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Jeffrey D Horn,1 Bret L Fisher,2 Daniel Terveen,3 Helene Fevrier,4 Mohinder Merchea,5 Xiaolin Gu5 1Vision for Life, Nashville, TN, USA; 2Eye Center of North Florida, Panama City, FL, USA; 3Vance Thompson Vision, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; 4Verana Health, San Francisco, CA, USA; 5Alcon Vision LLC, Fort Worth, TX, USACorrespondence: Jeffrey D Horn, Vision for Life, Nashville, TN, USA, Tel +1 615-588-2020, Email jdh@comcast.netPurpose: Academy IRIS® (Intelligent Research in Sight) Registry was used to determine the incidence of postoperative neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser capsulotomy (Nd:YAG) and time to posterior capsular opacification (PCO) diagnosis based on intraocular lens (IOL) type and brand.Methods: This retrospective analysis included eyes implanted with 1 of 2 IOL brands, with ≥ 365 days of follow-up available in the IRIS Registry, and ≥ 2 visits within 180 days of surgery. Analyses included Nd:YAG incidence due to PCO within 1 year after surgery by IOL type and brand, mean time to PCO diagnosis, and mean time to Nd:YAG.Results: Of 89,947 eyes after cataract surgery, 24,834 (28%) had PCO diagnosis within 365 days, and 9262 (10%) underwent Nd:YAG; 4.1% of 57,523 eyes with monofocal and 21.2% of 32,424 eyes with diffractive multifocal (MF) or diffractive extended depth of focus (EDOF) IOLs had Nd:YAG. Nd:YAG was 3.2 times more likely in eyes with diffractive MF or diffractive EDOF IOLs versus monofocal. For monofocal IOLs, 3.2% of eyes with AcrySof® and 8.1% of eyes with Tecnis® had Nd:YAG (P< 0.0001). For diffractive MF or diffractive EDOF IOLs, 13.0% of eyes with AcrySof and 21.7% of eyes with Tecnis had Nd:YAG (P< 0.0001). Nd:YAG risk was 2.4 times higher in eyes with Tecnis versus AcrySof IOLs. Overall, mean time to PCO diagnosis and Nd:YAG was 150.7 and 180.7 days. Mean time to PCO for monofocal versus diffractive MF or diffractive EDOF IOLs was 165.3 versus 139.7 days (P< 0.0001). Mean time to Nd:YAG for monofocal versus diffract

The localization of glutamate immunoreactivity was examined in the guinea pig cochlea using affinity purified polyclonal antibodies to glutamate and immunoperoxidase post-embedding staining techniques on one micron plastic sections. Glutamate immunoreactive staining was seen in both inner and outer hair cells and in spiral ganglion cells and auditory nerve fibers. These results support the hypothesis that glutamate may function as the hair cell transmitter or as a precursor to the transmitter and add further support for an excitatory amino acid as the transmitter of the auditory nerve.