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This study explored how researchers at a Swedish university experienced information overload while working in a complex digital work environment. The study further investigates how the experience of information overload interacts with cognitive load theory and administrative burden. Five semi structured interviews were conducted along with document studies of the systems in the digital work environment. Results suggest that researchers are infrequent users of most of the administrative systems and experience a high amount of cognitive load, both intrinsic and extraneous, and found avoidance, delegating and workarounds as a way of avoiding information overload.

This paper addresses the scientific production of pharmaceutical communication in Spain around the COVID-19 crisis, in which information overload, amplified by the digital media, evidenced the relevance of communication in the digital society. The research observes the evolution and characteristics of such studies, identifying scientific fields and disciplines related to communication, thematic lines, agents and publics. To this end, it proposes an exploratory review study adjusted to the PRISMA protocol with a search strategy including three databases (Scopus, WOS and Dialnet) and whose filtration produced a final population of 56 publications on Spanish pharmaceutical communication between 2018 and 2022. The results point to a greater production of scientific papers around the year of the pandemic. These papers were published by university institutions in health sciences journals, although differences in authorship by gender were detected. Most of them are empirical papers, with a predominance of mixed content analyses. The field of public relations stands out, but terminological confusion was also detected. This leads to a reflection on its causes and solutions in favour of the transparency and accountability in pharmaceutical communication.

Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en ökad förståelse om Gen Zs attityd till influencermarketing och för att undersöka hur Gen Z har blivit påverkade av den mängd sponsrat innehållde exponeras för på sociala medier. För att besvara studiens syfte har två forskningsfrågorframställts. För att samla in empiriskt material och besvara på forskningsfrågorna, genomfördesnio intervjuer med personer mellan 18-28. Under intervjuerna fick deltagarna svara på frågorkopplade till forskningsfrågorna, datan sammanställdes och diskuterades för att besvara studiensforskningsfrågor. Resultatet för forskningsfråga 1 (FF1) visade att Gen Z blir negativt påverkadeav den ökade mängd sponsrat innehåll de exponeras för, respondenterna förklarar att de känt sigöverväldigade vilket har resulterat i att man upplevt minskat förtroende mot influencers.Resultatet för forskningsfråga 2 (FF2) visade att Gen Z har blandade inställningar gällandeinfluencer marketing, men att majoriteten hade en negativ attityd till influencer marketing. Flerarespondenter förklarade att influencer marketing kändes påträngande och skapadeirritationskänslor när de använde olika sociala medieplattformar som Youtube, Instagram ochTiktok. För vidare forskning rekommenderar författaren att undersöka hur den ökade mängdensponsrat innehåll påverkar Gen Zs upplevelser och erfarenheter kopplat till de olika socialamedieplattformarna som Youtube, Tiktok och Instagram. Eftersom dessa tre plattformar ärväldigt olika är även reklamen anpassad till varje enskild plattform, en fördjupad kunskap omdess påverkan på Gen Z och deras inställning till sponsrat innehåll för respektive socialmedieplattform på sociala medieplattform kan hjälpa företag att anpassa deras strategierberoende på vilken plattform de väljer att använda som marknadsföringskanal, The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of Gen Z's attitude towards influencermarketing and to investigate how Gen Z has been influenced by the amount of sponsored contentthey are exposed to on social media. To address the research objective, two research questionswere formulated. To collect empirical data and answer the research questions, nine interviewswere conducted with individuals aged 18-28. During the interviews, participants were askedquestions related to the research questions, which were then analyzed and discussed to presentthe findings. The findings for research question 1( RQ1) indicated that Gen Z is negativelyaffected by the volume of sponsored content they are exposed to. Respondents explained thatthey felt overwhelmed, which led to a decrease in trust towards influencers. The findings forresearch question 2 (RQ2) revealed that Gen Z has mixed attitudes towards influencer marketing,with the majority holding a negative attitude. Several respondents explained that influencermarketing (IM) felt intrusive and generated feelings of irritation when using various social mediaplatforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok. For further research, the author recommendscomparing how Gen Z is influenced by the amount of sponsored content they are exposed to andtheir attitudes towards sponsored content on different social media platforms such as YouTube,TikTok, and Instagram. Since these three platforms are distinct, and advertising is tailored toeach platform, a deeper understanding of how Gen Z is influenced and their attitude towardssponsored content on different social media platforms can help companies tailor their strategiesbased on the platform they choose to use as a marketing channel.

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the experiences of history doctoral candidates at Liefrig University with technology and information overload. The theory guiding this study was Sweller’s cognitive load theory, as it explains the characteristics of the information received using technology and the effect of exposure to varying levels of data. The study advances the understanding of the influence of technology on online students and their experiences with information overload. The participants consisted of history doctoral candidates completing their studies through a private online higher education institution in a Southeastern state. The three data collection methods involved journal prompts, individual interviews, and focus groups. The data analysis required bracketing, horizonalization, and textual descriptions that address the essence of the participants’ lived experiences with the phenomenon. The findings of this study revealed these online history doctoral candidates experienced constant technology interaction and preferred a structured course design. Two additional themes related to information overload and experiences with information overload were also evident based on the data collected, triangulated, and analyzed all three methods.

The internet constitutes an important platform for parents to find information. How online information searching is linked to parental self-efficacy (PSE)-defined as parents' perceptions about their abilities to have a positive impact on their children-is still unknown. This two-wave study examined cross-lagged associations between PSE and parents' online information searching, as well as the prospective effect of perceived information overload on PSE and online information searching. Moreover, we examined whether these associations differed depending on the online context (governmental-run or nongovernmental-run websites). We used a sample of 214 parents of children (equal number of boys and girls) <4 years (85% of the parents were mothers and 93% were born in Sweden), who completed an online survey twice, 1 year apart. The results showed that parents who felt more efficacious at T1 reported a decrease in online information searching over time. The frequency of parents online searching, however, did not predict changes in PSE. In addition, the effects of information overload depended on the type of websites parents used. Among parents who used both types of websites to search for information, higher information overload was linked with increases in information searching and decreases in PSE over time. The results suggest that perceptions of low self-efficacy and feelings of overload might motivate parents to use the internet more to search for information.

In homicide investigations, the growing availability of data results in an increasing amount of information and Persons of Interest (PoIs) that can be collected and incorporated during an investigation. This might result in information overload and increased tunnel vision during a homicide investigation. In this paper, we designed a system to support homicide investigations in such a way that it reduces information overload and tunnel vision. For evaluation purposes, we built a prototype that was filled with a fictional homicide investigation. A user study indicated that criminal investigators experienced a significantly low level of information overload and tunnel vision using the prototype. Moreover, the results showed acceptable usability and verbal statements indicated a largely positive attitude towards the prototype. This research clearly shows the opportunity to use interface design artefacts to support the prevention of information overload and tunnel vision.

Virtual reality’s (VR) ability to reconcile immediacy and hyper-mediation is one of the most fascinating and contradictory aspects of it: hyper-mediated as the reality it allows access to is entirely constructed and made of media objects, and because the access is mediated by devices, VR is immediate as it fully involves the senses to which it is addressed, excluding other external stimuli. This aspect of exclusion is crucial for understanding the nature and potential of VR: today, immersing oneself in VR does not only mean temporarily estranging oneself from reality, but from a reality clogged with information flows, sensorial stimuli, diversion of attention; it means, in other words, artificially recreating the possibility of focus and daydream, a condition that has been made inaccessible – according to neuroscience – by hyperactivity and information overload. A daydream that’s guided and designed by the author of the VR environment, based on an unprecedented relationship between work and user and precisely for this reason capable of enabling the viewer with a new kind of autonomy and an attitude for digression. Through a selection of VR artworks as case studies, this paper wants to demonstrate how VR, often related to Surrealism for its ability to give life to alternative worlds and to host fragments of the unconscious, is rather closer to the “meridian dream” of De Chirico’s metaphysics, and able to stimulate flows of consciousness, inward looking and abstract thought.

Full Text, Thesis (Professional Doctorate), Doctor of Visual Arts (DVA), Queensland College of Art, Arts, Education and Law, Information overload and algorithmic systemisation have come to characterise our everyday experience. While this state of hyperconnectivity facilitates communication and instant retrieval of knowledge, our networked systems overwork and overwhelm us as users. In particular, the total integration of the Internet into lived experience has had undesirable effects on our workplaces, attention spans, decision-making and emotions. Workplace employees are expected to be contactable and productive at any time; the novelty produced by information feeds rewards inattention; algorithms choose songs, meals and romantic partners for us; and lifestyle performances on social media provoke a fear of missing out. This is to say that our hyperconnected reality places us in a forever switched-on world where the lines between work and play have become obscured. According to theorist Sianne Ngai, the state of being constantly ‘on’ in this way manifests culturally in what she calls the ‘zany aesthetic’. This thesis uses an experimental arts based research methodology that relies on drawing, animation, and installation to uniquely reflect how our world has been shaped by this kind of stressful hyper-connectivity. In particular, this thesis explores the meaning of ‘zaniness’ as a symptom of this kind of contemporary information overload. By exploring the zany in visual terms, this thesis aims to reveal new qualities of this aesthetic category by reflecting on the exhibited creative outcomes produced over the course of this project. Ngai, in her Our Aesthetic Categories: Zany, Cute, Interesting (2012), claims that zaniness appears across film, television, video games, poetry, literature and art as a reflection of how we perform our labour in late capitalism. Specifically, Ngai suggests the non-stop action of characters like Lucy Ricardo of television’s I Love Lucy or Looney Tunes’s Wile E. Coyote offers a way of seeing the aesthetic in the 24/7 world of production and consumption. However

The goal of this research is to improve the fitness for use of the CMDB in the development phase of large infrastructure projects by identifying the information needs of the individuals. The construction industry is transiting from paper-based systems engineering to Model-Based Systems Engineering, especially in the development phase of large infrastructure projects. The configuration management database, which manages the systems engineering information, is considered to be a the central systems in the Model Based Systems Engineering development. In current practice not all individuals perceive the benefits of the implementation of systems engineering tools. The context study shows the fundamental differences in systems engineering processes consisting of requirements analysis, functional analysis, design synthesis, verification and validation, system analysis and control. Based on the Integral Project Model, the technical management department has the biggest stake in the development phase. The roles considered in the technical management department are the specialty engineer and the lead engineer. The literature study presents the information needs characteristics (individual demographics, context, frequency, predictability, importance and complexity) as well as the fitness for use assessment method. The practical study shows that the information needs of the particular users differ per process as the roles have different tasks and responsibilities. As a result, the fitness for use of the configuration management database is also considered differently. The specialty engineer mainly requires information for decision making whereas the lead engineer focusses on management activities. The specialty engineer, which is mainly involved in the design synthesis and the system analysis processes, experiences problems obtainability, completeness, timeliness and coherence of the information. As a result, the specialty engineer implements workarounds, which might cause a sn, Civil Engineering | Construction Management and Engineering

The study investigates information overload and research productivity of Librarians at University of Ilorin Library. A descriptive survey research design was adopted with 24 academic librarians as the population of the study in which a total enumeration sampling technique was used and questionnaire was the major instrument used in collection data. Data collected were analyzed using simple percentage and frequency count. Based on the analysis made, the study found that the majority of academic librarians can identify the need for information, evaluate and access the sources of information. The project reveals the effect of information overload and research productivity of Librarians at University of Ilorin Library in which majority agrees that information overload leads to research difficulty, decreases decision accuracy, leads to research duplication and improves research quality. The study found the major causes of information overload are too much of information and multiple sources of information. The study also found the major challenges of librarians in accessing information at University of Ilorin Library which are: lack of ICT skills, lack of information retrieval skills and insufficient training education. The findings of the study reveal that information overload improves their research literacy, broaden their knowledge, gives them variety of choice and enhances their research output. The study discusses more on the harms of information overload and the need for information literacy skills to evaluate relevant information from irrelevant. The study recommended that effort should made by academic librarians towards acquiring standard information literacy skills, proficiency in ICT and developing a virtual reference search gateway (blog/website) that make available current information materials virtually to researchers.

Purpose This paper aims to present the basic assumptions for creation of social Frohlich condensate and attract attention of other researchers (both from physics and socio-political science) to the problem of modeling of stability and order preservation in highly energetic society coupled with social energy bath of high temperature. Design/methodology/approach The model of social Frohlich condensation and its analysis are based on the mathematical formalism of quantum thermodynamics and field theory (applied outside of physics). Findings The presented quantum-like model provides the consistent operational model of such complex socio-political phenomenon as Frohlich condensation. Research limitations/implications The model of social Frohlich condensation is heavily based on theory of open quantum systems. Its consistent elaboration needs additional efforts. Practical implications Evidence of such phenomenon as social Frohlich condensation is demonstrated by stability of modern informationally open societies. Social implications Approaching the state of Frohlich condensation is the powerful source of social stability. Understanding its informational structure and origin may help to stabilize the modern society. Originality/value Application of the quantum-like model of Frohlich condensation in social and political sciences is really the novel and original approach to mathematical modeling of social stability in society exposed to powerful information radiation from mass-media and Internet-based sources.

Background: Much has happened in information technology in the last decade, and the amount of information someone can be exposed to is enormous. There are many digital information channels today used at different organizations. This research study has investigated which channel is used the most, and if there are any methods for handling the flow of information. With these tools and methods, together with a sufficient literature review a proposed model was developed to aid organizations with their information flow. Aim: To conduct research in the field of internal communication with focus on digital channels, to finally come up with what tools and methods can be used for improved internal communication, and to propose a model for this. Method: Three sources of data collections have been used. The first one is semi-structured interviews, where six volunteers have participated, the age ranging from 31-60. The targeted volunteers were the managers, and the employees of the organizations. The second is surveys where 14 volunteers contributed, where we used snowball sampling. The third is a document study that consists of research-generated literature review. Results/Conclusion: Our analysis concluded that the most useful tools for communicating with digital channel sare, namely, email, intranet and telephone. However, the usefulness of the tools decline rapidly when too much unnecessary information flows in the wrong channels. What this research study came up with regarding contribution was an easy to use four step model to be able to classify the information and use the correct channel for it. Working alongside this model, will help with minimizing information overload in the channels used for communication. It is also important from an organization perspective when onboarding employees to learn which channels are used for which kind of information.

Information and the way of perceiving it are important for people, especially people with lower cognitive capabilities. According to previous studies, animation has the power of communicating and delivering the required message to different cognitive levels in simple and realistic methods. This qualitative study investigates the animation's role in alleviating information overload for people with lower cognitive skills, and explores the possibilities of using the animation as an alternative tool to the current methods of overload such as pictures and text. Data was collected through conducting interviews with caretakers, testing a prototype, and the second round of interviews. The findings indicated that animation in this field was positive and could surely be used as a future tool for providing information in their context. However, some considerations should be taken into account regarding how animation should be tailored to the users, such as the cognitive level differences and customizing the animation for instance.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to analyze the existence of information pollution in the banking sector of Pakistan. Worldwide unlimited and without restrictions information production and dissemination have resulted in an information-dense society and information-polluted environment. Methodology: An empirical study of 155 employees in the banking sector was undertaken. The influence of information quality and information quantity has caused information pollution. Eight factors of information quality were taken as independent variables. Decision-making is the key function of leaders and managers in the organization. Therefore, Decision making was taken as a dependent variable to gauge the influence of information pollution in organizations. Findings: The reliability and validity of data have been checked and results show that information influences a positive 37% influence on decision-making. According to the result, information pollution exists in the banking sector of Pakistan. Implications: It is further suggested to investigate the impact of information pollution on the work performance and productivity of organizations.

Bakgrund: Lättillgänglig och reliabel information blir betydande för effektivt beslutsfattande. Således identifieras förbättringen av beslutsfattande som den drivande orsaken till att företag införskaffar affärssystem som avser att skapa underlag, utföra analyser samt ta fram relevant data. Beslutsunderlaget som skapas ökar kvaliteten och understödjer beslutsfattandet. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system, även känt som Affärssystem, är en standardiserad programvara som används för hela organisationer över flera funktioner med avseende till att effektivisera affärsområden som bokföring, inköp, tillverkning och försäljning. Numera finns det alternativ för mindre organisationer att införskaffa affärssystem, vilket resulterar i att fler SMF väljer att vända sig till mjukvaran. Affärssystemets syfte om att underlätta verksamhetens drift och förbättringar i arbetsflöden genom standardisering bidrar till att företagen blir mer resurseffektiva inom de respektive processerna. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur små-och medelstora företag använder sig av affärssystem och vilka konsekvenser det får för beslutsfattandet. Metod: Studien utgår ifrån en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. Empirin utgörs av tolv semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre små och medelstora företag. Respondenterna valdes ut genom ett målstyrt urval. För att besvara studiens problemformulering har det empiriska materialet analyserats med den teoretiska referensramen. Slutsats: Resultatet av studien visar att affärssystemet påverkar små- och medelstora företags beslutsfattning. Följande områden blir påverkade; relevans i beslut, förbättrat beslutsunderlag, delegering av beslut inom organisationen och förbättrad effektivitet vid beslut., Background: Easily accessible and reliable information becomes essential for effective decision-making. Thus, the improvement of decision-making is identified as the driving reason why companies acquire business systems that intend to create data, perform analyzes and produce relevant data. The decision-making basis that is created increases the quality and supports decision-making. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, also known as Business Systems, are a standardized software, used for entire organizations across multiple functions to make business areas such as accounting, purchasing, manufacturing and sales more effective. Nowadays, there are options for smaller organizations to acquire business systems, which results in more SMEs choosing to turn to the software. The purpose of the ERP system to facilitate the operation of the business and improvements in work flows through standardization, contributes to the companies becoming more resource efficient within the respective processes. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how small and medium-sized companies use ERP systems and what consequences this has for decision-making. Methodology: The study is based on a qualitative research method. The empirics consists of twelve semi-structured interviews with three small and medium-sized enterprises. The respondents were selected through a purposive sampling. In order to answer the study's problem formulation, the empirical material has been analyzed with the theoretical frame of reference. Conclusion: The results of the study show that ERP systems affect the decision-making of small and medium-sized enterprises. The following areas are affected; relevance in decisions,5improved basis for decisions, delegation of decisions within the organization and improved efficiency in decisions.

Limits of human attention restrict the amount of information we can perceive when using augmented reality (AR) applications. This leads to consequences when the unperceived information, either from the digital content or the real surrounding, is vital for the user's experience or safety. Despite such consequences, it is unclear how attentional resources are allocated in AR applications and what measures can be taken to improve attention management in AR. This thesis aims to better our understanding of attention allocation in AR applications, isolate variables related to AR that demand excessive attentional resources, and develop and evaluate adaptive techniques to improve efficiency of attention allocation in AR. Our findings show that users excessively focus on the digital content in AR at the cost of neglecting information from other sources. We demonstrate how the excessive allocation of attention towards the AR content is related to the task of scanning for and processing task-relevant digital content. Finally, we show how an intelligent adaptive agent, based on the theories of selective attention, can improve attention management in AR but faces challenges when users are less receptive to the agent's support. These findings and the resulting discussions presented in this thesis yield novel insights regarding user attention in AR and provide valuable lessons in designing AR applications.

This is a short introductory review on application of quantum probability (QP) in physics, cognitive studies, artificial intelligence, psychology, decision making, social and political sciences. We emphasize that QP is a contextual probability theory that is based on the quantum-like contextual paradigm: QP formalism can be used to model behavior not only of genuine quantum physical systems, but all context-sensitive systems, e.g., human beings. We especially are interested in the quantum-like modeling of rationality (cf. with classical approach to rationality which is based on the Bayesian update). Quantum rationality is introduced as decision making via quantum information processing. Quantum-like and classical rational agents behaves in very different ways. For example, a quantum-like agent can violate the Savage Sure Thing Principle and the Aumann theorem on impossibility of agreeing to disagree. Irrational (from the classical viewpoint) behavior can be profitable from the information processing viewpoint, especially for agents who are overloaded by information flows. Quantum-like agents can save a lot of information processing resources. At the same time, this sort of rationality make humans a convenient active medium for socio-political engineering, e.g., social lasing - Stimulated Amplification of Social Actions (SASA). This rationality plays the important role in the process of decision making not only by biosystems, but even by AI-systems. The latter equipped with quantum(-like) information processors would behave irrationally, from the classical viewpoint. As for biosystems, quantum rational behavior of AI-systems has its advantages and disadvantages. Quantum-like information processing in AI-systems can be based on classical physical devices, e.g., classical digital or analog computers.

Cyber violence is emerging and critical for adolescents in Pakistan. The federal investigation agency in Pakistan is reporting thousands of cyber violence Crimes every year. The cases of cyber violence have a deep psychological impact on the victims. Therefore, the core objective of this study was to investigate the Impact of emerging determinants of cyber violence like negative emotions, information overload, and government policy on Cyber Violence behaviours among Adolescents. The study is based on primary data collected on the Likert scale and Partial Least Square (PLS) method was used for data analysis. The study concludes that adolescents in Pakistan are increasingly demonstrating cyber violence and in turn affecting their psychological state of affairs. This study enhances the literature on the significant role of government policy decrease cyber violence. Concerning cyber violence against adolescents, this study has significant practical implications critically important for the government and other stakeholders to reduce the cases of cyber violence in Pakistan. The future directions of this study direct the new gaps in the literature for future research.

Information overload and algorithmic systemisation have come to characterise our everyday experience. While this state of hyperconnectivity facilitates communication and instant retrieval of knowledge, our networked systems overwork and overwhelm us as users. In particular, the total integration of the Internet into lived experience has had undesirable effects on our workplaces, attention spans, decision-making and emotions. Workplace employees are expected to be contactable and productive at any time; the novelty produced by information feeds rewards inattention; algorithms choose songs, meals and romantic partners for us; and lifestyle performances on social media provoke a fear of missing out. This is to say that our hyperconnected reality places us in a forever switched-on world where the lines between work and play have become obscured. According to theorist Sianne Ngai, the state of being constantly ‘on’ in this way manifests culturally in what she calls the ‘zany aesthetic’. This thesis uses an experimental arts based research methodology that relies on drawing, animation, and installation to uniquely reflect how our world has been shaped by this kind of stressful hyper-connectivity. In particular, this thesis explores the meaning of ‘zaniness’ as a symptom of this kind of contemporary information overload. By exploring the zany in visual terms, this thesis aims to reveal new qualities of this aesthetic category by reflecting on the exhibited creative outcomes produced over the course of this project. Ngai, in her Our Aesthetic Categories: Zany, Cute, Interesting (2012), claims that zaniness appears across film, television, video games, poetry, literature and art as a reflection of how we perform our labour in late capitalism. Specifically, Ngai suggests the non-stop action of characters like Lucy Ricardo of television’s I Love Lucy or Looney Tunes’s Wile E. Coyote offers a way of seeing the aesthetic in the 24/7 world of production and consumption. However, Thesis (Professional Doctorate), Doctor of Visual Arts (DVA), Queensland College of Art, Arts, Education and Law, Full Text

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the tourism economy has been seriously affected. China has implemented a direct traveling management mechanism and recovered from the pandemic faster than the rest of the world. However, the COVID-19 situation is complicated and uncontrollable because of the available unclear information including difficult medical terminologies. This study attempts to find the determinants of the travel intention of China's tourists in the post-COVID-19 epidemic. Along with information overload and perception risk, an expanded research model of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was employed to propose the theoretical framework of this study. A survey was conducted among 518 tourists who spend their holiday in Hainan, which is a popular tourist destination in China. The empirical results show that information overload positively and significantly impacted perceived risk. Furthermore, perceived risk negatively affects the intention to travel. Perceived risk also negatively affected the attitude toward traveling. However, response self-efficacy did not have a significant effect on the intention to travel. Finally, based on the analysis results, this study proposes relevant research contributions and practical recommendations with management implications for the travel industries.

In today's market, there exists a variety of products and brands for creating various items based on the needs and demands of customers. As technology advances, more companies are emerging, and it is evident that multiple businesses have developed products that are comparable to one another. To expose the products to the market and attract customers, each of these businesses adopts unique description techniques. This sometimes results in information overload. The study sought to investigate the role of information overload on consumers’ online shopping behavior. Based on reviews of relevant theories and principles of the consumer decision-making process, questionnaires were used to gather data from 201 respondents. The findings revealed that as a textual description of product attributes increases, so do the perceptions of information overload, and customers become overwhelmed while trying to process the information. The findings indicated that information overload significantly causes consumers to experience stress, frustration, and perceived risk. Following the study findings, it recommended that managers realize that excessive information can potentially decrease consumers' ability to analyze attributes of products and to compare alternatives; hence, they should analyze the scope to which the amount of provided information can be processed by their target consumers without difficulty.

This paper investigates the effects of information avoidance, information overload, health literacy on individuals’ shared health decision making. A research model is proposed based on sound theoretical background. Data from 155 respondents was collected via an online survey. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied to analyse the data. The findings suggest that information overload and information avoidance both exhibit negative effects on an individual’s shared health decision making behaviour, while health literary possess positive effects. We also find that information avoidance has a positive impact on information avoidance. Moreover, health literacy is negatively related to both information overload and information avoidance. The paper enhances both theoretical and empirical understanding of the effects of individuals’ health literacy, information overload and information avoidance on their shared health decision making behaviour. The results indicate that sufficient health literacy enables individuals to engage in their health decision making process and sharing their concerns with their physicians. However, information overload and information avoidance trigger negative effects which lead to individuals less involved in shared health decision making. Our results advocate more efforts to improve individual health literary as the means to mitigate the negative effects of information overload and information avoidance towards shared health decision making., Peer Reviewed, Information Seeking in Context (ISIC), Berlin, September 26 - 29, 2022

COVID-19 has increased research, teaching and administrative pressures for all academics and, by doing so, exacerbated inequalities experienced by early career academics (ECAs), who were already dealing with several sources of uncertainty in trying to establish their careers. This study sought to understand the experiences of ECAs during the pandemic. We conducted semi-structured remote interviews with 18 ECAs (PhDs awarded in past 6 years), from a variety of countries; Canada, US, Australia, UK, New Zealand, and South Africa.Analysis. Interviews were analysed using a reflexive inductive Thematic Analysis approach (Braun and Clarke, 2021). Preliminary findings demonstrate that the pandemic has disrupted information acquisition and sharing among ECAs. The increasing amount of incorrect and irrelevant information disseminated by universities, alongside the de-prioritisation of information that is particularly valued by ECAs (e.g., information related to professional development and career development) has led some ECAs to avoid information. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the precarious situations ECAs face. Universities need to acknowledge uncertainty, reduce information overload by providing relevant and useful information and provide useful information on and support for ECA career progression., Peer Reviewed, Information Seeking in Context (ISIC), Berlin, September 26 - 29, 2022

The research objective was to predict the impact of techno-creators and techno-inhibitors on the different manifestations of technostress in kindergarten directors in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and telework. The participants were INTEGRA Foundation kindergarten directors, from a sample of 567 kindergartens in Chile. To measure the technostress manifestations, the RED-TIC questionnaire was used as an instrument, and concerning techno-creators and techno-inhibitors, those established in previous research were considered. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) methodology was used, and the model estimation was performed using SmartPLS version 3.0 software. It was obtained that techno-creators correlate positively and significantly with the technostress manifestations. A negative correlation was found between techno-inhibitors and technostress manifestations and techno-creators, but not significant for skepticism and inefficacy manifestations. Therefore, it is concluded that techno-creators lead to technostress manifestations, however, techno-inhibitors did not show a significant effect in reducing these manifestations in the sample studied.

Показаны проблемы бытия современных детей в условиях избыточности контент-пространства. Особое внимание уделяется трансформации мозга и когнитивных способностей ребенка под воздействием информационной избыточности. Рассматриваются теоретические основы обозначенного феномена и намечаются способы преодоления тенденции снижения функциональности мозга нового поколения детей., The article deals with the problems of being modern children in conditions of redundancy of content place. Special attention is paid to the transformation of the brain and cognitive sphere of influence the epidemiological data. The theoretical foundations of the function of the indicated phenomenon are considered, and ways of overcoming the tendencies of decreasing brain activity of the new generation are outlined.

In the past century, the amount of information that is generated has increased at an exponential rate. As a result of this information saturation process or ‘information overload’, people cannot keep pace with the information flowing towards them. Organizations can take steps towards sustainability by improving the health conditions in their organizations and the products they offer. One way to do so is by trying to reduce information overload. Besides improving health conditions, decreasing information overload also positively affects the quality of organizational-level decision-making. This is a conceptual chapter in which propositions are built. The determinants of information overload and the effect on decision quality are described, and an extensive literature review is conducted. The chapter draws from decision theory and the theory of human information processing and focuses on the individual characteristics of decision-makers and the quality of the information provided by the information system. Seven propositions are formulated and several remedies for information overload are discussed. The chapter arrives at two determinants of an individual’s degree of information overload experienced (characteristics of the decision-maker and the information system), and it is argued that information overload has a negative influence on the quality of decisions. These concepts are combined in one model. The conceptual model is an attempt to provide a better theoretical understanding of the concept of information overload. Finally, contributions, limitations and areas for future research are discussed., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Economics of Technology and Innovation

The paper investigates work stress and information anxiety of library personnel in academic libraries in South-west, Nigeria. The research design adopted for the study was survey method of the correlational type. Simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample population of 308 (60% of the population) out of 703 library personnel in academic libraries in South-west, Nigeria. The findings of this study revealed that the level of work stress of the library personnel is moderate with a mean score X = 52.45; SD=7.366. The level of information anxiety of is also moderate with mean score X=36.87; SD= 6.370. SPSS was used to analyse the data. Delivery of information and service are essential task of library personnel and this must be done efficiently and effectively if the profession is to remain afloat. To this effect, it has been recommended that the academic library managers in South-west, Nigeria should endeavour to sponsor and organise seminars, workshops and conferences for library personnel. This will keep the library personnel abreast of the modern trends and development in academic libraries and thus encourage them to embrace such development to reduce their level of information anxiety. Break time, well-furnished environment, adequate working equipment’ tools, job rescheduling among others will go a long way in helping to alleviate stress in the work environment. The study contributes to literature due to the fact that the project will be useful for other researchers in similar study. Likewise the study provides fresh data for policy makers on ways to reduce work stress.

This thesis has explored the development and potential effects of an intelligent decision support system (IDSS) to predict potential buyers for commercial real estate property. The overarching need for an IDSS of this type has been identified exists due to information overload, which the IDSS aims to reduce. By shortening the time needed to process data, time can be allocated to make sense of the environment with colleagues. The system architecture explored consisted of clustering commercial real estate buyers into groups based on their characteristics, and training a prediction model on historical transaction data from the Swedish market from the cadastral and land registration authority. The prediction model was trained to predict which out of the cluster groups most likely will buy a given property. For the clustering, three different clustering algorithms were used and evaluated, one density based, one centroid based and one hierarchical based. The best performing clustering model was the centroid based (K-means). For the predictions, three supervised Machine learning algorithms were used and evaluated. The different algorithms used were Naive Bayes, Random Forests and Support Vector Machines. The model based on Random Forests performed the best, with an accuracy of 99.9%., Denna uppsats har undersökt utvecklingen av och potentiella effekter med ett intelligent beslutsstödssystem (IDSS) för att prediktera potentiella köpare av kommersiella fastigheter. Det övergripande behovet av ett sådant system har identifierats existerar på grund av informtaionsöverflöd, vilket systemet avser att reducera. Genom att förkorta bearbetningstiden av data kan tid allokeras till att skapa förståelse av omvärlden med kollegor. Systemarkitekturen som undersöktes bestod av att gruppera köpare av kommersiella fastigheter i kluster baserat på deras köparegenskaper, och sedan träna en prediktionsmodell på historiska transkationsdata från den svenska fastighetsmarknaden från Lantmäteriet. Prediktionsmodellen tränades på att prediktera vilken av grupperna som mest sannolikt kommer köpa en given fastighet. Tre olika klusteralgoritmer användes och utvärderades för grupperingen, en densitetsbaserad, en centroidbaserad och en hierarkiskt baserad. Den som presterade bäst var var den centroidbaserade (K-means). Tre övervakade maskininlärningsalgoritmer användes och utvärderades för prediktionerna. Dessa var Naive Bayes, Random Forests och Support Vector Machines. Modellen baserad p ̊a Random Forests presterade bäst, med en noggrannhet om 99,9%.

Izraz preopterećenost informacijama odnosi se na zagušenje sistema i neodgovarajući kognitivni odgovor usled prezasićenosti informacijama. Količina primljenih podataka tada premašuje kognitivne potencijale pojedinca usmerene na obradu i korišćenje informacija. Cilj ovog rada je da pruži kratki osvrt na uticaj ovog fenomena na postignuća dece u školskom uzrastu, sa naglaskom na versku nastavu i ulogu katihete u usmeravanju i ukazivanju na potencijalno korisne načine korišćenja dostupnih informacija. U kontekstu verske nastave, upućivanje na odgovarajuću upotrebu informacionih tehnologija upotrebom tehnika filtriranja i ukazivanja na referentne i validne izvore informacija, može biti deo rešenja. Uloga nastavnika verske nastave mogla bi biti prepoznata u filtriranju dostupnih informacija, te prezentovanju učenicima samo onih koje su proverene i valjane, čime bi se pokušala preduprediti preopterećenost informacijama, ali i izbegla opasnost od izlaganja neproverenim i netačnim informacijama., The term information overload refers to system clogging and inadequate cognitive response due to oversaturation with information, when the amount of data received exceeds the cognitive potentials of the individual aimed at processing and using that information. This paper aims to provide a brief overview of the impact of this phenomenon on the achievements of school-age children, with an emphasis on religious teaching at school, and the role of the catechist in guiding and pointing out potentially better ways of using available information. In the context of school system religious teaching, referring to the appropriate use of information technology using filtering techniques and pointing to reference and reliable sources of information may be part of the solution. The role of the catechist could be recognized in filtering available information and presenting to students only information that is verified and valid. That could prevent information overload, but also avoid the danger of exposure to unverified and inaccurate information.

In the past decade, social media have become increasingly popular for information consumption, due to its easy access, fast dissemination, and low-cost production. However, compared to this explosion of information content, social media presents two major problems. The first concerns the potential propagation of misinformation, often in the form of fake news, which can have significant negative societal effects. The second concerns the extreme difficulty that users may have in finding information of interest in a context characterized by information overload. In this paper, both of these problems are considered and analyzed together. In fact, the main goal of this work is to study the problem of generating automatic summaries of texts (around specific topics of interest) that are at the same time credible. This task has been very little studied in the literature, so this contribution can be considered one of the first works about credible text summarization.

This article shows the levels of technostress in primary and secondary education teachers in Chile, in the context of educational telework that Chile has adopted in connection with the health crisis by COVID-19. The information has been collected with the use of the RED-TIC scale, previously used in this country, whose validity and reliability of the instrument has been treated, for this case, with confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) with a national coverage sample of 3006 teachers. The results show that 11% of teachers reveal techno anxiety and 7.2%, techno fatigue. Combining both manifestations, we find that 6.8% of teachers are techno stressed. Finally, fatigue and anxiety factors are higher for female teachers.

Purpose:- This study examined information overload experiences of a group of individuals who are in the social media contact list of the researchers. This covers their perceptions, experiences and impact on their health. Design:- A survey of randomly selected individuals in the social media contact network of the researchers has been made. This has been done by administering a closed structured questionnaire which cover information ranging from demographic characteristics, time spent on ICT usage, to their experiences of information overload and the health effects of such experience. Findings:- Male respondents, who are largely unemployed are active ICT users, but are unable to use the irrelevant information received. Aged 31-35 and above, half of men and all women participants spend more than 5 hours per day on the internet. Male respondents suffer head ache, have eye-strains or are addicted to the internet and more significantly overloaded than women. They also suffer from unspecified ailments. Half of female participants are also active ICT users, and suffering from back pain. Other women suffer from multiple effects of eye-strain, internet addiction, and upper limb pain. Educated respondents with Honours qualifications all suffer from eye strain. Social implications:- Race is significant in explaining composite stress among blacks. This could be due to the demands placed on South African blacks to meet social commitments. Education also contributes to stress. Originality/value:- There are very few studies that have examined information overload in South Africa using the approach adopted in this study.

Information anorexia can be defined as lack of or reduced absorption of information, especially information which necessary for everyday life and work. This research tries to investigate the correlation between application of information technology and information anorexia in a higher education setting. This survey was conducted among higher education students in “Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman” (Iran). Data collected from 343 higher education students through cluster sampling. Findings revealed that there was a direct relationship between expected performance and the expected effort in information technology and information anorexia; and a direct relationship between information technology and information anorexia. Also, there was an inverse relationship between social influence and facilitators in information technology and information anorexia. The results of this study showed that despite the abundance of information and the advancement of information technology in the present era, the unawareness of the proper utilization of these facilities had led to a massive baseless information- without scientific authority. This is an important factor in the creation and growth of information anorexia toward authoritative information.

This master thesis is focusing on the information overload in digital marketing and using the method of sentiment analysis to detect if the issue occurs or not. A model and method of different sentiments (positive and negative) were organized, and evaluated based on the statistical and prominent findings of the emotional value in the customer satisfaction in online reviews. Findings were analyzed, as to what data, and categories showed value which proved information overload and these were thereafter connected to previous academic studies of sentiment analysis and customer satisfaction connected to information overload. The results of the analysis proved that the sentiment analysis had significance in some aspects and categories to combat the information overload issue in digital marketing for online consumers.

Library anxiety has been a concept since 1986, when Constance A. Mellon coined the phenomenon through her qualitative study on feelings that students experienced when interacting with academic libraries. In this essay we are looking at the origin of the concept through earlier research on the known barriers, trying to see what makes library anxiety unique compared to other seemingly related concepts, for example information anxiety. We’ve found many different concepts which can be part of library anxiety, or vice-versa, and many different extensions of LAS – the original scale to measure library anxiety. We aim to unravel some of those concepts we find of importance for library anxiety and its discourse. Looking at this through the lenses of Koselleck’s take on conceptual history, we see possible conflicts on where the concept library anxiety are heading; depending on what aspects of the concept the researcher read into and focusing on and in what context and time the articles were made. We also try to see who is considered responsible for shaping the discourse and if there is some kind of hegemonic struggle therein.

Allt fler företagare anmäls och döms för bokföringsbrott med anledning av att deras årsredovisningar lämnas in för sent till Bolagsverket. Brottsanmälningar till Ekobrottsmyndigheten avseende försenade årsredovisningar har under de senaste åren ökat och ärendeinflödet har aldrig tidigare varit så stort som under år 2018. Den ökade mängden av ärenden som rör försenade årsredovisningar har blivit ett problem för Ekobrottsmyndigheten att hantera då de är resurskrävande och sker på bekostnad av andra brottsutredningar. Syftet med uppsatsen är att identifiera och kartlägga vilka orsaker som kan förklara varför aktiebolag lämnar in årsredovisningen för sent till Bolagsverket. Utifrån de orsaker vi identifierar är syftet med uppsatsen vidare att förklara vad som kännetecknar de bolag som lämnar in årsredovisningen för sent. I uppsatsen har vi använt en abduktiv ansats för att få en djupare förståelse för vårt valda ämne. För att fördjupa oss i ämnet och uppfylla studiens syfte användes en kvalitativ metod där vi analyserade domslut och intervjuade yrkesverksamma revisorer. Vi har kommit fram till att den vanligaste orsaken till att årsredovisningar försenas är det som kan kopplas till företagsledningens egna besvär eller ohälsa. Andra orsaker som vi har identifierat rör företagsledningens bristande kunskap kring regelverk, bokföring/företagande och straffbestämmelser kring årsredovisningen. Det vi kan utläsa är att många av orsakerna som företrädarna redogör för kan sammankopplas med aktiebolagets storlek där vi kan se att arbets- och informationsbelastningen främst har ökat hos mindre aktiebolag., An increasing number of business owners are reported and convicted of accounting crime on the grounds that their annual reports are submitted late to The Swedish Company Registration Office. Criminal complaint to The Swedish Economic Crime Authority regarding delayed annual reports have increased in recent years and the inflow of cases regarding 2018 have never been bigger. The increased number of cases relating to delayed annual reports has become a problem for The Swedish Economic Crime Authority to handle as they are resource intensive and are at the expense of other criminal investigations. The purpose of this essay is to identify the causes that may explain why the limited company submits the annual report late to The Swedish Company Registration Office. Based on the reasons we identify, the purpose of this essay is to further explain what characterizes the companies that submit the annual financial report late. We have used an abductive approach to get a deeper understanding of our chosen subject. To deepen our understanding of the subject and fulfill the purpose of the study, a qualitative method was used in which we analyzed judgements and interviewed auditors. Our conclusion is that the most common reasons for late submission of annual financial reports are those that can be linked to the management's inconvenience or illness. Other clear connections that we have identified relate to the management's lack of knowledge regarding regulations, accounting/business and penalty regulations regarding the annual report. We can also see that many of the reasons that the business owners explain can be linked to the size of the limited company where we can see that the work and information burden has increased mainly with smaller limited companies.

Den här uppsatsen undersöker om det går att finna några samband mellan den informationsmängd ett företags årsredovisning innehåller och hur effektivt informationen prisas in av marknaden. Resultat från tidigare forskning går isär gällande vilken påverkan en ökad informationsmängd har på marknadseffektiviteten. Uppsatsen använder sig av en eventstudiemetod som baseras på ett urval av 278 företag som ingick i indexet Nasdaq OMX Stockholm under 2019. Kumulativ abnormal totalavkastning (CAR) används i uppsatsen som mått för hur effektivt marknaden prisar in ny information. Sambandet mellan informationsmängden och CAR undersöks med hjälp av regressionsanalys. Resultaten från studien visar inte några signifikanta samband mellan en årsredovisnings informationsmängd och marknadseffektiviteten. Inga slutsatser kan därmed dras gällande hur sambandet ser ut mellan informationsmängd i företags årsredovisning och hur effektivt informationen prisas in. Uppsatsen kan dock bidra med kunskap till framtida forskning på området.

Urbanization has been a growing trend in the past fifty years. Cities are now transforming into smart cities, spaces whose infrastructure comprises an embedded digital layer. Hardware collects real-time data in the urban environment and software elaborates it to improve all types of services, from traffic to waste management to well-being. One technology that is expected to use this digital layer to further change the urban environment is the autonomous car. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore what key design attributes future autonomous cars should possess if they have not only to co-exist with and be accepted by people in the landscape of tomorrow’s smart cities, but also what they should not possess in order not to cause any harm. In this sense, the dissertation recognizes calm technology to be necessary in the design of a future autonomous car to support a human-centered, as opposed to a car- or technology-centered, environment. A socio-technical and systemic lens is applied to the phenomenological investigation of nine companies carried out by means of twelve in-depth semi-structured interviews with experts working within the automotive sector, the smart city industry, and calm technology. Eight attributes (safety, on-demand, geo-tracking, sharing, multiple purposes, communication through smart devices, electrical care and IoT/connectedness) are identified as necessary for future autonomous cars to implement in order to take advantage of the smart city infrastructure and provide a human-centered experience. Additionally, six out of the eight calm technology principles recognized in literature are considered necessary when designing future autonomous cars.

Learning management systems (LMSs) are popular tools that are used in e-learning, however, these systems are still suffering from the lack of personalization. This thesis focuses on designing, developing and evaluating educational recommender systems as one of the tools that can be utilized to enhance the functionality of LMSs with personalization. In this thesis, first, the evaluation of two previously built recommender systems (RUBARS and PLORS) in the areas of learner-centered education and learning object recommendation was conducted. The outcomes of the evaluations showed very promising results and indicated that these systems potentially fill a gap in their respected areas. Next, as the main focus of this thesis, a new recommender system called WEBLORS was designed, developed and evaluated. WEBLORS is an adaptive web based recommender system that aims at providing learners with additional recommended, personalized and relevant learning objects from the web. The evaluation of WEBLORS showed very encouraging results. Based on the results of the evaluation, WEBLORS has a very high potential to help learners by recommending extra personalized recommendations from the web and helping them with information overload by only recommending learning objects relevant to the topic that is being studied and which fits students’ profiles., 06/08/2020

Cybersecurity relies on Security Operations Center (SOC) personnel to conduct data triage on large numbers of automated alerts to identify true threats to networks. To achieve this goal, SOC personnel must not only filter out false positives in data streams but also coalesce disparate pieces of data to generate information that yields a conclusion of an existing exception condition in the desired state of cybersecurity and requires action. Additionally, false negatives in data streams may later be identified when a compromise is discovered via human reporting or other means. Limitations of Turing machines used as automated sensors, ever-increasing network size and speed of transmission, limited numbers of qualified personnel, and the necessity to work in uncertainty all serve to exacerbate the continual condition of information overload for network defenders. This research will attempt to address information overload by reducing the information that is presented to personnel working in a SOC. The goal is to propose a new framework for determining cybersecurity risk as a time-dependent function, which will allow for reduced information overload and at least maintain equivalent cybersecurity posture. Our findings indicate that the quantity of information presented to cybersecurity personnel can be reduced, in some cases by more than half, while maintaining the cybersecurity posture required for the completion of mission-essential tasks., Commander, United States Navy, Approved for public release. distribution is unlimited

Digital technology, including its omnipresent connectedness and its powerful artificial intelligence, is the most recent long wave of humanity's socioeconomic evolution. The first technological revolutions go all the way back to the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages, when the transformation of material was the driving force in the Schumpeterian process of creative destruction. A second metaparadigm of societal modernization was dedicated to the transformation of energy (aka the "industrial revolutions"), including water, steam, electric, and combustion power. The current metaparadigm focuses on the transformation of information. Less than 1% of the world's technologically stored information was in digital format in the late 1980s, surpassing more than 99% by 2012. Every 2.5 to 3 years, humanity is able to store more information than since the beginning of civilization. The current age focuses on algorithms that automate the conversion of data into actionable knowledge. This article reviews the underlying theoretical framework and some accompanying data from the perspective of innovation theory. .

Purpose Immigration dominates much of the current US sociopolitical discourse. The research on US-based immigrant information behavior, however, remains scant. To understand the role of information in immigration, this study explores information overload among Black immigrants in the US. Design/methodology/approach The researcher developed a literature-derived information overload scale to investigate participants' information access along with experiences and response to information overload. Findings Results suggest that participants experience information overload due to behavioral (e.g. the demands of needing, seeking, or using information), quantitative (i.e. volume or length), and qualitative (e.g. authority, diversity, or urgency) indicators. Most participants mitigate information overload by turning to intermediaries and filtering resources. Research limitations/implications The information overload scale can advance knowledge of the role of information in immigrant acculturative stress. Social implications LIS researchers and practitioners can utilize findings to foster social inclusion and well-being among immigrants. Originality/value Scholarship on immigrant information behavior must reflect the centrality of information in migration and how it shapes integration and acculturation.

The expanded use of information technology in education has led to the emergence of technostress due to a lack of adaptation to the technological environment. The purpose of this study is to identify the levels of technostress in primary and secondary education in 428 teachers using a RED-TIC questionnaire, of which skepticism, fatigue, anxiety, and inefficiency are the main components. For the empirical analysis of the data, principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used. The results show that 12% of Chilean teachers participating in the study feel techno-fatigued, 13% feel techno-anxious, and 11% present both conditions. Male teachers show a higher incidence of techno-anxiety and techno-fatigue than their female peers. It can be concluded that the questionnaire used is a reliable tool to evaluate the presence of technostress, and it manifests itself importantly in its components of techno-anxiety and techno-fatigue in Chilean teachers.

Information overload is a well-known phenomenon and researchers from the different field have identified the related factors based upon their interpretation and their respective field of specialization like psychology, information system, organizational studies, social structure and accounting. Aim of this qualitative study is to investigate user experience, their perception and opinion about the factors responsible for information overload in today’s digital workplace and how artificial intelligence is used in the organization to overcome information overload. An interpretive method is used in this study to capture the perception and experiences of users. This study has been taken place in a knowledge-intensive organization. Total seven users were interviewed, and the convenient sampling method was used to select the participants. Interviewees were selected from different job profile, age and varied years of experience to seek representation from diverse perspectives on the topic. Lichtman Thematic analysis method is used for data analysis. This study finds that despite all technological advancement at the workplace, information overload is still a problem and should be a priority for an organization to address. We have seen some good feedback of the tools with embedded intelligence which motivates the organization to explore the use of artificial intelligence more to make information processing easier and more accessible to the right recipient. This study also helps us to understand the need for intelligent tools at the digital workplace to manage and filter the required information to reduce information overload. The tools which can learn user behaviour and can act automatically without manual interference, augment with human intelligence and plays a vital role in reducing the overload. Even every participant was not aware of the features which are inbuilt inside the tool but over time can sense that they are getting right and accurate information.