and goals. In the present study, four semi-structured interviews were conducted with drum students in high school. The collected data underwent a thematic analysis from a sociocultural perspective. The result show that independent practice in drums in high school depends on physical and intellectual tools in the form of drumsticks, practice-pads, hands, feet, knees, thighs, drums, digital playback devices and headphones, motivation, social meetings with other musicians, role models, personal goals and practice strategies. The cultural tools are appropriated according to the aspect of the drumming that the informants intend to practice. The independent exercise also proves to be a cultural tool in itself that is used to handle ensemble practice as a social context. The rehearsal culture can thus be considered an important aspect of playing music with other musicians.

The focus of this research is on the aspects of safety, immunity, and faith in learning Physical Education (PE) at IAIN Salatiga. This study aims to analyze the aspects of safety, immunity, and faith in physical education learning at IAIN Salatiga. This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach and uses a case study design. The results of this research show that the safety aspect has been implemented in Physical Education learning at IAIN Salatiga by fully implementing online learning. Furthermore, the immunity aspect is carried out in physical education learning by implementing a physical fitness independent exercise program. Finally, the faith aspect is achieved by praying together before and after Physical Education learning. This research concludes that the aspects of safety, immunity, and faith have been implemented in physical education learning at IAIN Salatiga during the Covid-19 Pandemic.BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRACT: Fokus penelitian ini tentang aspek aman, imun, dan iman dalam pembelajaran pendidikan jasmani (penjas) di IAIN Salatiga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aspek aman, imun, dan iman dalam pembelajaran penjas di IAIN Salatiga. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologis dan menggunakan desain case study. Hasil penelitian ini adalah aspek aman telah dilaksanakan dalam pembelajaran penjas di IAIN Salatiga dengan cara melaksanakan pembelajaran penuh dalam jaringan (daring). Selanjutnya, aspek imun dilaksanakan dalam pembelajaran penjas dengan cara pelaksanaan program latihan mandiri kebugaran jasmani. Sementara itu aspek iman dicapai dengan cara melaksanakan do’a bersama sebelum dan sesudah pembelajaran penjas. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah aspek aman, imun, dan iman telah dilaksanakan dalam pembelajaran penjas di IAIN Salatiga selama Pandemi Covid-19.

Marla K Beauchamp,1– 3 Cindy Ellerton,1,3 Renata Kirkwood,1 Dina Brooks,1,3 Julie Richardson,1 Roger S Goldstein,3,4 Stewart Pugsley,2,5 Diana Hatzoglou2 1School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; 2Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada; 3Respiratory Rehabilitation, West Park Healthcare Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; 4Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; 5Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CanadaCorrespondence: Marla K BeauchampMcMaster University, School of Rehabilitation Science, 1400 Main Street West, Room 428, Hamilton, ON, L8S 1C7, CanadaEmail beaucm1@mcmaster.caPurpose: Older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a high risk and rate of falls. Home-based fall prevention exercise programs reduce falls in older adults and may be an alternative approach for people with COPD without access to hospital-based rehabilitation. Therefore, we aimed to determine the feasibility of a home-based fall prevention exercise program in older adults with COPD and to examine the effect of the program on fall-related outcomes at baseline, 3 and 6 months.Patients and Methods: Adults ≥ 60 years with COPD at risk for falls participated in a single group study. The intervention was a 6-month home-based fall prevention program which included 40 minutes of independent exercise three times per week, four physiotherapist home visits, bimonthly phone calls, and an optional booster session post-exacerbation. An independent assessor collected outcome measures at home at baseline, 3- and 6-months. Primary feasibility criteria were recruitment and retention rates (≥ 70%) and exercise adherence (≥ 60%). Functional outcomes included the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest), the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale, the repeated chair-stand test, s

This study assessed the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), fatigue and physical activity levels of 28 persons with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on initial administration of an erythropoietin stimulating agent, and at 3 months, 6 months and 12 months. The sample comprised of 15 females and 13 males whose ages ranged from 31 to 84 years. Physical activity was measured using the Human Activity Profile (HAP): Self-care, Personal/Household work, Entertainment/Social, Independent exercise. Quality of life was measured using the SF-36 which gives scores on physical health (physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain and general health) and mental health (vitality, social functioning, role-emotional and emotional well-being). Fatigue was measured by the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Across all time points the renal sample engaged in considerably less HAP personal/household work activities and entertainment/social activities compared to healthy adults. The normative sample engaged in three times more independent/exercise activities compared to renal patients. One-way Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated a significant change over time for SF-36 scales of role physical, vitality, emotional well-being and overall mental health. There was a significant difference in fatigue levels over time [F(3,11) = 3.78, p<.05]. Fatigue was highest at baseline and lowest at 6 months. The more breathlessness the CKD patient reported, the fewer activities undertaken and the greater the reported level of fatigue. There were no significant age differences over time for fatigue or physical activity. Age differences were only found for SF-36 mental health at 3 months (t=-2.41, df=14, p<.05). Those younger than 65 years had lower emotional well-being compared to those aged over 65. Males had poorer physical health compared to females at 12 months. There were no significant gender differences on mental health at any time point. In the management of chronic kidney disease, early detection of a

Astronauts suffer degradation of postural muscles and weight-bearing bones during long-duration spaceflight. Resistance exercise is used as a primary countermeasure against these degradations. However, it has proven difficult to predict appropriate exercise loads, and the countermeasure regimens in current use are not fully preventing bone and muscle loss. It is likely that gravity-independent exercise devices, based on flywheel inertial resistance, will be implemented in future musculoskeletal countermeasure regimens. In this thesis, biomechanical analyses of external and internal exercise loads during flywheel leg resistance exercises, were performed through experimental data collection and musculoskeletal modelling. The thesis is based on four separate studies with the collective aim to provide knowledge that can be implemented when designing flywheel-based strength-training regimens to be used both in terrestrial settings and as countermeasures against musculoskeletal deconditioning in weightlessness. The first study analyzed computed joint kinematics and kinetics, and relative muscle forces in the lower limb during maximal effort flywheel leg press (FWLP) and flywheel squat (FWS) exercises. Results showed that total exercise load was slightly higher during FWS than FWLP, whereas relative muscle force did not differ between the two exercises, suggesting that they may have similar strength training effects. The second study investigated the effect of gravity on internal joint load distribution during leg resistance exercise. This was done in two steps: 1) by comparing joint kinetics during FWLP and FWS at a given submaximal exercise load (80% of the isometric maximum load in FWLP), and 2) by simulating both FWLP and FWS in zero gravity and studying changes in joint loads. The first step revealed greater hip extension moment and lumbar joint-contact forces in FWLP than in FWS, indicating a notable effect of the direction of motion relative to the gravity vector, o, Vid långvariga rymdresor drabbas astronauter av att kropssviktsbärande muskler och skelett förtvinas respektive urkalkas. Den huvudsakliga åtgärden för att motverka denna nedbrytning är styrketräning, men det har visat sig vara svårt att förutsäga hur belastningen från en specifik träningsövning kommer att bli i tyngdlöshet. Den typen av träning som utförs vid rymdresor idag är inte tillräckligt bra för att helt motverka nedbrytningen av det muskuloskelettala systemet. Därför behövs ytterligare forskning för att förbättra förutsättningarna för astronauterna att bibehålla styrka och funktion under långvariga rymdfärder. I denna avhandling undersöktes externa och interna belastningar vid styrketräningsövningar för benen som utfördes med svänghjulsapparat, en gravitationsoberoende träningsutrustning som genererar motstånd via trögheten hos ett svänghjul. Fyra studier, baserade på experimentell datainsamling och muskuloskelettal modellering, ligger till grund för avhandlingen. Det övergripande syftet med studierna var att generera kunskap som kan utnyttjas vid utveckling av nya svänghjulsbaserade styrketräningsrutiner som kan användas inte enbart på jorden utan även i rymden, för att förhindra nedbrytning av astronauternas muskel- och benvävnad. I den första studien undersöktes ledvinklar och moment samt relativa muskelkrafter i benen vid två maximala styrketräningsövningar utförda med svänghjulsutrustning: benpress (FWLP) och knäböj (FWS). Försökspersonerna uppnådde högre krafter i FWS än i FWLP men de relativa muskelkrafterna var lika i de båda övningarna, vilket indikerar att de torde framkalla jämförbara träningseffekter. Den andra studien undersökte gravitationens effekt på belastningsfördelningen i kroppen vid styrketräning av benen. Detta gjordes i två steg: 1) genom att jämföra belastningen i leder vid de två övningarna FWLP och FWS som utfördes med samma totala belastning (motsvarande 80% av isometriskt maximum i FWLP) och 2) genom att simulera FWLP och FWS i t, QC 2020-10-20

Syftet med detta arbete är att utveckla och förbättra undervisningskvalitet på matematikundervisningen på KTH genom att utveckla en kurs i pedagogik för nya övningsassistenter. Denna kurs kommer göras utifrån en förstudie på KTH. Denna studie ämnar undersöka vad som (1) kännetecknar god undervisning vid övningar på kursen envariabelanalys (SF1625) på KTH samt (2) vilka vanliga svårigheter studenter möter i denna kurs. Arbetet utgick från en explorativ ansats där data från studenter som går eller gått kursen, föreläsare och erfarna övningsassistenter samlades in. Datainsamlingen genomfördes i form av en enkätundersökning riktad mot studenterna, med hjälp av intervjuer med föreläsare och en frågeenkät riktad mot övningsassistenter som besvarades via mejl. Data från dessa grupper jämfördes sedan med tidigare kända resultat från studier om god undervisning och svårigheter i högskolematematik. Där data pekar mot liknande svar och kan understödas av litteratur inom pedagogik anses rapportens frågeställningar besvarats.Totalt besvarade 261 studenter enkäten, 2 föreläsare intervjuades och 6 övningsassistenter besvarade frågeenkäten via mejl. Gällande den första frågeställningen kom studien fram till att; (1) ett typisk bra upplägg på en övning är repetition av teori, låta studenterna räknar och diskuterar materialet själva och att övningsassistenter därefter löser talen inför klassen, (2) studenterna bör diskutera teori och begrepp med varandra, (3) de får möjlighet att ställa frågor, (4) övningsassistenter bör kunna illustrera matematiska koncept på olika sätt, (5) övningsassistenter bör jobba med både formellt och vardagligt språk i sina genomgångar och (6) övningsassistenter bör behärska god tavelteknik. Gällande den andra frågeställningen kom studien fram till att: (1) matematik som kan lösas genom memorerade lösningsmetoder är enklare än från matematik som behöver en bredare förståelse, exempelvis problemlösning eller bevisföring, (2) det studenterna upplever som svåra, The general objective of this paper is to improve the teaching quality of a course in mathematics at KTH by developing a training program in pedagogics for new tutors. To achieve this goal we aimed (1) to identify what characterises good teaching during supervised exercises in the course in single variable analysis (SF1625) at KTH and (2) what kind of difficulties students encounter in order to reach the objectives of this course. This is done through an explorative approach in which data was collected from students, lecturers and experienced training assistants by e-mail using polls and interviews. The data was then compared to existing knowledge about good quality education in mathematics on university level. A total of 261 students, 2 teachers and 6 tutors took part in the study. We identified six factors that appear to be linked to good teaching praxis: (1) a combination of repetition and independent exercise followed by a teachers review together with the students, (2) students should discuss theory and concepts with each other, (3) students get the opportunity to ask questions, (4) exercise assistants should be able to illustrate mathematical concepts in different ways, (5) exercise assistants should work with both formal and everyday language in their reviews and (6) exercise assistants should master good chalkboard technique. Our second study question revealed five important obstacles that seem limit learning outcomes: (1) mathematical problems that can be solved using memorised solutions are easier to master then problems that require deeper understanding and creative thinking, (2) students find Riemann sums, series and the concepts of convergence and divergence to be among the hardest parts of the course material, (3) students find derivates and derivates rules to be the easiest part of the course material, (4) many students find it difficult to go from mathematics at the gymnasium level to mathematics at the university level, (5) the students who particip

On the basis that there is a close link between the responsibility of judges and judicial independence, the author analyzes in this paper to what extent the current disciplinary liability regime commits the independent exercise of the judicial function.The lack of a detailed regulation of the matter (given the absence of a development regulation), as well as the succession of partial reforms in it, contributes to a weak situation that would affect the judicial independence itself., Siendo evidente el vínculo existente entre la responsabilidad de los jueces y la independencia judicial, en el presente trabajo se valora si el vigente régimen de responsabilidad disciplinaria compromete, de forma más o menos directa, el ejercicio independiente de la función judicial. La falta de una regulación detallada de la materia (dada la ausencia de un reglamento de desarrollo), así como la sucesión de reformas parciales en esta, contribuye a una situación claramente mejorable, en la que se aprecian circunstancias que pueden ir en detrimento de la debida independencia.

В посібнику розкриті питання розвитку фізичних якостей у студентів в процесі самостійних занять фізичними вправами. Приведені методи оцінки рівня фізичної підготовленості, комплекси вправ для розвитку витривалості, сили, швидкості, спритності, гнучкості та рекомендації щодо режиму харчування, побудови тренувального процесу, гігієнічних основ фізичного виховання., В пособии раскрыты вопросы развития физических качеств у студентов в процессе самостоятельных занятий физическими упражнениями. Приведены методы оценки уровня физической подготовленности, комплексы упражнений для развития выносливости, силы, быстроты, ловкости, гибкости и рекомендации по режиму питания, построения тренировочного процесса, гигиенических основ физического воспитания., The textbook addresses the development of physical qualities in students in the process of independent exercise by physical exercise. The methods of assessing the level of physical preparedness, the complexes of exercises for the development of endurance, strength, speed, agility, flexibility and recommendations regarding the diet, the construction of a training process, and the hygienic foundations of physical education are given.

The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela of 1999 in its article 19 establishes that, the State guarantees to every person, according to the principle of progressivity and without any discrimination, the enjoyment and the inalienable, indivisible and independent exercise of human rights, its Respect and guarantee are obligatory for public authorities. According to the aforementioned article, the family constitutes, more than a legal, social and economic unit, a community of love and solidarity, irreplaceable for the teaching and transmission of values, essential for the development and well-being of its own members. and of society. That is why the research work seeks to reduce intrafamily violence through the promotion of women's rights to a life free of violence with the creation of a pro-defense committee with the support of the Los Olivos Community Council., La Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela de 1999 en su artículo 19 establece que, el Estado garantiza a toda persona, conforme al principio de progresividad y sin discriminación alguna, el goce y el ejercicio irrenunciable, indivisible e independiente de los derechos humanos, su respeto y garantía son obligatorios para los órganos del poder público. De acuerdo a lo referido del artículo planteado, la familia constituye, más que una unidad jurídica, social y económica, una comunidad de amor y de solidaridad, insustituible para la enseñanza y transmisión de valores, esenciales para el desarrollo y bienestar de sus propios miembros y de la sociedad. Es por ello, que el trabajo de investigación busca disminuir la violencia intrafamiliar a través de la promoción de los derechos de la mujer a una vida libre de violencia con la creación de un comité pro defensa con el apoyo del Consejo Comunal Los Olivos.

The theme of this article is the persecutory mood of the magistrate in disfavor of the accused. The object of analysis of the work is the verification of the breach of the duty of impartiality of the magistrate when analyzing the records, through the application of successive understandings contrary to the interests of the accused. The research hypothesis is the verification of the existence or not of a duty of impartiality of the magistrate before motivated decisions, given in the independent exercise of the jurisdictional activity and can be challenged by autonomous action or action, with clear persecutory character. The method of approach will be deductive, adopting as a bibliographical procedure. Firstly, this article proposes a reading on the impartiality and protagonism of the magistrate in order to indicate how contemporary literature has been seeing the judge's position vis-à-vis the accused, and then to analyze the issue of breach of the duty of impartiality before successive decisions that translate into a persecutory performance of the judge., O tema do presente artigo é o ânimo persecutório do magistrado em desfavor do acusado. O objeto de análise do trabalho é a verificação da quebra do dever de imparcialidade do magistrado quando da análise dos autos, mediante a aplicação de sucessivos entendimentos contrários aos interesses do acusado. O objetivo de pesquisa é a verificação da existência ou não de um dever de imparcialidade do magistrado diante de decisões motivadas, proferidas no exercício independente da atividade jurisdicional e impugnáveis por recurso ou ação autônoma, com nítido caráter persecutório. O método de abordagem será o dedutivo, adotando-se como procedimento o bibliográfico. Destarte, em primeiro, propõe, o presente artigo, uma leitura sobre a imparcialidade e o protagonismo do magistrado de modo a indicar como a literatura contemporânea vem enxergando a postura do juiz frente ao acusado, para, depois, analisar-se a questão da quebra do dever de imparcialidade diante de sucessivas decisões que se traduzem em uma atuação persecutória do juiz.

The research aims to interpret the ethical and social role of educational managers in the National Teacher Training Program of the University Village ― Simón Rodríguez‖ I. The reference framework is based on the contributions of El Troudi and Bonilla (2004), Marina (1995), Tedesco (2007), among others. The study was ethnographic. As a research subject was taken to the community of the University Village "Simón Rodríguez I" Miranda municipality (teachers and students). The development of ethical and social thought is given throughout the life of the individual interacting with others. It is therefore logical to inclusion in the training of teachers of UBV; between the results of this study some of the ethical and social principles that should characterize educational managers, in order to prevail a climate of respect, tolerance, equality, brotherhood, objectivity and professionalism in the educational process were obtained, guaranteeing a space for the independent exercise of thought., La Investigación tiene como propósito Interpretar la función ética y social de los gerentes educativos en el Programa Nacional de Formación de Educadores de la Aldea Universitaria Simón Rodríguez I. El marco referencial se sustenta en los aportes de El Troudi y Bonilla (2004), Marina (1995), Tedesco (2007), entre otros. El estudio fue etnográfico.Como sujeto de investigación se tomó a la comunidad de la Aldea Universitaria Simón Rodríguez I‖ Municipio Miranda (docentes y estudiantes). El desarrollo del pensamiento ético y social se da a lo largo de la vida del individuo en interacción con otras personas. Por tanto es lógico proponer su inclusión en la formación de los docentes del PNFE de la UBV; entre los resultados de este estudio se obtuvieron algunos de los postulados éticos y sociales que deben caracterizar a los gerentes educativos, a fin de que prevalezca un clima de respeto, tolerancia, igualdad, hermandad, objetividad y profesionalidad dentro del proceso educativo, garantizando un espacio para el ejercicio independiente del pensamiento.

El movimiento protestante en España en el siglo XVI es un aspecto poco conocido de la Reforma religiosa que impactó a toda Europa. Muchos estudiosos de esta época de la historia ignoran el hecho de que los Reformadores españoles fueron una fuerza vital y productiva en la Reforma Europea, o que algunos de ellos disfrutaron de relaciones íntimas (y gran estima y consideración) con los grandes Reformadores europeos. Ese Protestantismo que floreció con vigor en España aunque restringido en tiempo y espacio, aún sigue siendo desconocido a muchos en nuestro país y más allá de sus fronteras. El protestantismo en España inicia su andadura en el siglo XVI, impulsado por las nuevas ideas, probablemente, inspiradas en primer lugar por los alumbrados, por el pensamiento erasmista y más tarde por el monje agustino alemán Martín Lutero, pero bajo la concepción autóctona, autónoma, y nacional del reformador español Juan de Valdés. Nuestro estudio se propone como objetivo prioritario, analizar la historia, las creencias y obras de los Reformistas españoles en el contexto religioso-cultural del siglo XVI, así mismo y relacionada con esta cuestión analizar si sus manifestaciones prácticas o escritas implicaban un acercamiento a la Reforma, o un ejercicio autónomo o independiente de la tradición Reformada Europea. Primero, nos hemos centrado en constatar que los Reformadores españoles han sido muy poco estudiados. Segundo, hemos procedido a situar el contexto de su manifestación, es decir, buscaremos su ubicación histórico-ideológica religiosa, y concretaremos su posición en el contexto espiritual español del siglo XVI, examinando los principales grupos o tendencias surgidas. Tercero, hemos pasado a dedicar una parte importante de esta investigación al análisis de las fuentes históricas sobre las que trazar el hilo conductor histórico que nos permitirá perfilar el marco de ubicación de los Evangélicos en España. Cuarto, hemos dirigido nuestra atención hacía el núcleo central temático, The Protestant movement in Spain in the sixteenth century is a little-known aspect of the religious Reformation that impacted the whole of Europe. Many of those who study this period of history are not aware of the fact that the Spanish Reformers were a vital and productive force in the European Reformation, or that some of them enjoyed a close relationship with (and great respect and consideration by) the great European Reformers. This Protestantism which flourished vigorously in Spain, even though restricted in time and space, continues unknown to many in our country and beyond its borders. Protestantism in Spain started in the sixteenth century, probably propelled by the new ideas, inspired by those who had been enlightened by those who were followers of the thoughts of Erasmus and subsequently by the German Augustinian monk Martin Luther, but within the indigenous, autonomous and national conception of the Spanish reformer Juan de Valdés. Our study proposes as its principal objective an analysis of the history, the beliefs and the works of the Spanish Reformers in the religious-cultural context of the sixteenth century, and likewise and related to this question to analyse if their practical and written manifestations implied a rapprochement with the Reformation or an autonomous or independent exercise of the European Reformation tradition. First we have focussed on establishing that the Spanish Reformers have been the subject of very few studies. Secondly, we have proceed to specify the context of its manifestation, that is to say, we will seek out its historical and ideological religious position and we will make clear its position in the Spanish spiritual context of the sixteenth century, examining the principal groups and tendencies that arose. Thirdly, we have passed on to dedicate an important part of this research to an analysis of the historical sources upon which we can trace the historical common thread that will enable us to outline the framework of th

Implementation of personality rights is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon including activity not so much law-enforcement organs, but rather active person. The legislator, defining the model of implementation of legal norms, but in a greater degree the rules of private law, enshrining human rights, largely focused on the possibility of direct, independent of their use personality.The aim of the article is to identify the specifics of immediate implementation, the peculiarities of this form in private law relations, this author defines the legal entity immediate implementation of human rights and отграничивает her from implementation through law enforcement. The author believes that the implementation of the rights and freedoms of the individual is regulated by legal norms the process of independent exercise of their individual rights without the help of the specially authorized bodies and persons.The specificity of the immediate realization of the rights and freedoms of person in private law relationship is evident in the fact that the personality determines the ways of their behavior, protects their rights under the granted for its funds. The implementation includes the objective and subjective beginning. Objective beginning is expressed in the fact that the legal norms enshrining the right of a person not provide for implementation of enforcement activities. In subjective terms, the immediate implementation is conditioned by the interests and needs of a person, which in private law are of particular importance and set in motion правореализационный process., Аналізується природа і специфіка безпосередньої реалізації прав і свобод особи в межах приватноправових відносин. Наводяться приклади з законодавства Російської Федерації, що підтверджують існування і наявність особливостей безпосередньої реалізації в даних відносинах. Ставиться питання про необхідність перегляду розуміння правового примусу як виключного права держави, вказуючи на те, що засоби правового примусу є і у суб'єктів приватного права, що не володіють владними повноваженнями.

Governance is not limited to the consideration of a greater involvement of civil society and the establishment of horizontal organizational forms and networks, but it also implies new roles arising from changes of governments. This paper analyzes the interactions that have been implemented in instances of policy discussions and government actions which require coordination between the municipality of Medellín and the department of Antioquia in Colombia. Identifying and analyzing the forms of coordination between Medellín and Antioquia is considering agreement or disagreement points, fragmentation, changes in the role of the governor and the mayor, incursions of institutional, sectorial, individual and private actors, who are recognized as valid and direct participants in decision making. The contrast between new trends and traditional forms of government has created tensions between different levels of government, as it implies a pressure for the independent exercise of local authorities and the incorporation of new actors on the political scene. Now well, these new forms of government from governance does not mean they are always or exclusively horizontal forms, collaborative or networking, but that allow a range of possibilities associated with hierarchical forms, mixed, co-management, among others., La gobernanza no se limita a la consideración de una mayor participación de la sociedad civil y al establecimiento de formas organizativas horizontales y en red, sino que implica, además, nuevos roles derivados de las transformaciones de los gobiernos. Este artículo analiza las interacciones que se han venido implementando en las instancias de discusión de políticas y de acciones gubernamentales que requieren de la articulación entre el municipio de Medellín y el departamento de Antioquia en Colombia. Identificar y analizar las formas de coordinación entre Medellín y Antioquia es considerar puntos de encuentro, de desencuentro, de fragmentación, cambios en el papel del gobernador y del alcalde, incursiones de actores institucionales, sectoriales, privados e individuales que se reconocen como válidos y participantes directos en la toma de decisiones.El contraste entre las nuevas tendencias y las tradicionales formas de gobierno ha creado tensiones entre los diferentes niveles gubernamentales, ya que implica una presión por el ejercicio autónomo de los entes territoriales y por la incorporación de nuevos actores en el escenario político. Ahora bien, estas nuevas formas de gobierno desde la gobernanza no significan siempre o exclusivamente que sean formas horizontales, colaborativas o de trabajo en red, sino que permiten un abanico de posibilidades asociadas a formas jerárquicas, mixtas, de cogestión, entre otras.

This paper assesses the role of internal auditors in ensuring effective financial control at local government level, a case of Alkaleri L.G.A Bauchi State. The methodology employed for data collection is only primary source, which involved the use of questionnaires, in which 50 questionnaire were administered to the staff of Accounting and Internal audit department of Alkaleri L.G.A, out of which only 35 questionnaires were completed and returned. The data generated for the study were interpreted using simple percentage. The main finding of the study include among other; lack of proper independent exercise by the internal auditor, understaffing in the side of internal audit unit, the internal control system is very weak toward financial and other controls and also non adherence by the auditors on general auditing standard. The paper recommends that internal auditors should exercise the degree of independency on various department within the organisation in performing their duties, the internal control system should be efficient in such away that it will prevent any act of financial crime and detection of fraud and local government council should established a scheme for internal auditors training from time to time because it will enhances there operational capacities and skills in administering the internal control system by way of attending professional seminars, workshop and symposium. Key word: Internal Auditors, Internal Control System, Financial Control and Alkaleri L.G.A

Background: Poor health-related quality of life (HRQL) has been shown to be predictive of adverse outcomes in cardiac patients. As women with coronary heart disease have been shown to have lower HRQL than men with coronary heart disease, women are at greater risk of a poor clinical outcome. This study tested the effect of a 12-week home walking intervention after completion of outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (OCR) on HRQL and maintenance of physical activity among women. Design: Multicenter two-group randomized trial. Methods: After completion of OCR, participants were randomly allocated to the intervention or usual care groups. The outcomes were HRQL (assessed using the MacNew Heart Disease HRQL instrument) and self-reported physical activity (assessed using the Stages of Change model of exercise behavior) at 3, 6, and 12 months after OCR. Results: Seventy-two women were randomized to the intervention and 81 to usual care. Attrition was greater in the treatment group (13 vs. 1%). HRQL scores increased relative to the base level in both arms and were significantly higher in the intervention group at 6 months, but not at 3 or 12 months. Maintenance of physical activity declined over time in both groups, however, this decline was significantly reduced among women in the intervention group. Conclusion: HRQL improved in both groups, but seemed to increase earlier among women in the intervention group. As maintenance of physical activity was higher among women in the intervention group, this minimal intervention could be used to facilitate women's progression from supervised to independent exercise.

More than 800. 000 people in the UK have dementia, and it is a government priority to improve dementia care. Drug treatment options are relatively limited. The Dementia And Physical Activity (DAPA) study is a randomised trial which targets cognition in people with dementia, using an exercise programme. There is evidence to suggest that both aerobic and resistance exercise may be useful in improving cognition. Hence the intervention comprises a supervised part of twice-weekly exercise classes of one hour duration for 4 months, including aerobic exercise at moderate intensity on static bicycles, and resistance (weight training) exercise using weight vests, weight belts and dumbbells. Thereafter participants progress to unsupervised, independent exercise. Aids to behaviour modification have been incorporated into the intervention. The DAPA intervention has been designed to maximise likelihood of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, and for delivery in the UK National Health Service. © 2015 Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.

Background: Dementia is more common in older than in younger people, and as a result of the ageing of the population in developed countries, it is becoming more prevalent. Drug treatments for dementia are limited, and the main support offered to people with dementia and their families is generally services to mitigate against loss of function. Physical exercise is a candidate non-pharmacological treatment for dementia. Methods/Design: DAPA is a randomised controlled trial funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme to estimate the effect of a 4-month, moderate- to hard-intensity exercise training programme and subsequent advice to remain active, on cognition (primary outcome) at 12 months in people with mild to moderate dementia. Community-dwelling participants (with their carers where possible), who are able to walk 3 metres without human assistance, able to undertake an exercise programme and do not have any unstable or terminal illness are recruited. Participants are then randomised by an independent statistician using a computerised random number generator to usual care or exercise at a 2:1 ratio in favour of exercise. The exercise intervention comprises 29, 1-hour-long exercise classes, run twice weekly at suitable venues such as leisure centres, which include aerobic exercise (on static bikes) and resistance exercise (using weights). Goals for independent exercise are set while the classes are still running, and supported thereafter with phone calls. The primary outcome is measured using ADAS-cog. Secondary outcome measures include behavioural symptoms, functional ability, quality of life and carer burden. Primary and secondary outcomes will be measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 months after randomisation, by researchers masked to participant randomisation in the participants' own homes. An economic evaluation will be carried out in parallel to the RCT, as will a qualitative study capturing the experiences of p

Les règles déontologiques posées à l’égard des professions juridiques libérales, toutes réglementées, sont de nature à éviter les conflits d’intérêts dans l’exercice indépendant des activités. Pourtant, lorsque ces conflits se présentent, il convient de les identifier et d’en mesurer les risques pour les traiter sans encourir de sanctions., Legal Professions and Conflicts of InterestsThe rules of ethics applying to regulated legal professions are meant to avoid conflicts of interests in the independent exercise of their activities. Yet, when conflicts arise, they should be identified and evaluated in order to deal with them and avoid sanctions.

Les règles déontologiques posées à l’égard des professions juridiques libérales, toutes réglementées, sont de nature à éviter les conflits d’intérêts dans l’exercice indépendant des activités. Pourtant, lorsque ces conflits se présentent, il convient de les identifier et d’en mesurer les risques pour les traiter sans encourir de sanctions., Legal Professions and Conflicts of InterestsThe rules of ethics applying to regulated legal professions are meant to avoid conflicts of interests in the independent exercise of their activities. Yet, when conflicts arise, they should be identified and evaluated in order to deal with them and avoid sanctions.