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When discussing the aesthetic reaction, Vygotsky used a formula as an explanation: in a work of art, the form is always in conflict with the content, and the artist always overcomes content with form. Vygotsky unfolded the formula mostly in literature, however, he claimed that the formula can be applied to all other art forms. In this article, Vygotsky's formula is employed to photography. Through analyzing the dialectic contradiction between form and content in roll film snapshots and digital photos, we have reached the conclusion that photos could be a medium of art, where the contrasting feelings of ephemerality and permanence, nostalgia and modernity, proximal experiences and distal experiences meet each other. When less emotion and imagination are involved, photos could also be reduced to a medium of amusement. And the available medium to a culture has a significant influence on cultural and social preoccupations.

Although reductions in the expression of the calcium-buffering proteins calbindin D-28K (CB) and parvalbumin (PV) have been observed in the aging brain, it is unknown whether these changes contribute to age-related hippocampal dysfunction. To address this issue, we measured basal hippocampal metabolism and hippocampal structure across the lifespan of C57BL/6J, calbindin D-28k knockout (CBKO) and parvalbumin knockout (PVKO) mice. Basal metabolism was estimated using steady state relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), which is a variant of fMRI that provides the highest spatial resolution, optimal for the analysis of individual subregions of the hippocampal formation. We found that like primates, normal aging in C57BL/6J mice is characterized by an age-dependent decline in rCBV-estimated dentate gyrus (DG) metabolism. Although abnormal hippocampal fMRI signals were observed in CBKO and PVKO mice, only CBKO mice showed accelerated age-dependent decline of rCBV-estimated metabolism in the DG. We also found age-independent structural changes in CBKO mice, which included an enlarged hippocampus and neocortex as well as global brain hypertrophy. These metabolic and structural changes in CBKO mice correlated with a deficit in hippocampus-dependent learning in the active place avoidance task. Our results suggest that the decrease in CB that occurs during normal aging is involved in age-related hippocampal metabolic decline. Our findings also illustrate the value of using multiple MRI techniques in transgenic mice to investigate mechanisms involved in the functional and structural changes that occur during aging.

It is very common to use dynamic methods to detect deadlocks in MPI programs for the reason that static methods have some restrictions. To guarantee high reliability of some important MPI-based application software, a model of MPI synchronization communication is abstracted and a type of static method is devised to examine deadlocks in such modes. The model has three forms with different complexity: sequential model, single-loop model and nested-loop model. Sequential model is a base for all models. Single-loop model must be treated with a special type of equation group and nested-loop model extends the methods for the other two models. A standard Java-based software framework originated from these methods is constructed for determining whether MPI programs are free from synchronization communication deadlocks. Our practice shows the software framework is better than those tools using dynamic methods because it can dig out all synchronization communication deadlocks before an MPI-based program goes into running., Comment: accepted by HPC Asia 2007

Detecting deadlocks in MPI synchronization communication programs is very difficult and need building program models. All complex models are based on sequential models. The sequential model is mapped into a set of character strings and its deadlock detection problem is translated into an equivalent multi-queue string matching problem. An algorithm is devised and implemented to statically detect deadlocks in sequential models of MPI synchronization communication programs. The time and space complexity of the algorithm is O(n) where n is the amount of message in model. The algorithm is better than usual circle-detection methods and can adapt well to dynamic message stream., Comment: This paper has been accepted by Computer Engineering (in Chinese)

ARKIVOC: vol. 2003, no. 2, (issn) 1551-7012, (dlps) 5550190.0004.214, This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License. Please contact mpub-help@umich.edu to use this work in a way not covered by the license.

ARKIVOC: vol. 2003, no. 2, (issn) 1551-7012, (dlps) 5550190.0004.214, This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License. Please contact mpub-help@umich.edu to use this work in a way not covered by the license.

As for a brief introduction, four topics are addressed in this paper: capital market in China, especially equity market; State-Owned-Enterprises (SOEs) in reform, newly implemented QFIIs scheme and last but not least, individual investors. The topics are chosen for two purposes: 1) built up a fundamental conceptual framework, as well as its empirical evolution regarding China stock market for foreign investors who are not familiar with the emerging market yet; 2) indicate major constrains regarding current stage.

When discussing the aesthetic reaction, Vygotsky used a formula as an explanation: in a work of art, the form is always in conflict with the content, and the artist always overcomes content with form. Vygotsky unfolded the formula mostly in literature, however, he claimed that the formula can be applied to all other art forms. In this article, Vygotsky's formula is employed to photography. Through analyzing the dialectic contradiction between form and content in roll film snapshots and digital photos, we have reached the conclusion that photos could be a medium of art, where the contrasting feelings of ephemerality and permanence, nostalgia and modernity, proximal experiences and distal experiences meet each other. When less emotion and imagination are involved, photos could also be reduced to a medium of amusement. And the available medium to a culture has a significant influence on cultural and social preoccupations.

As for a brief introduction, four topics are addressed in this paper: capital market in China, especially equity market; State-Owned-Enterprises (SOEs) in reform, newly implemented QFIIs scheme and last but not least, individual investors. The topics are chosen for two purposes: 1) built up a fundamental conceptual framework, as well as its empirical evolution regarding China stock market for foreign investors who are not familiar with the emerging market yet; 2) indicate major constrains regarding current stage.

As for a brief introduction, four topics are addressed in this paper: capital market in China, especially equity market; State-Owned-Enterprises (SOEs) in reform, newly implemented QFIIs scheme and last but not least, individual investors. The topics are chosen for two purposes: 1) built up a fundamental conceptual framework, as well as its empirical evolution regarding China stock market for foreign investors who are not familiar with the emerging market yet; 2) indicate major constrains regarding current stage.

As for a brief introduction, four topics are addressed in this paper: capital market in China, especially equity market; State-Owned-Enterprises (SOEs) in reform, newly implemented QFIIs scheme and last but not least, individual investors. The topics are chosen for two purposes: 1) built up a fundamental conceptual framework, as well as its empirical evolution regarding China stock market for foreign investors who are not familiar with the emerging market yet; 2) indicate major constrains regarding current stage.

Although reductions in the expression of the calcium-buffering proteins calbindin D-28K (CB) and parvalbumin (PV) have been observed in the aging brain, it is unknown whether these changes contribute to age-related hippocampal dysfunction. To address this issue, we measured basal hippocampal metabolism and hippocampal structure across the lifespan of C57BL/6J, calbindin D-28k knockout (CBKO) and parvalbumin knockout (PVKO) mice. Basal metabolism was estimated using steady state relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), which is a variant of fMRI that provides the highest spatial resolution, optimal for the analysis of individual subregions of the hippocampal formation. We found that like primates, normal aging in C57BL/6J mice is characterized by an age-dependent decline in rCBV-estimated dentate gyrus (DG) metabolism. Although abnormal hippocampal fMRI signals were observed in CBKO and PVKO mice, only CBKO mice showed accelerated age-dependent decline of rCBV-estimated metabolism in the DG. We also found age-independent structural changes in CBKO mice, which included an enlarged hippocampus and neocortex as well as global brain hypertrophy. These metabolic and structural changes in CBKO mice correlated with a deficit in hippocampus-dependent learning in the active place avoidance task. Our results suggest that the decrease in CB that occurs during normal aging is involved in age-related hippocampal metabolic decline. Our findings also illustrate the value of using multiple MRI techniques in transgenic mice to investigate mechanisms involved in the functional and structural changes that occur during aging.