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Studies of dense carbon materials formed by bolide impacts or produced by laboratory compression provide key information on the high-pressure behavior of carbon and for identifying and designing unique structures for technological applications. However, a major obstacle to studying and designing these materials is an incomplete understanding of their fundamental structures. Here, we report the remarkable structural diversity of cubic/hexagonally (c/h) stacked diamond and their association with diamond-graphite nanocomposites containing sp3-/sp2-bonding patterns, i.e., diaphites, from hard carbon materials formed by shock impact of graphite in the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite. We show evidence for a range of intergrowth types and nanostructures containing unusually short (0.31 nm) graphene spacings and demonstrate that previously neglected or misinterpreted Raman bands can be associated with diaphite structures. Our study provides a structural understanding of the material known as lonsdaleite, previously described as hexagonal diamond, and extends this understanding to other natural and synthetic ultrahard carbon phases. The unique three-dimensional carbon architectures encountered in shock-formed samples can place constraints on the pressure–temperature conditions experienced during an impact and provide exceptional opportunities to engineer the properties of carbon nanocomposite materials and phase assemblages.

Introduction: Iron (Fe) is one of themost important cofactors in the photosynthetic apparatus, and its uptake by chloroplasts has also been associated with the operation of the photosynthetic electron transport chain during reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake. Therefore, plastidial Fe uptake was considered not to be operational in the absence of the photosynthetic activity. Nevertheless, Fe is also required for enzymatic functions unrelated to photosynthesis, highlighting the importance of Fe acquisition by non-photosynthetic plastids. Yet, it remains unclear how these plastids acquire Fe in the absence of photosynthetic function. Furthermore, plastids of etiolated tissues should already possess the ability to acquire Fe, since the biosynthesis of thylakoid membrane complexes requires a massive amount of readily available Fe. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether the reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake solely relies on the functioning photosynthetic apparatus. Methods: In our combined structure, iron content and transcript amount analysis studies, we used Savoy cabbage plant as a model, which develops natural etiolation in the inner leaves of the heads due to the shading of the outer leaf layers. Results: Foliar and plastidial Fe content of Savoy cabbage leaves decreased towards the inner leaf layers. The leaves of the innermost leaf layers proved to be etiolated, containing etioplasts that lacked the photosynthetic machinery and thus were photosynthetically inactive. However, we discovered that these etioplasts contained, and were able to take up, Fe. Although the relative transcript abundance of genes associated with plastidial Fe uptake and homeostasis decreased towards the inner leaf layers, both ferric chelate reductase FRO7 transcripts and activity were detected in the innermost leaf layer. Additionally, a significant NADP(H) pool and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase activity was detected in the etioplasts of the innermost leaf layer, indicating the presence of the red

Introduction: Iron (Fe) is one of themost important cofactors in the photosynthetic apparatus, and its uptake by chloroplasts has also been associated with the operation of the photosynthetic electron transport chain during reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake. Therefore, plastidial Fe uptake was considered not to be operational in the absence of the photosynthetic activity. Nevertheless, Fe is also required for enzymatic functions unrelated to photosynthesis, highlighting the importance of Fe acquisition by non-photosynthetic plastids. Yet, it remains unclear how these plastids acquire Fe in the absence of photosynthetic function. Furthermore, plastids of etiolated tissues should already possess the ability to acquire Fe, since the biosynthesis of thylakoid membrane complexes requires a massive amount of readily available Fe. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether the reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake solely relies on the functioning photosynthetic apparatus. Methods: In our combined structure, iron content and transcript amount analysis studies, we used Savoy cabbage plant as a model, which develops natural etiolation in the inner leaves of the heads due to the shading of the outer leaf layers. Results: Foliar and plastidial Fe content of Savoy cabbage leaves decreased towards the inner leaf layers. The leaves of the innermost leaf layers proved to be etiolated, containing etioplasts that lacked the photosynthetic machinery and thus were photosynthetically inactive. However, we discovered that these etioplasts contained, and were able to take up, Fe. Although the relative transcript abundance of genes associated with plastidial Fe uptake and homeostasis decreased towards the inner leaf layers, both ferric chelate reductase FRO7 transcripts and activity were detected in the innermost leaf layer. Additionally, a significant NADP(H) pool and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase activity was detected in the etioplasts of the innermost leaf layer, indicating the presence of the red

Introduction: Iron (Fe) is one of themost important cofactors in the photosynthetic apparatus, and its uptake by chloroplasts has also been associated with the operation of the photosynthetic electron transport chain during reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake. Therefore, plastidial Fe uptake was considered not to be operational in the absence of the photosynthetic activity. Nevertheless, Fe is also required for enzymatic functions unrelated to photosynthesis, highlighting the importance of Fe acquisition by non-photosynthetic plastids. Yet, it remains unclear how these plastids acquire Fe in the absence of photosynthetic function. Furthermore, plastids of etiolated tissues should already possess the ability to acquire Fe, since the biosynthesis of thylakoid membrane complexes requires a massive amount of readily available Fe. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether the reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake solely relies on the functioning photosynthetic apparatus. Methods: In our combined structure, iron content and transcript amount analysis studies, we used Savoy cabbage plant as a model, which develops natural etiolation in the inner leaves of the heads due to the shading of the outer leaf layers. Results: Foliar and plastidial Fe content of Savoy cabbage leaves decreased towards the inner leaf layers. The leaves of the innermost leaf layers proved to be etiolated, containing etioplasts that lacked the photosynthetic machinery and thus were photosynthetically inactive. However, we discovered that these etioplasts contained, and were able to take up, Fe. Although the relative transcript abundance of genes associated with plastidial Fe uptake and homeostasis decreased towards the inner leaf layers, both ferric chelate reductase FRO7 transcripts and activity were detected in the innermost leaf layer. Additionally, a significant NADP(H) pool and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase activity was detected in the etioplasts of the innermost leaf layer, indicating the presence of the red

Introduction: Iron (Fe) is one of themost important cofactors in the photosynthetic apparatus, and its uptake by chloroplasts has also been associated with the operation of the photosynthetic electron transport chain during reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake. Therefore, plastidial Fe uptake was considered not to be operational in the absence of the photosynthetic activity. Nevertheless, Fe is also required for enzymatic functions unrelated to photosynthesis, highlighting the importance of Fe acquisition by non-photosynthetic plastids. Yet, it remains unclear how these plastids acquire Fe in the absence of photosynthetic function. Furthermore, plastids of etiolated tissues should already possess the ability to acquire Fe, since the biosynthesis of thylakoid membrane complexes requires a massive amount of readily available Fe. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether the reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake solely relies on the functioning photosynthetic apparatus. Methods: In our combined structure, iron content and transcript amount analysis studies, we used Savoy cabbage plant as a model, which develops natural etiolation in the inner leaves of the heads due to the shading of the outer leaf layers. Results: Foliar and plastidial Fe content of Savoy cabbage leaves decreased towards the inner leaf layers. The leaves of the innermost leaf layers proved to be etiolated, containing etioplasts that lacked the photosynthetic machinery and thus were photosynthetically inactive. However, we discovered that these etioplasts contained, and were able to take up, Fe. Although the relative transcript abundance of genes associated with plastidial Fe uptake and homeostasis decreased towards the inner leaf layers, both ferric chelate reductase FRO7 transcripts and activity were detected in the innermost leaf layer. Additionally, a significant NADP(H) pool and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase activity was detected in the etioplasts of the innermost leaf layer, indicating the presence of the red

Introduction: Iron (Fe) is one of themost important cofactors in the photosynthetic apparatus, and its uptake by chloroplasts has also been associated with the operation of the photosynthetic electron transport chain during reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake. Therefore, plastidial Fe uptake was considered not to be operational in the absence of the photosynthetic activity. Nevertheless, Fe is also required for enzymatic functions unrelated to photosynthesis, highlighting the importance of Fe acquisition by non-photosynthetic plastids. Yet, it remains unclear how these plastids acquire Fe in the absence of photosynthetic function. Furthermore, plastids of etiolated tissues should already possess the ability to acquire Fe, since the biosynthesis of thylakoid membrane complexes requires a massive amount of readily available Fe. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether the reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake solely relies on the functioning photosynthetic apparatus. Methods: In our combined structure, iron content and transcript amount analysis studies, we used Savoy cabbage plant as a model, which develops natural etiolation in the inner leaves of the heads due to the shading of the outer leaf layers. Results: Foliar and plastidial Fe content of Savoy cabbage leaves decreased towards the inner leaf layers. The leaves of the innermost leaf layers proved to be etiolated, containing etioplasts that lacked the photosynthetic machinery and thus were photosynthetically inactive. However, we discovered that these etioplasts contained, and were able to take up, Fe. Although the relative transcript abundance of genes associated with plastidial Fe uptake and homeostasis decreased towards the inner leaf layers, both ferric chelate reductase FRO7 transcripts and activity were detected in the innermost leaf layer. Additionally, a significant NADP(H) pool and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase activity was detected in the etioplasts of the innermost leaf layer, indicating the presence of the red

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is used for the treatment of dry eye (DE) with good clinical results, improving tear secretion and decreasing subjective symptoms. These effects are attributed to the improved tear film dynamics, but there are no data on the effect of CsA on the abnormal sensory nerve activity characteristic in DE. Our purpose was to evaluate the CsA effect on the enhanced activity of corneal cold thermoreceptors in a tear-deficient DE animal model using in vitro extracellular recording of cold thermoreceptors nerve terminal impulses (NTIs) before and in the presence of CsA. NTI shape was also analyzed. Blinking frequency and tearing rate were also measured in awake animals before and after topical CsA. CsA increased the tearing and blinking of treated animals. CsA significantly decreased the peak response to cold of cold thermoreceptors. Neither their spontaneous NTIs discharge rate nor their cooling threshold were modified. CsA also seemed to reverse some of the changes in NTI shape induced by tear deficiency. These data suggest that, at least in part, the beneficial clinical effects of CsA in DE can be attributed to a direct effect on sensory nerve endings, although the precise mechanisms underlying this effect need further studies to be fully clarified.

The paper deals with the international circular migration which has globally become a buzzword in scientific, political, and administrative circles since the new century. The article concentrates on an unknown feature of the circular migration, namely its dialectic nature, which encompasses both event and system characteristics. This would be the common root of false ideas surrounding human circulation. The literature echoes wide variety of conceptualisations of international circular migration. However, the investigation and application of double characteristic is absent. On one hand, circular migration is a type of migration as a simple event, on the other hand that is a repeat process or a complete system. The main aim of the article is to discuss the event-system dilemma in general and to provide a sort of practical solution with empirical evidence that comes from Hungary in particular. Moreover, the authors contribute to the clarification of the general concept of human circular mobilities.

The paper deals with the international circular migration which has globally become a buzzword in scientific, political, and administrative circles since the new century. The article concentrates on an unknown feature of the circular migration, namely its dialectic nature, which encompasses both event and system characteristics. This would be the common root of false ideas surrounding human circulation. The literature echoes wide variety of conceptualisations of international circular migration. However, the investigation and application of double characteristic is absent. On one hand, circular migration is a type of migration as a simple event, on the other hand that is a repeat process or a complete system. The main aim of the article is to discuss the event-system dilemma in general and to provide a sort of practical solution with empirical evidence that comes from Hungary in particular. Moreover, the authors contribute to the clarification of the general concept of human circular mobilities.

The paper deals with the international circular migration which has globally become a buzzword in scientific, political, and administrative circles since the new century. The article concentrates on an unknown feature of the circular migration, namely its dialectic nature, which encompasses both event and system characteristics. This would be the common root of false ideas surrounding human circulation. The literature echoes wide variety of conceptualisations of international circular migration. However, the investigation and application of double characteristic is absent. On one hand, circular migration is a type of migration as a simple event, on the other hand that is a repeat process or a complete system. The main aim of the article is to discuss the event-system dilemma in general and to provide a sort of practical solution with empirical evidence that comes from Hungary in particular. Moreover, the authors contribute to the clarification of the general concept of human circular mobilities.

The paper deals with the international circular migration which has globally become a buzzword in scientific, political, and administrative circles since the new century. The article concentrates on an unknown feature of the circular migration, namely its dialectic nature, which encompasses both event and system characteristics. This would be the common root of false ideas surrounding human circulation. The literature echoes wide variety of conceptualisations of international circular migration. However, the investigation and application of double characteristic is absent. On one hand, circular migration is a type of migration as a simple event, on the other hand that is a repeat process or a complete system. The main aim of the article is to discuss the event-system dilemma in general and to provide a sort of practical solution with empirical evidence that comes from Hungary in particular. Moreover, the authors contribute to the clarification of the general concept of human circular mobilities.

We introduce the notion of linearly representable games. Broadly speaking, these are TU games that can be described by as many parameters as the number of players, like weighted voting games, airport games, or bankruptcy games. We show that the Shapley value calculation is pseudo-polynomial for linearly representable games. This is a generalization of many classical and recent results in the literature. Our method naturally turns into a strictly polynomial algorithm when the parameters are polynomial in the number of players., Comment: 17 pages

Although it is one of the world’s most successful industries, the automotive industry was one of the biggest losers of the economic crisis of 2008. The crisis caused negative effects throughout the automobile supply chain, but research about this period has been focused on car dealerships. The objective of this paper is to provide insight gained from comprehensive research conducted in the Hungarian car trade market through in-depth interviews with car dealership owners and a wide questionnaire survey with the managers of car dealerships. The paper focuses on crisis management measures of the post-crisis period. Statistical methods were applied in the analysis of the questionnaire, such as cross-tabulation analysis, chi-squared tests, cluster analysis, variance analysis, and Tukey-type HSD. The study explores the factors and tools for surviving the crisis. Research results confirm that focusing on sales, customer service, and quality are the key factors for keeping and increasing competitiveness and market position

PurposeAmong Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, acalabrutinib has greater selectivity than ibrutinib, which we hypothesized would improve continuous therapy tolerability. We conducted an open-label, randomized, noninferiority, phase III trial comparing acalabrutinib and ibrutinib in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).MethodsPatients with previously treated CLL with centrally confirmed del(17)(p13.1) or del(11)(q22.3) were randomly assigned to oral acalabrutinib 100 mg twice daily or ibrutinib 420 mg once daily until progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point was independent review committee-assessed noninferiority of progression-free survival (PFS).ResultsOverall, 533 patients (acalabrutinib, n = 268; ibrutinib, n = 265) were randomly assigned. At the data cutoff, 124 (46.3%) acalabrutinib patients and 109 (41.1%) ibrutinib patients remained on treatment. After a median follow-up of 40.9 months, acalabrutinib was determined to be noninferior to ibrutinib with a median PFS of 38.4 months in both arms (95% CI acalabrutinib, 33.0 to 38.6 and ibrutinib, 33.0 to 41.6; hazard ratio: 1.00; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.27). All-grade atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter incidence was significantly lower with acalabrutinib versus ibrutinib (9.4% v 16.0%; P = .02); among other selected secondary end points, grade 3 or higher infections (30.8% v 30.0%) and Richter transformations (3.8% v 4.9%) were comparable between groups and median overall survival was not reached in either arm (hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.59 to 1.15), with 63 (23.5%) deaths with acalabrutinib and 73 (27.5%) with ibrutinib. Treatment discontinuations because of adverse events occurred in 14.7% of acalabrutinib-treated patients and 21.3% of ibrutinib-treated patients.ConclusionIn this first direct comparison of less versus more selective Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in CLL, acalabrutinib demonstrated noninferior PFS with fewer cardiovascular adverse events.

Although it is one of the world’s most successful industries, the automotive industry was one of the biggest losers of the economic crisis of 2008. The crisis caused negative effects throughout the automobile supply chain, but research about this period has been focused on car dealerships. The objective of this paper is to provide insight gained from comprehensive research conducted in the Hungarian car trade market through in-depth interviews with car dealership owners and a wide questionnaire survey with the managers of car dealerships. The paper focuses on crisis management measures of the post-crisis period. Statistical methods were applied in the analysis of the questionnaire, such as cross-tabulation analysis, chi-squared tests, cluster analysis, variance analysis, and Tukey-type HSD. The study explores the factors and tools for surviving the crisis. Research results confirm that focusing on sales, customer service, and quality are the key factors for keeping and increasing competitiveness and market position

BACKGROUND: Older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have a dismal prognosis, even after treatment with a hypomethylating agent. Azacitidine added to venetoclax had promising efficacy in a previous phase 1b study. METHODS: We randomly assigned previously untreated patients with confirmed AML who were ineligible for standard induction therapy because of coexisting conditions, because they were 75 years of age or older, or both to azacitidine plus either venetoclax or placebo. All patients received a standard dose of azacitidine (75 mg per square meter of body-surface area subcutaneously or intravenously on days 1 through 7 every 28-day cycle); venetoclax (target dose, 400 mg) or matching placebo was administered orally, once daily, in 28-day cycles. The primary end point was overall survival. RESULTS: The intention-to-treat population included 431 patients (286 in the azacitidine-venetoclax group and 145 in the azacitidine-placebo [control] group). The median age was 76 years in both groups (range, 49 to 91). At a median follow-up of 20.5 months, the median overall survival was 14.7 months in the azacitidine-venetoclax group and 9.6 months in the control group (hazard ratio for death, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.52 to 0.85; P<0.001). The incidence of complete remission was higher with azacitidine-venetoclax than with the control regimen (36.7% vs. 17.9%; P<0.001), as was the composite complete remission (complete remission or complete remission with incomplete hematologic recovery) (66.4% vs. 28.3%; P<0.001). Key adverse events included nausea of any grade (in 44% of the patients in the azacitidine-venetoclax group and 35% of those in the control group) and grade 3 or higher thrombocytopenia (in 45% and 38%, respectively), neutropenia (in 42% and 28%), and febrile neutropenia (in 42% and 19%). Infections of any grade occurred in 85% of the patients in the azacitidine-venetoclax group and 67% of those in the control group, and serious adverse events occur

Antibacterial and antifungal ability of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) supported by functionalized magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) was tested against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and yeast Candida albicans. Characterization of materials including transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectroscopy technique followed each step during the course of nanocomposite preparation. The synthesized powder consists of 30–50 nm in size silver particles surrounded by clusters of smaller (∼10 nm) Fe 3 O 4 particles. The content of silver in the nanocomposite powder was found to be slightly above 40 wt.–%. Concentration-dependent and time-dependent bacterial reduction measurements in dark indicated that use of Ag NPs leads to the complete reduction of E. coli and S. aureus even at the concentration level of silver as low as 40 μg/mL. However, the negligible antifungal ability of synthesized nanocomposite was found against yeast C. albicans in the entire investigated concentration range (0.1-2.0 mg/mL of the nanocomposite, i. e., 40–800 μg/mL of silver). Complete inactivation of E. coli and S. aureus was achieved in five repeated cycles indicated that synthesized nanocomposite can perform under long-run working conditions. From the technological point of view, magnetic separation is the additional advantage of synthesized nanocomposite for potential use as an antibacterial agent. © 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Antibacterial and antifungal ability of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) supported by functionalized magnetite (Fe3O4) with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) was tested against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and yeast Candida albicans. Characterization of materials including transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectroscopy technique followed each step during the course of nanocomposite preparation. The synthesized powder consists of 30-50nm in size silver particles surrounded by clusters of smaller (approximate to 10nm) Fe3O4 particles. The content of silver in the nanocomposite powder was found to be slightly above 40 wt.-%. Concentration-dependent and time-dependent bacterial reduction measurements in dark indicated that use of Ag NPs leads to the complete reduction of E. coli and S. aureus even at the concentration level of silver as low as 40 g/mL. However, the negligible antifungal ability of synthesized nanocomposite was found against yeast C. albicans in the entire investigated concentration range (0.1-2.0mg/mL of the nanocomposite, i.e., 40-800 g/mL of silver). Complete inactivation of E. coli and S. aureus was achieved in five repeated cycles indicated that synthesized nanocomposite can perform under long-run working conditions. From the technological point of view, magnetic separation is the additional advantage of synthesized nanocomposite for potential use as an antibacterial agent.

Ferrofluids based on magnesium substituted magnetite nanoparticles MgxFe3−xO4 (x = 0.1; 0.2; 0.4) were synthesised by a chemical co-precipitation method. Their physical properties have been compared with those of the magnetite based ferrofluid obtained by the same synthesis route. Both XRD and TEM studies showed particle size decrease with the increased Mg content while DLS experiments pointed to the more prominent aggregation of Mg-containing nanoparticles. Magnetic properties investigation conducted on the powder (i.e. dried) specimens showed decrease of magnetization values with increased Mg content except for the lowest concentration of x = 0.1 where substantial saturation magnetization rise of about 40% was recorded at room temperature. Heating abilities of the studied ferrofluids under the applied AC fields (SAR values) also showed decreasing trend with the increased Mg content even for x = 0.1 sample despite its elevated magnetization value. This trend has been understood as a consequence of the changed intrinsic nanoparticle properties such as size and magnetic anisotropy, as well as contribution of a collective behaviour due to an increased nanoparticle aggregation in Mg-doped systems.

Ferrofluids based on magnesium substituted magnetite nanoparticles MgxFe3−xO4 (x = 0.1; 0.2; 0.4) were synthesised by a chemical co-precipitation method. Their physical properties have been compared with those of the magnetite based ferrofluid obtained by the same synthesis route. Both XRD and TEM studies showed particle size decrease with the increased Mg content while DLS experiments pointed to the more prominent aggregation of Mg-containing nanoparticles. Magnetic properties investigation conducted on the powder (i.e. dried) specimens showed decrease of magnetization values with increased Mg content except for the lowest concentration of x = 0.1 where substantial saturation magnetization rise of about 40% was recorded at room temperature. Heating abilities of the studied ferrofluids under the applied AC fields (SAR values) also showed decreasing trend with the increased Mg content even for x = 0.1 sample despite its elevated magnetization value. This trend has been understood as a consequence of the changed intrinsic nanoparticle properties such as size and magnetic anisotropy, as well as contribution of a collective behaviour due to an increased nanoparticle aggregation in Mg-doped systems.

Antibacterial and antifungal ability of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) supported by functionalized magnetite (Fe3O4) with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) was tested against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and yeast Candida albicans. Characterization of materials including transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectroscopy technique followed each step during the course of nanocomposite preparation. The synthesized powder consists of 30-50nm in size silver particles surrounded by clusters of smaller (approximate to 10nm) Fe3O4 particles. The content of silver in the nanocomposite powder was found to be slightly above 40 wt.-%. Concentration-dependent and time-dependent bacterial reduction measurements in dark indicated that use of Ag NPs leads to the complete reduction of E. coli and S. aureus even at the concentration level of silver as low as 40 g/mL. However, the negligible antifungal ability of synthesized nanocomposite was found against yeast C. albicans in the entire investigated concentration range (0.1-2.0mg/mL of the nanocomposite, i.e., 40-800 g/mL of silver). Complete inactivation of E. coli and S. aureus was achieved in five repeated cycles indicated that synthesized nanocomposite can perform under long-run working conditions. From the technological point of view, magnetic separation is the additional advantage of synthesized nanocomposite for potential use as an antibacterial agent.

This work presents Global Positioning System-Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (GPS-SLAM), an augmented version of Oriented FAST (Features from accelerated segment test) and Rotated BRIEF (Binary Robust Independent Elementary Features) feature detector (ORB)-SLAM using GPS and inertial data to make the algorithm capable of dealing with low frame rate datasets. In general, SLAM systems are successful in case of datasets with a high frame rate. This work was motivated by a scarce dataset where ORB-SLAM often loses track because of the lack of continuity. The main work includes the determination of the next frame’s pose based on the GPS and inertial data. The results show that this additional information makes the algorithm more robust. As many large, outdoor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flights save the GPS and inertial measurement unit (IMU) data of the capturing of images, this program gives an option to use the SLAM algorithm successfully even if the dataset has a low frame rate, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The idea of approximating the Shapley value of an n-person game by Monte Carlo simulation was first suggested by Mann and Shapley (1960) and they also introduced four different heuristical methods to reduce the estimation error. Since 1960, several statistical methods have been developed to reduce the standard deviation of the estimate. In this paper, we develop an algorithm that uses a pair of negatively correlated samples to reduce the variance of the estimate. Although the observations generated are not independent, the sample is ergodic (obeys the strong law of large numbers), hence the name "ergodic sampling". Unlike Shapley and Mann, we do not use heuristics, the algorithm uses a small sample to learn the best ergodic transformation for a given game. We illustrate the algorithm on eight games with different characteristics to test the performance and understand how the proposed algorithm works. The experiments show that this method has at least as low variance as an independent sample, and in five test games, it significantly improves the quality of the estimation, up to 75 percent.

We propose a resource sharing scheme that takes into account the traffic history over several predefined time scales and provides fair resource sharing considering the traffic history. Our concept builds on a simplified version of core-stateless resource sharing, where we only use a few Drop Precedences (DPs). For packet marking we introduce Multi timescale bandwidth profile. Additionally, we provide basic dimensioning concepts for the proposed schema and present its simulation based performance analysis.

We demonstrate that a simple spectrophotometric method can be efficiently applied for the characterization of structural and chemical stability and adsorption properties of composite graphene oxide (GO) films in various solutions. The immersion stability of GO layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled with a polycation into ultrathin multilayered films was studied in water and in concentrated salty, acidic and basic solutions by UV-visible spectroscopy. These films were found to retain both their chemical stability and physical integrity in water, salt and HCl solutions with a slight rearrangement of the nanoscale structure as shown by the change in their visible spectrum. However, immersion into NaOH solutions above molar concentration led to the deconstruction of the multilayer structure by base-induced deoxygenation of GO. The adsorption of methylene blue on polymer/GO LbL films of various thicknesses revealed that the multilayers are largely impermeable towards this cationic dye.

Initial results en route toward construction of complex magnetic core-shell silica and organosilica nanotheranostics are presented. Magnetite nanoparticles are synthesized by three different methods and embedded within mesoporous silica and organosilica frameworks by different surfactant-templated procedures to produce three types of core-shell nanoparticles. Magnetite nanoparticles (15 nm in diameter) are embedded within mesoporous silica nanoparticles to produce cell-like material with predominantly one magnetite nuclei-resembling core per nanoparticle, with final particle diameter of ca. 150 nm, specific surface area of 573 m(2)/g and hexagonally structured tubular pores (2.6 nm predominant diameter), extended throughout the volume of nanoparticles. Two forms of spherical core-shell nanoparticles composed of magnetite cores embedded within mesoporous organosilica shells are also obtained by employing ethylene and ethane bridged organobisalkoxysilane precursors. The obtained nanomaterials are characterized by high surface area (978 and 820 m(2)/g), tubular pore morphology (2 and 2.8 nm predominant pore diameters), different diameters (386 and 100-200 nm), in case of ethylene- and ethane-composed organosilica shells, respectively. Different degree of agglomeration of magnetite nanoparticles was also observed in the obtained materials, and in the case of utilization of surfactant-pre-stabilized magnetite nanoparticles for the syntheses, their uniform and non-agglomerated distribution within the shells was noted.

Initial results en route toward construction of complex magnetic core-shell silica and organosilica nanotheranostics are presented. Magnetite nanoparticles are synthesized by three different methods and embedded within mesoporous silica and organosilica frameworks by different surfactant-templated procedures to produce three types of core-shell nanoparticles. Magnetite nanoparticles (15 nm in diameter) are embedded within mesoporous silica nanoparticles to produce cell-like material with predominantly one magnetite nuclei-resembling core per nanoparticle, with final particle diameter of ca. 150 nm, specific surface area of 573 m(2)/g and hexagonally structured tubular pores (2.6 nm predominant diameter), extended throughout the volume of nanoparticles. Two forms of spherical core-shell nanoparticles composed of magnetite cores embedded within mesoporous organosilica shells are also obtained by employing ethylene and ethane bridged organobisalkoxysilane precursors. The obtained nanomaterials are characterized by high surface area (978 and 820 m(2)/g), tubular pore morphology (2 and 2.8 nm predominant pore diameters), different diameters (386 and 100-200 nm), in case of ethylene- and ethane-composed organosilica shells, respectively. Different degree of agglomeration of magnetite nanoparticles was also observed in the obtained materials, and in the case of utilization of surfactant-pre-stabilized magnetite nanoparticles for the syntheses, their uniform and non-agglomerated distribution within the shells was noted.

[Purpose]: To evaluate the effect of tear supplementation with preservative free 0.15% zinc-hyaluronate on ocular surface sensations and corneal sensitivity in dry eye patients., [Methods]: Ocular surface sensations were assessed using the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire and by recording ocular sensations during forced blinking in parallel with noninvasive tear film breakup time measurement in 20 eyes of 20 dry eye patients. Corneal sensitivity thresholds to selective stimulation of corneal mechano-, thermal- and chemical receptors were measured using the Belmonte gas esthesiometer. All baseline measurements were repeated after 1 month of treatment with 0.15% zinc-hyaluronate., [Results]: After 1 month, a significant decrease in mean OSDI score (from 35.66 ± 12.36 to 15.03 ± 11.22; P < 0.001) and a significant improvement in tear film breakup time (from 3.83 ± 0.80 to 8.67 ± 4.50 s; P < 0.001) was observed compared to baseline. Sensory responses during the interblink period also significantly decreased after 1 month (P < 0.004). Corneal sensitivity thresholds to mechanical stimulation (90.61 ± 20.35 vs. 103.92 ± 17.97 mL/min; P < 0.025) and chemical stimulation (33.21 ± 0.51 vs. 33.58% ± 0.44% CO2; P < 0.025) significantly increased after 1 month, however sensitivity thresholds to thermal stimulation remained unchanged compared to baseline (P > 0.05)., [Conclusion]: Prolonged use of 0.15% zinc-hyaluronate results in an improvement of tear film stability and a decrease of dry eye complaints. The decrease in corneal mechano-and polymodal receptor excitability suggests that zinc-hyaluronate helps to recover normal corneal sensitivity, and thus might have a beneficial additional effect on reducing ocular surface complaints in dry eye patients.

Initial results en route toward construction of complex magnetic core-shell silica and organosilica nanotheranostics are presented. Magnetite nanoparticles are synthesized by three different methods and embedded within mesoporous silica and organosilica frameworks by different surfactant-templated procedures to produce three types of core-shell nanoparticles. Magnetite nanoparticles (15 nm in diameter) are embedded within mesoporous silica nanoparticles to produce cell-like material with predominantly one magnetite nuclei-resembling core per nanoparticle, with final particle diameter of ca. 150 nm, specific surface area of 573 m(2)/g and hexagonally structured tubular pores (2.6 nm predominant diameter), extended throughout the volume of nanoparticles. Two forms of spherical core-shell nanoparticles composed of magnetite cores embedded within mesoporous organosilica shells are also obtained by employing ethylene and ethane bridged organobisalkoxysilane precursors. The obtained nanomaterials are characterized by high surface area (978 and 820 m(2)/g), tubular pore morphology (2 and 2.8 nm predominant pore diameters), different diameters (386 and 100-200 nm), in case of ethylene- and ethane-composed organosilica shells, respectively. Different degree of agglomeration of magnetite nanoparticles was also observed in the obtained materials, and in the case of utilization of surfactant-pre-stabilized magnetite nanoparticles for the syntheses, their uniform and non-agglomerated distribution within the shells was noted.

Initial results en route toward construction of complex magnetic core-shell silica and organosilica nanotheranostics are presented. Magnetite nanoparticles are synthesized by three different methods and embedded within mesoporous silica and organosilica frameworks by different surfactant-templated procedures to produce three types of core-shell nanoparticles. Magnetite nanoparticles (15 nm in diameter) are embedded within mesoporous silica nanoparticles to produce cell-like material with predominantly one magnetite nuclei-resembling core per nanoparticle, with final particle diameter of ca. 150 nm, specific surface area of 573 m(2)/g and hexagonally structured tubular pores (2.6 nm predominant diameter), extended throughout the volume of nanoparticles. Two forms of spherical core-shell nanoparticles composed of magnetite cores embedded within mesoporous organosilica shells are also obtained by employing ethylene and ethane bridged organobisalkoxysilane precursors. The obtained nanomaterials are characterized by high surface area (978 and 820 m(2)/g), tubular pore morphology (2 and 2.8 nm predominant pore diameters), different diameters (386 and 100-200 nm), in case of ethylene- and ethane-composed organosilica shells, respectively. Different degree of agglomeration of magnetite nanoparticles was also observed in the obtained materials, and in the case of utilization of surfactant-pre-stabilized magnetite nanoparticles for the syntheses, their uniform and non-agglomerated distribution within the shells was noted.

Among the recent literature about leadership and crisis situations two main strands are to be observed: structuralist ones mainly treat political leaders as reactive agents who have relatively little room for maneuver, while constructivist ones put greater emphasis on the opportunities in interpreting crises. Our claim is that there is a third analytical possibility mainly neglected in recent literature that is even more voluntaristic than the constructivist approaches. In this scenario, there is no external shock; leaders do not only interpret, but also "invent" crises. To make our claim plausible, we build a conceptual-descriptive typology of the potential relationships between crisis situations and agency. The typology is founded on Kari Palonen's differentiation between Machiavellian and Weberian types of contingency, but uses his originally conceptual historical argument for analytical purposes. To underpin our theoretical argument, we present short illustrative examples to all three types of crisis scenarios (the structuralist, the constructivist, and the voluntarist one). (author's abstract)

Research advancements and opportunities by the FP7-ERA Chairs project MagBioVin are spotlighted.[1] Topic of the project is the design of different novel magnetic nanoarchitectures (e.g. bimagnetic and polymeric core-shell systems, nanoparticles embedded in mesoporous silica structures, and radiolabeled nanostructures)[2–4] for application in targeted treatment and diagnostics of cancer. These nanomaterials posses the ability for selective treatment of tumor tissues by the targeting with magnetic field.[5,6] Alternating magnetic field also provides the means for hyperthermia-induced cancer treatment.[7]Attachment of radionuclides to the synthesized nanoparticles is explored for the purpose of imaging and internal radiotherapy.[8,9] Magnetic characteristics of the prepared nanomaterials is done by SQUID magnetometry and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Structural characterization of the investigated nanomaterials is performed by XRD, TEM imaging, DRIFT spectroscopy, and nitrogen sorption analysis. Magnetic hyperthermia effects are monitored by using commercial setup (nB nanoScale Biomagnetics) which includes applicators for cell cultures and small animals. In vitro and in vivo (animal model) applicability of the synthesized nanomaterials regarding toxicity, biodistribution and anticancer efficacy is explored for targeted cancer treatment.

We present here some recent research advancements and opportunities within the FP7-ERA Chairs MagBioVin project. The project aims to design various novel magnetic nanoarchitectures (e.g. bimagnetic and polymeric core-shell systems, nanoparticles embedded in mesoporous silica and radiolabeled nanostructures) for application in targeted treatment and diagnostics of cancer. The magnetic core of these nanomaterials allows the selective treatment of tumor tissues (i.e. targeted drug-delivery, localized magnetic hyperthermia) by magnetic field. Attachment of radionuclides (e.g. 90Y, 99mTc, 134I) to the nanoparticles opens the possibilities for imaging and internal radiotherapy. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), i.e. iron oxides and spinel ferrites, were synthesized by different methods and coated by several compounds (e.g. citrate, polymers, silica, BSA) to increase their biocompatibility. The composition and morphology of the nanomaterials is characterized by XRD, TEM imaging and infrared spectroscopy, while their magnetic properties were studied by SQUID magnetometry and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Magnetic hyperthermia effects were monitored by DM100 device equipped with DM1, 2 and 3 applicators (nB nanoScale Biomagnetics). This unique setup allows us to monitor the heating efficiency development in cell cultures and small animals (e.g. mice, rats) as well. The current results showed that the MNPs can be successfully labeled with 90Y and 99mTc. The drug loading and release properties of MNPs are studied by HPLC using doxorubicin as the drug. In vitro and in vivo (animal model) applicability of the synthesized nanomaterials regarding toxicity, biodistribution and anti-cancer efficacy is explored for targeted cancer treatment.

This paper presents an experimental study for the Hungarian State Railway Company (M\'AV). The engine assignment problem was solved at M\'AV by their experts without using any explicit operations research tool. Furthermore, the operations research model was not known at the company. The goal of our project was to introduce and solve an operations research model for the engine assignment problem on real data sets. For the engine assignment problem we are using a combinatorial optimization model. At this stage of research the single type train that is pulled by a single type engine is modeled and solved for real data. There are two regions in Hungary where the methodology described in this paper can be used and M\'AV started to use it regularly. There is a need to generalize the model for multiple type trains and multiple type engines.

Unlike NASA's original Kepler Discovery Mission, the renewed K2 Mission will stare at the plane of the Ecliptic, observing each field for approximately 75 days. This will bring new opportunities and challenges, in particular the presence of a large number of main-belt asteroids that will contaminate the photometry. The large pixel size makes K2 data susceptible to the effect of apparent minor planet encounters. Here we investigate the effects of asteroid encounters on photometric precision using a sub-sample of the K2 Engineering data taken in February, 2014. We show examples of asteroid contamination to facilitate their recognition and distinguish these events from other error sources. We conclude that main-belt asteroids will have considerable effects on K2 photometry of a large number of photometric targets during the Mission, that will have to be taken into account. These results will be readily applicable for future space photometric missions applying large-format CCDs, such as TESS and PLATO., Comment: accepted for publication in AJ, 6 pages

We measure the demographic patterns associated with international circular migration. Firstly, we define the circulation within the conceptual framework of transnationalism. Secondly, we create macro-scale data bank on long-term international circular migrants based on an original statistical method. Thirdly, we seek to gain further insight into the composition of international circular immigrants by gender, age, and family status. Conclusions indicate the need for future research.

We measure the demographic patterns associated with international circular migration. Firstly, we define the circulation within the conceptual framework of transnationalism. Secondly, we create macro-scale data bank on long-term international circular migrants based on an original statistical method. Thirdly, we seek to gain further insight into the composition of international circular immigrants by gender, age, and family status. Conclusions indicate the need for future research.

We measure the demographic patterns associated with international circular migration. Firstly, we define the circulation within the conceptual framework of transnationalism. Secondly, we create macro-scale data bank on long-term international circular migrants based on an original statistical method. Thirdly, we seek to gain further insight into the composition of international circular immigrants by gender, age, and family status. Conclusions indicate the need for future research.

We measure the demographic patterns associated with international circular migration. Firstly, we define the circulation within the conceptual framework of transnationalism. Secondly, we create macro-scale data bank on long-term international circular migrants based on an original statistical method. Thirdly, we seek to gain further insight into the composition of international circular immigrants by gender, age, and family status. Conclusions indicate the need for future research.

[Purpose]: To investigate the characteristics of ocular surface sensations and corneal sensitivity during the interblink interval before and after tear supplementation in dry eye patients., [Methods]: Twenty subjects (41.88±14.37 years) with dry eye symptoms were included in the dry eye group. Fourteen subjects (39.13±11.27 years) without any clinical signs and/or symptoms of dry eye were included in the control group. Tear film dynamics was assessed by non-invasive tear film breakup time (NI-BUT) in parallel with continuous recordings of ocular sensations during forced blinking. Corneal sensitivity to selective stimulation of corneal mechano-, cold and chemical receptors was assessed using a gas esthesiometer. All the measurements were made before and 5 min after saline and hydroxypropyl-guar (HP-guar) drops., [Results]: In dry eye patients the intensity of irritation increased rapidly after the last blink during forced blinking, while in controls there was no alteration in the intensity during the first 10 sec followed by an exponential increase. Irritation scores were significantly higher in dry eye patients throughout the entire interblink interval compared to controls (p<0.004). NI-BUT significantly increased after HP-guar (p = 0.003) but not after saline drops (p = 0.14). In both groups, either after saline or HP-guar the shape of symptom intensity curves remained the same with significantly lower irritation scores (p<0.004), however after HP-guar the decrease was significantly more pronounced (p<0.004). Corneal sensitivity to selective mechanical, cold and chemical stimulation decreased significantly in both groups after HP-guar (p<0.05), but not after saline drops (p>0.05)., [Conclusion]: Ocular surface irritation responses due to tear film drying are considerably increased in dry eye patients compared to normal subjects. Although tear supplementation improves the protective tear film layer, and thus reduce unpleasant sensory responses, the rapid rise in discomfort is still maintained and might be responsible for the remaining complaints of dry eye patients despite the treatment.

Unlike NASA's original Kepler Discovery Mission, the renewed K2 Mission will stare at the plane of the Ecliptic, observing each field for approximately 75 days. This will bring new opportunities and challenges, in particular the presence of a large number of main-belt asteroids that will contaminate the photometry. The large pixel size makes K2 data susceptible to the effect of apparent minor planet encounters. Here we investigate the effects of asteroid encounters on photometric precision using a sub-sample of the K2 Engineering data taken in February, 2014. We show examples of asteroid contamination to facilitate their recognition and distinguish these events from other error sources. We conclude that main-belt asteroids will have considerable effects on K2 photometry of a large number of photometric targets during the Mission, that will have to be taken into account. These results will be readily applicable for future space photometric missions applying large-format CCDs, such as TESS and PLATO., Comment: accepted for publication in AJ, 6 pages

Peer Reviewed

Changes in the inherent solid phase and aqueous interfacial properties of magnetite nanoparticles in a Massart type magnetic fluid were investigated. Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized, purified, dialyzed against 0.001 mol dm–3 HCl and then stored at 4 °C for 6 years. The solid phase transformation of magnetite to maghemite and formation of akageneite shell on the magnetic core, as well as a slight increase in particle size were proved, causing no change in the superparamagnetic features of nanoparticles after storage as long as 6 years. The aqueous interfacial properties, however, were altered in a strange way. Surprisingly, neither the surface charge density nor the particle charge in acidic region showed significant changes, except for a definite decrease in pHpzc and pHiep from pH ~ 8 to ~ 7. Coalescence of akageneite shell during recrystallization resulted in a significant decrease of the specific surface area of the aged sample, and probably contributed to its declining colloidal stability.

The paper examines international elderly migration (IEM) related to Hungary. Little effort has been made to investigate this increasingly important element of human migration in Central and Eastern Europe. The general objective of this study is to contribute to filling this gap. IEM is investigated using register-based data on migration flows, stocks and citizenship statistics. The analysis focuses on the time series but the paper also considers the historical context and the recent patterns of IEM. The aim of the research was fourfold. Firstly, we tried to establish when IEM related to Hungary began. Secondly, we detected the accelerating character of this phenomenon. Thirdly, we were able to identify the main macrofactors influencing the level of IEM. Fourthly, the main result of the study was that it allowed exploration of a Hungarian peculiarity. “Pension seeking” is one very distinctive feature of IEM and is in many ways a legacy of the state socialism period. Therefore, its emergence on such a large scale is the result of the transformation period. We suppose that pension-hunting type migration will be temporary in nature. Conclusions about the motivational structure of IEM are discussed with reference to policy implications in the light of the ageing population structure in Hungary., Rad se bavi vanjskom migracijom starijih osoba u Mađarskoj. Taj sve važniji element migracije u Srednjoj i Istočnoj Europi slabo je istražen. Ovaj rad trebao bi pridonijeti da se ispuni ta praznina. Vanjska migracija starijih osoba istražuje se na temelju popisnih podataka o migracijskim tokovima, kontingentima i statistici o državljanstvu. Analiza se usredotočuje na vremenske nizove, ali se razmatra i povijesni kontekst kao i suvremeni obrasci te migracije. Cilj istraživanja bio je četverostruk. Prvo, nastojalo se otkriti kada je započela vanjska migracija starijih osoba u Mađarskoj. Drugo, ustanovljeno je da se taj fenomen sve više ubrzava. Treće, mogu se identificirati glavni makro-činioci koji utječu na te migracije, i četvrto, kao glavni rezultat istraživanja, uspjela se istražiti jedna mađarska specifičnost. »Traženje mirovine« predstavlja vrlo distinktivno obilježje migracije starijih osoba i na puno je načina nasljeđe socijalističkog razdoblja. Stoga je masovna pojava takve migracije posljedica razdoblja transformacije. Pretpostavlja se da lov za mirovinama ima privremeni karakter. O zaključcima o motivacijskoj strukturi vanjske migracije starijih osoba raspravlja se s obzirom na implikacije u politici u svjetlu starosne populacijske strukture u Mađarskoj.

In general, younger cohorts dominate in the international migration flows, but new form of migration develops, namely, the elderly migration. The old age international movement of people is a migratory phenomenon of the last decades of the 20th century. Parallel with the accelerating ageing process, the share of long-term elderly immigrants has been growing since the middle of nineties in Hungary. In the millennium every tenth long-term immigrants staying in Hungary was 60 years old and over. The share of persons over 60 gaining Hungarian citizenship also increased and stabilised around 12 per cent. The expansion of old-aged immigrants and new citizens is not advantageous under the prevailing legal rules in case of international migration policy preparing utility principles. If the elderly migration to Hungary becomes greater in level, it will be necessary to intervene into the spontaneous process. It is important to state that the emerging problems must be managed in a differentiated manner according to the types of the elderly migrants.

In general, younger cohorts dominate in the international migration flows, but new form of migration develops, namely, the elderly migration. The old age international movement of people is a migratory phenomenon of the last decades of the 20th century. Parallel with the accelerating ageing process, the share of long-term elderly immigrants has been growing since the middle of nineties in Hungary. In the millennium every tenth long-term immigrants staying in Hungary was 60 years old and over. The share of persons over 60 gaining Hungarian citizenship also increased and stabilised around 12 per cent. The expansion of old-aged immigrants and new citizens is not advantageous under the prevailing legal rules in case of international migration policy preparing utility principles. If the elderly migration to Hungary becomes greater in level, it will be necessary to intervene into the spontaneous process. It is important to state that the emerging problems must be managed in a differentiated manner according to the types of the elderly migrants.

In general, younger cohorts dominate in the international migration flows, but new form of migration develops, namely, the elderly migration. The old age international movement of people is a migratory phenomenon of the last decades of the 20th century. Parallel with the accelerating ageing process, the share of long-term elderly immigrants has been growing since the middle of nineties in Hungary. In the millennium every tenth long-term immigrants staying in Hungary was 60 years old and over. The share of persons over 60 gaining Hungarian citizenship also increased and stabilised around 12 per cent. The expansion of old-aged immigrants and new citizens is not advantageous under the prevailing legal rules in case of international migration policy preparing utility principles. If the elderly migration to Hungary becomes greater in level, it will be necessary to intervene into the spontaneous process. It is important to state that the emerging problems must be managed in a differentiated manner according to the types of the elderly migrants.

In general, younger cohorts dominate in the international migration flows, but new form of migration develops, namely, the elderly migration. The old age international movement of people is a migratory phenomenon of the last decades of the 20th century. Parallel with the accelerating ageing process, the share of long-term elderly immigrants has been growing since the middle of nineties in Hungary. In the millennium every tenth long-term immigrants staying in Hungary was 60 years old and over. The share of persons over 60 gaining Hungarian citizenship also increased and stabilised around 12 per cent. The expansion of old-aged immigrants and new citizens is not advantageous under the prevailing legal rules in case of international migration policy preparing utility principles. If the elderly migration to Hungary becomes greater in level, it will be necessary to intervene into the spontaneous process. It is important to state that the emerging problems must be managed in a differentiated manner according to the types of the elderly migrants.