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Das Kapitel: Geschichte der Bodenphysik und ihre Entwicklung in den verschiedenen Teilbereichen behandelt die Entwicklung in den letzten Jahrzehnten des 20. und im beginnenden 21. Jahrhundert. Zu Beginn werden die Prozesse der Gefügeentwicklung und deren Detektion sowie die damit einhergehenden Modellierungsansätze der Wasserflüsse analysiert, gefolgt von den ausführlichen Beschreibungen der Hydrophobie und der Interaktionen zwischen Bodenphysik und Biologie. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt bilden die Prozesse in Torfböden, bevor in zwei ausführlichen Beiträgen die physikalisch-mechanischen Prozesse von der rheologischen bis zur Mesoskala – Labor- und Freilanduntersuchungen – zum Thema Belastbarkeit und Folgen für ökologische Bodenfunktionen behandelt werden. Den Abschluss bildet ein Beitrag zur Entwicklung der Geostatistik in der bodenphysikalischen Forschung.  The chapter: history of soil physics and its development in the different subfields deals with the development in the last decades of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. At the beginning, the processes of microstructure development and their detection as well as the associated modeling approaches of water fluxes are analyzed followed by the detailed descriptions of hydrophobicity and the interactions between soil physics and biology. A further focus is on the processes in peat soils before two detailed contributions deal with the physical mechanical processes from the rheological to the mesoscale—laboratory and in situ—investigations of resilience and consequences for ecological soil functions. The paper concludes with a contribution on the development of geostatistics in soil physics research.

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. The aim of this study was to determine the in-situ strength and microscopic characteristics of bio-physical micro-horizons in the top 40 mm of oversanded sand soils detected by depth dependent penetration resistance (PR). These micro-horizons result from the burial of biological soils crust (BSC) surfaces and contribute to soil stability. They are also important as the biotic source for seeding new surficial crusts. Ex-situ polarised optical micrograph was employed to determine the bio-physical structures associated with the fossil BSC horizons. An automated electronic micro penetrometer (EMP) determining in-situ depth dependent soil PR was used for the quantitative detection of surface and buried micro-horizons. PR data was modelled using a multi-component/soil and micro-horizon multilayer plastic shear stress model. This enabled determination of soil and sediment structure, the contribution of buried ‘fossil’ BSCs to soil strength and structural mapping. We also employed proxy (synthetic) layered soil systems to determine the effect of EMP shaft and probe tip shape upon the PR profile. This methodology represents a significant improvement over penetrometer methods that only use single-value surface breaking point information. We find that buried BSC structures can contribute over 80% of the soil strength even at ca. 20 mm depth and that the strength of a buried crust, at least in the medium term, can exceed that of (developing) surficial ones. Typical soil strengths of BSCs in the Negev desert, Israel lie between 1.5 and 3.6 MPa. Finally we discuss the effects and potential importance that buried BSC horizons may have upon heat, and the percolation and diffusion of moisture and gas through structured bio-physical, BSC capped sand soil systems.

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. The aim of this study was to determine the in-situ strength and microscopic characteristics of bio-physical micro-horizons in the top 40 mm of oversanded sand soils detected by depth dependent penetration resistance (PR). These micro-horizons result from the burial of biological soils crust (BSC) surfaces and contribute to soil stability. They are also important as the biotic source for seeding new surficial crusts. Ex-situ polarised optical micrograph was employed to determine the bio-physical structures associated with the fossil BSC horizons. An automated electronic micro penetrometer (EMP) determining in-situ depth dependent soil PR was used for the quantitative detection of surface and buried micro-horizons. PR data was modelled using a multi-component/soil and micro-horizon multilayer plastic shear stress model. This enabled determination of soil and sediment structure, the contribution of buried ‘fossil’ BSCs to soil strength and structural mapping. We also employed proxy (synthetic) layered soil systems to determine the effect of EMP shaft and probe tip shape upon the PR profile. This methodology represents a significant improvement over penetrometer methods that only use single-value surface breaking point information. We find that buried BSC structures can contribute over 80% of the soil strength even at ca. 20 mm depth and that the strength of a buried crust, at least in the medium term, can exceed that of (developing) surficial ones. Typical soil strengths of BSCs in the Negev desert, Israel lie between 1.5 and 3.6 MPa. Finally we discuss the effects and potential importance that buried BSC horizons may have upon heat, and the percolation and diffusion of moisture and gas through structured bio-physical, BSC capped sand soil systems.

Objective: The harmonization of core outcome domains in clinical trials facilitates comparison and pooling of data, and simplifies the preparation and review of research projects, and comparison of risks and benefits of treatments. Therefore we provide recommendations for the core outcome domains that should be considered in clinical trials on the efficacy and effectiveness of interventions for somatic symptom disorder, bodily distress disorder, and functional somatic syndromes. Methods: The European Network on Somatic Symptom Disorders group (EURONET-SOMA) of more than 20 experts in the field met twice in Hamburg to discuss issues of assessment and intervention research in somatic symptom disorder, bodily distress disorder, and functional somatic syndromes. The consensus meetings identified core outcome domains that should be considered in clinical trials evaluating treatments for somatic symptom disorder and associated functional somatic syndromes. Results: The following core domains should be considered when defining ascertainment methods in clinical trials: (1) classification of somatic symptom disorder/bodily distress disorder, associated functional somatic syndromes, and comorbid mental disorders (using structured clinical interviews), duration of symptoms, medical morbidity, and prior treatments (2) location, intensity, and interference of somatic symptoms, (3) associated psychobehavioral features and biological markers, (4) illness consequences (quality of life, disability, health care utilization, health care costs), (5) global improvement, treatment satisfaction, and (6) unwanted negative effects. Conclusions: The proposed criteria are intended to improve synergies of clinical trials and to facilitate decision making when comparing different treatment approaches. These recommendations should not result in inflexible guidelines, but increase consistency across investigations in this field.

The prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) of 1-2% in the general population associated with high disease-related costs and the conflicting data on treatment effectiveness had led to the development of evidence-based guidelines designed to provide patients and physicians guidance in selecting among the alternatives. Until now no evidence-based interdisciplinary (including patients) guideline for the management of FMS was available in Europe. Therefore a guideline for the management of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) was developed by 13 German medical and psychological associations and two patient self-help organisations. The task was coordinated by two German scientific umbrella organisations, the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany AWMF and the German Interdisciplinary Association of Pain Therapy DIVS. A systematic search of the literature including all controlled studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments of FMS was performed in the Cochrane Library (1993-12/2006), Medline (1980-12/2006), PsychInfo (1966-12/2006) and Scopus (1980-12/ 2006). Levels of evidence were assigned according to the classification system of the Oxford-Centre for Evidence Based Medicine. Grading of the strengths of recommendations was done according to the German program for disease management guidelines. Standardized procedures were used to reach a consensus on recommendations. The guideline was reviewed and finally approved by the boards of the societies involved and published online by the AWMF on april 25, 2008: http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/041-004.htm. A short version of the guideline for patients is available as well: http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/041-004p.htm. The following procedures in the management of FMS were strongly recommended: information on diagnosis and therapeutic options and patient-centered communication, aerobic exercise, cognitive and operant behavioural therapy, multicompon, Die Prävalenz des Fibromyalgiesyndroms (FMS) in der allgemeinen Bevölkerung beträgt 1-2%. Aufgrund der mit FMS verbundenen hohen Krankheitskosten und den widersprüchlichen Daten zur Wirksamkeit einzelner Behandlungsformen wurden evidenzbasierte Leitlinien entwickelt, um Ärzten und Patienten einen Entscheidungshilfe zu geben. Bisher war in Europa keine interdisziplinäre evidenzbasierte Leitlinie unter Einschluss von Patienten zum FMS verfügbar. Deswegen wurde von 13 deutschen medizinischen und psychologischen Fachgesellschaften und zwei Patientenselbsthilfeorganisationen eine Leitlinie zu Therapie des FMS entwickelt. Die Durchführung wurde von der Deutschen Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Schmerztherapie DIVS und der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften in Deutschland AWMF koordiniert. Eine systematische Literatursuche aller kontrollierte Studien, systematischer Reviews und Metaanalysen wurde über die Datenbanken Cochrane Library (1993-12/2006), Medline (1980-12/2006), PsychInfo (1966-12/2006) und Scopus (1980-12/ 2006) durchgeführt. Für die Vergabe von Evidenzklassen wurde das System des Oxford-Centre for Evidence Based Medicine verwendet. Für die Vergabe von Empfehlungsgraden wurde die Empfehlungsgraduierung der nationalen Versorgungsleitlinien verwendet. Die Erstellung der Empfehlungen erfolgte in einem mehrstufigen nominalen Gruppenprozess, welcher von einer Vertreterin der AWMF moderiert wurde. Die Leitlinie wurde von den Vorständen der beteiligten Fachgesellschaften begutachtet und genehmigt. Die wissenschaftliche Lang- und Kurzversion der Leitlinie wurde am 25. April 2008 von der AWMF ins Internet gestellt: http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/041-004.htm. Eine Kurzversion für Patienten ist ebenfalls verfügbar: http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/041-004p.htm. Folgende Therapieverfahren erhielten eine starke Empfehlung: Informationen über Diagnose und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten, patienten-zentrierte Kommunikation, aer

Udgivelsesdato: 1995-Dec, The influence of blood flow on muscle lactate and H+ release as well as muscle glyconeogenesis was studied in the perfused rat hindlimb. After 2 min of supramaximal stimulation the perfusate flow rate was 7 (F7), 12 (F12), or 18 (F18) ml/min for 30 min. Perfusate samples were drawn frequently and muscle samples were obtained before stimulation, immediately after stimulation, and at 3, 10, and 30 min of recovery from soleus, white gastrocnemius (WG) and red gastrocnemius. During the first 5 min of recovery lactate release was 35-39% lower (P < 0.05) in F7 than in F12 and F18 but with no differences in total release during recovery. In F7 the concentration of lactate was higher (P < 0.05) in soleus after 10 min (18-20%) and in WG after 30 min (63-67%) than in F12 and F18. During the first 2 min of recovery H+ release was 23-34% lower (P < 0.05) in F7 than in F12 and F18. The difference between H+ and lactate release was larger (P < 0.05) in F7 than in F12 and F18 from 3 to 10 min and from 5 to 10 min of recovery, respectively. Muscle glycogen concentrations after 30 min of recovery were independent of flow in each of the muscles. The present data suggest that 1) in the range of blood flow rates from 0.61 to 0.92 ml.min-1.g-1, lactate and H+ release are independent of the flow rate, whereas at a lower flow rate (0.36 ml.min-1.g-1) release of these substances is decreased; 2) low blood flow influences lactate efflux more than H+ release; and 3) muscle glyconeogenesis from lactate is of minor importance.

Udgivelsesdato: 1995-Dec, The influence of blood flow on muscle lactate and H+ release as well as muscle glyconeogenesis was studied in the perfused rat hindlimb. After 2 min of supramaximal stimulation the perfusate flow rate was 7 (F7), 12 (F12), or 18 (F18) ml/min for 30 min. Perfusate samples were drawn frequently and muscle samples were obtained before stimulation, immediately after stimulation, and at 3, 10, and 30 min of recovery from soleus, white gastrocnemius (WG) and red gastrocnemius. During the first 5 min of recovery lactate release was 35-39% lower (P < 0.05) in F7 than in F12 and F18 but with no differences in total release during recovery. In F7 the concentration of lactate was higher (P < 0.05) in soleus after 10 min (18-20%) and in WG after 30 min (63-67%) than in F12 and F18. During the first 2 min of recovery H+ release was 23-34% lower (P < 0.05) in F7 than in F12 and F18. The difference between H+ and lactate release was larger (P < 0.05) in F7 than in F12 and F18 from 3 to 10 min and from 5 to 10 min of recovery, respectively. Muscle glycogen concentrations after 30 min of recovery were independent of flow in each of the muscles. The present data suggest that 1) in the range of blood flow rates from 0.61 to 0.92 ml.min-1.g-1, lactate and H+ release are independent of the flow rate, whereas at a lower flow rate (0.36 ml.min-1.g-1) release of these substances is decreased; 2) low blood flow influences lactate efflux more than H+ release; and 3) muscle glyconeogenesis from lactate is of minor importance.

A method is described for calculating decay schemes for nuclei far from the line of beta stability. Results of calculations of the decay heat using these calculated decay schemes are compared with experimental results.

A method is described for calculating decay schemes for nuclei far from the line of beta stability. Results of calculations of the decay heat using these calculated decay schemes are compared with experimental results.