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The unfortunate events of September 11, 2001 have caused a renewed effort to protect our Nation's Critical Infrastructures. SCADA systems are relied upon in a large number of the sectors that make up the critical infrastructure and their importance was reinforced during the massive power outage that occurred in August 2003. Growing reliance upon the Internet has emphasized the vulnerability of SCADA system communications to cyber attack. Only through diligent and continuous vulnerability assessment and certification and accreditation of these systems will the United States be able to mitigate some of the vulnerabilities of these systems. A case study presented here has validated the need for continued focus in this area. This thesis consolidates some of the research that has already been done in the area of SCADA vulnerability assessment and applies it by developing an initial vulnerability assessment checklist for Department of the Navy systems. This checklist can and should also be used in the certification and accreditation of DoN SCADA systems. A promising technology was also discovered during this research that should be explored further to secure SCADA communications. This will be touched on briefly., http://archive.org/details/anpproachtovulne109451413, Major, United States Marine Corps, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This is a thank you card written in January 2011 by Lyn and Dennis Hart. The text reads, "To Gabby and her staff, Everyone who attended Gabby's "Congress on Your Corner," Everyone who lost a loved one that day, The first responders who saved lives, the nurses, doctors and staff at UMC, Thank you for all of you who have dedicated your lives to making our community, state and country a better place to live. Thank you to all of you who made the effort to show up and support Gabby and her team, never suspecting that your lives would be changed forever. Keep caring, keep fighting. The world needs more people like all of you. Lyn and Dennis Hart." This card was placed among the spontaneous tribute materials at University Medical Center.

Weather is a major source of operational air traffic delays, accounting for 25 to 70 percent of all delays dependent of the geographical region. In today's Air Traffic Management (ATM) systems, a variety of weather information is available to help tactical and strategic planners better anticipate weather events that impact airspace capacity. Regretfully, the information is not always shared amongst all the stakeholders involved or well integrated into the existing ATM environment. This paper describes the high-level concepts for an improved sharing and integration or weather information into Air Traffic Management Decisions, as well as the current state and anticipated capabilities or the underlying information Management infrastructure., The original document contains color images.

Purpose: This study aims to explore whether collectivistic and individualistic users exhibit different e-commerce loyalty and purchase intentions. Design/methodology/approach: The paper operationalises Triandis' individuality and collectivism typology. Empirical data were gathered using face-to-face questionnaire instruments with 140 respondents, comprising undergraduate students and government employees. Findings: Online shoppers are more individualistic than those who have not shopped online, while individualism and collectivism do not influence online loyalty. Research limitations/implications: As firms compete for online custom, it would be useful to gain some understanding of the possible effects of individual and collective behaviour on purchasing behaviour. Practical implications: Instead of competing for existing online users, online stores could expand their market by appealing to offline shoppers using collective techniques. Originality/value: Online loyalty has been an important focus of prior work and, while there has been significant focus on communities, Internet use remains a very personal activity. The paper provides new evidence that offline shoppers are more collectivistic than online shoppers.

Purpose - Drawing on established alignment and architectural theory, this paper seeks to present the argument that an organisation's enterprise architecture can enable the alignment of business strategy and information systems and technology (IS/IT). Design/methodology/approach - The paper presents a detailed case study of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), where a high degree of alignment and international recognition of excellence in business and enabling IS/IT performance are documented. Findings - The ABS enterprise architecture was developed in 1999-2001 and describes the organisation's physical business and IS/IT elements, and the connective relationships that inform the alignment condition. The ABS architecture is robustly holistic in form, and is characterised by a strong and equal focus on business operations, the deliberate inclusion of an IS/IT governance framework, the structuring and hosting of corporate information for business delivery, and the efficient reuse of IS/IT components. Originality/value - The ABS case study also examined empirically the social aspects and formal mechanisms of organisational alignment, and shows how a formal enterprise architecture mechanism can integrate into a successful alignment process.

Protocol analysis is an empirical method applied by researchers in cognitive psychology and behavioural analysis. Protocol analysis can be used to collect, document and analyse thought processes by an individual problem solver. In general, research subjects are asked to think aloud when performing a given task. Their verbal reports are transcribed and represent a sequence of their thoughts and cognitive activities. These verbal reports are analysed to identify relevant segments of cognitive behaviours by the research subjects. The analysis results may be cross-examined (or validated through retrospective interviews with the research subjects). This paper offers a critical analysis of this research method, its approaches to data collection and analysis, strengths and limitations, and discusses its use in information systems research. The aim is to explore the use of protocol analysis in studying the creative requirements engineering process.

Attempts to produce an adequate and long-lived subject indexing system for information systems research have failed. In this paper we seek to address this by proposing an approach by which the terms expressed in research literature, such as those in the information systems literature, can be systematically and meaningfully categorised. The approach is significant in that it draws upon rigorous and philosophically compatible bodies of work in two areas. Firstly, we draw on work addressing the nature, existence, and categorisation of literary expression found in research papers (Roman Ingarden’s ontological analysis of the scientific work of art). Secondly, we draw from qualitative research methods addressing how meaningful categories can be analysed from text and related to each other (grounded theory). The resulting approach has the potential to be applied in many scientific disciplines beyond information systems, and to form the intellectual core of an information tool in e-research.

The basis of competition in many industries has moved more and more towards knowledge-based resources; consequently, knowledge reuse, knowledge management systems (KMS) and their success is an important issue. This study investigates the concept of one of the most important factors of successful knowledge reuse, namely knowledge intermediaries. However, while the importance of knowledge intermediaries is commonly recognized, there is less agreement on what knowledge intermediaries and their roles actually are, or should be. By reviewing the intermediary or broker literature, together with the KMS and knowledge reuse literature, we try in this paper to clarify the knowledge intermediary concept as well as their roles and functions relating to organizational knowledge processes. We identify three types of intermediary in this context, including "knowledge-oriented human intermediaries" (KHI), "technically- oriented human intermediaries" (THI), and, lastly, IT intermediaries. All of these play different but interrelated roles to facilitate successful knowledge flow and reuse. Through the clarification of these concepts, this study provides useful insight to better understand and manage organizational internal knowledge processes.

The concept of the Seamless Force envisages a force that is not only Joint, but also incorporates permanent and part-time members of the three Services, and includes Defence civilians, other supporting government agencies, contractors, allies and coalition partners. The Seamless Force is built on the skills and qualities of the individual warfighter and thus its single most valuable element is the well-trained, educated and motivated human being. Inherent in most discussions about the nature of such future forces are some untested assumptions about how humans and organisational elements will behave and function in this new environment. This research examines broad psychosocial issues that need to be considered to fully exploit NCW (Network Centric Warfare) and other future operating concepts. Moreover, the research is designed to elucidate these issues so they become an integral part of concept development for future warfare. It is envisaged that the development of these concepts will have implications for the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and the Australian Defence Organisation (ADO) in terms of organisational structures, and training and education initiatives. The research team is currently in the process of interviewing personnel returning from deployment in the Middle East in an attempt to capture the human lessons learned in operations. The facilitating information exchange and consequently, decision making within joint and coalition forces in battlespace., Prepared in collaboration with the School of Business and Information Management, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, and the School of Information Management and Tourism, University of Canberra, Canaberra, Australia. Presented at the International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (10th) held in McLean, VA 0n 13-16 June 2005. Briefing charts p12-27. The original document contains color images.

The unfortunate events of September 11, 2001 have caused a renewed effort to protect our Nation's Critical Infrastructures. SCADA systems are relied upon in a large number of the sectors that make up the critical infrastructure, and their importance was reinforced during the massive power outage that occurred in August 2003. Growing reliance upon the Internet has emphasized the vulnerability of SCADA system communications to cyber attack. Only through diligent and continuous vulnerability assessment and certification and accreditation of these systems will the United States be able to mitigate some of the vulnerabilities of these systems. A case study presented here has validated the need for continued focus in this area. This thesis consolidates some of the research that has already been done in the area of SCADA vulnerability assessment and applies it by developing an initial vulnerability assessment checklist for Department of the Navy systems. This checklist can and should also be used in the certification and accreditation of DoN SCADA systems. A promising technology was also discovered during this research that should be explored further to secure SCADA communications. This will be touched on briefly., The original document contains color images.

Much of the NCW related work done by the military has been in technological and operational domains. The literature review in this report focuses on the human and organisational factors that need to be considered to make the most of the future NCW context and enable future warfighters to deal with war, peace, terrorism and overall uncertainty. Particular focus is placed on the transformation of warfighting and the issues that individuals and groups face in the NC environment. Such issues include: organisational culture, cognitive demands, the nature of information, C2 processes, knowledge mobilisation and learning, and transformational pathways organisations may follow while changing from a traditional hierarchical way of operating to more flexible and decentralised structures. The report concludes with suggestions for future research in the human dimension of effective NCW.

This paper attempts to demonstrate the principles of hermeneutics in an effort to understand factors affecting Information Systems (IS) projects. As hermeneutics provides a systematic method of interpreting text from multiple information sources, thus, Information Systems being prima facie defined and documented as text documents, are eminently suited for this mode of investigation. In this paper, we illustrate hermeneutics by analysing a sample case study document describing a well known project of Denver International Airport (DIA) Automated Baggage Handling System, which was extensively reported in IS and management press and studied by Montealegre and his colleagues (Montealegre, Nelson, Knoop, & Applegate, 1999, p553-554). As a result of the hermeneutic approach to the analysis of this document, a new "flexibility" factor has been discovered to play an important, yet unreported, role in the DIA system demise. In the DIA case, the observed flexibility factor influenced the quality of the interaction between the actors, the prevailing environment and the information systems.

The examination of a practical issue with a web site has led, in this paper, directly to the consideration of the need for, and an assessment of the impact of, an approach based on fundamental theories of ‘what is’, to examine what information systems research is and the relations of its component areas of endeavour. The paper presents an examination of the use of the philosophical field of ontologies, and specifically the use of the ontological approaches upon which to base categories of information systems research activities. This theoretical analysis is intended to be used as the basis from which to develop a methodology to undertake the development of the categorial scheme for the web site that initiated the research.

In this paper, we present the findings of a case study which examines the use of enterprise architectures in the context of the development and implementation of an Electronic Government (e-Government) Services Delivery initiative by the Queensland State

The literature observes that, while there are ostensibly benefits to sharing of data and information, barriers to organisational data sharing appear significant. Managers may be understandably concerned that the sharing activity is adversely affecting their own organisations. This paper develops a model of data sharing based on the traditional system model, and proposes a theory of the sharing activity in organisations. The paper theorises that employees may engage in or oppose sharing based on the assessment of perceived benefits accruing to themselves from the activity. In particular, the paper highlights the contention that data sharing decreases as organisations grow, and also offers an explanation for why the sharing activity is so poorly undertaken in modern organisations.