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Der Aufstieg Chinas hat zu einer Reihe von Konflikten mit den führenden westlichen Ländern geführt. Der Hintergrund dieser Auseinandersetzungen besteht darin, dass chinesische Konzerne zu ernsthaften Konkurrenten US-amerikanischer und europäischer Unternehmen geworden sind und die Ordnungsvorstellungen von US- und EU-Machteliten auf der einen und jene Chinas auf der anderen Seite auseinanderdriften. Denn in China sind politische und wirtschaftliche Macht anders organisiert als in den westlichen Marktwirtschaften: Der Parteistaat ist (Teil‑)Eigentümer wichtiger Unternehmen und interveniert offen mit Fünfjahresplänen in die Volkswirtschaft. Die Kommunistische Partei Chinas ist als Regulationsinstanz in Unternehmen präsent. Gleichzeitig organisiert der Parteistaat seine Herrschaft durch Output-Legitimität und funktioniert vielerorts als kennziffergesteuertes, meritokratisches System. Die Expansion des hybriden chinesischen Parteistaatskapitalismus führt deshalb zu einem neuen Systemkonflikt: Wirtschaftlich werden aufstrebende chinesische (Staats‑)Unternehmen zu Konkurrenten, politisch wird die Kontrolle von sensiblen Datenströmen und Infrastrukturnetzwerken zum Streitpunkt. In dem Artikel werden aktuelle Konfliktdynamiken zwischen den USA und China einerseits und der EU und China andererseits in den Bereichen Außenhandel, Investitionen, Hochtechnologie und Industriepolitik aus der Perspektive der Vergleichenden Politischen Ökonomie und des Weltsystemansatzes untersucht. Es werden jeweils Unterschiede in den Reaktionen herausgearbeitet: Die USA setzten auf eine aggressive Handels- und Sanktionspolitik, während die EU mit defensiveren Maßnahmen reagiert hat. Es wird gezeigt, wie diese Konflikte Chinas staatsgetriebene Globalisierungsstrategie verändern und zur Restrukturierung der Weltwirtschaft beitragen., The rise of China has led to a series of conflicts with the leading Western countries. The reasons for these disputes are that Chinese corporations have become serious competitors for US and European companies and that there are diverging approaches of governing the market between Western and Chinese power elites. In China, political and economic power are organized differently than in the US and the EU. The party-state is the (partial) owner of important companies and openly intervenes in the national economy by five-year plans. Furthermore, the Communist Party of China is engaged in companies as a regulatory authority. At the same time, the party-state organizes its rule through output legitimacy and functions in many respects as an indicator-driven, meritocratic system. The expansion of hybrid Chinese party-state capitalism is therefore leading to a new system conflict. Economically, emerging Chinese (state-owned) enterprises are becoming competitors. Politically, the control of sensitive data flows and infrastructure networks is resulting in contention. The article analyzes current conflict dynamics between the US resp. the EU and China in the areas of foreign trade, investment, high technology, and industrial policy. Comparative political economy and world-system analysis guide the analysis. In each case, there are differences in the policy responses: The US has relied on aggressive trade and sanctions policies, while the EU has reacted more defensively. It is shown how these conflicts could change China's state-driven globalization strategy and contribute to the restructuring of the world economy.

According to the present trend, developing countries are progressively becoming the leading high-tech exporters. Growing high-tech exports from emerging countries has prompted concerns about their participation in the lowest fragment of the global value chain. Participating in the lowest segment may delay the catch-up process for developing countries and prolonging the income convergence between economies. As argued by the literature, innovation activities are not extensive at this stage. Hence, it may not be a requirement for high-tech export. Furthermore, statistics demonstrate a decrease in high-tech exports from developed countries, despite significant innovative investment. Hence, this leads to the questioning of the role of innovation in high-tech exports. Despite the anticipated gains of high-tech trade, the competitiveness of high-tech exporters remains low. Also, the reduction in employment is noticeable along with the increase in high-tech trade. Drawing upon this scenario, this research aims to study the role of innovation on high-tech trade and the implication of high-tech trade. This research is using a sample of 20 major high-tech exporting countries. The time span for this study is from 2007 to 2016. This research has three specific objectives. The first objective of this research is to analyse the impact of innovation on the high-tech trade. Departing from the existing literature, this study also examines the impact of innovation on the extensive margin of high-tech trade. The empirical analysis is conducted based on the gravity model of trade. Empirically, an increase in domestic research and expenditure (R&D) expenditure by one percent will induce high-tech exports value to grow by 0.34 percent and numbers of exported products by about 0.08 percent, respectively. The second objective of this study is to examine the impact of high-tech trade on national competitiveness. The empirical analysis was done using panel data estimation technique including

According to the present trend, developing countries are progressively becoming the leading high-tech exporters. Growing high-tech exports from emerging countries has prompted concerns about their participation in the lowest fragment of the global value chain. Participating in the lowest segment may delay the catch-up process for developing countries and prolonging the income convergence between economies. As argued by the literature, innovation activities are not extensive at this stage. Hence, it may not be a requirement for high-tech export. Furthermore, statistics demonstrate a decrease in high-tech exports from developed countries, despite significant innovative investment. Hence, this leads to the questioning of the role of innovation in high-tech exports. Despite the anticipated gains of high-tech trade, the competitiveness of high-tech exporters remains low. Also, the reduction in employment is noticeable along with the increase in high-tech trade. Drawing upon this scenario, this research aims to study the role of innovation on high-tech trade and the implication of high-tech trade. This research is using a sample of 20 major high-tech exporting countries. The time span for this study is from 2007 to 2016. This research has three specific objectives. The first objective of this research is to analyse the impact of innovation on the high-tech trade. Departing from the existing literature, this study also examines the impact of innovation on the extensive margin of high-tech trade. The empirical analysis is conducted based on the gravity model of trade. Empirically, an increase in domestic research and expenditure (R&D) expenditure by one percent will induce high-tech exports value to grow by 0.34 percent and numbers of exported products by about 0.08 percent, respectively. The second objective of this study is to examine the impact of high-tech trade on national competitiveness. The empirical analysis was done using panel data estimation technique including

Globalization and the processes of economic dynamics have permeated nations with a preponderant interest in the area of science and technology. In the case of Mexico, the process of technological development and innovation determines fundamental processes such as the possibility of competing in the market. Given this, it is important to be clear about the conception and importance that the Mexican state has in this regard. This document aims to give a general overview of technological development and innovation in Mexico from the description and analysis of its impact on the economic and social sector of the country in order to strengthen the social well-being of Mexican society in a sustainable and comprehensive way. in addition to identifying the potential in technology to introduce innovation processes or mechanisms, strengthening internal and external demand for innovative products, services, models and businesses created in Mexico, also contributing to physical and human capital with improvements in growth and generation of jobs., La globalización y los procesos de dinámica económica ha permeado en las naciones con interés preponderante en el área de la ciencia y tecnología. En el caso de México el proceso de desarrollo tecnológico e innovación determina procesos fundamentales como la posibilidad de competir en el mercado. Ante ello, es importante tener claro la concepción e importancia que el estado mexicano tiene al respecto. Este documento pretende dar un panorama general del desarrollo tecnológico e innovación en México a partir de la descripción y análisis del impacto del mismo en el sector económico y social del país con aras de fortalecer el bienestar social de la sociedad mexicana de forma sostenible e integral, además de identificar el potencial en la tecnología para introducir procesos o mecanismos de innovación fortaleciendo la demanda interna y externa por productos, servicios, modelos y negocios innovadores creado en México, coadyuvando de igual forma el capital físico y humano con mejoras en el crecimiento y generación de empleos.

The review article aims to analyze emerging technologies as a reality or utopia in Peru. Relying on the analytical-synthetic method as a means to scrutinize the documentation studied in order to build a theoretical synthesis in this regard. Therefore, it is necessary to establish policies that contribute to an education based on research and innovation as an essential factor to generate a culture based on the digital age 4.0 from the things of the internet. There is no emerging technology as a pilot test to articulate the path to a culture based on the internet of things, considering such a projection a utopia, but not far from reality, it is necessary to organize the route to achieve concrete actions leading to a job producer scientist of technological autonomy., El articulo de revisión tiene por objetivo analizar las tecnologías emergentes como una realidad u utopía en el Perú. Apoyándose en el método analítico – sintético como medio para escrutar la documentación estudiada con la finalidad de construir una síntesis teórica al respecto. Es necesario, por lo tanto, establecer políticas en contribución de una educación basada en la investigación e innovación como factor esencial para generar una cultura basada en la era digital 4.0 desde las cosas del internet. Se carece de una tecnología emergente como prueba piloto para articular el camino hacia una cultura basada en el internet de las cosas, considerándose una utopía tal proyección, pero no alejada de la realidad, es necesario organizar el recorrido para lograr concretar acciones conducentes a un trabajo científico productor de autonomía tecnológica.

The review article aims to analyze emerging technologies as a reality or utopia in Peru. Relying on the analytical-synthetic method as a means to scrutinize the documentation studied in order to build a theoretical synthesis in this regard. Therefore, it is necessary to establish policies that contribute to an education based on research and innovation as an essential factor to generate a culture based on the digital age 4.0 from the things of the internet. There is no emerging technology as a pilot test to articulate the path to a culture based on the internet of things, considering such a projection a utopia, but not far from reality, it is necessary to organize the route to achieve concrete actions leading to a job producer scientist of technological autonomy., El articulo de revisión tiene por objetivo analizar las tecnologías emergentes como una realidad u utopía en el Perú. Apoyándose en el método analítico – sintético como medio para escrutar la documentación estudiada con la finalidad de construir una síntesis teórica al respecto. Es necesario, por lo tanto, establecer políticas en contribución de una educación basada en la investigación e innovación como factor esencial para generar una cultura basada en la era digital 4.0 desde las cosas del internet. Se carece de una tecnología emergente como prueba piloto para articular el camino hacia una cultura basada en el internet de las cosas, considerándose una utopía tal proyección, pero no alejada de la realidad, es necesario organizar el recorrido para lograr concretar acciones conducentes a un trabajo científico productor de autonomía tecnológica.

The review article aims to analyze emerging technologies as a reality or utopia in Peru. Relying on the analytical-synthetic method as a means to scrutinize the documentation studied in order to build a theoretical synthesis in this regard. Therefore, it is necessary to establish policies that contribute to an education based on research and innovation as an essential factor to generate a culture based on the digital age 4.0 from the things of the internet. There is no emerging technology as a pilot test to articulate the path to a culture based on the internet of things, considering such a projection a utopia, but not far from reality, it is necessary to organize the route to achieve concrete actions leading to a job producer scientist of technological autonomy., El articulo de revisión tiene por objetivo analizar las tecnologías emergentes como una realidad u utopía en el Perú. Apoyándose en el método analítico – sintético como medio para escrutar la documentación estudiada con la finalidad de construir una síntesis teórica al respecto. Es necesario, por lo tanto, establecer políticas en contribución de una educación basada en la investigación e innovación como factor esencial para generar una cultura basada en la era digital 4.0 desde las cosas del internet. Se carece de una tecnología emergente como prueba piloto para articular el camino hacia una cultura basada en el internet de las cosas, considerándose una utopía tal proyección, pero no alejada de la realidad, es necesario organizar el recorrido para lograr concretar acciones conducentes a un trabajo científico productor de autonomía tecnológica.

The research exposes the results of a case study, taking as a unit of analysis a student of the Higher Technology in Sports Training with Down Syndrome career, who arrives with extensive skills in swimming and body expression. The investigative dynamics started from a diagnostic phase where a psychopedagogical analysis of the intellectual potentialities and limitations was carried out, used as a reference to develop a psychopedagogical strategy that would allow the development of professional skills, the proposal was built inductively through workshops with the participation of teachers involved; Actions were defined for curricular adaptations and levels of aid adjusted to the student’s needs. Three cuts were applied in the evaluation of the variable under study, placing each one at the end of the ordinary academic periods (PAO), each period with 16 weeks. The results of the three moments were contrasted using the Friedman non-parametric test, it is found that between the first and second PAO there are no significant differences, however, between the first and third PAO the significance of the changes showed that p = .001, as it is less than the preset value (p <.05), it is accepted (Hi) and the feasibility of the intervention in practice is demonstrated. The actions derived from the Strategy generated professional competencies that will allow the student to perform as an assisted Monitor, but not as a Superior Technologist, a decision recommended by the faculty for professional practice, considering that Sports Training constitutes a highly complex pedagogical process, La investigación expone los resultados de un estudio de caso, tomando como unidad de análisis un estudiante de la carrera deTecnología Superior en Entrenamiento Deportivo con Síndrome de Down, el cual llega con amplias habilidades en la natación y en laexpresión corporal. La dinámica investigativa partió de una fase diagnóstica donde se realizó un análisis psicopedagógico de laspotencialidades y limitaciones intelectuales, utilizadas como referente para elaborar una estrategia psicopedagógica que permitieradesarrollar competencias profesionales, la propuesta se construyó por vía inductiva mediante talleres con la participación de los docentesimplicados; se definieron acciones para las adaptaciones curriculares y niveles de ayudas ajustados a las necesidades del estudiante. Seaplicaron tres cortes en la evaluación de la variable en estudio, ubicando cada uno al final de los periodos académicos ordinarios (PAO),cada periodo con 16 semanas. Los resultados de los tres momentos fueron contrastados mediante la prueba no paramétrica Friedman, secomprueba que entre el primer y el segundo PAO no existen diferencias significativas, sin embargo entre el primer y el tercer PAO lasignificación de los cambios mostró que p=.001, al ser menor que el valor prefijado (p<.05) se acepta (Hi) y se demuestra la factibilidadde la intervención en la práctica. Las acciones derivadas de la Estrategia generaron competencias profesionales que le permitirán alestudiante desempeñarse como Monitor de forma asistida, más no de Tecnólogo Superior, decisión recomendada por el claustro para lapraxis profesional, atendiendo que el Entrenamiento Deportivo constituye un proceso pedagógico altamente complejo

Globalization and the processes of economic dynamics have permeated nations with a preponderant interest in the area of science and technology. In the case of Mexico, the process of technological development and innovation determines fundamental processes such as the possibility of competing in the market. Given this, it is important to be clear about the conception and importance that the Mexican state has in this regard. This document aims to give a general overview of technological development and innovation in Mexico from the description and analysis of its impact on the economic and social sector of the country in order to strengthen the social well-being of Mexican society in a sustainable and comprehensive way. in addition to identifying the potential in technology to introduce innovation processes or mechanisms, strengthening internal and external demand for innovative products, services, models and businesses created in Mexico, also contributing to physical and human capital with improvements in growth and generation of jobs., La globalización y los procesos de dinámica económica ha permeado en las naciones con interés preponderante en el área de la ciencia y tecnología. En el caso de México el proceso de desarrollo tecnológico e innovación determina procesos fundamentales como la posibilidad de competir en el mercado. Ante ello, es importante tener claro la concepción e importancia que el estado mexicano tiene al respecto. Este documento pretende dar un panorama general del desarrollo tecnológico e innovación en México a partir de la descripción y análisis del impacto del mismo en el sector económico y social del país con aras de fortalecer el bienestar social de la sociedad mexicana de forma sostenible e integral, además de identificar el potencial en la tecnología para introducir procesos o mecanismos de innovación fortaleciendo la demanda interna y externa por productos, servicios, modelos y negocios innovadores creado en México, coadyuvando de igual forma el capital físico y humano con mejoras en el crecimiento y generación de empleos.

The review article aims to analyze emerging technologies as a reality or utopia in Peru. Relying on the analytical-synthetic method as a means to scrutinize the documentation studied in order to build a theoretical synthesis in this regard. Therefore, it is necessary to establish policies that contribute to an education based on research and innovation as an essential factor to generate a culture based on the digital age 4.0 from the things of the internet. There is no emerging technology as a pilot test to articulate the path to a culture based on the internet of things, considering such a projection a utopia, but not far from reality, it is necessary to organize the route to achieve concrete actions leading to a job producer scientist of technological autonomy., El articulo de revisión tiene por objetivo analizar las tecnologías emergentes como una realidad u utopía en el Perú. Apoyándose en el método analítico – sintético como medio para escrutar la documentación estudiada con la finalidad de construir una síntesis teórica al respecto. Es necesario, por lo tanto, establecer políticas en contribución de una educación basada en la investigación e innovación como factor esencial para generar una cultura basada en la era digital 4.0 desde las cosas del internet. Se carece de una tecnología emergente como prueba piloto para articular el camino hacia una cultura basada en el internet de las cosas, considerándose una utopía tal proyección, pero no alejada de la realidad, es necesario organizar el recorrido para lograr concretar acciones conducentes a un trabajo científico productor de autonomía tecnológica.

The review article aims to analyze emerging technologies as a reality or utopia in Peru. Relying on the analytical-synthetic method as a means to scrutinize the documentation studied in order to build a theoretical synthesis in this regard. Therefore, it is necessary to establish policies that contribute to an education based on research and innovation as an essential factor to generate a culture based on the digital age 4.0 from the things of the internet. There is no emerging technology as a pilot test to articulate the path to a culture based on the internet of things, considering such a projection a utopia, but not far from reality, it is necessary to organize the route to achieve concrete actions leading to a job producer scientist of technological autonomy., El articulo de revisión tiene por objetivo analizar las tecnologías emergentes como una realidad u utopía en el Perú. Apoyándose en el método analítico – sintético como medio para escrutar la documentación estudiada con la finalidad de construir una síntesis teórica al respecto. Es necesario, por lo tanto, establecer políticas en contribución de una educación basada en la investigación e innovación como factor esencial para generar una cultura basada en la era digital 4.0 desde las cosas del internet. Se carece de una tecnología emergente como prueba piloto para articular el camino hacia una cultura basada en el internet de las cosas, considerándose una utopía tal proyección, pero no alejada de la realidad, es necesario organizar el recorrido para lograr concretar acciones conducentes a un trabajo científico productor de autonomía tecnológica.

The review article aims to analyze emerging technologies as a reality or utopia in Peru. Relying on the analytical-synthetic method as a means to scrutinize the documentation studied in order to build a theoretical synthesis in this regard. Therefore, it is necessary to establish policies that contribute to an education based on research and innovation as an essential factor to generate a culture based on the digital age 4.0 from the things of the internet. There is no emerging technology as a pilot test to articulate the path to a culture based on the internet of things, considering such a projection a utopia, but not far from reality, it is necessary to organize the route to achieve concrete actions leading to a job producer scientist of technological autonomy., El articulo de revisión tiene por objetivo analizar las tecnologías emergentes como una realidad u utopía en el Perú. Apoyándose en el método analítico – sintético como medio para escrutar la documentación estudiada con la finalidad de construir una síntesis teórica al respecto. Es necesario, por lo tanto, establecer políticas en contribución de una educación basada en la investigación e innovación como factor esencial para generar una cultura basada en la era digital 4.0 desde las cosas del internet. Se carece de una tecnología emergente como prueba piloto para articular el camino hacia una cultura basada en el internet de las cosas, considerándose una utopía tal proyección, pero no alejada de la realidad, es necesario organizar el recorrido para lograr concretar acciones conducentes a un trabajo científico productor de autonomía tecnológica.

This paper presents the mantisGRID project, an interinstitutional initiative from Colombian medical and academic centers aiming to provide medical grid services for Colombia and Latin America. The mantisGRID is a GRID platform, based on open source grid infrastructure that provides the necessary services to access and exchange medical images and associated information following digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) and health level 7 standards. The paper focuses first on the data abstraction architecture, which is achieved via Open Grid Services Architecture Data Access and Integration (OGSA-DAI) services and supported by the Globus Toolkit. The grid currently uses a 30-Mb bandwidth of the Colombian High Technology Academic Network, RENATA, connected to Internet 2. It also includes a discussion on the relational database created to handle the DICOM objects that were represented using Extensible Markup Language Schema documents, as well as other features implemented such as data security, user authentication, and patient confidentiality. Grid performance was tested using the three current operative nodes and the results demonstrated comparable query times between the mantisGRID (OGSA-DAI) and Distributed mySQL databases, especially for a large number of records.

This paper presents the mantisGRID project, an interinstitutional initiative from Colombian medical and academic centers aiming to provide medical grid services for Colombia and Latin America. The mantisGRID is a GRID platform, based on open source grid infrastructure that provides the necessary services to access and exchange medical images and associated information following digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) and health level 7 standards. The paper focuses first on the data abstraction architecture, which is achieved via Open Grid Services Architecture Data Access and Integration (OGSA-DAI) services and supported by the Globus Toolkit. The grid currently uses a 30-Mb bandwidth of the Colombian High Technology Academic Network, RENATA, connected to Internet 2. It also includes a discussion on the relational database created to handle the DICOM objects that were represented using Extensible Markup Language Schema documents, as well as other features implemented such as data security, user authentication, and patient confidentiality. Grid performance was tested using the three current operative nodes and the results demonstrated comparable query times between the mantisGRID (OGSA-DAI) and Distributed mySQL databases, especially for a large number of records.

This paper presents the mantisGRID project, an interinstitutional initiative from Colombian medical and academic centers aiming to provide medical grid services for Colombia and Latin America. The mantisGRID is a GRID platform, based on open source grid infrastructure that provides the necessary services to access and exchange medical images and associated information following digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) and health level 7 standards. The paper focuses first on the data abstraction architecture, which is achieved via Open Grid Services Architecture Data Access and Integration (OGSA-DAI) services and supported by the Globus Toolkit. The grid currently uses a 30-Mb bandwidth of the Colombian High Technology Academic Network, RENATA, connected to Internet 2. It also includes a discussion on the relational database created to handle the DICOM objects that were represented using Extensible Markup Language Schema documents, as well as other features implemented such as data security, user authentication, and patient confidentiality. Grid performance was tested using the three current operative nodes and the results demonstrated comparable query times between the mantisGRID (OGSA-DAI) and Distributed mySQL databases, especially for a large number of records.

The objective of the investigation was to identify the main procedures or maneuvers in which the pilots present greater difficulty within the training syllabus of the Airbus A320 flight simulator, at the same time that the results obtained between the various segments of professionals investigated are compared and proposed alternatives to mitigate this problem from the educational part. The work was developed through non-experimental-descriptive research with a cross-sectional quantitative approach. The results show that both the pilots and the co-pilots have difficulties in the simulator, which appear during the simulator tests and their non-approval can be overcome with adequate training based on permanent educational tutorial support that allows mastering the operational procedures. aircraft standard., El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar los principales procedimientos o maniobras en los cuales los pilotos presentan mayor dificultad dentro del training syllabus del simulador de vuelo Airbus A320, a la vez que se comparan los resultados obtenidos entre los diversos segmentos de profesionales investigados y se proponen alternativas para mitigar este problema desde la parte educativa. El trabajo se desarrolló a través de una investigación no experimental – descriptiva con un enfoque cuantitativo transversal. Los resultados evidencian que tanto los pilotos como los copilotos, tienen dificultades en el simulador, las cuales se presentan durante las pruebas en simulador y su no aprobación, se puede superar con una adecuada capacitación basada en acompañamiento tutorial educativo permanente que permita dominar los procedimientos operacionales estándar de las aeronaves.

The objective of the investigation was to identify the main procedures or maneuvers in which the pilots present greater difficulty within the training syllabus of the Airbus A320 flight simulator, at the same time that the results obtained between the various segments of professionals investigated are compared and proposed alternatives to mitigate this problem from the educational part. The work was developed through non-experimental-descriptive research with a cross-sectional quantitative approach. The results show that both the pilots and the co-pilots have difficulties in the simulator, which appear during the simulator tests and their non-approval can be overcome with adequate training based on permanent educational tutorial support that allows mastering the operational procedures. aircraft standard., El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar los principales procedimientos o maniobras en los cuales los pilotos presentan mayor dificultad dentro del training syllabus del simulador de vuelo Airbus A320, a la vez que se comparan los resultados obtenidos entre los diversos segmentos de profesionales investigados y se proponen alternativas para mitigar este problema desde la parte educativa. El trabajo se desarrolló a través de una investigación no experimental – descriptiva con un enfoque cuantitativo transversal. Los resultados evidencian que tanto los pilotos como los copilotos, tienen dificultades en el simulador, las cuales se presentan durante las pruebas en simulador y su no aprobación, se puede superar con una adecuada capacitación basada en acompañamiento tutorial educativo permanente que permita dominar los procedimientos operacionales estándar de las aeronaves.

The objective of the investigation was to identify the main procedures or maneuvers in which the pilots present greater difficulty within the training syllabus of the Airbus A320 flight simulator, at the same time that the results obtained between the various segments of professionals investigated are compared and proposed alternatives to mitigate this problem from the educational part. The work was developed through non-experimental-descriptive research with a cross-sectional quantitative approach. The results show that both the pilots and the co-pilots have difficulties in the simulator, which appear during the simulator tests and their non-approval can be overcome with adequate training based on permanent educational tutorial support that allows mastering the operational procedures. aircraft standard., El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar los principales procedimientos o maniobras en los cuales los pilotos presentan mayor dificultad dentro del training syllabus del simulador de vuelo Airbus A320, a la vez que se comparan los resultados obtenidos entre los diversos segmentos de profesionales investigados y se proponen alternativas para mitigar este problema desde la parte educativa. El trabajo se desarrolló a través de una investigación no experimental – descriptiva con un enfoque cuantitativo transversal. Los resultados evidencian que tanto los pilotos como los copilotos, tienen dificultades en el simulador, las cuales se presentan durante las pruebas en simulador y su no aprobación, se puede superar con una adecuada capacitación basada en acompañamiento tutorial educativo permanente que permita dominar los procedimientos operacionales estándar de las aeronaves.

The objective of the investigation was to identify the main procedures or maneuvers in which the pilots present greater difficulty within the training syllabus of the Airbus A320 flight simulator, at the same time that the results obtained between the various segments of professionals investigated are compared and proposed alternatives to mitigate this problem from the educational part. The work was developed through non-experimental-descriptive research with a cross-sectional quantitative approach. The results show that both the pilots and the co-pilots have difficulties in the simulator, which appear during the simulator tests and their non-approval can be overcome with adequate training based on permanent educational tutorial support that allows mastering the operational procedures. aircraft standard., El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar los principales procedimientos o maniobras en los cuales los pilotos presentan mayor dificultad dentro del training syllabus del simulador de vuelo Airbus A320, a la vez que se comparan los resultados obtenidos entre los diversos segmentos de profesionales investigados y se proponen alternativas para mitigar este problema desde la parte educativa. El trabajo se desarrolló a través de una investigación no experimental – descriptiva con un enfoque cuantitativo transversal. Los resultados evidencian que tanto los pilotos como los copilotos, tienen dificultades en el simulador, las cuales se presentan durante las pruebas en simulador y su no aprobación, se puede superar con una adecuada capacitación basada en acompañamiento tutorial educativo permanente que permita dominar los procedimientos operacionales estándar de las aeronaves.

Neurological disorders have affected millions of people in the world, because nervous system integrates sensorial perceptual abilities, consciousness, cognition, learning, language and motor control. It is necessary to carry out studies that determine the applicability of high technology in neurological injuries for the rehabilitation process. Objective: Identify the main applications of high technology in patients with neurological disorders. Method: The research included 130 articles, 59 met the inclusion criteria so a scientific literature search process was carried out in PubMed, Central Cochrane Registry of Controlled Clinical Trials -CENTRAL, LILACS, Scielo, as well as, in the virtual libraries, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, SpringerLink, BioMed Central, Occupational Therapy Systematic Evaluation of Evidence (OTSEEKER), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), searches was carried out in the period November 25, 2018 to April 25, 2019. Results: There are different intervention strategies mediated by high technology around motor function P <.01, activity scales P <.01 for MAS, MFT and WMFT-ability, and P <.05 WMFT-time, showing different evolutionary patterns in measurements of function and activity, which determines clear benefits related to training assisted by robotic devices and virtual reality. Conclusion: It is necessary to highlight that the implementation of high technology in rehabilitation has demonstrated an outstanding level of effectiveness in the functional capacity of subjects with neurological injury, chosen as a strategy that allows to expand the social participation of people with disabilities in cultural areas, recreational, sports among others., Los trastornos neurológicos afectan a millones de personas en el mundo. El sistema nervioso integra capacidades sensorio-perceptivas, conciencia, cognición, aprendizaje, lenguaje y control motor, por lo que una alteración en el mismo tendrá como resultado disfunción en algunas o en todas estas capacidades. La alta tecnología disponible en nuestros días nos puede ayudar en la intervención terapéutica para recuperar función motora y sensitiva, siendo necesario realizar estudios que determinen la aplicabilidad de la alta tecnología en lesiones neurológicas durante el proceso de rehabilitación. Objetivo: Identificar las principales aplicaciones de la alta tecnología en los pacientes con alteraciones neurológicas. Método: La investigación incluyó 130 artículos de los cuales 59 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión para lo cual se hizo un proceso de búsqueda de literatura científica en PubMed, registro Central Cochrane de Ensayos Clínicos Controlados – CENTRAL, LILACS, Scielo, así como, en las bibliotecas virtuales, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, SpringerLink, BioMed Central, Occupational Therapy Systematic Evaluation of Evidence (OTSEEKER), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), búsquedas realizadas en el periodo 25 de noviembre del 2018 al 25 de abril del 2019. Resultados: Existen diferentes estrategias de intervención mediados por la alta tecnología. Las intervenciones que utilizan alta tecnología mejoran significativamente los resultados en las escalas de función motora (p <0.01) y en las escalas de actividad (p <0.01 para Motor Assessment Scale (MAS), Manual Function Test (MFT) y WolfMotor Function (WMFThabilidad), y p<0.05 (WMFT-tiempo), lo que determina beneficios claros relacionados con el entrenamiento asistido por dispositivos robóticos y realidad virtual. Conclusión: Es necesario resaltar que la implementación de la alta tecnología en rehabilitación ha demostrado tener un destacado nivel de efectividad en la mejora de la capacidad funcional de sujetos con lesión ne

The objective of the investigation was to identify the main procedures or maneuvers in which the pilots present greater difficulty within the training syllabus of the Airbus A320 flight simulator, at the same time that the results obtained between the various segments of professionals investigated are compared and proposed alternatives to mitigate this problem from the educational part. The work was developed through non-experimental-descriptive research with a cross-sectional quantitative approach. The results show that both the pilots and the co-pilots have difficulties in the simulator, which appear during the simulator tests and their non-approval can be overcome with adequate training based on permanent educational tutorial support that allows mastering the operational procedures. aircraft standard., El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar los principales procedimientos o maniobras en los cuales los pilotos presentan mayor dificultad dentro del training syllabus del simulador de vuelo Airbus A320, a la vez que se comparan los resultados obtenidos entre los diversos segmentos de profesionales investigados y se proponen alternativas para mitigar este problema desde la parte educativa. El trabajo se desarrolló a través de una investigación no experimental – descriptiva con un enfoque cuantitativo transversal. Los resultados evidencian que tanto los pilotos como los copilotos, tienen dificultades en el simulador, las cuales se presentan durante las pruebas en simulador y su no aprobación, se puede superar con una adecuada capacitación basada en acompañamiento tutorial educativo permanente que permita dominar los procedimientos operacionales estándar de las aeronaves.

The objective of the investigation was to identify the main procedures or maneuvers in which the pilots present greater difficulty within the training syllabus of the Airbus A320 flight simulator, at the same time that the results obtained between the various segments of professionals investigated are compared and proposed alternatives to mitigate this problem from the educational part. The work was developed through non-experimental-descriptive research with a cross-sectional quantitative approach. The results show that both the pilots and the co-pilots have difficulties in the simulator, which appear during the simulator tests and their non-approval can be overcome with adequate training based on permanent educational tutorial support that allows mastering the operational procedures. aircraft standard., El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar los principales procedimientos o maniobras en los cuales los pilotos presentan mayor dificultad dentro del training syllabus del simulador de vuelo Airbus A320, a la vez que se comparan los resultados obtenidos entre los diversos segmentos de profesionales investigados y se proponen alternativas para mitigar este problema desde la parte educativa. El trabajo se desarrolló a través de una investigación no experimental – descriptiva con un enfoque cuantitativo transversal. Los resultados evidencian que tanto los pilotos como los copilotos, tienen dificultades en el simulador, las cuales se presentan durante las pruebas en simulador y su no aprobación, se puede superar con una adecuada capacitación basada en acompañamiento tutorial educativo permanente que permita dominar los procedimientos operacionales estándar de las aeronaves.

Federal programmes to support regional clusters in Russia were introduced several years ago. Today, they need updating and revision. A promising starting point for effective support for hi-tech and innovative clusters may be an evaluation of cluster performance aimed to understand whether further development and financing of cluster projects are required and whether the list of supported clusters should be extended or reduced. This article analyses the case of the Silicon Saxony innovation cluster (Germany), using the World Bank’s methodology for cluster competitiveness evaluation. Each analysis tool is provided with concrete data obtained for Germany and the Silicon Saxony cluster over the past ten years. Competitive clusters considered in the analysis are Minalogic in Grenoble (France) and Micro- and nanosystems in Catania (Italy). The results of employing the methodology are examined from the perspective of its possible use in evaluating the competitiveness of innovative clusters in the Russian Federation. Early recommendations on adapting the methodology are produced.

In der Fahrzeugindustrie halten aktuell eine Reihe von Neuerungen Einzug. So sorgen neben dem Umstieg auf E‑Mobilität hochtechnologische Assistenzsysteme in Fahrzeugen für einschneidende Veränderungen. Eine weitere mit diesen neuen Systemen einhergehende Neuerung ist, dass Autos nun wie Smartphones mit regelmäßigen Updates versorgt werden. Der Hersteller Tesla behauptet sogar, seine Autos in Zukunft per Softwareupdate zum vollautonomen Fahrzeug upgraden zu können. Diese Entwicklung kann zu einer nicht nachhaltigen und risikoreichen Entwicklung der IT‑Security und der Umweltbilanz des Fahrzeugsektors führen., Today's automotive industry is changing rapidly. The slow movement toward electric mobility and highly technical assistant systems challenge old hierarchies. Another innovation associated with the latter is that cars now receive regular software updates, just like smartphones. Tesla even claims to be able to upgrade their cars to fully autonomous driving in the future. This could lead to an unsustainable and risky development of IT security and the environmental performance of the vehicle sector.

Purpose: This study examined speech and language pathologists' (SLPs') perceptions and practices of communication partner training with high-tech speech generating devices (SGDs). Method: Fifteen SLPs were recruited throughout Sweden. The SLPs answered a study-specific questionnaire on communication partner training in relation to communication partners to children with severe cerebral palsy and intellectual disability. The results were analysed with descriptive statistics (closed-ended questions, responses on Likert scales) and content analysis (open-ended question) using ICF-CY. Results: Twelve SLPs completed the survey. Half had no or one training session with communication partners in the last year. One-third never used documents for goal-setting. Half seldom or never taught communication partner strategies. Three quarters only used verbal instructions. The main obstacles were environmental factors. Conclusions: This study contributes valuable knowledge about high-tech SGD interventions targeting communication partners. The high-tech SGD intervention may benefit from goal-setting, extended number of training sessions and a range of instructional approaches.

Analysen zu interdependenten Beziehungen zwischen der Wirtschaftsentwicklung, dem räumlichen Differenzierungsprozeß und der Raumwirtschaftspolitik stellen einen integralen Bestandteil wirtschaftsgeographischer Forschung dar. Vorhegender Beitrag ordnet sich in diesen Themenkreis ein und zielt insbesondere darauf ab, die Erfolgsaussichten eines multivariablen Zielsystems der Raumwirtschaftspolitik zu überprüfen. Am Beispiel Südkoreas wird sowohl die Notwendigkeit der aktuellen Industrialisierungsphase - Einstieg in die High-Tech-Industrie - für eine erfolgreiche Wirtschaftsentwicklung als auch der Einfluß dieser Industrialisierung auf die Entwicklung regionaler Disparitäten aufgezeigt, um darauf aufbauend das multivariable Zielsystem der südkoreanischen Regierung (Harmonisierung von nationalem Wachstumsziel und regionalem Ausgleichsziel) zu evaluieren.

Ausgehend von der Ein- und Abgrenzung der Begriffe "Wissen" und "Nichtwissen" wird in diesem Beitrag analysiert, wie interaktive Kognitionsprozesse in hochtechnisierten Organisationen funktionieren. Im Zentrum der Analyse steht der Umgang mit Nichtwissen und Fehlern, der am Beispiel zweier Berufsgruppen untersucht wird. Am Beispiel von Critical-Incident-Reporting-Systemen in Krankenhäusern und in der Luftfahrt wird in vergleichender Perspektive analysiert, wie Wissens- und Nichtwissensprobleme angesichts fortschreitender Technisierung bewältigt werden., Starting from defining the terms "knowledge" and "ignorance", we analyze interactive cognitive processes in high reliability organizations. Especially in the field of medicine and aviation it is important to know how doctors and pilots deal with ignorance and failures. For this purpose, we compare the use of critical-incident-reporting systems with the help of two case studies in medicine and aviation.

Purpose: This study examined speech and language pathologists' (SLPs') perceptions and practices of communication partner training with high-tech speech generating devices (SGDs). Method: Fifteen SLPs were recruited throughout Sweden. The SLPs answered a study-specific questionnaire on communication partner training in relation to communication partners to children with severe cerebral palsy and intellectual disability. The results were analysed with descriptive statistics (closed-ended questions, responses on Likert scales) and content analysis (open-ended question) using ICF-CY. Results: Twelve SLPs completed the survey. Half had no or one training session with communication partners in the last year. One-third never used documents for goal-setting. Half seldom or never taught communication partner strategies. Three quarters only used verbal instructions. The main obstacles were environmental factors. Conclusions: This study contributes valuable knowledge about high-tech SGD interventions targeting communication partners. The high-tech SGD intervention may benefit from goal-setting, extended number of training sessions and a range of instructional approaches.

Purpose: This study examined speech and language pathologists' (SLPs') perceptions and practices of communication partner training with high-tech speech generating devices (SGDs). Method: Fifteen SLPs were recruited throughout Sweden. The SLPs answered a study-specific questionnaire on communication partner training in relation to communication partners to children with severe cerebral palsy and intellectual disability. The results were analysed with descriptive statistics (closed-ended questions, responses on Likert scales) and content analysis (open-ended question) using ICF-CY. Results: Twelve SLPs completed the survey. Half had no or one training session with communication partners in the last year. One-third never used documents for goal-setting. Half seldom or never taught communication partner strategies. Three quarters only used verbal instructions. The main obstacles were environmental factors. Conclusions: This study contributes valuable knowledge about high-tech SGD interventions targeting communication partners. The high-tech SGD intervention may benefit from goal-setting, extended number of training sessions and a range of instructional approaches.

Purpose: This study examined speech and language pathologists' (SLPs') perceptions and practices of communication partner training with high-tech speech generating devices (SGDs). Method: Fifteen SLPs were recruited throughout Sweden. The SLPs answered a study-specific questionnaire on communication partner training in relation to communication partners to children with severe cerebral palsy and intellectual disability. The results were analysed with descriptive statistics (closed-ended questions, responses on Likert scales) and content analysis (open-ended question) using ICF-CY. Results: Twelve SLPs completed the survey. Half had no or one training session with communication partners in the last year. One-third never used documents for goal-setting. Half seldom or never taught communication partner strategies. Three quarters only used verbal instructions. The main obstacles were environmental factors. Conclusions: This study contributes valuable knowledge about high-tech SGD interventions targeting communication partners. The high-tech SGD intervention may benefit from goal-setting, extended number of training sessions and a range of instructional approaches.

Purpose: This study examined speech and language pathologists' (SLPs') perceptions and practices of communication partner training with high-tech speech generating devices (SGDs). Method: Fifteen SLPs were recruited throughout Sweden. The SLPs answered a study-specific questionnaire on communication partner training in relation to communication partners to children with severe cerebral palsy and intellectual disability. The results were analysed with descriptive statistics (closed-ended questions, responses on Likert scales) and content analysis (open-ended question) using ICF-CY. Results: Twelve SLPs completed the survey. Half had no or one training session with communication partners in the last year. One-third never used documents for goal-setting. Half seldom or never taught communication partner strategies. Three quarters only used verbal instructions. The main obstacles were environmental factors. Conclusions: This study contributes valuable knowledge about high-tech SGD interventions targeting communication partners. The high-tech SGD intervention may benefit from goal-setting, extended number of training sessions and a range of instructional approaches.

Purpose: This study examined speech and language pathologists' (SLPs') perceptions and practices of communication partner training with high-tech speech generating devices (SGDs). Method: Fifteen SLPs were recruited throughout Sweden. The SLPs answered a study-specific questionnaire on communication partner training in relation to communication partners to children with severe cerebral palsy and intellectual disability. The results were analysed with descriptive statistics (closed-ended questions, responses on Likert scales) and content analysis (open-ended question) using ICF-CY. Results: Twelve SLPs completed the survey. Half had no or one training session with communication partners in the last year. One-third never used documents for goal-setting. Half seldom or never taught communication partner strategies. Three quarters only used verbal instructions. The main obstacles were environmental factors. Conclusions: This study contributes valuable knowledge about high-tech SGD interventions targeting communication partners. The high-tech SGD intervention may benefit from goal-setting, extended number of training sessions and a range of instructional approaches.

The article is dedicated to studying the role of modern technology in improving the experience of hotel guests and increasing customer satisfaction. A number of modern and modern tools are proposed to help increase hotel profits and productivity, taking into account hotel classification and analysis of results before and after the use of these methods. An analysis of tourism activity and the impact of modern technology and various management tools in hotels are conducted to improve operations and profits.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore patterns as well as determinants of regional specialisation in China's biopharmaceutical industry. It identifies and characterizes different types of enterprises engaged in the biopharmaceutical sector in terms of their business organisation and regional set up. Design/methodology/approach: Based on data compilations not yet employed in academic analysis as well as personal interviews in China, structural determinants and driving forces of development are analysed against the background of the innovation systems literature. Findings: The geography of innovation in China's biopharmaceutical industry is determined by both, government policy and the strategic location decisions of entrepreneurs. While local‐government support of firm clustering has contributed to a dispersion of industrial activity throughout China, the firms networks are spanning clusters. Effectively, domestic firms are turning into multi‐regional companies locating activities such as R&D and manufacturing at different clusters. Originality/value: The paper adds to the literature in so far as it throws light on an until now under‐researched field of China's innovation system. It identifies the concept of multi‐regionalism among domestic non‐state enterprises as an important parameter for understanding success and regional distribution of the industry.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dynamics of China's health biotech clusters from an interregional perspective. By treating clustering as the result of firms' localization choices, the paper examines whether and why different types of firms agglomerate in the various locations. Design/methodology/approach: The paper employs a demographic approach that is inspired by the 2006 work of Romanelli and Feldman on cluster development in the USA. It categorizes China's clusters based on differences in the degree of policy support and the nature of the science base. Then, it draws a sample of 75 of China's most visible firms and analyses them in terms of entrepreneurial origin, their location and, if applicable, the location of their subsidiaries. By matching types of firms with types of clusters, the paper highlights some characteristics of China's regional development. Findings: Studies on China's high‐tech agglomerations unanimously complain about a lack of "creative buzz" compared to the vibrant clusters of for example, the Bay Area in the USA. The analysis indicates that the lack of a creative culture is associated with the anatomy of cluster development. China's clusters grow to a significant extent by attracting enterprise subsidiaries to their sites. The authors argue that these particular cluster anatomies are founded on China's capital market. As the capital market is not prepared to provide pre‐revenue firms with sufficient funds, firms have to earn revenue quickly in order to ensure their viability. Therefore, they concentrate on building up manufacturing capacity and exploiting given technologies. The main point is that local governments as major providers of financial support are instrumental in this process. The establishment of manufacturing subsidiaries in various locations rests on the rationale of collecting funds. This leads to the conclusion that national capital markets either reinforce or inhibit clustering depending on how much it

The article analyses the relationship between economic growth and exports of high technology. To test this hypothesis, we used the method of linear regression (ordinary least squares) applied to the statistical data for the group of advanced economies for 1992-2016 years. In the result, it was proven that, in General, this relationship exists but the relationship of the economic growth in most developed countries depends not only on the export of high technology, so much from royalties for intellectual property., В статье анализируется взаимосвязь экономического роста и экспорта высоких технологий. Для проверки данной гипотезы был использован метод линейной регрессии (обычных наименьших квадратов) в применении к статистическим данным по группе стран с развитой экономикой за 1992-2016 годы. В результате было доказано, что в целом данная взаимосвязь существует, но связь экономического роста у наиболее развитых стран зависит не столько от экспорта высоких технологий, столько от отчислений за интеллектуальную собственность.

Existe ausencia de información acerca de la gestión de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación en los centros de alta tecnología tanto en el ámbito internacional como nacional. El objetivo de este trabajo es explicar la gestión organizacional histórica implementada por un centro de alta tecnología cubano que cierra el ciclo productivo bajo una única dirección como es el Centro de Inmunología Molecular. Se exponen las experiencias de sus especialistas y el resultado de sus indicadores durante una década. Se concluye que la gestión de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación y del cierre del ciclo en el centro ha tenido un impacto económico y social positivo en el país y contribuye al perfeccionamiento de estos tipos de centro., There is no information about the management of science, technology and innovation in high technology centers in both the international and national levels .The aim of this paper is to explain the historical organizational management implemented by a center of high technology Cuban closed production cycle under single management such as the Center of Molecular Immunology. The experiences of their specialists and the result of its indicators are set for a decade. We conclude that the management of science, technology and innovation and closing the loop in the center has had a positive economic and social impact on the country and contributes to the development of these types of center.

Existe ausencia de información acerca de la gestión de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación en los centros de alta tecnología tanto en el ámbito internacional como nacional. El objetivo de este trabajo es explicar la gestión organizacional histórica implementada por un centro de alta tecnología cubano que cierra el ciclo productivo bajo una única dirección como es el Centro de Inmunología Molecular. Se exponen las experiencias de sus especialistas y el resultado de sus indicadores durante una década. Se concluye que la gestión de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación y del cierre del ciclo en el centro ha tenido un impacto económico y social positivo en el país y contribuye al perfeccionamiento de estos tipos de centro., There is no information about the management of science, technology and innovation in high technology centers in both the international and national levels .The aim of this paper is to explain the historical organizational management implemented by a center of high technology Cuban closed production cycle under single management such as the Center of Molecular Immunology. The experiences of their specialists and the result of its indicators are set for a decade. We conclude that the management of science, technology and innovation and closing the loop in the center has had a positive economic and social impact on the country and contributes to the development of these types of center.

Existe ausencia de información acerca de la gestión de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación en los centros de alta tecnología tanto en el ámbito internacional como nacional. El objetivo de este trabajo es explicar la gestión organizacional histórica implementada por un centro de alta tecnología cubano que cierra el ciclo productivo bajo una única dirección como es el Centro de Inmunología Molecular. Se exponen las experiencias de sus especialistas y el resultado de sus indicadores durante una década. Se concluye que la gestión de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación y del cierre del ciclo en el centro ha tenido un impacto económico y social positivo en el país y contribuye al perfeccionamiento de estos tipos de centro., There is no information about the management of science, technology and innovation in high technology centers in both the international and national levels .The aim of this paper is to explain the historical organizational management implemented by a center of high technology Cuban closed production cycle under single management such as the Center of Molecular Immunology. The experiences of their specialists and the result of its indicators are set for a decade. We conclude that the management of science, technology and innovation and closing the loop in the center has had a positive economic and social impact on the country and contributes to the development of these types of center.

This study aims to identify the main characteristics of the activities concentrating on R&D and innovation in the industrial sector of high and medium-high technology, and also the main differences with regard to non technological sectors. In order to do so we use data on 1540 manufacturing companies in Spain in two subgroups according to the National Classification of Economic Activities (CNAE). The data correspond to the values of 44 variables organised into 5 blocks of activity that have to do with R&D and innovation. The study includes an exploratory-descriptive analysis with the aim of providing information, and evidence of the outstanding characteristics of sectors with more technological components compared with other industrial manufacturing sectors. Although the study refers to Spanish companies, a large proportion of the results are easily transferrable to similar socioeconomic environments.

Existe ausencia de información acerca de la gestión de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación en los centros de alta tecnología tanto en el ámbito internacional como nacional. El objetivo de este trabajo es explicar la gestión organizacional histórica implementada por un centro de alta tecnología cubano que cierra el ciclo productivo bajo una única dirección como es el Centro de Inmunología Molecular. Se exponen las experiencias de sus especialistas y el resultado de sus indicadores durante una década. Se concluye que la gestión de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación y del cierre del ciclo en el centro ha tenido un impacto económico y social positivo en el país y contribuye al perfeccionamiento de estos tipos de centro., There is no information about the management of science, technology and innovation in high technology centers in both the international and national levels .The aim of this paper is to explain the historical organizational management implemented by a center of high technology Cuban closed production cycle under single management such as the Center of Molecular Immunology. The experiences of their specialists and the result of its indicators are set for a decade. We conclude that the management of science, technology and innovation and closing the loop in the center has had a positive economic and social impact on the country and contributes to the development of these types of center.

Existe ausencia de información acerca de la gestión de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación en los centros de alta tecnología tanto en el ámbito internacional como nacional. El objetivo de este trabajo es explicar la gestión organizacional histórica implementada por un centro de alta tecnología cubano que cierra el ciclo productivo bajo una única dirección como es el Centro de Inmunología Molecular. Se exponen las experiencias de sus especialistas y el resultado de sus indicadores durante una década. Se concluye que la gestión de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación y del cierre del ciclo en el centro ha tenido un impacto económico y social positivo en el país y contribuye al perfeccionamiento de estos tipos de centro., There is no information about the management of science, technology and innovation in high technology centers in both the international and national levels .The aim of this paper is to explain the historical organizational management implemented by a center of high technology Cuban closed production cycle under single management such as the Center of Molecular Immunology. The experiences of their specialists and the result of its indicators are set for a decade. We conclude that the management of science, technology and innovation and closing the loop in the center has had a positive economic and social impact on the country and contributes to the development of these types of center.

Cross-Strait economic activities are no longer unidirectional. The Taiwanese government opened the doors to Chinese investment in 2009. This paper addresses the following crucial question: What is the impact of Chinese investment on Taiwan’s high-technology industrial development? Two further questions immediately follow: Will Chinese investment put Taiwanese industrial development at risk? Will an influx of Chinese investment lead to a turning point for Taiwanese industry? The paper first reviews Chinese investment in Taiwan under the framework of the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) and then explains why we have chosen to focus here on the high-technology industry in Taiwan. It then outlines the main elements of Chinese outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) before seeking to answer the above research questions. Fieldwork for this paper was conducted from December 2014 to March 2016. Interviewees include Chinese investors, along with consultants from a Taiwanese institute created to promote industrial development.

Providing of innovative system of preparation of highly intellectual specialists in nanotechnology field for Kazakhstan's economy is substantiated by the following: the state and the development of Kazakhstan's nanotechnology market; innovative nature of training of future specialists in nanotechnology field (that is connected with intensive research activity); integration as a main way of realization of innovative training (that allows to join to modern achievements of science and technology internationally). Methodological substantiation of specified points is directed on practical realization of innovative training of competitive specialists in nanotechnology field. Disclosing of methodological bases of innovative training of specialists for science-intensive industry was carried out by authors in line with conducted grant researches by the order of Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Die Wissensbestände der Fachkräfte der Schlüsseltechnologien (z. B. Mikrosystemtechnik) unterliegen ständigen technologischen Innovationen und benötigen eine fortlaufende Aktualisierung. Zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen rücken Hochschulen als Weiterbildungsanbieter zunehmend in den Fokus. Die Hochschulen bewegen sich dabei im Spannungsfeld zwischen der Etablierung auf dem Weiterbildungsmarkt, Entwicklung adäquater Weiterbildungsformate und Öffnung für neue (nicht-traditionelle) Zielgruppen.

This study aims to identify the main characteristics of the activities concentrating on R&D and innovation in the industrial sector of high and medium-high technology, and also the main differences with regard to non technological sectors. In order to do so we use data on 1540 manufacturing companies in Spain in two subgroups according to the National Classification of Economic Activities (CNAE). The data correspond to the values of 44 variables organised into 5 blocks of activity that have to do with R&D and innovation. The study includes an exploratory-descriptive analysis with the aim of providing information, and evidence of the outstanding characteristics of sectors with more technological components compared with other industrial manufacturing sectors. Although the study refers to Spanish companies, a large proportion of the results are easily transferrable to similar socioeconomic environments.

This study aims to identify the main characteristics of the activities concentrating on R&D and innovation in the industrial sector of high and medium-high technology, and also the main differences with regard to non technological sectors. In order to do so we use data on 1540 manufacturing companies in Spain in two subgroups according to the National Classification of Economic Activities (CNAE). The data correspond to the values of 44 variables organised into 5 blocks of activity that have to do with R&D and innovation. The study includes an exploratory-descriptive analysis with the aim of providing information, and evidence of the outstanding characteristics of sectors with more technological components compared with other industrial manufacturing sectors. Although the study refers to Spanish companies, a large proportion of the results are easily transferrable to similar socioeconomic environments.

The legal system undergoes again a deep process of transformation that may be attributed to the emergence of the "society of networks". The earlier transformations that took place in the "society of organisations" were centred around the organisation as a kind of "big individual" that was and still is able to aggregate and manage long chains of actions as opposed to the individual subject whose action was rule oriented and followed established patterns of experience. The "society of organisations" was characterised by the rise of all kinds of social norms (standards), organised generation of knowledge, and practices of “balancing” that the multiplication of long chains of action have made necessary. The "society of networks" leads to more complex processes of knowledge generation and tends to create new "quasi-subjects" that follow mobile project-like patterns of cooperation. They are focused on "high knowledge" that is involved in permanent processes of self-transformation. The emergence of "data driven technologies" that do not follow stable trajectories is paradigmatic. It is a challenge for the legal system if what the new loosely aggregated quasi-subjects of the "society of networks" do is "surfing fluid reality" (Bahrami/Evans). This evolution finds its repercussion in new challenges for the regulatory state and also for contracting practices in private law. "Serial law" might be a new paradigm of law that "reads" processes of change in real time and experiments with forms of coordination that refer to learning processes.