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Introduktion: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancerformen att drabba kvinnor och statistik visar att 1 av 14 kvinnor kommer drabbas av bröstcancer under sin livstid. Behandlingen för bröstcancer kan bidra till olika biverkningar som bland annat påverkar kvinnors sexuella hälsa. Syfte: Beskriva erfarenheter av sexuell hälsa hos kvinnor med bröstcancer. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie baserat på resultatet från 10 vetenskapliga artiklar. Huvudresultat: Majoriteten av studiedeltagarna beskrev en förändring av den sexuella hälsan. Fåtalet upplevde ingen skillnad alls efter diagnos och behandling. Kvinnorna beskrev erfarenheter av minskad sexuell lust och smärtor som ledde till minskad sexuell aktivitet. De beskrev rädslor kopplat till sex och bröstcancer. Vissa upplevde en förändrad självkänsla på grund av kroppsliga förändringar. Kvinnorna beskrev erfarenheter av att ha sex trots att ingen lust fanns på grund av en vilja att göra sin partner tillfredsställd eller av religiösa skäl. Fåtalet kvinnor beskrev erfarenheter av en förbättrad sexuell hälsa i form av mer sexuell lust eller en starkare intim relation med sin partner efter diagnos och behandling. Slutsats: Kvinnorna har erfarenheter av en förändrad sexuell hälsa i samband med bröstcancer och behandling. Resultatet tyder på att det finns en brist på information och att vissa av kvinnorna saknar stöd från sjukvården gällande deras sexuella förändringar i samband med bröstcancer och behandling. Sjukvården bör därför erbjuda dessa kvinnor mer stöd och information om problem som kan uppstå för att främja kvinnornas sexuella hälsa., Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer to affect women and statistics show that 1 in 14 women will be affected by breast cancer in their lifetime. Treatment for breast cancer can contribute to a variety of side effects, including those affecting women's sexual health. The aim: To describe the sexual health experiences of women with breast cancer. Methods: A descriptive literature review based on the results of 10 scientific articles. Main results: The majority of study participants described a change in their sexual health. A few experienced no difference at all after diagnosis and treatment. The women described experiences of decreased sexual desire and pain leading to decreased sexual activity. They described fears related to sex and breast cancer. Some experienced a change in self-esteem due to physical changes. Women described experiences of having sex when there was no desire because of a desire to please their partner or for religious reasons. Few women described experiences of improved sexual health in terms of more sexual desire or a stronger intimate relationship with their partner after diagnosis and treatment. Conclusion: Women have experiences of a change in sexual health associated with breast cancer and treatment. The results suggest that there is a lack of information and that some of the women lack support from the health care system regarding their sexual changes related to breast cancer and treatment. Health care should therefore offer these women more support and information about problems that may arise in order to promote their sexual health.

Introduktion: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancerformen att drabba kvinnor och statistik visar att 1 av 14 kvinnor kommer drabbas av bröstcancer under sin livstid. Behandlingen för bröstcancer kan bidra till olika biverkningar som bland annat påverkar kvinnors sexuella hälsa. Syfte: Beskriva erfarenheter av sexuell hälsa hos kvinnor med bröstcancer. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie baserat på resultatet från 10 vetenskapliga artiklar. Huvudresultat: Majoriteten av studiedeltagarna beskrev en förändring av den sexuella hälsan. Fåtalet upplevde ingen skillnad alls efter diagnos och behandling. Kvinnorna beskrev erfarenheter av minskad sexuell lust och smärtor som ledde till minskad sexuell aktivitet. De beskrev rädslor kopplat till sex och bröstcancer. Vissa upplevde en förändrad självkänsla på grund av kroppsliga förändringar. Kvinnorna beskrev erfarenheter av att ha sex trots att ingen lust fanns på grund av en vilja att göra sin partner tillfredsställd eller av religiösa skäl. Fåtalet kvinnor beskrev erfarenheter av en förbättrad sexuell hälsa i form av mer sexuell lust eller en starkare intim relation med sin partner efter diagnos och behandling. Slutsats: Kvinnorna har erfarenheter av en förändrad sexuell hälsa i samband med bröstcancer och behandling. Resultatet tyder på att det finns en brist på information och att vissa av kvinnorna saknar stöd från sjukvården gällande deras sexuella förändringar i samband med bröstcancer och behandling. Sjukvården bör därför erbjuda dessa kvinnor mer stöd och information om problem som kan uppstå för att främja kvinnornas sexuella hälsa., Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer to affect women and statistics show that 1 in 14 women will be affected by breast cancer in their lifetime. Treatment for breast cancer can contribute to a variety of side effects, including those affecting women's sexual health. The aim: To describe the sexual health experiences of women with breast cancer. Methods: A descriptive literature review based on the results of 10 scientific articles. Main results: The majority of study participants described a change in their sexual health. A few experienced no difference at all after diagnosis and treatment. The women described experiences of decreased sexual desire and pain leading to decreased sexual activity. They described fears related to sex and breast cancer. Some experienced a change in self-esteem due to physical changes. Women described experiences of having sex when there was no desire because of a desire to please their partner or for religious reasons. Few women described experiences of improved sexual health in terms of more sexual desire or a stronger intimate relationship with their partner after diagnosis and treatment. Conclusion: Women have experiences of a change in sexual health associated with breast cancer and treatment. The results suggest that there is a lack of information and that some of the women lack support from the health care system regarding their sexual changes related to breast cancer and treatment. Health care should therefore offer these women more support and information about problems that may arise in order to promote their sexual health.

Due to pressing sustainability challenges, the fashion industry is undergoing tremendous change. Surprisingly, even though the unique context of fashion presents an opportunity for scholars to explore the (un)sustainable transitions, this context has yet to receive the attention of transition scholars. Our article explores fashion transitions and develops a conceptual framework demonstrating this transition's multi-level and multi-dimensional interactions. We draw on three literature areas: multi-level perspective (MLP) of sustainable transitions, institutional logics and framing contests. We then introduce a conceptual framework and illustrative examples from the industry and demonstrate the tensions between positive and negative environmental and social sustainability developments at the niche, regime and landscape levels. We show that while many positive developments can be seen in the regime players through the adoption of corporate sustainability initiatives, new business models and collaborations, more attention should also be given to some adverse developments. Overall, we contribute to the literature by exploring fashion transitions, an under-explored context, and by demonstrating the complexity of interactions due to the diffusion of heterogeneous institutional logics and framing contests between players.

Contains fulltext : 201813.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Background: Emotional eating (i.e. eating in response to negative emotions) has been suggested to be one mechanism linking depression and subsequent development of obesity. However, studies have rarely examined this mediation effect in a prospective setting and its dependence on other factors linked to stress and its management. We used a population-based prospective cohort of adults and aimed to examine 1) whether emotional eating mediated the associations between depression and 7-year change in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), and 2) whether gender, age, night sleep duration or physical activity moderated these associations. Methods: Participants were Finnish 25- to 74-year-olds who attended the DILGOM study at baseline in 2007 and follow-up in 2014. At baseline (n = 5024), height, weight and WC were measured in a health examination. At follow-up (n = 3735), height, weight and WC were based on measured or self-reported information. Depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale), emotional eating (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18), physical activity and night sleep duration were self-reported. Age- and gender-adjusted structural equation models with full information maximum likelihood estimator were used in the analyses. Results: Depression and emotional eating were positively associated and they both predicted higher 7-year increase in BMI (R2 = 0.048) and WC (R2 = 0.045). The effects of depression on change in BMI and WC were mediated by emotional eating. Night sleep duration moderated the associations of emotional eating, while age moderated the associations of depression. More specifically, emotional eating predicted higher BMI (P = 0.007 for the interaction) and WC (P = 0.026, respectively) gain in shorter sleepers (7 h or less), but not in longer sleepers (9 h or more). Depression predicted higher BMI (P < 0.001 for the interaction) and WC (P = 0.065, respectively) increase in younger participants, but not in older

Theories of behaviour change and health behaviour change interventions are most often evaluated in between-person designs. However, behaviour change theories apply to individuals not groups and behavioural interventions ultimately aim to achieve within-person rather than between-group change. Within-person methodology, such as N-of-1 (also known as single case design), can circumvent this issue, though has multiple design-specific challenges. This paper provides a conceptual review of the challenges and potential solutions for undertaking N-of-1 studies in health psychology. Key challenges identified include participant adherence to within-person protocols, carry-over and slow onset effects, suitability of behaviour change techniques for evaluation in N-of-1 experimental studies, optimal allocation sequencing and blinding, calculating power/sample size, and choosing the most suitable analysis approach. Key solutions include involving users in study design, employing recent technologies for unobtrusive data collection and problem solving by design. Within-person designs share common methodological requirements with conventional between-person designs but require specific methodological considerations. N-of-1 evaluation designs are appropriate for many though not all types of interventions. A greater understanding of patterns of behaviours and factors influencing behaviour change at the within-person level is required to progress health psychology into a precision science. Video abstract: Supplementary Material 1., Accepted author manuscript, Applied Ergonomics and Design

Contains fulltext : 201813.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Background: Emotional eating (i.e. eating in response to negative emotions) has been suggested to be one mechanism linking depression and subsequent development of obesity. However, studies have rarely examined this mediation effect in a prospective setting and its dependence on other factors linked to stress and its management. We used a population-based prospective cohort of adults and aimed to examine 1) whether emotional eating mediated the associations between depression and 7-year change in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), and 2) whether gender, age, night sleep duration or physical activity moderated these associations. Methods: Participants were Finnish 25- to 74-year-olds who attended the DILGOM study at baseline in 2007 and follow-up in 2014. At baseline (n = 5024), height, weight and WC were measured in a health examination. At follow-up (n = 3735), height, weight and WC were based on measured or self-reported information. Depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale), emotional eating (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18), physical activity and night sleep duration were self-reported. Age- and gender-adjusted structural equation models with full information maximum likelihood estimator were used in the analyses. Results: Depression and emotional eating were positively associated and they both predicted higher 7-year increase in BMI (R2 = 0.048) and WC (R2 = 0.045). The effects of depression on change in BMI and WC were mediated by emotional eating. Night sleep duration moderated the associations of emotional eating, while age moderated the associations of depression. More specifically, emotional eating predicted higher BMI (P = 0.007 for the interaction) and WC (P = 0.026, respectively) gain in shorter sleepers (7 h or less), but not in longer sleepers (9 h or more). Depression predicted higher BMI (P < 0.001 for the interaction) and WC (P = 0.065, respectively) increase in younger participants, but not in older

Theories of behaviour change and health behaviour change interventions are most often evaluated in between-person designs. However, behaviour change theories apply to individuals not groups and behavioural interventions ultimately aim to achieve within-person rather than between-group change. Within-person methodology, such as N-of-1 (also known as single case design), can circumvent this issue, though has multiple design-specific challenges. This paper provides a conceptual review of the challenges and potential solutions for undertaking N-of-1 studies in health psychology. Key challenges identified include participant adherence to within-person protocols, carry-over and slow onset effects, suitability of behaviour change techniques for evaluation in N-of-1 experimental studies, optimal allocation sequencing and blinding, calculating power/sample size, and choosing the most suitable analysis approach. Key solutions include involving users in study design, employing recent technologies for unobtrusive data collection and problem solving by design. Within-person designs share common methodological requirements with conventional between-person designs but require specific methodological considerations. N-of-1 evaluation designs are appropriate for many though not all types of interventions. A greater understanding of patterns of behaviours and factors influencing behaviour change at the within-person level is required to progress health psychology into a precision science. Video abstract: Supplementary Material 1., Accepted author manuscript, Applied Ergonomics and Design

© 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Theories of behaviour change and health behaviour change interventions are most often evaluated in between-person designs. However, behaviour change theories apply to individuals not groups and behavioural interventions ultimately aim to achieve within-person rather than between-group change. Within-person methodology, such as N-of-1 (also known as single case design), can circumvent this issue, though has multiple design-specific challenges. This paper provides a conceptual review of the challenges and potential solutions for undertaking N-of-1 studies in health psychology. Key challenges identified include participant adherence to within-person protocols, carry-over and slow onset effects, suitability of behaviour change techniques for evaluation in N-of-1 experimental studies, optimal allocation sequencing and blinding, calculating power/sample size, and choosing the most suitable analysis approach. Key solutions include involving users in study design, employing recent technologies for unobtrusive data collection and problem solving by design. Within-person designs share common methodological requirements with conventional between-person designs but require specific methodological considerations. N-of-1 evaluation designs are appropriate for many though not all types of interventions. A greater understanding of patterns of behaviours and factors influencing behaviour change at the within-person level is required to progress health psychology into a precision science. Video abstract: Supplementary Material 1.

Background No school-based physical activity (PA) interventions among older adolescents have demonstrated long-term effectiveness, and few of them so far have addressed sedentary behaviour (SB). Based on behavioural theories and evidence, we designed a multi-level intervention to increase PA and decrease SB among vocational school students. This study investigates feasibility and acceptability of two main intervention components and research procedures. We also examine uptake of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) by the participants. Methods Design was an outcome assessor blinded, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Four classes of students (matched pairs) were randomised into one intervention and one control arm. The intervention consisted of (1) a 6-h group-based intervention for students, (2) two 2-h training workshops to reduce their students’ sitting in class for teachers, and (3) provision of light PA equipment in classrooms. At baseline (T1), mid-intervention (T2) at 3 weeks, post-intervention (T3) and 6 months after baseline (T4) we measured hypothesised psychosocial mediators and self-reported PA and sitting. Objective assessment of PA and SB (7-day accelerometry) was conducted at T1, T3 and T4. Body composition (bioimpedance) was measured at T1 and T4. Students and teachers in the intervention arm filled in acceptability questionnaires at T3. Results Recruitment rate was 64% (students) and 88.9% (teachers), and at T3, all post-intervention measurements were completed by 33 students (retention 76.7%) and 15 teachers (retention 93.8%). Acceptability ratings of sessions were high (students M = 6.29, scale 1–7), and data collection procedures were feasible. Intervention arm students reported increased use of BCTs, but uptake of some key BCTs was suboptimal. BCT use correlated highly with objective measures of PA. Based on both self-report and student evaluation, teachers in the intervention arm increased the use of sitting reduction strategies at pos

This study investigated the association between interpersonal conflicts and the trajectory of self-esteem from adolescence to mid-adulthood. The directionality of effects between self-esteem and interpersonal conflicts was also studied. Participants of a Finnish cohort study in 1983 at age 16 (N = 2194) were followed up at ages 22 (N = 1656), 32 (N = 1471) and 42 (N = 1334) using postal questionnaires. Measures covered self-esteem and interpersonal conflicts including, conflicts with parents, friends, colleagues, superiors, partners, break-ups with girl/boyfriends, and divorces. Participants were grouped using latent profile analysis to those having "consistently low", "decreasing", or "increasing" number of interpersonal conflicts from adolescence to adulthood. Analyses were done using latent growth curve models and autoregressive cross-lagged models. Among both females and males the self-esteem growth trajectory was most favorable in the group with a consistently low number of interpersonal conflicts. Compared to the low group, the group with a decreasing number of interpersonal conflicts had a self-esteem trajectory that started and remained at a lower level throughout the study period. The group with an increasing number of interpersonal conflicts had a significantly slower self-esteem growth rate compared to the other groups, and also the lowest self-esteem level at the end of the study period. Cross-lagged autoregressive models indicated small, but significant lagged effects from low self-esteem to later interpersonal conflicts, although only among males. There were no effects to the opposite direction among either gender. Our results show that those reporting more and an increasing number of interpersonal conflicts have a lower and more slowly developing self-esteem trajectory from adolescence to mid-adulthood. While the result was expected, it does not seem to imply an effect from interpersonal conflicts to low self-esteem. Rather, if anything, our results s

© 2016 Human Kinetics, Inc. This study tested the predictive validity of a multitheory process model in which the effect of autonomous motivation from self-determination theory on physical activity participation is mediated by the adoption of self-regulatory techniques based on control theory. Finnish adolescents (N = 411, aged 17-19) completed a prospective survey including validated measures of the predictors and physical activity, at baseline and after one month (N = 177). A subsample used an accelerometer to objectively measure physical activity and further validate the physical activity self-report assessment tool (n = 44). Autonomous motivation statistically significantly predicted action planning, coping planning, and self-monitoring. Coping planning and self-monitoring mediated the effect of autonomous motivation on physical activity, although self-monitoring was the most prominent. Controlled motivation had no effect on self-regulation techniques or physical activity. Developing interventions that support autonomous motivation for physical activity may foster increased engagement in self-regulation techniques and positively affect physical activity behavior.

We studied the factors that predict liking for vegetables and preference for a variety of vegetables among schoolchildren. Additionally, we examined if there were gender differences in the predictors that explain the hypothesized higher scores in liking vegetables and preferences among girls. The data from the PRO GREENS project included 424 Finnish children (response rate 77%) aged 11 to 12. The children completed validated measures about social and environmental factors related to their liking for vegetables and preferences both at baseline 2009 and follow-up 2010. The associations were examined with regression and mediation analyses. The strongest predictors of both girls' and boys' liking and preferences were higher levels of eating vegetables together with the family, previous vegetable intake and a lower level of perceived barriers. Liking was additionally predicted by a lower level of parental demand that their child should eat vegetables. Girls reported higher levels of liking and preferences in the follow-up. This gender difference was mainly explained by girls' lower level of perceived barriers related to vegetable intake and girls' higher previous vegetable intake. Interventions that aim to increase the low vegetable intake among boys by increasing their liking for vegetables and preference for a variety of vegetables could benefit from targeting perceived barriers, namely boys' perception and values concerning the consumption of vegetables., Funding Agencies:European Commission 007324Folkhälsan Research CenterJuho Vainio FoundationFinnish Cultural Foundation, PRO GREENS

We examined whether there are sex differences in children's fruit and vegetable (FV) intake and in descriptive norms (i.e. perceived FV intake) related to parents and friends. We also studied whether friends' impact is as important as that of parents on children's FV intake. Data from the PRO GREENS project in Finland were obtained from 424 children at the age 11 years at baseline. At baseline, 2009 children filled in a questionnaire about descriptive norms conceptualised as perceived FV intake of their parents and friends. They also filled in a validated FFQ that assessed their FV intake both at baseline and in the follow-up in 2010. The associations were examined with multi-level regression analyses with multi-group comparisons. Girls reported higher perceived FV intake of friends and higher own fruit intake at baseline, compared with boys, and higher vegetable intake both at baseline and in the follow-up. Perceived FV intake of parents and friends was positively associated with both girls' and boys' FV intake in both study years. The impact of perceived fruit intake of the mother was stronger among boys. The change in children's FV intake was affected only by perceived FV intake of father and friends. No large sex differences in descriptive norms were found, but the impact of friends on children's FV intake can generally be considered as important as that of parents. Future interventions could benefit from taking into account friends' impact as role models on children's FV intake., Funding Agencies:European CommissionJuho Vainio FoundationFinnish Cultural Foundation

The mechanisms through which genes influence body weight are not well understood, but appetite has been implicated as one mediating pathway. Here we use data from two independent population-based Finnish cohorts (4632 adults aged 25-74 years from the DILGOM study and 1231 twin individuals aged 21-26 years from the FinnTwin12 study) to investigate whether two appetitive traits mediate the associations between known obesity-related genetic variants and adiposity. The results from structural equation modelling indicate that the effects of a polygenic risk score (90 obesity-related loci) on measured body mass index and waist circumference are partly mediated through higher levels of uncontrolled eating (beta(indirect) = 0.030-0.032, P <0.001 in DILGOM) and emotional eating (beta(indirect) = 0.020-0.022, P <0.001 in DILGOM and beta(indirect) = 0.013-0.015, P = 0.043-0.044 in FinnTwin12). Our findings suggest that genetic predispositions to obesity may partly exert their effects through appetitive traits reflecting lack of control over eating or eating in response to negative emotions. Obesity prevention and treatment studies should examine the impact of targeting these eating behaviours, especially among individuals having a high genetic predisposition to obesity.

We studied the factors that predict liking for vegetables and preference for a variety of vegetables among schoolchildren. Additionally, we examined if there were gender differences in the predictors that explain the hypothesized higher scores in liking vegetables and preferences among girls. The data from the PRO GREENS project included 424 Finnish children (response rate 77%) aged 11 to 12. The children completed validated measures about social and environmental factors related to their liking for vegetables and preferences both at baseline 2009 and follow-up 2010. The associations were examined with regression and mediation analyses. The strongest predictors of both girls' and boys' liking and preferences were higher levels of eating vegetables together with the family, previous vegetable intake and a lower level of perceived barriers. Liking was additionally predicted by a lower level of parental demand that their child should eat vegetables. Girls reported higher levels of liking and preferences in the follow-up. This gender difference was mainly explained by girls' lower level of perceived barriers related to vegetable intake and girls' higher previous vegetable intake. Interventions that aim to increase the low vegetable intake among boys by increasing their liking for vegetables and preference for a variety of vegetables could benefit from targeting perceived barriers, namely boys' perception and values concerning the consumption of vegetables.

We examined whether there are sex differences in children's fruit and vegetable (FV) intake and in descriptive norms (i.e. perceived FV intake) related to parents and friends. We also studied whether friends' impact is as important as that of parents on children's FV intake. Data from the PRO GREENS project in Finland were obtained from 424 children at the age 11 years at baseline. At baseline, 2009 children filled in a questionnaire about descriptive norms conceptualised as perceived FV intake of their parents and friends. They also filled in a validated FFQ that assessed their FV intake both at baseline and in the follow-up in 2010. The associations were examined with multi-level regression analyses with multi-group comparisons. Girls reported higher perceived FV intake of friends and higher own fruit intake at baseline, compared with boys, and higher vegetable intake both at baseline and in the follow-up. Perceived FV intake of parents and friends was positively associated with both girls' and boys' FV intake in both study years. The impact of perceived fruit intake of the mother was stronger among boys. The change in children's FV intake was affected only by perceived FV intake of father and friends. No large sex differences in descriptive norms were found, but the impact of friends on children's FV intake can generally be considered as important as that of parents. Future interventions could benefit from taking into account friends' impact as role models on children's FV intake., Funding Agencies:European CommissionJuho Vainio FoundationFinnish Cultural Foundation

We studied the factors that predict liking for vegetables and preference for a variety of vegetables among schoolchildren. Additionally, we examined if there were gender differences in the predictors that explain the hypothesized higher scores in liking vegetables and preferences among girls. The data from the PRO GREENS project included 424 Finnish children (response rate 77%) aged 11 to 12. The children completed validated measures about social and environmental factors related to their liking for vegetables and preferences both at baseline 2009 and follow-up 2010. The associations were examined with regression and mediation analyses. The strongest predictors of both girls' and boys' liking and preferences were higher levels of eating vegetables together with the family, previous vegetable intake and a lower level of perceived barriers. Liking was additionally predicted by a lower level of parental demand that their child should eat vegetables. Girls reported higher levels of liking and preferences in the follow-up. This gender difference was mainly explained by girls' lower level of perceived barriers related to vegetable intake and girls' higher previous vegetable intake. Interventions that aim to increase the low vegetable intake among boys by increasing their liking for vegetables and preference for a variety of vegetables could benefit from targeting perceived barriers, namely boys' perception and values concerning the consumption of vegetables., Funding Agencies:European Commission 007324Folkhälsan Research CenterJuho Vainio FoundationFinnish Cultural Foundation, PRO GREENS

This book has set out to capture and analyze the multitude of EU member state bilateral relations – what we also call national perspectives – with one of the EU’s main ‘strategic partners’, the Russian Federation. This mapping exercise then enabled us to assess the extent to which bilateral member state relations constitute a challenge to the development of a coherent and effective EU Russia policy. Certainly, there is ample evidence in the chapters supporting the dominant assumption in the literature that tensions exist between bilateral initiatives and multilateral approaches. However, there is also sufficient evidence to suggest that in certain aspects of the EU—Russia relationship the bilateral relationships do play a constructive role.

This book presents a ground-breaking comparative study of the bilateral relations of all 27 EU member states with Russia and an assessment of their impact on the EU’s efforts to conduct a coherent and effective policy towards its most important neighbour. While there has been a lot of research on European foreign policy, there has been much less on the role that national foreign policies play in it. Based on a common analytical framework, this book offers a detailed analysis of ‘national perspectives on Russia’ and how they interact with and affect policymaking at the EU-level. The authors provide deep insights into the relationship between individual states and Russia looking at a range of policy areas: economics, trade, energy, security, culture and education. They are not only interested in examining policy failure but also probing the possibilities of seeing national foreign policies and the bilateralism with third parties that they often entail as a potentially positive resource for the European Union. As Russia is an example of a particularly hard case for EU foreign policy, this book yields important insights concerning the possibilities as well as limits of developing a common EU policy in the future. It will be of interest to students and scholars of European politics, EU Studies, Russian politics, foreign policy studies and international politics.

Background Over the decades, global public health efforts have sought to reduce socio-economic health differences, including differences in mental health. Only a few studies have examined changes in socio-economic differences in psychological symptoms over time. The aim of this study was to assess trends in socio-economic differences in self-reported insomnia and stress over a 24-year time period in Finland. Methods The data source is a repeated cross-sectional survey "Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population" (AVTK), from the years 1979 to 2002, divided into five study periods. Indicators for socio-economic status included employment status from the survey, and educational level and household income from the Statistics Finland register data. We studied the age group of 25--64 years (N = 70115; average annual response rate 75%). Outcome measures were single questions of self-reported insomnia and stress. Results The overall prevalence of insomnia was 18-19% and that of stress 16-19%. Compared to the first study period, 1979--1982, the prevalence of stress increased until study period 1993--1997. The prevalence of insomnia increased during the last study period, 1998--2002. Respondents who were unemployed or had retired early reported more insomnia and stress over time among both men and women. Lower education was associated with more insomnia especially among men; and conversely, with less stress among both sexes. Compared to the highest household income level, those in the intermediate levels of income had less stress whereas those in the lowest income levels had more stress among both sexes. Income level differences in insomnia were less consistent. In general, socio-economic differences in self-reported insomnia and stress fluctuated some, but did not change substantially over the study period 1979--2002. Conclusions Self-reported insomnia and stress were more common during later study periods. The socio-economic differences in insomnia and

Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkasteltiin miten masentuneisuus ja kyyninen vihamielisyys ovat yhteydessä sosioekonominen asemaan, tupakoinnin lopettamiseen, sekä lihavuuteen. Tutkimusaineistoina käytettiin keväällä 1992 neljältä eri alueelta satunnaisotoksella valittuja 25-64 vuotiaita henkilöitä (N=3404). Tämän lisäksi tutkimusaineistona oli tupakoitsijoita vuosien 1989-1994 aikuisväestön terveyskäyttäytymistutkimuksesta (N=4483). Vihamielisyyttä ja masentuneisuutta on esitetty välittäviksi psykososiaalisiksi tekijöiksi sosiaalisen aseman ja terveyden väliselle yhteydelle. Kyyninen vihamielisyys oli vähäisempää ylempien sosioekonomisten ryhmien jäsenille, kun taas suuttumuksen ilmaiseminen suuttuessa oli näissä ryhmissä yleisempää. Erilaiset tulokset lisäävät vaatimuksia käyttää tarkempia vihamielisyys käsitteitä. Sosioekonomisten ryhmien väliset erot tupakoinnissa ovat osoittautuneet tärkeäksi tekijäksi näiden ryhmien välisille terveyseroille. Tutkittaessa tupakoinnin lopettamiseen liittyvia asenteita havaittiin, ettei halussa lopettaa tupakointi esiintynyt merkittäviä eroja sosioekonomisten ryhmien välillä. Sitä vastoin usko tupakoinnin lopettamisen onnistumiseen oli yleisempää enemmän koulutetuilla tupakoitsijoilla. Tupakoinnin yhtenä riippuvuutta ylläpitävänä tekijänä on pidetty tupakoinnin vaikutusta kielteisten tunteiden kuten masentuneisuuden ja suuttumuksen hallintaan. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin myös masennusoireisiin liittyvien kognitiivisten tekijöiden heijastuvan tupakoitsijoilla heikompaan uskoon tupakoinnin lopettamisen onnistumisesta. Naistupakoitsijat, joilla oli masennusoireita olivat sitä vastoin halukkaampia lopettamaan tupakoinnin. Kyyninen vihamielisyys oli yhteydessä huonompaan uskoon lopettamisen onnistumisesta. Masennusoireet olivat yhteydessä sekä korkeampaan keskivartalolihavuuteen että painoindeksiin perustuvaan lihavuuteen. Kyyninen vihamielisyys oli yhteydessä korkeampaan painoindeksiin muissa ryhmissä paitsi eniten koulutetuilla naisilla. Seuran, Endast sammandrag. Inbundna avhandlingar kan sökas i Helka-databasen (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Elektroniska kopior av avhandlingar finns antingen öppet på nätet eller endast tillgängliga i bibliotekets avhandlingsterminaler., Only abstract. Paper copies of master’s theses are listed in the Helka database (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Electronic copies of master’s theses are either available as open access or only on thesis terminals in the Helsinki University Library., Vain tiivistelmä. Sidottujen gradujen saatavuuden voit tarkistaa Helka-tietokannasta (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Digitaaliset gradut voivat olla luettavissa avoimesti verkossa tai rajoitetusti kirjaston opinnäytekioskeilla.