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Résumé : Introduction. Les collisions routières représentent un grave problème à travers le monde. Elles causent des dizaines de millions de blessés chaque année et figurent comme l’une des principales causes de décès chez les jeunes adultes. La conduite avec les capacités affaiblies, la vitesse et d’autres comportements routiers à risque (CRR) sont souvent associés à ces accidents. Notre équipe de recherche s’est intéressée à l’étude de marqueurs de risque de l’implication dans les CRR. Les résultats indiquent qu’une faible réponse au stress, mesurable par l’hormone cortisol, est liée à un nombre plus élevé de condamnations passées pour conduite avec les capacités affaiblies chez les contrevenants et à l’implication future dans les accidents et quasi-accidents chez les jeunes conducteurs. Aucune étude n’avait encore étudié le lien direct entre la réponse au stress et la présence de CRR suite à la consommation d’alcool. But et hypothèse. L’étude a pour but principal de mesurer l’association entre la réponse au stress des jeunes conducteurs et la présence de CRR suite à la consommation d’alcool. L’hypothèse principale soutient qu’une faible réponse au stress est liée à la présence de CRR suite à la consommation d’alcool. L’objectif secondaire de cette étude est d’explorer si d’autres variables (c.-à-d., la recherche de sensations, la consommation de cigarettes et la consommation problématique d’alcool), peuvent expliquer la variance de réponse au stress chez les jeunes conducteurs. L’hypothèse secondaire propose que la recherche de sensations, la sévérité de la consommation d’alcool et de cigarettes sont des variables qui expliquent la variance de réponse au stress. Méthode. Quarante conducteurs masculins âgés de 20 à 24 ans ont pris part à l’étude. Les comportements routiers suite à la consommation d’alcool (c.-à-d., vitesse et non-respect de la signalisation lors du premier trajet, décision de conduire un deuxième trajet sous l’effet de l’alcool) ont été observés à

This paper reviews the status of alcohol, drugs and traffic safety in Australia, with particular emphasis on developments in the period 2008-2010. Australian jurisdictions have made impressive improvements in road safety since the early 1970s. Enforcement and public education campaigns that specifically target drink driving have been successful, with resultant long-term reduction in alcohol-related fatalities. There is a high level of community disapproval of drink driving and strong support for countermeasures. Many best-practice countermeasures targeting impaired driving are in place, including general prevention/ deterrence programs such as random breath testing (RBT), random roadside drug testing legal alcohol limits, responsible service of alcohol programs, public education and advertising campaigns and designated driver programs, and offender management programs such as driver licensing penalties and fines, alcohol ignition interlocks and vehicle impoundment for high risk drink drivers, and offender education programs. There continue to be enhancements occurring, particularly in the areas of drug-impaired driving and offender management, but also in addressing the fundamental policy and legislative framework to address impaired driving (e.g., a current national debate about lowering the permissible blood alcohol for all drivers from 0.05 to 0.02 or 0.00 gm/100 ml BAC). However, there are major challenges that may be impacting on programs targeting impaired driving, including the rapid development of a binge drinking culture among young Australians, the extension of trading hours of licensed premises, continued problems with secondary supply of alcohol to minors, and increases in the marketing of alcopops and ready-to-drink spirit-based beverages. This paper addresses the question: Are impaired driving countermeasures in Australia continuing to achieve reductions in road traumas and rates of offending, or are they plateauing? If they are plateauing, is this due

Nearly eight million emergency department (ED) visits are attributed to alcohol every year in the United States. A substantial proportion is due to trauma. In 2005, 16,885 people were killed as a result of alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes. Patients with alcohol-use problems (AUPs) are not only more likely to drive after drinking but are also at greater risk for serious alcohol-related illness and injury. Emergency departments have an important and unique opportunity to identify these patients and intervene during the “teachable moment” of an ED visit. The American College of Emergency Physicians, Emergency Nurses Association, American College of Surgeons-Committee on Trauma, American Public Health Association, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, have identified Alcohol Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) as a pivotal injury and illness-prevention strategy to improve the health and well-being of ED patients. We provide a general overview of the basis and need for integrating SBIRT into EDs. Models of SBIRT, as well as benefits and challenges to its implementation, are also discussed.

Objectives. The present study aimed to explore the impact of random breath testing (RBT) on the attitudes, perceptions and self-reported behaviour of motorists in the Australian state of Queensland. Particular attention was given to how exposure to RBT impacted on motorists’ perceived risk of apprehension and self-reported behaviour, relative to other variables of interest such as alcohol consumption. Methods. The study involved a telephone survey of 780 motorists drawn from throughout the state of Queensland. Participants were volunteers recruited from a random sample of all listed telephone numbers in the state, adjusted according to district population figures. The survey questionnaire collected information relating to the participants’: socio-demographic characteristics; drinking and drink driving behaviours; attitudes to drink driving and RBT; and experiences and perceptions of RBT. Results. The analysis indicated that a large proportion of the sample had both observed RBT and been breath tested within the last six months, and believed the practice served an important role in improving road safety. However, a considerable percentage also reported drink driving at least once in the last six months without being detected, with further analysis indicating that the threat of apprehension associated with RBT did not appear to greatly influence their offending behaviour. Rather, a higher frequency of alcohol consumption, combined with more favourable attitudes to drink driving and lower levels of support for RBT, appeared to be associated with offending behaviour. Conclusions. While the results confirm the high levels of exposure to RBT achieved in Queensland, the direct impact of recent exposure on drink driving behaviour appears less important than other factors such as alcohol consumption and attitudes to drink driving and RBT. Further research is required to better understand how recent and lifetime exposure to RBT impacts on motorists’ perceived risk of

Nearly eight million emergency department (ED) visits are attributed to alcohol every year in the United States. A substantial proportion is due to trauma. In 2005, 16,885 people were killed as a result of alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes. Patients with alcohol-use problems (AUPs) are not only more likely to drive after drinking but are also at greater risk for serious alcohol-related illness and injury. Emergency departments have an important and unique opportunity to identify these patients and intervene during the “teachable moment” of an ED visit. The American College of Emergency Physicians, Emergency Nurses Association, American College of Surgeons-Committee on Trauma, American Public Health Association, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, have identified Alcohol Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) as a pivotal injury and illness-prevention strategy to improve the health and well-being of ED patients. We provide a general overview of the basis and need for integrating SBIRT into EDs. Models of SBIRT, as well as benefits and challenges to its implementation, are also discussed.

DTNH22-11-D-00226-0004, In Washington State legal sales of marijuana began July 8, 2014. A voluntary, anonymous roadside study was conducted to assess the prevalence of drivers testing positive for alcohol and other drugs, including marijuana, on Washington’s roads. Data was collected in three waves, before implementation of legal sales, about 6 months after implementation, and 1 year after implementation. Of the almost 2,400 participants who provided an oral fluid or blood sample, 14.6 percent of drivers, 19.4 percent of drivers, and 21.4 percent of drivers were THC-positive in Waves 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between waves. There was a statistically significant increase in daytime prevalence of THCpositive drivers between Wave 1 (7.8%) and Wave 2 (18.4%), and also between Wave 1 and Wave 3 (18.9%). There was an increase in the percentage of THC-positive nighttime drivers with each successive wave, but these increases were not statistically significant. Synthetic marijuana was found in only 2 of the participants.

DTNH22-11-D-00226-0004, In Washington State legal sales of marijuana began July 8, 2014. A voluntary, anonymous roadside study was conducted to assess the prevalence of drivers testing positive for alcohol and other drugs, including marijuana, on Washington’s roads. Data was collected in three waves, before implementation of legal sales, about 6 months after implementation, and 1 year after implementation. Of the almost 2,400 participants who provided an oral fluid or blood sample, 14.6 percent of drivers, 19.4 percent of drivers, and 21.4 percent of drivers were THC-positive in Waves 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between waves. There was a statistically significant increase in daytime prevalence of THC-positive drivers between Wave 1 (7.8%) and Wave 2 (18.4%), and also between Wave 1 and Wave 3 (18.9%). There was an increase in the percentage of THC-positive nighttime drivers with each successive wave, but these increases were not statistically significant. Synthetic marijuana was found in only 2 of the participants.

DTNH22-11-C-00216L, This report describes the alcohol results from the 2013–2014 National Roadside Survey (NRS), a national field study to estimate the prevalence of alcohol-, drug-, and alcohol-plus-drug-involved driving, primarily among nighttime weekend drivers, but also daytime Friday drivers. This study involved a random sample of drivers at 300 locations across the continental United States. The sites were selected through a stratified random sampling procedure. Data was collected during one 2-hour Friday daytime session (either 9:30 to 11:30 a.m. or 1:30 to 3:30 p.m.) at 60 locations and during four 2-hour nighttime periods (10 p.m. to midnight and 1 to 3 a.m. on both Friday and Saturday nights) at 240 locations. Data included observational and biological samples. Biological samples included breath-alcohol measurements from 9,455 respondents, oral fluid samples from 7,881 respondents, and blood samples from 4,686 respondents. This report focuses on the alcohol breath-test results, presents the 2013-2014 prevalence estimates for alcohol-involved driving, and compares them with the four previous NRS studies. The data indicates a continuing trend of decreasing alcohol-involved driving on U.S. roads during weekend nights over the five NRS studies, including a large change in the percentage of drivers who were alcohol positive, from 36.1% in 1973 to 8.3% in 2013-2014, and an 80% reduction in the percentage of drivers with breath alcohol concentrations (BrACs) of .08 grams per deciliter (g/dL) and higher, from 7.5% in 1973 to 1.5% in 2013-2014.

DTNH22-06-C-00040, This report presents the prevalence estimates for alcohol-involved driving derived from the recently completed U.S. national field survey of alcohol- and drug-involved driving (primarily of nighttime weekend drivers, but also daytime Friday drivers) and compares those estimates with the three previous National Roadside Surveys. This survey involved randomly stopping drivers at 300 locations across the 48 contiguous United States. Data were collected during 2-hour Friday daytime sessions (9:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. or 1:30 p.m. to 3:30 p.m.) at 60 locations and during four 2-hour nighttime periods (10 p.m. to midnight and 1 a.m. to 3 a.m. on Fridays and Saturdays) at 240 locations. Both self-report and biological measures were taken. Biological measures included breath-alcohol measurements on 9,413 respondents, oral fluid samples from 7,719 respondents, and blood samples from 3,276 respondents. A prior report described the sampling plan and data collection methodology and summarized the response patterns to the various stages of the multipart survey. A third report, based on analyses of the oral fluid and blood specimens collected, will present the first national prevalence estimate of drug-involved driving and of alcohol-plus-drug-involved driving. This report focuses on the alcohol breath-test results and how they relate to previous national surveys. It also summarizes response patterns to survey questions and to an alcohol-use-disorder-screening instrument. The data indicate a continuing trend over the past three decades of fewer alcohol-involved drivers on the Nation’s roads during weekend nights.

RP209, The Center for Health and Safety Culture conducted research for the Idaho Transportation Department to develop media messages and tools to reduce fatalities and serious injuries related to Run-Off-the-Road, single-vehicle crashes in Idaho using the Positive Community Norms framework. After a review of Idaho’s Crash Database and a sample of police reports, the research team proposed to focus on impaired driving, a major risk factor for these crashes, by increasing bystander engagement. The theory of planned behavior was the theoretical basis for a survey of Idaho adults implemented by the University of Idaho’s Social Science Research Unit. The survey results informed key media messages to increase the likelihood adults would engage in preventing others from impaired driving. Recommendations for communications, implementation and evaluation are provided.

RP209, The Center for Health and Safety Culture conducted research for the Idaho Transportation Department to develop media messages and tools to reduce fatalities and serious injuries related to Run-Off-the-Road, single-vehicle crashes in Idaho using the Positive Community Norms framework. After a review of Idaho’s Crash Database and a sample of police reports, the research team proposed to focus on impaired driving, a major risk factor for these crashes, by increasing bystander engagement. The theory of planned behavior was the theoretical basis for a survey of Idaho adults implemented by the University of Idaho’s Social Science Research Unit. The survey results informed key media messages to increase the likelihood adults would engage in preventing others from impaired driving. Recommendations for communications, implementation and evaluation are provided.

DTNH22-11-C-00216, This report describes the methodology for the National Roadside Study (NRS), a national field study to estimate the prevalence of alcohol-, drug-, and alcohol-plus-drug-involved driving primarily among nighttime weekend drivers, but also daytime Friday drivers. This study involved randomly stopping drivers at 300 locations across the continental United States. The locations were selected through a stratified random sampling procedure. Researchers collected the data during a 2-hour Friday daytime session (either 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. or 1:30 p.m. to 3:30 p.m.) at 60 locations and during four 2-hour nighttime periods (10 p.m. to midnight and 1 a.m. to 3 a.m. on Friday and Saturday nights) at 240 locations, for a total of 300 locations. Data included both self-report and biological measures. Self-report portions were funded by the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). An objective was to obtain at least 7,500 oral fluid samples for analysis. Oral fluid and blood samples were subjected to laboratory screening and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS; the term MS/MS is the combination of two mass analyzers in one mass spec instrument) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmation respectively for alcohol and six classes of drugs, allowing researchers to estimate a national prevalence of alcohol and other drugs in drivers. This report describes the field methods used to conduct this study, including data collection procedures. The report also details overall response rates. Two additional reports will present the results of the data collection and analyses. One will focus on alcohol-use prevalence estimates among drivers and compare them with previous NRS results from studies conducted in 1973, 1986, 1996, and 2007. The other will provide drug-use prevalence estimates among drivers, including comparison to the 2007 numbers. This will then present the first trend data on on-road drug-po

DTNH22-11-C-00216L, National Transportation Library (NTL) Curation Note: This dataset was submitted from an USDOT modal research office, in accordance with U.S. DOT’s Public Access Plan (https://doi.org/10.21949/1503647) Section 7.4.2 Data. While this dataset was created prior to the implementation of the DOT Public Access Plan in 2016, the publishing office is committed to sharing its research data with the public. NTL staff has performed Level C curation, or Enhanced curation, on this dataset. This means that NTL staff has: converted data into to new preservation-friendly, open file formats; enhanced documentation and metadata to make the dataset more FAIR; and, checked for the presence of Personally Identifiable Information (PII) or other sensitive data, in order to protect privacy. NTL staff has NOT made any changes to individual data values. NTL staff last accessed this dataset on 2024-01-19. Please email NTLDataCurator@dot.gov if you have questions or issues opening files. NTL staff will provide what assistance they can., This dataset supports the conclusions of the 2013–2014 National Roadside Study of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers. The three report volumes -- Methodology, Drug Results, and Alcohol Results -- are available in this repository and linked to this record., This dataset records results from 11322 roadside surveys conducted across the United States in 2013 and 2014, as described in the Methodology volume. When possible, oral fluid and blood samples were taken and were subjected to laboratory screening and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS; the term MS/MS is the combination of two mass analyzers in one mass spec instrument) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmation respectively for alcohol and six classes of drugs, allowing researchers to estimate a national prevalence of alcohol and other drugs in drivers. The dataset also includes information from a self-administered questionnaire, also described in the Methodology document. All drivers’ responses were completely voluntary and anonymous. Re-identification risk of study participants from this dataset is very low., The data files are collected into a single ZIP file, with a total size of 54 MB. Included data files: NHTSA_BSR_NRS_2013_2014_Combined_csv_161025_20240116_0730.csv, 47 MB, can be opened with any text editor; NHTSA_BSR_NRS_2013_2014_combined_xlsx_161025_20240116_0730.xlsx, 43 MB, can be opened with Excel or other spreadsheet program; NHTSA_BSR_NRS_2013_2014_combined_sav_161025_20240116_0730.zip, 4 MB, can be viewed with IBM SPSS statistical software; NHTSA_BSR_NRS_2013_2014_combined_sas_161025_20240116_0730.zip, 5 MB, can be viewed with SAS statistical software; and NHTSA_BSR_NRS_2013_2014_combined_dta_161025_20240116_0730.zip, 7 MB, can be viewed with Stata statistical software. Other files include a Data Diction, a DMP, a README.txt, and the related Methodology and Results reports.