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Marine debris is a major threat to wildlife and human health. This study examines the socioeconomic vulnerability of informal housing as arguably one of the main drivers of the abundance of marine debris in the aftermath of a tropical cyclone. Using the Abaco Islands, Bahamas, as a case, the study applies the capabilities approach to assess the societal impact of Hurricane Dorian. Findings indicate that capabilities were already deprived in analyzed areas before Dorian, resulting in vulnerable informal settlements easily destroyed by the storm, leading to both large amounts of marine debris and massive social suffering. From this, the study argues that restoring capabilities to what they were before a disaster is insufficient. Instead, efforts should aim to enhance capabilities to reduce housing vulnerability. The study suggests that better data collection and recognition of land rights, among other factors, would improve the capabilities of informal communities, ultimately mitigating marine debris.

Private rental markets accommodate a significant share of Africa’s rapidly growing urban populations. The vast majority of tenants are accommodated in rental housing supplied by private landlords. Few studies offer insights on the dynamics and logics shaping the supply and production of private rental housing in the context of African cities. This paper contributes to fill this remarkable knowledge gap with a study of the supply and production of private rental housing by self-builder households in Dar es Salaam and Mwanza, two of the largest and fastest growing cities in Tanzania. This paper examines the motivations and aspirations of self-builder landlords, the type and quality of rental housing they supply and the logics shaping their investments in housing quality and tenants’ access to services. The paper argues that housing policies should acknowledge the significance of private rental housing in accommodating growing urban populations and the contribution of small landlords, such as the self-builders in Dar es Salaam and Mwanza, in the supply and production of private rental housing. Furthermore, any policies seeking to increase the availability and quality of affordable rental housing should be informed by in-depth understanding of the perspectives of such landlords. While concerns regarding lack of protection of tenants’ rights and sub-standard accommodation are often justified, great care is needed, as policies promoting tenants’ rights or enforcing minimum standards could undermine the supply of new rental housing or make rents wholly unaffordable for the poorest tenants.

[ES] Los modos de habitar en la vivienda informal se manifiestan como una perspectiva razonable a la producción social de la vivienda, bajo interpretaciones populares que se transforman en dinámicas urbanas y construyen el organismo vivo que es el hábitat popular. Circunstancia oportuna en la reflexión del habitar humano y la expansión de las ciudades durante el último siglo, en vista del crecimiento desmedido de la población y la capacidad del medio ambiente para sostener los desproporcionados hábitos de consumo de recursos y generación de residuos del ser humano. El escenario de la vivienda como ente acogedor de la actividad humana, se presenta como el elemento capaz de configurar las condiciones de vida humana y su coexistencia con el entorno, prestando mayor énfasis en la vivienda habitada por sectores de la población con escasos recursos económicos, debido a la naturaleza de su origen y el porcentaje de población que representan. Por ello, se estudia la forma en que la vivienda informal en los asentamientos populares dota de reflexiones a la construcción de la sostenibilidad de las ciudades y aporta alternativas que transformen el pensamiento sobre la caracterización de la vivienda social., [EN] The ways of living in the informal housing are manifested as a reasonable perspective to the social production of housing, under popular interpretations that are transformed into urban dynamics and build the living organism that is the popular habitat, an opportune circumstance in the reflection of human inhabit and the cities expansion for the last century, in view of the excessive population growth and the environment capacity to sustain the disproportionate habits of resources consumption and waste generation of the human being, for this, the housing scenario like welcoming entity of human activity, it is presented as the element able of configuring the human living conditions and their coexistence with the environment, with greater emphasis on housing inhabited by low economic resource people, due to nature of their origin and the population percentage they represent, therefore, it is study the way in which the informal housing in the popular settlements provides ideas to the sustainable construction of the cities and provides alternatives that transform thinking about the characterization of social housing.

The focus of this paper is the redevelopment of the squatter settlements in Ankara Turkey. Most of the articles focus on gentrification and changing neighbourhood social structures but the redevelopment of the squatter settlements also aims the production of formal low-income housing as well as the integration of previous non-formal housing into formal urban space. Therefore, this article suggests that the contemporary redevelopment project of squatters in Ankara, Turkey is a part of a broader strategy of integrating low-income into the formal housing system by cooperating with a part of low-income groups. The research was made in Altındağ, Ankara by using a deep semi-structured interview, and document analyses method. The researcher conducted 25 interviews with residents and 2 interviews with officials.

This graduation booklet shows the work that is done during the ‘Global Housing Graduation Studio: Addis Ababa Living Lab’. The goal of this project was to research and design housing solutions to improve the livelihood of Addis Ababa’s urban dwellers. Currently, Addis Ababa is facing the problems which are caused by the ongoing rapid urbanization. One of these problems, and the focus of my graduation project, is the degradation of the rivers and riverbanks. This project proposes a rehabilitation of the riverbank informal settlements of Addis Ababa, as well as implements a strategy to increase the density of the city which also takes into account the existing inhabitants of these riverbanks and offers them a dwelling type that fits their traditional way of life., Addis Ababa Living Lab: Creating Resilient Dwelling Clusters for Urban Resettlement, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

The post-pandemic crisis of contemporary housing, triggered by COVID-19, only but extends, to the entire world, many of the questions in which, permanently, housing is immersed within, in an ongoing crisis of de-veloping countries. How to make houses more shareable, flexible, transformable, productive, participatory, livable, etc.? In that sense, by studying low-income housing in these countries, it is possible to analyze alternatives to the current dwellings, that arise from informality as a response to those questions shared worldwide today. This article describes part of a research carried out at Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, which analyzes the physi-cal and social transformations in consolidated informal dwellings within the city center. The techniques used, include planimetric surveys of case studies, interviews to users, and mapping out the use of the dwellings throughout the day. The analysis focuses on the interaction exerted between several nuclear families inside the dwelling and their objects. Thus describing a habitat transformational and production system linked to objects, where the dwelling is understood as a social system of objects and people, in continuous interaction and transformation., A crise pós-pandémica da moradia contemporânea, desencadeada pela COVID-19, apenas estende a todo o planeta muitas das questões em que estão permanentemente imersas as casas em crise contínua dos países em desenvolvimento. Surge, portanto, a seguinte questão: como tornar as nossas casas mais partilháveis, flexíveis, transformáveis, produtivas, participativas, habitáveis, etc.? Neste sentido, uma abordagem dos problemas habitacionais de populações de baixa renda nestes países permite analisar alternativas aos modelos de moradia atuais que emergem da informalidade como uma resposta às questões que todos nos colocamos hoje. O seguinte documento descreve parte da pesquisa realizada pela Universidade Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil que analisa as transformações físicas e sociais na estrutura habitacional informal consolidada do centro desta cidade equato-riana. As técnicas utilizadas incluem o levantamento planimétrico de casos de estudo, entrevistas aos usuários e o mapeamento do uso das estruturas ao longo do dia. A análise se centra na interação entre os diferentes núcleos familiares da casa e seus objetos, descrevendo, assim, um sistema de transformação e produção de habitat ligado aos objetos no qual a estrutura habitacional é entendida como um sistema social de objetos e pessoas em contínua interação e transformação., La crisis post pandémica de la vivienda contemporánea, desencadenada por la COVID-19, no hace sino extender a todo el planeta muchas de las cuestiones en que se hallan inmersas, de manera permanente, las vi-viendas en continua crisis de los países en desarrollo. ¿Cómo hacer nuestras casas más compartibles, flexibles, trans-formables, productivas, participativas, habitables, etc.? Por ello, un acercamiento a la vivienda de bajos recursos de estos países permite analizar alternativas a la vivienda actual, que surgen desde la informalidad como respuesta a aquellas preguntas que nos hacemos hoy todos. El siguiente documento describe parte de la investigación llevada a cabo desde la Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, que analiza las transformaciones físicas y sociales en la vivienda informal consolidada del centro de la ciudad. Las técnicas que se utilizan incluyen el levantamiento planimétrico de casos de estudio, entrevistas a los usuarios y el mapeo del uso de las viviendas a lo largo del día. El análisis se centra en la interacción que se ejerce entre los diferentes núcleos familiares de la casa y sus objetos, llegando así a describir un sistema de transformación y producción de hábitat ligado a los objetos, en donde la vi-vienda es entendida como un sistema social de objetos y personas en continua interacción y transformación.

As developing nations continue to progress, people of these countries face problems of shortages in building materials and rising production of solid waste. The purpose of this research study is to explore the potential of establishing a circular economy by recycling/reusing solid waste as alternative building materials. Focused on the slum of Dharavi in Mumbai, a settlement well-known for its existing recycling business, this article explores the concept of a circular economy utilizing local informal labor by considering the flow of waste materials in the slum. This article presents an analysis of the case studies where waste is reused as a building product and identifies the gaps, advantages, and disadvantages related to how and where the building materials from the case studies could be adapted in the context of the Dharavi slum.

Este trabajo de grado pretende brindar una solución al problema de déficit habitacional que presentan los asentamientos informales en las ciudades. El estudio se enfoca en la ciudad de Bogotá y busca brindarle a los habitantes de los barrios que se encuentran bajo el tratamiento de mejoramiento integral, un modelo de vivienda replicable que les permita crecer de manera progresiva con relación a sus recursos económicos, generando a las familias bienestar y calidad de vida. El diseño establece las diferentes etapas que podría tener el proyecto, buscando una apropiada continuidad de la vivienda, de igual forma brindando aspectos como el sistema constructivo y los materiales adecuados para su construcción, teniendo en cuenta factores económicos, estéticos, de ventilación he iluminación requeridos por el ministerio de vivienda. Para ello el trabajo se estructura en la introducción al tema y la problemática, un marco teórico y normativo, el planteamiento de la propuesta y la aplicación de esta en un sector con tratamiento de mejoramiento integral para confirmar el funcionamiento de los modelos., The project of degree pretends to provide a solution to the housing deficit in informal slums that the city present. The study focuses on the city of Bogota and seeks to provide people in informal slums that are under overall improvement treatment, a replicable housing model that allows them to grow progressively un relation to their economic resources, generating the family’s well-being and quality of life. The design establishes the different stages that the project could have, seeking an appropriate continuity of the house, in the same way providing aspects such as the construction system and the appropriate materials for construction, taking into account economic, aesthetic, ventilation and lighting factors required by the housing ministry. For this, the work is structured in the introduction to the subject and the problem, a theoretical and normative framework, the approach of the proposal and the project application in an informal slum with overall improvement treatment to confirm the operation of the models.

[ES] La historia de erradicaciones sufridas en la historia de Santiago de Chile, la falta de planificación para un espacio público en manos de los vecinos, se suma a la falta de recursos y de identidad en una ciudad de contrastes, condena al espacio de todos a ser espacios de nadie y focos de delincuencia. La intención del proyecto de arquitectura consiste en aportar habitabilidad con la intervención del espacio público en todas las escalas. Enfrentar así la desigualdad desde el espacio público. Un proyecto a escala local en relación con otras intervenciones de carácter que trabajan como organismos en transformación para un proyecto común. De esta manera se apuesta por una arquitectura heterogénea, la cual se desarrolla y acomoda a las necesidades humanas, con fin de restaurar la espontaneidad y vitalidad de la vida urbana. Un proyecto de arquitectura que más allá de construir un producto habitable para la ciudadanía, busca crear un proceso de vínculo entre la gente y su espacio., [EN] The history of eradications suffered in the history of Santiago de Chile, the lack of planning for a public space, adds to the lack of resources and identity in a city of contrasts, condemning everyone's space to be no man's spaces and pockets of crime. The intention of the architecture project is to provide habitability with the intervention of public space at all scales. Thus facing inequality from the public space. A project at local level in relation to other interventions of a character that work as transforming organisms for a common project. In this way it is committed to a heterogeneous architecture, which develops and accommodates human needs, in order to restore the spontaneity and vitality of urban life. An architectural project that beyond building a habitable product for citizens, seeks to create a process of link between people and their space.

This research paper is related to the territorial intervention model used by the administration of Medellín between the years 2004-2011, through which an attempt was made to connect informal settlements to the formal dynamics of the city of Medellín. Through the construction of large architectural constructions in the sectors with the lowest indexes of quality of life and human development located in the northern, eastern central, and western areas, the intervention was directed to the Housing Consolidation of the Quebrada Juan Bobo as one of the most emblematic architectural projects in the city, for generating new housing in the river basin benefiting 1,240 people who were rehoused within the same neighborhood, even on the same site where their old homes were previously built., Esta pesquisa está relacionada com o modelo de intervenção territorial utilizado pelas administrações de 2004 a 2011, quando procuraram conectar os assentamentos informais com a dinâmica formal de Medellín, Colômbia. Com a construção de grandes obras arquitetônicas nos setores com os menores índices de qualida de de vida e desenvolvimento humano (região norte, centro-leste e centro-oeste), a visão foi dirigida à consolidação habitacional do “córrego Juan Bobo”, como um projeto arquitetônico emblemático da cidade, porque gerou moradia nova na bacia do córrego, o que beneficiou 1240 pessoas, realocadas no mesmo bairro ou sobre o mesmo lugar onde suas antigas casas estavam. Para aprofundar sobre os usos e os significados que os moradores dão à sua nova moradia, foi empregado o método etnográfico, a fim de conhecer os encontros e os desencontros associados com o fenômeno de se apropriar e pertencer a uma cidade que buscou aumentar a qualidade da entrega da nova moradia. A partir (1) dos pressupostos que fundamentaram a concepção por trás dessa consolidação, junto com a maneira como as famílias deviam responder ao habitar em uma moradia formal, e (2) das mudanças que os gestores do projeto esperavam com a transformação do setor, é possível verificar que existem formas alternativas em que as pessoas adaptam o espaço de acordo com suas aspirações, ao mesmo tempo que lhe outorgam um significado em consonância com elas, concebendo de novo o espaço enquanto produzem suas próprias espacialidades., Esta investigación está relacionada con el modelo de intervención territorial empleado por las administraciones de Medellín 2004-2011, por medio de la cual se buscó conectar los asentamientos informales a la dinámica formal de la ciudad de Medellín. A través de la construcción de grandes obras arquitectónicas en los sectores con los índices más bajos de calidad de vida y de desarrollo humano ubicados en las zonas norte, centro oriental y centro occidental, se dirigió la mirada a la Consolidación Habitacional de la Quebrada Juan Bobo como uno de los proyectos más emblemáticos a nivel arquitectónico de la ciudad, por generar vivienda nueva en cuenca de quebrada beneficiando a 1.240 personas que fueron reubicadas dentro del mismo barrio, incluso sobre el mismo sitio donde estaban antes construidas sus antiguas viviendas.

In South Africa, the scale of rural–urban resettlement after apartheid continues to overwhelm the capacity of the government to house city dwellers in need of shelter. But the legitimacy of the postapartheid government rests on its ability to secure the rights of citizens who enjoy constitutional guarantees, including the right to housing. Because the government cannot simply repress this unhoused surplus population, it seeks instead to delegitimize some portion of it. It does so by developing a number of moralizing discourses, the subject of this paper, which distinguish between patient, deserving citizens, and unruly queue jumpers perceived to threaten the democratic project itself. Housing officials misrecognize squatters as a cause, rather than a consequence, of the state's failure to deliver, policing new land occupations with a draconian severity. They justify such repression in the name of protecting the democratic order, which is assumed to require waiting instead of improvisation.

This thesis is an historical investigation of the construction and occupation of temporary dwellings in post-war suburban Sydney, a crucial early shaper of suburban development and home-ownership yet an under-researched phenomenon in Australian urban and housing history. Between 1945 and 1960, a critical housing shortage forced thousands of Australian families to live in garages, huts, sheds, tents and other makeshift homes that became a long-term feature of the outer suburban environment of most cities and towns. The largest proportion of these dwellings existed on the metropolitan fringe of Sydney, Australia’s largest city. Generally constructed by their mainly working-class owners and used as interim accommodation while they amassed the financial and material resources to construct a permanent home, typical examples used basic materials and construction techniques and provided very restricted accommodation, while a lack of public utilities and infrastructure forced the occupants to be almost fully self-reliant. The dwellings were commonly designed to be removed or repurposed as domestic outbuildings, however examples remain as material evidence of the living conditions accepted by occupants in their pursuit of housing security during a period of crisis. Using the interpretational frameworks of theories of human motivation, historical institutionalism and systemic cycles of accumulation, the thesis investigates the advent, existence, and decline of these dwellings as a viable housing form and introduces a theorized analysis of the circumstances which underpinned the presence of this transitory form of housing in one city in Australia. The historiographical approach adopted is that of the Annales school, which regards the social, political and economic aspects of historical events equally. The research methodologies of historical interpretation, case-study and oral history interviews are employed, in the form of archival investigations, site assessments and 35 inte

This research focuses on the unofficial neighbourhoods on the boarders of South African Cities. The informal settlements are quickly built by unskilled hands on foreign land without any form of planning, supervision or legislation. The self-constructed houses lack of daylight, ventilation and water tightness. This results in poor, unsafe and undesired living conditions concentrated in neighborhoods with high crime rates and low fire safety. Both government and market do not have clear solution for solving the increasing threat for people living in the self-constructed informal settlements. This study has a specific focus on ‘Woodlane Village’, a informal neighborhood in the municipality 'The City of Tswhane'. The design solution is presented as an incremental building method that uses the existing waste stream of HDPE shopping bags in South Africa. The low-tech building method is based on methods of existing shack-builders. The building components can be produced in a self-sustaining container factory that required a relatively small investment. The factory set-up and additional 3 model houses are presented based on the following leading principals are presented: 1. Climate design, 2. Material use and 3. Esthetics. The recycled building blocks have better insulating performance relatively to the currently used sheet metal. Two building components, an extruded bar and a compressed panel, are incremented in a set of houses that can be built by unskilled labor. Combining an stack-able sandwich panel with composed corner pillars and roof trusses seemed sufficient to build the complete envelope of an informal house. The set-up of the proposed factory is designed to be incremented in the existing recycling market. Local ‘Buy-back’ centers show a waste stream of HDPE shopping bags that are not bought by recycling companies. Beside offering improved informal housing the building method could help enhance waste collection and reduce the waste strea, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Building Technology | Sustainable Design

[ES] Desde mediados del siglo XX las avalanchas de campesinos peruanos en busca de oportunidades generaron un éxodo rural que tuvo su mayor exponente en los pueblos jóvenes que invadieron los arenales de Lima. Estas migraciones ocasionaron constantes contradicciones sociales y económicas de enorme magnitud, si se tiene en cuenta, que los migrantes suponen un tercio de la poblacion actual en las ciudades latinoamericanas. Por aquel entonces, las familias se organizaron alineando los predios según precarias retículas indiferenciadas que progresivamente ocupaban los cerros hasta donde las barreras geográficas les permitían, dando resultados de morfología urbana muy rudimentarios con hipertrofias y desproporciones. En algunos casos, las líneas trazadas por un arquitecto sirvieron de base para dirigir un crecimiento capaz de albergar una estructura social sin precedentes, uno de estos casos fue Villa el Salvador. Mediante un estudio de las características formales y espaciales del área, se pretende comprender la dinámica de urbanismo informal así como el proceso de formación del lugar construido. Para ello el planeamiento actual de Villa se compara escalarmente con algunos de los barrios más paradigmaticos, en localizaciones dispares, con la finalidad de establecer una recomposición urbana a partir del límite, la manzana y la calle., [EN] Ever since 1950s, the avalanches of rural Peruvians looking for opportunities had a mayor occurrence in young towns that invaded Lima¿s Arenals. These migrations caused constant social and economic contradictions of huge magnitude, taking into account that the migrants represent a third of the current population in Latin American cities. By then, the families organized aligning the properties based on undifferentiated reticules that would occupy the hill up until a point in which geographical barriers allowed them, giving results of a very rudimentary urban morphology with hypertrophies and disproportions. Nonetheless, there were cases in which the lines traced by an architect were used as foundation to command the growth to make it possible for an unprecedented social structure; like Villa el Salvador. It is intended to understand the dynamics of the informal city as well as the process of the constructed site through a study of the formal and spatial features of the area. For that reason, the current approach of Villa is compared with some of the most paradigmatic neighborhoods with the purpose of establishing an urban recomposition beginning with the limit, the block and then, the street., [CA] a la cerca d’oportunitats van generar un èxode rural que va tindre el seu major exponent en els pobles jóvens que van invadir els arenals de Lima. Aquestes migracions van ocasionar constants contradiccions socials i econòmiques d’enorme mag - nitud, si es té en compte, que els migrants suposen un terç de la població actual en les ciutats llatinoamericanes. En aquell moment, les famílies es van organitzar ali - neant els predis segons precàries retícules indiferenciades que progressivament ocupaven els turons fins on les barreres geo - gràfiques els permetien, donant resultats de morfologia urbana molt rudimentaris amb hipertròfies i desproporcions. En alguns casos, les línies traçades per un arquitecte van servir de base per a dirigir un creixement capaç d’albergar una estructura so - cial sense precedents, un d’estos casos va ser Villa el Salvador. Per mitjà d’un estudi de les característiques formals i espacials de l’àrea, es pretén comprendre la dinàmica d’urba - nisme informal així com el procés de formació del lloc construït. Per a això el planejament actual de Villa es compara escalar - ment amb alguns dels barris més paradigmàtics, en localitza - cions dispars, amb la finalitat d’esta

[ES] Intervenciones de la organización Techo en campamentos de vivienda informal en Chile: Como defiende Alejandro Aravena, es un hecho que las personas se están trasladando a las ciudades. Actualmente, de los 3000 millones de personas que viven en ciudades, 1000 millones lo hacen bajo el umbral de la pobreza.1 Muchas de estas personas forzosamente se organizan y establecen en asentamientos de vivienda informal, frecuentemente sin alguno de los tres servicios básicos; iluminación, agua potable o saneamiento. A raíz de esto, este estudio indagará, por medio de las políticas de la organización TECHO-Chile, sobre esta importante realidad tan común en muchas grandes ciudades del siglo XXI. Asimismo, realizará un análisis crítico sobre diferentes respuestas dadas por dicha organización a este desafío. Este estudio será la primera parte de un proceso el cuál, gracias a la beca de cooperación del CCD de la UPV y en colaboración con TECHO-Chile, concluirá con la elaboración de un Master Plan que comprenda la futura integración de 5 campamentos de vivienda informal en la ciudad de Copiapó, región de Atacama, Chile. Las conclusiones y los conocimientos adquiridos en esta primera investigación servirán como base para el futuro trazado., [EN] As Alejandro Aravena states, it is a fact that people is moving to the cities. Nowadays, out of 3000 million of people living in cities, 1000 million live under minimum standards. 1 Most of them have the need to reside in slumbs, frequently without basic services; illumination, drinking water nor sanitary infrastructure. Due to this fact, this investigation will deal, through the NGO TECHO-Chile, with this important topic, which is present in most of the cities of the 21st century. Also, this research will analyze the solutions given from TECHO to this global problem. This work is the first part of a process that, thanks to the scholarship given by ‘Centro de Cooperación al Desarrollo’ and TECHO-Chile, will conclude with a Masterplan which will integrate a slumb area of Copiapó, Atacama region, Chile. The conclusions and the knowledge gained in this preliminary part of the research will be useful as a base for the future urban plan.

[ES] Los procesos migratorios ocurridos en Colombia a partir de mitad del siglo XX desplazaron a millones de personas de las zonas rurales a las ciudades en busca de oportunidades y mejores medios de vida. Este periodo estuvo caracterizado por la inestabilidad sociopolítica y por factores determinantes como son la incapacidad del Estado de controlar el crecimiento urbano a través de un planeamiento regulado, la lógica lucrativa del mercado y sus urbanizadores, y el ímpetu de los recién llegados de formar parte de un sistema formal. Bajo este contexto, se configuró durante décadas, el tejido urbano de Bogotá, y surgieron diversidad de nuevos asentamientos humanos bajo condiciones de extrema pobreza, inseguridad y exclusión social. El presente trabajo pretende ser una primera fase de estudio sobre el desarrollo de la ciudad y sus barrios a lo largo del periodo de la transición urbana, atendiendo especialmente al sector de la vivienda informal. En esta línea, se estudian, asimismo, las características y tipologías generales de la casa informal colombiana para entender la relación de esta con las formas de vida de sus habitantes y del conjunto del barrio., [EN] The migration process, which occurred in Colombia from the mid-twentieth century, displaced millions of people from rural areas to the cities in search of opportunities and better ways of life. This period was characterized by the sociopolitical instability of the country and by diverse factors such as the incapacity of the state to control the urban growth across a regulated urban planning, the lucrative logics of the market and its developers, and the desire of the new settlers of becoming part of a formal system. In this context, the urban fabric of Bogota was configured during decades, and multiple new human settlements emerged under conditions of extreme poverty, insecurity and social exclusion. The present paper embraces a first study of the city¿s development over the period of the urban transition, especially attending to sector of the informal housing. According to this, an analysis about the general features and typologies of the Colombian informal house is addressed, in order to understand the relation between this and the ways of life of its inhabitants and the neighborhood.

“Informal” constructions in Hanoi is commonplace, not just in terms of its extensiveness but also how such extensions been done creatively. Most importantly they refer to a wide range of housing forms and scales: from illegal extentions of balcony and roof-tops to the extra legal apartment hotels in the Ancient quarter, from the single middle class family houses to large scale master planned new urban areas. What is being “illegal” and “authorised” is oftentimes blurry or shifty as regulations are ambigous and conflicting and in constant change. The distinction between practices of resistance (by the residents/entrepreneurs) and complicity (by local government officials) is not always clear. This paper will examine such phenomenon by examining cases of informal/illegal construction covered in the media, studies of the changes and adjustments of building regulations, as well as in-depth interviews with local officials, construction entrepreneurs as well as the residents. Analysing the fluid and negotiating character of state society relationship in the transitional Vietnam, the paper highlights the role of the state and local government in maintaining and reproducing the regime of informality as a means to wield power and exercise of control.

This article draws on Margaret Radin's theorization of 'contested commodities' to explore the process whereby informal housing becomes formalized while also being shaped by legal regulation. In seeking to move once-informal housing into the domain of official legality, cities can seldom rely on a simple legal framework of private-law principles of property and contract. Instead, they face complex trade-offs between providing basic needs and affordability and meeting public-law norms around living standards, traditional neighbourhood feel and the environment. This article highlights these issues through an examination of the uneven process of legal formalization of basement apartments in Vancouver, Canada. We chose a lengthy period-from 1928 to 2009-to explore how basement apartments became a vital source of housing often at odds with city planning that has long favoured a low-density residential built form. We suggest that Radin's theoretical account makes it possible to link legalization and official market construction with two questions: whether to permit commodification and how to permit commodification. Real-world commodification processes-including legal sanction-reflect hybridization, pragmatic decision making and regulatory compromise. The resolution of questions concerning how to legalize commodification are also intertwined with processes of market expansion.

This dissertation is an exploration of the role of informality in the housing market in southeast Los Angeles County. While informality has long been the subject of scholarship in cases from the Global South, and increasingly in the United States, examinations of housing informality in the US thus far have largely been situated in rural and peri-urban areas. This work seeks to interrogate informality in housing processes unfolding within the very heart of northern North America's leading industrial metropolis. After a brief preface, the dissertation's second chapter reviews literature on various aspects of informality and on Accessory Dwelling Units, or additions or conversions of living quarters on residential properties. Chapter 3 introduces the work's methodological pillars, and describes the four major, mixed methods relied upon. These are a survey of code enforcement officers; interviews and direct observation; and analyses of rental and property sales markets. Two other, minor, methods employed are an analysis of building footprints and the analysis of secondary data.Chapter 4 introduces the single case used in the dissertation. This is a group of 14 communities, with a total population of 700,000, that are collectively referred to via the neologism City of Gateway. Next follows a historical overview of the area. Following a discussion of the 1965 Watts riots as a historical watershed, trends in the City of Gateway's economy and population that have driven a dramatic informalization of the housing stock since that time are examined. Chapter 5 describes the physical expression of the informal housing market in the City of Gateway, in seven extralegal modes that involve either the conversion of existing space or the addition of new space, and the tactics used to effect them. Chapter 5 closes with a quantification and discussion of the consequences of the characteristic urban form produced by the informal housing market, horizontal density, which is the addition

Informal housing predominates urban housing options in developing countries, including India, in both its metro and its mid-sized cities. Within urban housing, two-fifths is rental in India. This study is located within one mid-sized city (Guwahati) in one of the least developed states (Assam) in India. The processes of supply of rental housing in the informal sector are linked with the processes of overall supply of housing identified in Guwahati as housing through (i) informal occupation of public and private lands, (ii) alienation of land and (iii) public sector. Within that, landownership, processes of land occupation/subdivision and development, and the role of various actors create submarkets. Submarket-specific, settlement-specific and owner-specific processes shape a diversity of informal rental housing with regard to extent, quality, level of basic services, rents and tenure security for the urban poor, posing challenges for pursuing a policy of ‘formalizing the informal’ in the case of India.

La publicación de Supports and Albernative to Mass housing en 19621 supuso una declaración de intenciones, y un episodio relevante en la discusión sobre la producción de vivienda a gran escala. Abordada por el movimiento moderno y discutida en los congresos del CIAM., la temática de la producción en masa de la vivienda colectiva encontraba en los primeros años 60 con John Habraken un equilibrio entre la producción industrializada, y un espacio de intervención en dicho proceso para el usuario. La teoría de Habraken apuesta por la diferenciación entre lo que él llama el Support y en Infill, donde el Support se define como una estructura base que permite la inserción de las unidades habitacionales, los Infills, elementos prefabricados montados en el lugar de concordancia con las necesidades individuales y como finalización de un proceso de decisión del usuario. Sin embargo la teoría de Habraken es también una clara discusión sobre el rol del arquitecto, y su participación en el mundo de la industria y la producción. La concreción de dicha teoría es sistematizada a través del Design Method a mediados de los 60, por el equipo de Stichting Architecten Research (SAR), institución dirigida por el propio Habraken, cuyo fin era desarrollar su teoría y tender puentes con la industria de la producción de la vivienda. Los Open Building, como se denominan dichos sistemas habitacionales, son el resultado de la aplicación con diferente grado de rigor del método y la incorporación en diversos grados de la producción industrializada. La experiencia de los Open Building demuestra que la flexibilidad real que otorgan dichos sistemas a lo largo de la vida útil del Support, no es mucha más que las que ofrecen actualmente los sistemas de partición en seco, y otras tecnologías de la construcción. Por lo tanto, si uno considera el hecho de que la producción masiva real de vivienda tiene lugar en este momento en los países en vías de desarrollo, uno debería preguntarse si no es ociosa la dis, A revision of John Habraken’s Support and Infill theory takes us to celebrate his conceptual frame to understand housing, dissociating the individual unit from the overall structure. However, the text discusses if the current shortage of housing in emerging countries should force a turn in the debate, and analyze the incorporation of diverse production systems (progressive development, for example) rather than concentrate in a typological discussion., Peer Reviewed

This paper examines the narratives through which associations of private property owners in Delhi depict slums as zones of incivility and “nuisance.” In tracing how this “nuisance talk” travels into and gains legitimacy in popular and state visions of urban space, the paper shows the role of discourse in justifying and enacting exclusionary urban imaginaries. As a lay term, nuisance is widely used to identify forms of aesthetic impropriety. But, as a primary element of environmental law, nuisance operates discursively as a catchall category allowing diverse private grievances to be expressed in terms of environmental welfare and the public interest. The widening depiction of slums as nuisances hence reworks the public/private divide, inserting once local codes of civility into the core of public life. By examining how nuisance talk circulates between property owners' associations, the media, and the government, the paper shows how slum demolitions have become widely read as a form of environmental improvement.

In this article, I introduce an anthropological approach to time and temporality which suggests that anticipatory actions are not always guided by futures separated from the present through a linear chronology. Whereas time is conventionally understood as a chronological series of succeeding moments, I argue that different temporalities might converge to create durations which cannot be gauged using a linear scale. I consequently explore anticipatory action as it pertains to durational time. As I will show, when temporal succession is discontinuous, linearity may be turned around so that (assumed) effects are revealed to be causes. Rather than functioning as the dominant temporal trope, linear sequentiality thus emerges as an effect of reversible time. I build my argument from an ethnographical examination of house-building practices in peri-urban areas of Maputo, Mozambique. According to house-builders, they build houses which will never be completed. Still, by pre-figuring the end-point as a likely failure, anticipatory action is turned inwards through a series of internal reversals. House-building is guided by seemingly incompatible social principles and through a series of temporal reversals, these tensions are momentarily resolved.

During the mid XX th century the former outskirts of Barcelona was the field of an unprecedented urbanization process addressed to housing purposes. A very heterogeneous system of settlements occupied the steep hillsides of Tres Turons and Collserola. These former deprived residential suburbs became, in less than twenty years, fully urban neighbourhoods with extreme densities and urgent needs. From beginning the 80’ to our days “Barcelona on slope” has become the conceptual and physical frame for urban renewal policies. Although there’s still much to do, the large amount of accomplished plans and actions calls for an evaluation and a synthesis from which probable criteria for future actions can be inferred., Postprint (published version)

The enabling approach to housing markets promotes financing systems based on family savings, public subsidies and mortgage loans to unleash the potential of individuals and communities to produce and improve dwellings. However, the approach failed to benefit lower-income households, as they have less ability to generate savings or make mortgage payments. These households are forced to use informal mechanisms to access housing, such as purchasing land in illegal subdivisions or squatting on public land and incrementally building their dwellings. The present work argues that supporting the incremental housing construction undertaken by poor households through an enabling approach can make a signifi cant contribution to solving the housing problem in Latin America. The paper discusses the challenges and opportunities in executing this new type of programme, which requires coordinating the resources and capabilities of the beneficiaries with those of the different levels of government and the civil society. While this paper draws on experiences in Latin America and the Caribbean, the proposed approach is also relevant in other settings.

This work aims to expose some reflections about the popular constructive culture that has created an informal buildings consolidation system so that they are durable and can be converted into the heritage of several generations. This constructive culture of informal urbanization continues producing and transforming in a significant way housing urban space without achieving the standards of suitable housing and Habitat. A first reflection arises from conceiving the process of creating housing and Habitat popular in the barrios of Caracas as part of the cultural dynamics, understood as a process of interaction that occurs in a heterogeneous and unequal social context. Our second reflection goes to the way in which we perceive the housing consolidation process in the barrios. A way to look at cultural forms of popular sectors has been from their dependency relationships or secondary condition as regards with the dominant culture. Our position attends the shift to the paradigm that recognizes in the actions of neighborhood their ability to produce culture and new meanings of Habitat and housing production-related practices., Este trabajo tiene por objeto exponer algunas reflexiones sobre la cultura constructiva popular que ha creado un sistema informal de consolidación de las edificaciones para que éstas sean duraderas y puedan convertirse en patrimonio de varias generaciones. La cultura constructiva de la urbanización informal sigue produciendo y transformando de manera significativa el espacio urbano habitacional sin lograr los estándares de una vivienda y hábitat adecuado. Una primera reflexión surge de concebir el proceso de creación de la vivienda y el hábitat popular en los barrios de Caracas como parte de la dinámica cultural, entendida como un proceso de interacción que ocurre en un contexto social heterogéneo y desigual. Una segunda reflexión se dirige a como percibimos el proceso de consolidación de la vivienda en los barrios. Una manera de mirar las formas culturales de los sectores populares ha sido a partir de sus relaciones de dependencia o condición subalterna respecto a la cultura dominante. Nuestra postura atiende al cambio de paradigma que reconoce en la acción de los hacedores de barrio su capacidad para producir cultura y nuevos significados de las prácticas relacionadas con la producción del hábitat y la vivienda.

This article sets out the results of an ethnographic field study done in houses of “El Morro”, an informal settlement of Medellín, before the relocation of its families in social houses, constructed by the State. The aim is to reveal the technical, aesthetic and functional characteristics of the informal housing, in a self-constructed neighborhood by its inhabitants, using for land a waste deposit and as source of construction, the terminal products of the entire city. It exposes cultural patterns that characterizes domestic life in informal habitat; demonstrating the contradictions between the idealized home by official culture and the social realities of the popular homes., Este artículo expone los resultados de un estudio etnográfico realizado en las viviendas de El Morro, un sector informal de Medellín, antes de la reubicación de sus familias en viviendas de interés social construidas por el Estado. El objetivo apunta a develar las características técnicas, estéticas y funcionales de la vivienda informal en un vecindario autoconstruido, sobre un terreno formado por un antiguo basurero y cuyos insumos de construcción son los productos terminales de toda la ciudad. Se exponen los patrones culturales que caracterizan la vida doméstica en el hábitat informal y se evidencian las contradicciones que existen entre el hogar idealizado por la cultura oficial y las realidades sociales de los hogares populares.

Developing countries have been experiencing an accelerated urban growth with high levels of informal housing (houses that do not comply with property rights regime and urban regulations). This trend has brought renewed attention to the study of developing cities in general, and of the informal housing sector in particular. This study examines the relationship between land use regulation, housing price, and informality, in the metropolitan area of Curitiba, Brazil. Using a simultaneous equation model, the study conducts a regression analysis to understand the magnitude of the effect of urban regulation on formal housing price and the effect of rising formal housing price on the quantity of informal housing. Three hypotheses are tested: (a) more restrictive land use regulation increases housing price in the formal housing market; (b) an increase in formal housing price causes the quantity of informal housing to rise; and (c) an increase in formal housing price in one geographic area causes the quantity of informal housing to rise in neighboring areas. The study shows that for three regulatory variables - minimum plot area, minimum front setback and minimum frontage - land use regulations that limit the density of occupation have a significant positive effect on price. Regulatory variables that affect building height - maximum number of floors and floor-to-area ratio - have the opposite effect, possibly because single and multifamily units are not being analyzed separately. The study finds that the price of formal housing has a negative effect on the quantity of informal housing in the same location, but this effect turns positive in the adjacent and more distant locations. As expected, the rise in formal housing price in one locality pushes people to the informal sector in more distant neighborhoods. However, in the same locality, a rise in price decreases the quantity of informal housing. The results indicate that high priced areas act as a bar to the development of

This paper presents the results of a study about a resettlement process from the area of El Morro in the neighborhood of Moravia in Medellin (Colombia), to state-built houses. It describes the different ways in which the residents occupied the architectural spaces of the new houses. The intention is to show the tensions that emerge when the new inhabitants try to reconstruct, in a different environment, their traditional way of life and sense of home, characteristic of popular culture., Este artículo presenta los resultados del estudio realizado al proceso de reasentamiento de los habitantes del sector El Morro del Barrio Moravia (Medellín-Colombia) a viviendas construidas por el Estado. Expone las formas de apropiación del espacio arquitectónico de estas viviendas por parte de sus habitantes, con el fin de caracterizar las tensiones que emergen cuando tratan de reconfigurar en estos nuevos entornos sus tradicionales formas de vida y el sentido de hogar de la cultura popular

For years it was believed that in Caracas an informal rental housing market did not exist. A survey (n:832) in seven informal areas shows the opposite. The article analyzes the socio-legal aspects and characteristics of the market: the negotiated property, the rent, the actors and the norms that regulate the market. It is concluded that the Venezuelan State, with its controls and social policies, has become the principal promoter of the informal rental market and that because of the freedom to rent, the poor are the real estate agents that contribute most to meeting the increasing demand for housing., Por años se pensó que en Caracas no existía un mercado informal de alquiler de viviendas. Una encuesta (n:832) en siete zonas informales demuestra todo lo contrario. El artículo analiza los aspectos sociojurídicos y las características del mercado: el bien transado, los cánones de arrendamiento, los actores y las normas que regulan el mercado. Se concluye que el estado venezolano, con sus controles y políticas sociales, se ha convertido en el principal promotor del mercado informal de alquiler y que por la libertad para alquilar los pobres son los agentes inmobiliarios que más contribuyen a satisfacer la creciente demanda de vivienda.

Delhi is experiencing the highest population growth rate among mega cities in India. By 2021 its population is projected to be around 27 million. The consequence of rapid increase in population and the changing socio-economic pattern in Delhi has resulted in an acute shortage of housing and related infrastructure especially for the poor and low-income households. Nearly half the population however lives in conditions of miserable poverty, crammed into overcrowded slums and hutment. Delhi’s informal housing is a reflection of a poor and inappropriate urban planning system, with a lack of public investment and restriction in the formal land and housing market. This paper reviews the housing delivery system and the problems associated with the housing delivery system in Delhi and presents a broad guideline for policy makers to improve the housing delivery system in Delhi. It was found that to improve the housing delivery system of Delhi multiple sectoral approaches are required. The study demonstrates that the informal housing sector and its quality can be improved and transformed into formal housing by improving the essential infrastructure.

This study examines the intersections of the economy, property rights, land use, and housing within a tourism destination context. Housing is a human need, and when neither the public nor the private sectors are providing it, people will provide it for themselves in the form of self-help housing. Accommodation within informal settlements is an important segment of the housing market, and in many developing nations, the majority of housing that is available to the poor and working classes. The question then becomes not how to prevent informal housing but how to manage it. The research here considers the impact of tourism on the housing markets, particularly as they relate to Mexico’s informal housing, which is a significant component of the country’s housing inventory. Influences such as new, wealthier competitors for land and housing products, changes in expectations around land use and design standards, and the political motivations for economic development may affect the housing market dynamics. This interdisciplinary work seeks to identify the interrelated drivers of informal housing and develop workable recommendations for policy makers working in this sector. The findings of the research indicate that tourism has a significant impact on housing markets in Mazatlán. It was also found that a substantial component of the housing stock originated as informal settlements (known as invasions) and that most of those have now been serviced and incorporated into the community. New invasions continue to occur, however there is more support from the municipality in terms of urban planning, infrastructure, and services than was expected. The process for the creation of a new informal settlement was sufficiently standardized that a high-level process map was able to be developed to graphically represent the steps. The study’s GIS analysis revealed that housing parcel sizes for the poor and working classes has remained modest over time. Land parcels in gated communities tren

Cet article analyse, dans une approche historique, les dispositifs mis en place par la municipalité de Medellin pour contrôler l’expansion de l’habitat informel sur les collines environnant la ville. Ce phénomène ayant longtemps été considéré comme transitoire, les dispositifs de planification se sont limités à établir des limites urbaines formelles, laissant la ville informelle à l’écart de toute initiative de planification. Un changement s’opère à partir des années 1970, qui voient l’intégration progressive de ces espaces à la ville formelle à travers des programmes se prévalant d’approches plus intégrées. Depuis les premières initiatives reconnaissant ces invasions et œuvrant à leur amélioration, jusqu’à la construction d’infrastructures d’envergure et la mise en place du Projet Urbain Intégral (PUI), nombreux ont été ces dispositifs. En dépit d’efforts et d’avancées notables dans les conceptions de ces phénomènes comme dans les modes d’action engagée, l’actualité fait état de processus durables d’exclusion sociale, et d’une réalité urbaine multiforme dont les enjeux demeurent., Marginality and urban inclusion at Medellin (Colombia) : a historical study employing planning instruments A historical approach is used to examine schemes set up by Medellin city council to control the expansion of informal housing on the hillsides surrounding the city. Such expansion was long considered to be transitory, hence planning measures were restricted to establishing formal limits to city development, leaving the informal urban areas out of any planning initiative. The 1970s saw a change of approach, with the gradual integration of these areas into the formal city by distinct programmes rather than more integrated schemes. From the first measures introduced to acknowledge, take better account of these informal expansions into account and improve them, up to the construction of infrastructures of sufficient scope and the implementation of the Integral Urban Project, there were many such schemes. In spite of considerable efforts and notable advances in perceptions of these phenomena and in the modes of action taken up, news items often report evidence of lasting processes of social exclusion, and testify to a multiform urban reality the issues of which remain alive.

Les marges urbaines non réglementaires des villes du sud supposent une maîtrise et des solutions par des procédures de régularisation – restructuration et de relogement des familles concernées. L’exemple présenté dans ce travail est déroutant dans la mesure où les solutions préconisées par les pouvoirs publics ne font qu’amplifier la marginalité des plus pauvres en les déplaçant de la ville intramuros vers un site marécageux à l’écart de la ville. Un retour sur la production et les traitements des marginalités urbaines durant la période coloniale permet de mieux situer ce qui s’est passé plus de deux décennies après l’indépendance, de comprendre les mécanismes et les modalités de production de ce recasement dénommé « Nedjma », implanté à quelque huit kilomètres d’Oran, deuxième métropole algérienne. Comment les pouvoirs publics ont pu initier ce programme et le « vendre » comme une mesure de lutte contre la marginalité, une opération dont les vertus publiquement affichées étaient celles de soulager les familles en difficulté ?, When public powers produce new urban marginalities. The case of the rehoused people of Nedjma in Oran (Algeria) The informal urban margins within towns and cities of the South imply the need for a command of the situation and solutions involving regularization procedures – reorganization, then rehousing for the families concerned. The example set out in this work is disconcerting in that the prescribed solutions emanating from the public authorities only aggravate the marginal situation of the poorest by moving them from within the city to a marshland site far from the centre. A review of the production and treatment of urban margin situations during the colonial period puts what has happened more than two decades since independence into perspective, helps understand the mechanisms and modes of production of this rehousing called “Nedjma”, implanted eight kilometres from Oran, Algeria’s second largest city. How could the public authorities have initiated this programme and “sell” it as a measure for combating marginality, an operation whose publicly announced virtues were to relieve families in difficulty ?