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Introduction: Spirometry devices, which are components of many anaesthesia machines, are commonly used to assess lung mechanics during anaesthesia. Spirometry calibration usually adheres to manufacturer recommendations without established guidelines. Although more accurate and less variable than inbuilt spirometry in certain General Electric anaesthesia ventilators, near-patient spirometry lacks adequate evaluation.MethodsWe assessed near-patient spirometers’ performance using Pedi-lite and D-lite flow sensors. Certified 1 L calibration syringes were used on 67 monitors located in 14 veterinary hospitals. Three consecutive inspired and expired volume values displayed by the monitors for each volume of the calibration syringe were recorded. Volumes studied were 50, 100, 150, 250, 300 mL for Pedi-lite and 150, 300, 450, 500, 750 mL for D-lite. Measured and targeted volumes were averaged, agreement error calculated. Accuracy was assessed plotting agreement errors against calibration volumes. A linear mixed-effects model was used to obtain linear regression between the error and the calibration volume. Mean, differential and proportional bias, limits of agreement, claimed accuracy and 10% clinical tolerance were calculated and displayed. Differences among monitors were evaluated using the Friedman rank sum test, differences between inspired and expired volumes using the Wilcoxon signed-rank.ResultsInter-monitor variability for inspired and expired volume readings using both sensors was high; intra-monitor variability was low. The error magnitude was independent of volumes evaluated. Using Pedi-lite, only a minority of measurements met manufacturer’s specification or a 10% clinical tolerance; both inspired and expired volumes were significantly underestimated. Using D-lite, superior performance was demonstrated for volumes between 300 and 750 mL (mean biases close to zero and the majority of measurements meeting manufacturer’s specifications and clinical tolerance). The

IntroductionIn clinical practice, evaluating dynamic compliance of the respiratory system (C$_{dyn}$) could provide valuable insights into respiratory mechanics. Reference values of C$_{dyn}$ based on body weight have been reported, but various factors may affect them and the evidence is scanty. This study aimed to establish a reference interval for C$_{dyn}$ and identify associated variables.MethodsData were collected from 515 client-owned dogs requiring anesthesia, excluding those with lower airway disease. The dogs were anesthetized, the tracheas intubated, and lungs ventilated at clinicians' discretion across 11 centers in six countries, with no restrictions on anesthesia protocols or ventilation settings, except avoiding inspiratory pauses. Three C$_{dyn}$ measurements from three consecutive breaths per dog were recorded using a standardized form, which also documented factors affecting C$_{dyn}$ identified through literature and an online survey. Various spirometry technologies were used. The substantial variance in C$_{dyn}$ measurements led to a comprehensive analysis using a multiple linear regression model. Multicollinearity (variables highly correlated with each other) was addressed by investigating, transforming, or excluding factors. Initial simple linear regression assessed each variable's individual effect on C$_{dyn}$, followed by a multiple linear regression model constructed via stepwise forward selection and backward elimination.ResultsThe best-fitting model identified a linear relationship between C$_{dyn}$ and body mass when the following conditions were met: high BCS (Body Condition Score), orotracheal tubes <7% smaller than predicted, the use of a D-lite flow sensor, and the absence of a high FIO2 (>80%) exposure for more than 10 minutes before C$_{dyn}$ measurement. In cases where these conditions were not met, additional factors needed to be incorporated into the model. Low (1/9, 2/9, 3/9) and medium (4/9, 5/9) BCS, an orotracheal tube

O espaço urbano é caracterizado pela complexidade e pela dinamicidade dos processos que nele acontece, demandando da gestão pública uma perspectiva ao mesmo tempo múltipla e integrada. O presente artigo tem o de objetivo de discutir sobre o planejamento urbano municipal na administração pública, onde aplicamos a metodologia de Planejamento Baseado em Evidências (PBE) que é fundamentada no geoprocessamento e em dados governamentais. Para a construção desse exposto, foi realizado revisão bibliográfica e produção cartográfica, apresentando os principais trabalhos realizados no município de Aracaju – SE baseados no PBE e os seus reflexos para o município. Concluímos o artigo realizando uma análise crítica sobre à aplicabilidade dessa metodologia no âmbito municipal, onde destacamos os pontos positivos e as principais dificuldades que possam inviabilizar sua aplicação., El espacio urbano se caracteriza por la complejidad y dinamismo de los procesos que en él se desarrollan, exigiendo desde la gestión pública una perspectiva a la vez múltiple e integrada. Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir la planificación urbana municipal en la administración pública, donde aplicamos la metodología Evidence Based Planning (EBP), que se basa en geoprocesamiento y datos gubernamentales. Para la construcción de este expuesto se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y producción cartográfica, presentando los principales trabajos realizados en el municipio de Aracaju - SE a partir del PBE y sus consecuencias para el municipio. Concluimos el artículo realizando un análisis crítico de la aplicabilidad de esta metodología a nivel municipal, donde destacamos los puntos positivos y las principales dificultades que pueden hacer inviable su aplicación., Urban spaces are characterized by ongoing complex and dynamic processes, which demand public management to develop a multiple and integrated perspective. This article aims to discuss municipal urban planning in public administration. Herein we adopt the Evidence-Based Planning (EBP) methodology, basing the analysis on government data geoprocessing. Given the above-mentioned objective, a bibliographic review and a cartographic production were carried out, which led to a compilation of the main EBP-based works undertaken in Aracaju-SE and their consequences to the city. We conclude the article by presenting a critical analysis of the methodology applicability at municipal level, highlighting positive aspects and main difficulties that might make its application unfeasible.

O espaço urbano é caracterizado pela complexidade e pela dinamicidade dos processos que nele acontece, demandando da gestão pública uma perspectiva ao mesmo tempo múltipla e integrada. O presente artigo tem o de objetivo de discutir sobre o planejamento urbano municipal na administração pública, onde aplicamos a metodologia de Planejamento Baseado em Evidências (PBE) que é fundamentada no geoprocessamento e em dados governamentais. Para a construção desse exposto, foi realizado revisão bibliográfica e produção cartográfica, apresentando os principais trabalhos realizados no município de Aracaju – SE baseados no PBE e os seus reflexos para o município. Concluímos o artigo realizando uma análise crítica sobre à aplicabilidade dessa metodologia no âmbito municipal, onde destacamos os pontos positivos e as principais dificuldades que possam inviabilizar sua aplicação., El espacio urbano se caracteriza por la complejidad y dinamismo de los procesos que en él se desarrollan, exigiendo desde la gestión pública una perspectiva a la vez múltiple e integrada. Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir la planificación urbana municipal en la administración pública, donde aplicamos la metodología Evidence Based Planning (EBP), que se basa en geoprocesamiento y datos gubernamentales. Para la construcción de este expuesto se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y producción cartográfica, presentando los principales trabajos realizados en el municipio de Aracaju - SE a partir del PBE y sus consecuencias para el municipio. Concluimos el artículo realizando un análisis crítico de la aplicabilidad de esta metodología a nivel municipal, donde destacamos los puntos positivos y las principales dificultades que pueden hacer inviable su aplicación., Urban spaces are characterized by ongoing complex and dynamic processes, which demand public management to develop a multiple and integrated perspective. This article aims to discuss municipal urban planning in public administration. Herein we adopt the Evidence-Based Planning (EBP) methodology, basing the analysis on government data geoprocessing. Given the above-mentioned objective, a bibliographic review and a cartographic production were carried out, which led to a compilation of the main EBP-based works undertaken in Aracaju-SE and their consequences to the city. We conclude the article by presenting a critical analysis of the methodology applicability at municipal level, highlighting positive aspects and main difficulties that might make its application unfeasible.

O presente artigo visa explorar alguns pressupostos com os quais a complexidade opera e proporciona abordagens mais flexíveis para o urbanismo. Para isso, foram analisadas produções teóricas e estratégias projetuais contemporâneas que escapam de lógicas muito deterministas e generalizantes, permitindo assim a possibilidade de caracterizar as cidades como um sistema longe do equilíbrio. Diante de tal condição, foram definidas, sem contornos muito claros, algumas propriedades inerentes à natureza complexa das cidades. Uma indicação – ou um agenciamento – que possibilite compreender alternativas de atuar na cidade, não de forma imperativa, mas reconhecendo suas indeterminações como ferramentas de projeto. São elas: Interações, que operam e engendram dinâmicas, estabelecendo relações construtivas de novas realidades; Devir, como expressão da força criativa, das possibilidades de fecundações múltiplas e mútuas, que, sem códigos precedentes, constrói; e Entropia, que revela nossa habilidade em reconhecer as possibilidades de determinado sistema face à sua imprevisibilidade e novos arranjos prováveis., The present article aims to explore some assumptions about how complexity operates more flexible approaches to urbanism. To this end, were analyzed theoretical productions and contemporary design strategies that eschew very deterministic and generalizing logics, thus admitting the possibility of characterizing cities as a system far-from-equilibrium. After characterizing such condition, some properties inherent to the complex nature of cities were defined, without very clear outlines. An indication – or arrangement - that makes possible to understand some alternatives of acting in the city, not in an imperative way, but recognizing its indeterminacies as project tools. They are: Interactions, which operate and engender dynamics, establishing constructive relations of new realities; Becoming, as an expression of the creative force, the possibilities of multiple and mutual fecundations; and Entropy, which reveals our ability to recognize the possibilities of a system facing off unpredictability and new arrangements., Peer Reviewed

Knowledge about rural economic dynamics of brasilian territory consists of a fundamental point in a country where agricultural production stands out as the main economic sector and the main source of survival for low-income families. This article consists of a preliminary portrait of rural space based in censo agropecuario data realized in 2017-2018. The spacial cutout is limited in Território de Planejamento do Alto Sertão de Sergipe. For this production, was selected specific tables available in Sidra - Censo agropecuário. Using the variables that represent a general picture of the studied area, relating especially of land structure, temporary and permanent tillage, and livestock production., O conhecimento sobre a dinâmica econômica rural do território brasileiro consiste em um ponto fundamental em um país em que a produção agropecuária se destaca como principal setor econômico e é a principal fonte de sobrevivência de famílias de baixa renda. O presente artigo consiste em um retrato preliminar sobre o espaço rural baseado nos dados do censo agropecuário realizado em 2017-2018, limitando-se ao recorte espacial do Território de Planejamento do Alto Sertão de Sergipe. Para realização de tal estudo, foram selecionadas tabelas especificas disponíveis pelo Sidra – Censo agropecuário, utilizando-se variáveis que representassem o quadro geral da área de estudo, relacionadas especialmente a estrutura fundiária, lavouras temporárias e permanentes e a produção pecuária., El conocimiento sobre la dinámica económica rural del territorio brasileño es un punto fundamental en un país en que la producción agrícola se destaca como el principal sector económico y es la principal fuente de supervivencia para las familias de bajos ingresos. Este artículo consiste en un retrato preliminar del espacio rural basado en datos del censo agropecuário realizado en 2017-2018, limitado al recorte espacial de lo Território de Planejamento do Alto Sertão de Sergipe. Para llevar a cabo dicho estudio, tablas específicas disponibles por el Sidra – Censo agropecuário, utilizando variables que representaban el marco general del área de estudio, especialmente relacionadas con la estructura de la tierra, los cultivos temporales y permanentes y la producción ganadera.

Knowledge about rural economic dynamics of brasilian territory consists of a fundamental point in a country where agricultural production stands out as the main economic sector and the main source of survival for low-income families. This article consists of a preliminary portrait of rural space based in censo agropecuario data realized in 2017-2018. The spacial cutout is limited in Território de Planejamento do Alto Sertão de Sergipe. For this production, was selected specific tables available in Sidra - Censo agropecuário. Using the variables that represent a general picture of the studied area, relating especially of land structure, temporary and permanent tillage, and livestock production., O conhecimento sobre a dinâmica econômica rural do território brasileiro consiste em um ponto fundamental em um país em que a produção agropecuária se destaca como principal setor econômico e é a principal fonte de sobrevivência de famílias de baixa renda. O presente artigo consiste em um retrato preliminar sobre o espaço rural baseado nos dados do censo agropecuário realizado em 2017-2018, limitando-se ao recorte espacial do Território de Planejamento do Alto Sertão de Sergipe. Para realização de tal estudo, foram selecionadas tabelas especificas disponíveis pelo Sidra – Censo agropecuário, utilizando-se variáveis que representassem o quadro geral da área de estudo, relacionadas especialmente a estrutura fundiária, lavouras temporárias e permanentes e a produção pecuária., El conocimiento sobre la dinámica económica rural del territorio brasileño es un punto fundamental en un país en que la producción agrícola se destaca como el principal sector económico y es la principal fuente de supervivencia para las familias de bajos ingresos. Este artículo consiste en un retrato preliminar del espacio rural basado en datos del censo agropecuário realizado en 2017-2018, limitado al recorte espacial de lo Território de Planejamento do Alto Sertão de Sergipe. Para llevar a cabo dicho estudio, tablas específicas disponibles por el Sidra – Censo agropecuário, utilizando variables que representaban el marco general del área de estudio, especialmente relacionadas con la estructura de la tierra, los cultivos temporales y permanentes y la producción ganadera.

The purpose of this study was to compare cardiovascular and respiratory effects of two volumes of bupivacaine 0.25% (0.2 mL kg-1-treatment BUP02-and 0.4 mL kg-1 -treatment BUP04) administered epidurally at the lumbosacral intervertebral space in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. This experimental prospective randomized crossover design trial used six mixed breed adult dogs, four neutered males and two spayed females. Each dog was anesthetized on three different occasions: the first for isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) measurement, and the following two assigned treatments (BUP02 or BUP04). On the two treatment days, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane at 1.3 MAC during the experiments. Cardiovascular and respiratory measurements were recorded before (T0) and 5, 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after the epidural administration of bupivacaine. Comparisons between and within groups were performed by a mixed-model ANOVA and Friedman's test when appropriate followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test or Dunnet's test to compare time points within each treatment with T0 (p < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure decreased significantly from 15 to 90 minutes after the administration of BUP02 and from 5 to 60 minutes in BUP04, with lower values in BUP04 than in BUP02 lasting up to 30 minutes after bupivacaine administration. No significant changes in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance were observed in either treatment. Hypoventilation was only detected in BUP04. Hemoglobin concentration and arterial oxygen content decreased after both treatment of bupivacaine with no significant decrease in oxygen delivery. Two dogs in BUP04 developed Horner's syndrome. The epidural administration of 0.4 mL.kg-1 of bupivacaine to dogs in sternal recumbency anesthetized with isoflurane 1.3 MAC caused more cardiovascular and respiratory depression than 0.2 mL.kg-1.

The purpose of this study was to compare cardiovascular and respiratory effects of two volumes of bupivacaine 0.25% (0.2 mL kg-1-treatment BUP02-and 0.4 mL kg-1 -treatment BUP04) administered epidurally at the lumbosacral intervertebral space in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. This experimental prospective randomized crossover design trial used six mixed breed adult dogs, four neutered males and two spayed females. Each dog was anesthetized on three different occasions: the first for isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) measurement, and the following two assigned treatments (BUP02 or BUP04). On the two treatment days, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane at 1.3 MAC during the experiments. Cardiovascular and respiratory measurements were recorded before (T0) and 5, 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after the epidural administration of bupivacaine. Comparisons between and within groups were performed by a mixed-model ANOVA and Friedman's test when appropriate followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test or Dunnet's test to compare time points within each treatment with T0 (p < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure decreased significantly from 15 to 90 minutes after the administration of BUP02 and from 5 to 60 minutes in BUP04, with lower values in BUP04 than in BUP02 lasting up to 30 minutes after bupivacaine administration. No significant changes in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance were observed in either treatment. Hypoventilation was only detected in BUP04. Hemoglobin concentration and arterial oxygen content decreased after both treatment of bupivacaine with no significant decrease in oxygen delivery. Two dogs in BUP04 developed Horner's syndrome. The epidural administration of 0.4 mL.kg-1 of bupivacaine to dogs in sternal recumbency anesthetized with isoflurane 1.3 MAC caused more cardiovascular and respiratory depression than 0.2 mL.kg-1.

The purpose of this study was to compare cardiovascular and respiratory effects of two volumes of bupivacaine 0.25% (0.2 mL kg-1—treatment BUP02—and 0.4 mL kg-1 –treatment BUP04) administered epidurally at the lumbosacral intervertebral space in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. This experimental prospective randomized crossover design trial used six mixed breed adult dogs, four neutered males and two spayed females. Each dog was anesthetized on three different occasions: the first for isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) measurement, and the following two assigned treatments (BUP02 or BUP04). On the two treatment days, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane at 1.3 MAC during the experiments. Cardiovascular and respiratory measurements were recorded before (T0) and 5, 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after the epidural administration of bupivacaine. Comparisons between and within groups were performed by a mixed-model ANOVA and Friedman's test when appropriate followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test or Dunnet's test to compare time points within each treatment with T0 (p < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure decreased significantly from 15 to 90 minutes after the administration of BUP02 and from 5 to 60 minutes in BUP04, with lower values in BUP04 than in BUP02 lasting up to 30 minutes after bupivacaine administration. No significant changes in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance were observed in either treatment. Hypoventilation was only detected in BUP04. Hemoglobin concentration and arterial oxygen content decreased after both treatment of bupivacaine with no significant decrease in oxygen delivery. Two dogs in BUP04 developed Horner's syndrome. The epidural administration of 0.4 mL.kg-1 of bupivacaine to dogs in sternal recumbency anesthetized with isoflurane 1.3 MAC caused more cardiovascular and respiratory depression than 0.2 mL.kg-1.

The purpose of this study was to compare cardiovascular and respiratory effects of two volumes of bupivacaine 0.25% (0.2 mL kg-1—treatment BUP02—and 0.4 mL kg-1 –treatment BUP04) administered epidurally at the lumbosacral intervertebral space in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. This experimental prospective randomized crossover design trial used six mixed breed adult dogs, four neutered males and two spayed females. Each dog was anesthetized on three different occasions: the first for isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) measurement, and the following two assigned treatments (BUP02 or BUP04). On the two treatment days, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane at 1.3 MAC during the experiments. Cardiovascular and respiratory measurements were recorded before (T0) and 5, 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after the epidural administration of bupivacaine. Comparisons between and within groups were performed by a mixed-model ANOVA and Friedman's test when appropriate followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test or Dunnet's test to compare time points within each treatment with T0 (p < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure decreased significantly from 15 to 90 minutes after the administration of BUP02 and from 5 to 60 minutes in BUP04, with lower values in BUP04 than in BUP02 lasting up to 30 minutes after bupivacaine administration. No significant changes in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance were observed in either treatment. Hypoventilation was only detected in BUP04. Hemoglobin concentration and arterial oxygen content decreased after both treatment of bupivacaine with no significant decrease in oxygen delivery. Two dogs in BUP04 developed Horner's syndrome. The epidural administration of 0.4 mL.kg-1 of bupivacaine to dogs in sternal recumbency anesthetized with isoflurane 1.3 MAC caused more cardiovascular and respiratory depression than 0.2 mL.kg-1.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos do PAC 1 e 2 sobre a economia e o mercado de trabalho dos municípios mais integrados da região metropolitana de Natal-RN. Para isso realizou-se inicialmente uma contextualização sobre a região em análise, e posteriormente uma descrição dos investimentos do PAC sobre o estado do Rio Grande do Norte apontando toda as especificidades da fase 1, a qual objetivou estruturar o país para dar condições de crescimento, e da fase 2, que priorizou projetos, obras e ações nas regiões metropolitanas a fim de amenizar problemas históricos, gerar emprego e renda. No que diz respeito à metodologia esse estudo inspirou-se na taxionomia de Vergara (2000). Quanto aos fins, a pesquisa é explicativa e descritiva. Quanto aos meios a pesquisa é documental e bibliográfica. Ressalta-se que foram utilizados dados secundários como subsídio da investigação, sendo as ações e investimentos do PAC as variáveis independentes, e o PIB dos municípios objeto do estudo, as unidades locais, o volume do pessoal ocupado, e os salários médios mensais, as variáveis dependentes. Ademais, esse estudo teve como alicerce dois recortes de tempo, entre 2007 e 2010 (PAC 1), e entre 2011 e 2013, período referente ao PAC 2. Destaca-se que em função da ausência de dados importantes do ano base 2014, a análise limitou-se ao referido período. Os resultados apontaram que, de uma maneira geral, os investimentos do PAC 1 e 2 apresentam evidências de conexão com os bons resultados da economia e do mercado de trabalho dos municípios mais integrados da RMN, principalmente em função dos investimentos estruturais focados na logística, na fase 1, e dos investimentos específicos na região metropolitana na fase 2, os quais amenizaram consideravelmente os efeitos da crise mundial iniciada em 2008. Por fim, as análises ratificaram a significativa correlação e importância das políticas públicas locais de desenvolvimento, apoiadas pelo governo federal, em destaque o PROADI e o

BOOKREVIEW "O ENIGMA DO CAPITAL: E AS CRISES DO CAPITALISMO.", O Enigma do Capital e a vigésima segunda obra do destacado geógrafo inglês David Harvey. Esta apresenta uma síntese das suas ideias acerca da acumulação e fluxo de capital; além de formulações críticas e progressivas de ideias acerca da forma pela qual a sociedade cria e sustenta suas "crenças" através de um modo social de produção. O texto que segue procura apresentar os principais argumentos do geógrafo inglês e indicar uma interpretação segura sobre a obra vigente.