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The conception of children as historical subjects has been a long time coming in the field of history, starting with authors like Philip Greven arguing that children must be considered as more than just extensions of family units. Despite acknowledgement of the importance of children in colonial history, there has been little work done on the ways that attempts to maneuver children through economic and social life reflected parental attitudes about childhood. Little work has been done to address the frequent dearth of research into how children's identities were purposefully constructed by indenture in the colonial period. My paper addresses these issues by taking a close look at the historical archive of New York's indenture records at the turn of the 18th century. In particular, this paper looks for narrative threads as well as changing attitudes towards indenture across time. I argue that adults, both parents and indenturers, used indenture as a means to shape and control the next generation of New York by strengthening class dynamics and ensuring citizen status for children engaged in indenture contracts. This project sheds light on the use of indenture to construct childhood and accomplish a wide range of social normalizations from reinforcing contemporary gender rolls to creating a pseudo-parenthood through the master-servant relationship.

The conception of children as historical subjects has been a long time coming in the field of history, starting with authors like Philip Greven arguing that children must be considered as more than just extensions of family units. Despite acknowledgement of the importance of children in colonial history, there has been little work done on the ways that attempts to maneuver children through economic and social life reflected parental attitudes about childhood. Little work has been done to address the frequent dearth of research into how children's identities were purposefully constructed by indenture in the colonial period. My paper addresses these issues by taking a close look at the historical archive of New York's indenture records at the turn of the 18th century. In particular, this paper looks for narrative threads as well as changing attitudes towards indenture across time. I argue that adults, both parents and indenturers, used indenture as a means to shape and control the next generation of New York by strengthening class dynamics and ensuring citizen status for children engaged in indenture contracts. This project sheds light on the use of indenture to construct childhood and accomplish a wide range of social normalizations from reinforcing contemporary gender rolls to creating a pseudo-parenthood through the master-servant relationship.

He aquí un par de casos pretéritos en busca de una categoría actual. Los casos son el del pueblo yaqui en México, entre su hostigamiento y supeditación en Sonora y su deportación y esclavización en Yucatán, y el de la inmigración china y su tratamien to severísimamente discriminatorio, hasta la expulsión, en el mismo Estado de Sonora. La categoría es aquella que pudiera ser capaz de caracterizar el constitucionalismo latinoamericano por la recurrencia de casos similares respecto tanto a pueblos indígen as como a contingentes de inmigraciones no europeas. Al propósito se toma también en cuenta a los Estados Unidos. Entre casos y categoría, se considera la condición constitucional o, dicho mejor, el estatus extraconstitucional, durante el siglo XIX, de los llamados culíes, de otros trabajadores importados, de esclavos emancipados y, a su vez, como presencia humana más relevante para el mismo núcleo del constitucionalismo, de los pueblos indígenas, en cuyo contexto la historia constitucional latinoamericana se revela como una especie de reciclaje e incluso potenciación del legado colonial europeo por Estados independientes. Dicho de otro modo, a lo largo y ancho de las Américas, el colonialismo puede ser un factor de primer orden en la formación y el desenvolvimiento del constitucionalismo., Here is a couple of past cases in search of a current category. The cases are that of the Yaqui people in Mexico, between their harassment and subjugation in Sonora and their deportation to and enslavement in Yucatan, and that of Chinese immigration and its harshly discriminatory treatment in the same state of Sonora – till their expulsion. The category is the one which might be able to characterize Latin American constitutionalism by the recurrence of similar cases with respect to both indigenous peoples and non - European immigrant contingents. For this purpose , the United States is also taken into account. Among cases and categor y, the essay deals with the constitutional condition or rather extra - constitutional status, during the 19 th century, of the so - called coolíes, of other indentured servants, of former enslaved people and, in their turn, of indigenous peoples as the most sig nificant human presence regarding the very core of constitutionalism. In this context, Latin American constitutional history has revealed itself as a kind of recycling and even strengthening, by independent States, of the European colonial legacy . In other words, throughout the Americas, colonialism may be considered a major factor in the formation and development of constitutionalism.

He aquí un par de casos pretéritos en busca de una categoría actual. Los casos son el del pueblo yaqui en México, entre su hostigamiento y supeditación en Sonora y su deportación y esclavización en Yucatán, y el de la inmigración china y su tratamien to severísimamente discriminatorio, hasta la expulsión, en el mismo Estado de Sonora. La categoría es aquella que pudiera ser capaz de caracterizar el constitucionalismo latinoamericano por la recurrencia de casos similares respecto tanto a pueblos indígen as como a contingentes de inmigraciones no europeas. Al propósito se toma también en cuenta a los Estados Unidos. Entre casos y categoría, se considera la condición constitucional o, dicho mejor, el estatus extraconstitucional, durante el siglo XIX, de los llamados culíes, de otros trabajadores importados, de esclavos emancipados y, a su vez, como presencia humana más relevante para el mismo núcleo del constitucionalismo, de los pueblos indígenas, en cuyo contexto la historia constitucional latinoamericana se revela como una especie de reciclaje e incluso potenciación del legado colonial europeo por Estados independientes. Dicho de otro modo, a lo largo y ancho de las Américas, el colonialismo puede ser un factor de primer orden en la formación y el desenvolvimiento del constitucionalismo., Here is a couple of past cases in search of a current category. The cases are that of the Yaqui people in Mexico, between their harassment and subjugation in Sonora and their deportation to and enslavement in Yucatan, and that of Chinese immigration and its harshly discriminatory treatment in the same state of Sonora – till their expulsion. The category is the one which might be able to characterize Latin American constitutionalism by the recurrence of similar cases with respect to both indigenous peoples and non - European immigrant contingents. For this purpose , the United States is also taken into account. Among cases and categor y, the essay deals with the constitutional condition or rather extra - constitutional status, during the 19 th century, of the so - called coolíes, of other indentured servants, of former enslaved people and, in their turn, of indigenous peoples as the most sig nificant human presence regarding the very core of constitutionalism. In this context, Latin American constitutional history has revealed itself as a kind of recycling and even strengthening, by independent States, of the European colonial legacy . In other words, throughout the Americas, colonialism may be considered a major factor in the formation and development of constitutionalism.

He aquí un par de casos pretéritos en busca de una categoría actual. Los casos son el del pueblo yaqui en México, entre su hostigamiento y supeditación en Sonora y su deportación y esclavización en Yucatán, y el de la inmigración china y su tratamien to severísimamente discriminatorio, hasta la expulsión, en el mismo Estado de Sonora. La categoría es aquella que pudiera ser capaz de caracterizar el constitucionalismo latinoamericano por la recurrencia de casos similares respecto tanto a pueblos indígen as como a contingentes de inmigraciones no europeas. Al propósito se toma también en cuenta a los Estados Unidos. Entre casos y categoría, se considera la condición constitucional o, dicho mejor, el estatus extraconstitucional, durante el siglo XIX, de los llamados culíes, de otros trabajadores importados, de esclavos emancipados y, a su vez, como presencia humana más relevante para el mismo núcleo del constitucionalismo, de los pueblos indígenas, en cuyo contexto la historia constitucional latinoamericana se revela como una especie de reciclaje e incluso potenciación del legado colonial europeo por Estados independientes. Dicho de otro modo, a lo largo y ancho de las Américas, el colonialismo puede ser un factor de primer orden en la formación y el desenvolvimiento del constitucionalismo., Here is a couple of past cases in search of a current category. The cases are that of the Yaqui people in Mexico, between their harassment and subjugation in Sonora and their deportation to and enslavement in Yucatan, and that of Chinese immigration and its harshly discriminatory treatment in the same state of Sonora – till their expulsion. The category is the one which might be able to characterize Latin American constitutionalism by the recurrence of similar cases with respect to both indigenous peoples and non - European immigrant contingents. For this purpose , the United States is also taken into account. Among cases and categor y, the essay deals with the constitutional condition or rather extra - constitutional status, during the 19 th century, of the so - called coolíes, of other indentured servants, of former enslaved people and, in their turn, of indigenous peoples as the most sig nificant human presence regarding the very core of constitutionalism. In this context, Latin American constitutional history has revealed itself as a kind of recycling and even strengthening, by independent States, of the European colonial legacy . In other words, throughout the Americas, colonialism may be considered a major factor in the formation and development of constitutionalism.

He aquí un par de casos pretéritos en busca de una categoría actual. Los casos son el del pueblo yaqui en México, entre su hostigamiento y supeditación en Sonora y su deportación y esclavización en Yucatán, y el de la inmigración china y su tratamien to severísimamente discriminatorio, hasta la expulsión, en el mismo Estado de Sonora. La categoría es aquella que pudiera ser capaz de caracterizar el constitucionalismo latinoamericano por la recurrencia de casos similares respecto tanto a pueblos indígen as como a contingentes de inmigraciones no europeas. Al propósito se toma también en cuenta a los Estados Unidos. Entre casos y categoría, se considera la condición constitucional o, dicho mejor, el estatus extraconstitucional, durante el siglo XIX, de los llamados culíes, de otros trabajadores importados, de esclavos emancipados y, a su vez, como presencia humana más relevante para el mismo núcleo del constitucionalismo, de los pueblos indígenas, en cuyo contexto la historia constitucional latinoamericana se revela como una especie de reciclaje e incluso potenciación del legado colonial europeo por Estados independientes. Dicho de otro modo, a lo largo y ancho de las Américas, el colonialismo puede ser un factor de primer orden en la formación y el desenvolvimiento del constitucionalismo., Here is a couple of past cases in search of a current category. The cases are that of the Yaqui people in Mexico, between their harassment and subjugation in Sonora and their deportation to and enslavement in Yucatan, and that of Chinese immigration and its harshly discriminatory treatment in the same state of Sonora – till their expulsion. The category is the one which might be able to characterize Latin American constitutionalism by the recurrence of similar cases with respect to both indigenous peoples and non - European immigrant contingents. For this purpose , the United States is also taken into account. Among cases and categor y, the essay deals with the constitutional condition or rather extra - constitutional status, during the 19 th century, of the so - called coolíes, of other indentured servants, of former enslaved people and, in their turn, of indigenous peoples as the most sig nificant human presence regarding the very core of constitutionalism. In this context, Latin American constitutional history has revealed itself as a kind of recycling and even strengthening, by independent States, of the European colonial legacy . In other words, throughout the Americas, colonialism may be considered a major factor in the formation and development of constitutionalism.

He aquí un par de casos pretéritos en busca de una categoría actual. Los casos son el del pueblo yaqui en México, entre su hostigamiento y supeditación en Sonora y su deportación y esclavización en Yucatán, y el de la inmigración china y su tratamien to severísimamente discriminatorio, hasta la expulsión, en el mismo Estado de Sonora. La categoría es aquella que pudiera ser capaz de caracterizar el constitucionalismo latinoamericano por la recurrencia de casos similares respecto tanto a pueblos indígen as como a contingentes de inmigraciones no europeas. Al propósito se toma también en cuenta a los Estados Unidos. Entre casos y categoría, se considera la condición constitucional o, dicho mejor, el estatus extraconstitucional, durante el siglo XIX, de los llamados culíes, de otros trabajadores importados, de esclavos emancipados y, a su vez, como presencia humana más relevante para el mismo núcleo del constitucionalismo, de los pueblos indígenas, en cuyo contexto la historia constitucional latinoamericana se revela como una especie de reciclaje e incluso potenciación del legado colonial europeo por Estados independientes. Dicho de otro modo, a lo largo y ancho de las Américas, el colonialismo puede ser un factor de primer orden en la formación y el desenvolvimiento del constitucionalismo., Here is a couple of past cases in search of a current category. The cases are that of the Yaqui people in Mexico, between their harassment and subjugation in Sonora and their deportation to and enslavement in Yucatan, and that of Chinese immigration and its harshly discriminatory treatment in the same state of Sonora – till their expulsion. The category is the one which might be able to characterize Latin American constitutionalism by the recurrence of similar cases with respect to both indigenous peoples and non - European immigrant contingents. For this purpose , the United States is also taken into account. Among cases and categor y, the essay deals with the constitutional condition or rather extra - constitutional status, during the 19 th century, of the so - called coolíes, of other indentured servants, of former enslaved people and, in their turn, of indigenous peoples as the most sig nificant human presence regarding the very core of constitutionalism. In this context, Latin American constitutional history has revealed itself as a kind of recycling and even strengthening, by independent States, of the European colonial legacy . In other words, throughout the Americas, colonialism may be considered a major factor in the formation and development of constitutionalism.

"Halley's Comet" on "The Comets Orbit" brushes the surface of "The Earth" on "The Orbit of the Earth" as they draw near each other. Caption: "Brush yo' off, Suh? Ain't gwine t' be 'round ag'in foh sev'ty-five yeahs!"

http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html, (dlps) AFJ8436.0001.001, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFJ8436.0001.001, Redemptioners, Indentured servants, Pennsylvania -- Emigration and immigration.

Correspondence by housewives and women schoolteachers on such subjects as education, politics, marriage, local and family news, and social life and customs. Included are letters between Lucy Gray and her husband, a Cape Cod sea captain; letters, many of which deal with religious subjects, from friends and relatives to Weltha Brown, a Hartford, Connecticut, schoolteacher; letters in which Hannah Buchanan of Maryland describes to her absent husband the problems of running a plantation; letters by authors Sarah Edgarton and Luella J.B. Case; and a letter by Dolley Madison., Richard James Hooker Collection of letters from American women. A-133. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University., Materials in English., Unpublished finding aid; see also Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library..., The Manuscript Inventories and the Catalogs...10v., (Boston: G.K. Hall, 1984), Electronic finding aid available http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch00097, There is related material: Lucy and Joshua Gray correspondence in the Gray family correspondence at the Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

This document dated March 1, 1847, is an indenture between Thomas K. Porter et. al. for a woman named Charlott to serve as an apprentice for seven years.

1 p.l., 128 p. 23 cm., Bibliography: p. 120-125., (dlps) AFJ8436.0001.001, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFJ8436.0001.001, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

The indenture binds an eight year-old girl named Catherine Yelverton to work for Philip Buckhout, farmer of New Paltz. The terms of the contract state that Catherine Yelverton will serve Buckhout until age eighteen, "During which time the said girl, hur said Master faithfully Shall Serve his Secrets keep and his lawful commands obey, She Shall Do no Damage to hur Master nor See it Done by others without giving him notice thereof." In return Buckhout agrees to "teach and instruct the said girl in the art of good hous keeping", and provide her with "Sufficient meat, Drink, apparel, lodging, washing, and all necessary accommodations for a Servant girl, that he will Cause hur to be instructed to read and write, and at the expiration of the Said term give the said girl Duble apparel and one new Bible.[which would be] Chargeable to the Said Town [sic]."

1 p.l., 128 p. 23 cm., Bibliography: p. 120-125., (dlps) AFJ8436.0001.001, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFJ8436.0001.001, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Indenture of Eliza Morgan, aged seven years, two months, and twenty-two days, to Lyda Consaul, until she reaches the age of eighteen, by Cornelius Z. Van Santvoord; Christopher C. Peek, Overseers of the Poor for the City of Schenectady.

Record of indenture between Lucy Hopkins, a free Black woman, with Joshua Peirce, a white land owner, both living near Sandy Spring, Maryland. Hopkin's six-year old son, Levi, is placed with Peirce for a period of ten years to be "brought up to work." A wage is to be discussed at a later time though none is recorded. Levi released himself from this agreement prior to the completion of ten years.

This document dated March 1, 1847, is an indenture between Thomas K. Porter et. al. for a woman named Charlott to serve as an apprentice for seven years.

Indenture, dated March 11, 1830, of Christopher C. Peek and Cornelius F. Van Santvoord, overseers of the poor in Schenectady, New York, binding out Rachel Simmons, a Black girl as a servant to Tacarius Van Dabogart.

This legal document describes the indentured servitude of a black woman named Sela to Thomas Hargis for the term of twenty years. Sela had previously been held by Hargis as his slave in Kentucky. This is a handwritten copy of the original created and signed by the county clerk of Knox County, Indiana five years after the indenture was set forth in 1809.

Elmore Williams and John Williamson, overseers of the poor for Cincinnati Township in Hamilton County, Ohio, indenture to apprentice six-month old John, a male child of color, to William Henry Harrison from September 1814 to February 1835., Harrison, William Henry, 1773-1841, John was the son of Jesse, a free Negro, and Betty, a Negro woman formerly the property of John Pittman. Thomas Anderson signs as witness. Justice of the Peace Griffin Yeatman signs his approval of the indenture.

Letter from George Washington to James McAlpin, his tailor in Philadelphia, regarding payment for clothing made for George Washington Parke Custis. Washington instructs McAlpin to contact Clement Biddle, his agent in Philadelphia, to receive payment. Washington then addresses the issue of an escaped indentured servant named John Cline, stating, 'it was always my intention to have given him his freedom (as I did by the other servants under similar circumstances) when I retired from Public life had he remained with me'. Autograph letter signed, 1 page, with integral address panel.