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Mit dem Mitteilungsheft Nr. 38 publizieren das Institut und die Versuchsanstalt für Geotechnik der Technischen Universität Darmstadt die Beiträge zum Workshop Baugrund-Tragwerk-Interaktion, der am 21.11.1997 an der Technischen Universität Darmstadt stattgefunden hat.

Two-thirds of all human conceptions are lost, in most cases before clinical detection. The lack of detailed understanding of the causes of pregnancy losses constrains focused counseling for future pregnancies. We have previously shown that a missense variant in synaptonemal complex central element protein 2 (SYCE2), in a key residue for the assembly of the synaptonemal complex backbone, associates with recombination traits. Here we show that it also increases risk of pregnancy loss in a genome-wide association analysis on 114,761 women with reported pregnancy loss. We further show that the variant associates with more random placement of crossovers and lower recombination rate in longer chromosomes but higher in the shorter ones. These results support the hypothesis that some pregnancy losses are due to failures in recombination. They further demonstrate that variants with a substantial effect on the quality of recombination can be maintained in the population., Two-thirds of all human conceptions are lost, in most cases before clinical detection. The lack of detailed understanding of the causes of pregnancy losses constrains focused counseling for future pregnancies. We have previously shown that a missense variant in synaptonemal complex central element protein 2 (SYCE2), in a key residue for the assembly of the synaptonemal complex backbone, associates with recombination traits. Here we show that it also increases risk of pregnancy loss in a genome-wide association analysis on 114,761 women with reported pregnancy loss. We further show that the variant associates with more random placement of crossovers and lower recombination rate in longer chromosomes but higher in the shorter ones. These results support the hypothesis that some pregnancy losses are due to failures in recombination. They further demonstrate that variants with a substantial effect on the quality of recombination can be maintained in the population.

Several viruses hijack various forms of endocytosis in order to infect host cells. Here, we report the discovery of a molecule with antiviral properties that we named virapinib, which limits viral entry by macropinocytosis. The identification of virapinib derives from a chemical screen using high-throughput microscopy, where we identified chemical entities capable of preventing infection with a pseudotype virus expressing the spike (S) protein from SARS-CoV-2. Subsequent experiments confirmed the capacity of virapinib to inhibit infection by SARS-CoV-2, as well as by additional viruses, such as mpox virus and TBEV. Mechanistic analyses revealed that the compound inhibited macropinocytosis, limiting this entry route for the viruses. Importantly, virapinib has no significant toxicity to host cells. In summary, we present the discovery of a molecule that inhibits macropinocytosis, thereby limiting the infectivity of viruses that use this entry route such as SARS-CoV2.

Background Many adolescent males visit a general practitioner regularly, yet many report unmet health needs and negative experiences. This indicates a gap between provided healthcare and the needs of adolescent males. In order to improve adolescent males’ possibilities to discuss their health concerns with general practitioners, the study’s aim was to explore and describe how adolescent males understand and assign meaning to their experiences of consultations with general practitioners. Methods This qualitative study was conducted at two healthcare centres in mid-Sweden in 2022. Nine males 15 to 19 years old described their experiences in semi-structured interviews immediately after consulting a general practitioner, regardless of reason for the consultation and whether or not accompanied by a parent. The analysis was guided by thematic analysis according to Braun & Clarke and reflective lifeworld theory’s concepts of openness and sensitivity. Results One overarching theme, To be listened to, and three themes were developed: To handle insecurity and uneasiness, To be understood and cared for, and To get parental support on his terms. In a good appointment, the general practitioner cares about him, listens attentively, and takes him seriously. More importantly, the general practitioner’s understanding permeates the consultation, so that all aspects of it is adapted to him. The adolescent males doubted their ability to express themselves and to understand what would happen in the consultation, and therefore feared being dismissed without receiving any help. Such difficulties may be due to unfinished neurocognitive development and inexperience. They struggled with embarrassment, partly due to notions of masculinity, and strived to balance their needs of parental support, privacy, and being the one that the doctor listens to. Conclusions We argue that adolescent males are particularly vulnerable due to on-going neurocognitive and emotional development, inexperience

To better understand the formation and evolution of the early universe, galaxy evolution, suppressed star formation, the luminosity function, and mass accretion, we need to understand how supermassive black holes(SMBHs) formed. Since SMBHs are known at redshift z = 7, the question already arose as to how an object as massive as 109M⊙ would need to either let black holes (BHs) form massive or to let them grow at a fast rate in that short time. Several models have been proposed to answer this question. The models are normally classified as either heavy or light seeding models depending on the size of the SMBH, however, with insufficient data, these models cannot be tested. The estimated number of SMBHs at high z sets the proposed models apart. Then the number of sources per unit volume is a means to set the models apart and test their accuracy. In this thesis, we tried to measure the comoving number density of supermassive black holes during different redshifts. We attempted to observe active galactic nuclei (AGNs) as hosts for SMBHs through variability due to the variable magnitudes of AGNs. We measured the variability to give quantitative data and test the theoretical models. The images used were the Hubbleultra-deep field survey from 2012 (UDF12) and a re-imaging campaign of the same field to test the variability, with more than 10 years apart between them, to compare magnitudes for variability and obtain the redshifts by matching the measured sources against known galaxy catalogs. Our results reveal 16 known SMBHs and 200 possible SMBHscandidates, the comoving number density at redshift z ≈ 5.5 was measured to be 1.8 × 10−4/M pc3. The results are similar to previous results that have used broad line emission, the most applicable theoretical model for this specific result would be the Pop III.1 model with an isolation distance of 200 or slightly larger. Further studies would confirm the supermassive black hole candidates and expand the survey periods to have more i

Background: Neonatal early-onset disease caused by group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of infant morbidity. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) is effective in preventing early-onset GBS disease, but there is no agreement on the optimal strategy for identifying the pregnant women requiring this treatment, and both risk-based prophylaxis (RBP) and GBS screening-based prophylaxis (SBP) are used. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SBP as a public health intervention on the epidemiology of early-onset GBS infections. Methods: In 2012, Finland started the universal SBP, while Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden continued with RBP. We conducted an interrupted time series analysis taking 2012 as the intervention point to evaluate the impact of this intervention. The incidences of early- and late-onset GBS infections during Period I (1995-2011) and Period II (2012-2019) were collected from each national register, covering 6,605,564 live births. Results: In Finland, a reduction of 58% in the incidence of early-onset GBS disease, corresponding to an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 0.42 (95% CI: 0.34-0.52), was observed after 2012. At the same time, the pooled IRR of other Nordic countries was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.80-1.0), specifically 0.89 (95% CI: 0.70-1.5) in Denmark, 0.34 (95% CI: 0.15-0.81) in Iceland, 0.72 (95% CI: 0.59-0.88) in Norway and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.85-1.1) in Sweden. Conclusions: In this ecological study of five Nordic countries, early-onset GBS infections were approximately halved following introduction of the SBP approach as compared with RBP.

BACKGROUND: Occupational Health Service (OHS) is a service that should support employers and employees with theirwork environment. Previous research indicates the need for deeper knowledge about the effect of workplace interventionswith a focus on planning, organizing and designing the workplace to improve work conditions in hospital settings. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the outcomes, workplace interventions and intervention strategies in hospital settings. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted. CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, and Web of ScienceCore Collection were searched in September 2021. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to evaluate the quality ofthe included studies. Study results are presented through a narrative synthesis. A protocol for this study was registered onthe Open Science Framework. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies, published between 2010 and 2021, were included. These included randomized controlledtrials (RCTs), non-RCTs, and mixed methods reports with moderate to good quality. The results support the use of workplaceinterventions to improve work conditions, health, and well-being in hospital settings. Combinations of different interventions,tailored to the specific organization, were used. Important intervention strategies commonly used in the start-up, evaluation,and intervention of successful workplace interventions, were identified. Using a pragmatist complexity approach in workplaceinterventions can improve outcomes by providing clear intervention strategies and combinations of tailored interventions,related to context specific problems. CONCLUSION: OHS support in workplace interventions with clear intervention strategies will contribute to improve workconditions, health and well-being in hospital settings., Corrected Proof

Emergency department (ED) overcrowding is a complex problem that is intricately linked with the operations of other hospital departments. Leveraging ED real-world production data provides a unique opportunity to comprehend this multifaceted problem holistically. This paper introduces a novel approach to analyse healthcare production data, treating the length of stay of patients, and the follow up decision regarding discharge or admission to the hospital as a time-to-event analysis problem. Our methodology employs traditional survival estimators and machine learning models, and Shapley additive explanations values to interpret the model outcomes. The most relevant features influencing length of stay were whether the patient received a scan at the ED, emergency room urgent visit, age, triage level, and the medical alarm unit category. The clinical insights derived from the explanation of the models holds promise for increase understanding of the overcrowding from the data. Our work demonstrates that a time-to-event approach to the over- crowding serves as a valuable initial to uncover crucial insights for further investigation and policy design., QC 20240924

This thesis aimed to explore adolescent males’ experiences of consultations with general practitioners (GPs) with a particular focus on confidentiality in relation to poor mental health and health-compromising behaviours. First, a model describing the covariation of poor mental-health symptoms, associated somatic symptoms, and health-compromising behaviours was developed through explorative and confirmative factor analysis (paper I). The model was then applied in a structural equation modelling approach to study whether these symptoms and behaviours influenced how adolescent males valued and experienced confidentiality as well as whether they were comfortable asking sensitive questions during their GP consultations (paper II). Next, to gain a deeper understanding, adolescent males’ experiences with GP consultations were further explored through a qualitative lifeworld-based approach. Interviews were analysed with thematic analysis (paper III) and video observations with a phenomenological–hermeneutical method (paper IV). The findings revealed that by providing confidentiality, here defined as private time without parents and explaining the meaning and boundaries of professional secrecy, GPs can facilitate discussions on sensitive topics and make adolescent males feel more comfortable to raise their own concerns. This might be a fruitful approach to address any unmet health needs, which can be achieved through the split-visit consultation model. Another finding was that the studied consultations were very complex. Due to their ongoing development, inexperience with GP consultations, and notions of masculinity, the adolescent males struggled with cognitive, emotional, and relational difficulties while negotiating their right to define the problem and be responsible for their health. The adolescent males emphasized the importance of being listened to and taken seriously, which entails that all aspects of the consultation must be adapted to their individual needs and

This thesis investigates how different communication styles can impact human perception of a robot, in particular the difference between certain and uncertain communication. The certain and uncertain communication styles consist of differing word usage, stating that ”I am certain that...” as opposed to ”I am not sure but I think that...”. A study was conducted on 30 participants, where each participant played a game of Memory with a NAO social robot, using either a high or low certainty communication style. During the interaction, the robot suggested a card to the player, however the choice of which card to choose was up to the human. The interaction was curated to include an incorrect suggestion from the robot halfway through the game and data was collected on how the participants interacted with the robot’s suggestions pre and post failure, as well as their overall perception of the robot’s competence. The results show that the robot was consistently rated higher in competence by the users who interacted with the high certainty communication style but users in that group were also less likely to comply with the robot’s suggestions. Users who encountered the high certainty robot also on average achieved higher scores in the game than the ones who encountered the low certainty robot. Confirming that the communication style of robots indeed has an impact on HRI is an important result as HRI scenarios are becoming more and more common in society which makes knowledge about their design important as well., Denna artikel undersöker hur olika kommunikationsstilar kan påverka människors uppfattning om en robot, specifikt skillnaden mellan att använda en högt säker kommunikationsstil och en lågt säker kommunikationsstil. Kommunikationsstilarna skiljer sig genom specifik användning av vissa ord, såsom ”Jag är säker på att...” jämfört med ”Jag vet inte men jag tror att...”. En studie genomfördes med 30 deltagare, där varje deltagare spelade Memory med en social robot av typen NAO och använde antingen en hög eller låg grad av säkerhet i kommunikationsstilen. Under interaktionen föreslog roboten ett kort till spelaren, men valet av vilket kort att välja var upp till människan. Interaktionen innehöll ett planerat felaktigt förslag från roboten halvvägs genom spelet och data samlades in om hur deltagarna interagerade med robotens förslag före och efter felet, samt deras allmänna uppfattning om robotens kompetens. Resultaten visar att roboten konsekvent fick högre betyg i kompetens av användarna som interagerade med den högt säkra kommunikationsstilen, men användare i den gruppen var också mindre benägna att följa robotens förslag. Användare som interagerade med den högt säkra roboten fick också i genomsnitt fler poäng rätt i spelet än de som interagerade med den roboten med låg säkerhet i kommunikationsstilen. Att den kommunikationsstil en robot använder har en påverkan på hur den uppfattas är en viktig upptäckt eftersom människor och robotar förmodligen kommer interagera allt mer i framtiden vilket lägger ökad vikt på kunskap om dessa interaktioner.

Uppsatsen handlar om hur kvinnor och män skapas i och genom en rekryteringsföreställning. Syftet med uppsatsen är att identifiera vad som utgör rekryteringsföreställningen och analysera det utifrån ett genusperspektiv. Utifrån detta syfte har vi ställt 3 frågeställningar. Dessa var 1) Hur kommer kön till uttryck i en rekryteringsföreställning? 2) Hur konstrueras “kvinnligt” och “manligt” i och genom en rekryteringsföreställning? 3) Hur förklaras en ojämn könsfördelning av en rekryteringsföreställning? I uppsatsen utgår vi från ett socialkonstruktionistiskt och tolkande perspektiv. I uppsatsen analyserar vi en rekryteringsföreställning utifrån ett genusperspektiv. Studiens empiriska material består av jobbannonser, CV och personliga brev, personlighetstester, en tidigare studie samt intervjuer med personer involverade i rekryteringsprocessen. I analysen ser vi hur cheferna målar upp en drömbild och har en värdering om en meritokratisk likabehandling. Ur rekryteringsprocessen trillar rekryter ut. Våra viktigaste upptäcker är att drömbilden skaver mot värderingen om en meritokratisk likabehandling eftersom egenskaperna som drömkandidaten tillskrivs är könade. Detta resulterar i konsekvenser som ett dominerande kön, homosocialitet, konformitet och kooptation. Vi tycker att detta gör att rekryteringsprocessen kan liknas med att baka en tårta.

BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are common among healthcare workers (HCWs) but might be prevented by risk assessment and further promotion of occupational safety and health. The aim of this study was to investigate if the risk assessment instrument TilThermometer can be used to identify risk profiles of physical exposure in HCWs working with patient handling and movement (PHM). Further aims were to describe HCWs' perceptions and experiences of using the TilThermometer. METHODS: This feasibility study has a mixed design methodology. In total, 54 HCWs from 17 Swedish care units participated and performed risk assessments with the TilThermometer. Data collected from the risk assessments were used to identify risk profiles of physical exposure. HCWs' experiences of using the TilThermometer were collected from activity logs and analysed qualitatively. Three questionnaires were used to assess perceived acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of the risk assessment, and eight study specific questions were used for perceived usefulness. RESULTS: The TilThermometer was used at the care units by assessing each care recipient, and when compiling the data at a group level, a summarized risk profile for the care unit could be provided. Risk for physical exposure was reported as high in two work tasks; no care unit used the high-low adjustable seat when showering care recipients sitting down, and 13% used the recommended assistive devices when putting compression stockings on. However, 99% used high-low adjustable assistive devices when caring and bathing care recipients lying down. TilThermometer was described as easy to use, enabling team reflections and providing an overview of the care units' recipients and workload, but difficulties in categorizing for mobility groups were also reported. The TilThermometer was, on a five-point scale, perceived as acceptable (mean 3.93), appropriate (mean 3.9), and feasible (mean 3.97). These scores are in line with

Previous research has shown that feeling engaged in schoolwork is crucial for pupils to achieve, but engagement and motivation decline with age in many countries. To address these issues, we consider it is important that how we conceive learning include opportunities for learning outside the classroom. This study aimed to explore pupils’ experiences of being taught science subjects using outdoor learning, including the learning they achieved. The research was conducted using an ethnographic research design, a useful method for research in this type of environment where a greater understanding of teaching and learning processes is sought, enabling researchers to explore events more deeply. The study took place during one school year and was conducted for pupils in grade 6 in a school on Sweden’s west coast. This study provides unique insights into how these teacher efforts to offer outdoor learning opportunities have improved pupils’ willingness to participate. Likewise, how the pupils have developed knowledge of and used scientific concepts and skills in different contexts became visible when the pupils were allowed to try, explore, be creative, and observe in real life contexts in various places. In addition, the pupils have been given opportunities to ask, discuss and reflect on questions about various phenomena and processes in nature and humans. From the pupils’ point of view, this has contributed to their easier understanding of the content of the science subjects. These results significantly improve science literacy for science subjects in a school context (Holbrook & Rannikmae, 2009). © The Author(s) 2024.

Detta projekt undersöker coronapandemins påverkan på bostadsrätter i Stockholms kommun genom två multipel linjär regressionsanalyser med avseende på kvantitativa faktorer som försäljningspris, våningsplan, area, byggnadsår, månadsavgift och tillgång till hiss. Målet med projektet är att analysera om en förändring av preferenser har skett på transaktionsnivå för bostadsmarknaden i Stockholm kommun. För att möjliggöra analysen jämförs varje beta-koefficient från två olika dataset, en innan coronapandemin och en efter coronapandemin. Resultaten från multipel linjär regressionerna i denna undersökning visar för det första att hushållen i Stockholm värderar större area högre och för det andra att värdet av tillgång till hiss har haft en signifikant ökning efter coronapandemin. Där det första resultatet påvisar en fortsatt trend på ökad behov av arbetsrum till följd av distansarbete även efter coronapandemin. Däremot har betydelse av våningsplan, byggnadsår och månadsavgift minskat. Anledningen till minskningen påstås snarare vara en effekt av att andra variabler har blivit mer betydelsefulla., This project examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on condominiums in the Stockholm region by using two multiple linear regression analyses with respect to quantitative factors as sell price, year of construction, floor, area, monthly fee and access to elevator. The goal of this project is to analyze if a change of preferences have taken place at the transaction level for the real estate market in the Stockholm region. In order to enable the analysis, every beta-coefficient is compared from two different datasets, one before the pandemic and one after. The results of the multiple linear regressions shows firstly that the households in Stockholm value higher on larger areas and secondly that the value of the access to elevators after the pandemic has increased significantly. Whereas the first result proves a continuing trend with increasing demand for workrooms due to remote work even after COVID-19 pandemic. However, the impact of floor, year of construction and monthly fee has decreased. The reason behind the decrease is interpreted rather as an effect of that other variables have been more meaningful instead.

Ökande andel småskalig solproduktion introduceras i elnäten, detta medför möjligheter och utmaningar för nätägare. I detta arbete har möjligheten undersökts om småskalig solproduktion kan bidra till att upprätthålla spänningen i nätet vid trefasiga kortslutningar. I dagsläget är det många privatägare som installerar solceller. Denna utveckling har pågått länge, men de senaste åren har intresset skjutit i höjden. Att många väljer att installera och koppla in solceller till elnätet innebär möjligheter men även vissa svårigheter för nätägare (exempelvis E.ON, Vattenfall och Ellevio). Nätägare är generellt sett tvungna att acceptera och koppla in solceller, där det finns en nätanslutning för el- konsumtion sen tidigare. Samtidigt är nätägare ansvariga för den spänning och el som finns i nätet, oavsett om den är producerad av traditionella producenter, eller om bidrag från småskaliga producenter utgör en stor andel. Om allvarliga fel, så kallade kortslutningar, uppstår i elnätet kan det ha vidsträckt inverkan. Det kan innebära att spänningen, som behöver vara på en viss nivå för att kunna leverera el, kan bli betydligt nedsatt i stora delar av det berörda elnätet. För att motverka detta och i övrigt säkerställa ett fungerande elnät och en stadig elleverans finns det vissa bestämmelser som elproduktion behöver hålla sig till, dessa kallas nätkoder. I nätkoderna finns det regler som innebär att produktionsanläggningar över en viss effektstorlek måste vara fortsatt anslutna till elnätet även när spänningen sjunker, som den gör om allvarliga fel uppstår i nätet. Detta kallas störningstålighet och gäller i Sverige för all produktion som är över 1.5 MW. När nu småskalig el-produktion ökar i andel och blir mer betydande i elnätet, vill den här studien undersöka om fel i elnätet kan stödjas på samma sätt av dessa mindre anläggningar, och ifall många samlade småskaliga solcellsanläggningar kan hjälpa att hålla uppe spänningen under olika fel i nätet. Undersökningen som är utförd

Photo-induced dark transient states of fluorophores can pose a problem in fluorescence spectroscopy. However, their typically long lifetimes also make them highly environment sensitive, suggesting fluorophores with prominent dark-state formation yields to be used as microenvironmental sensors in bio-molecular spectroscopy and imaging. In this work, we analyzed the singlet-triplet transitions of fluorescein and three synthesized carboxy-fluorescein derivatives, with one, two or four bromines linked to the anthracence backbone. Using transient state (TRAST) spectroscopy, we found a prominent internal heavy atom (IHA) enhancement of the intersystem crossing (ISC) rates upon bromination, inferred by density functional theory calculations to take place via a higher triplet state, followed by relaxation to the lowest triplet state. A corresponding external heavy atom (EHA) enhancement was found upon adding potassium iodide (KI). Notably, increased KI concentrations still resulted in lowered triplet state buildup in the brominated fluorophores, due to relatively lower enhancements in ISC, than in the triplet decay. Together with an antioxidative effect on the fluorophores, adding KI thus generated a fluorescence enhancement of the brominated fluorophores. By TRAST measurements, analyzing the average fluorescence intensity of fluorescent molecules subject to a systematically varied excitation modulation, dark state transitions within very high triplet yield (>90%) fluorophores can be directly analyzed under biologically relevant conditions. These measurements, not possible by other techniques such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, opens for bio-sensing applications based on high triplet yield fluorophores, and for characterization of high triplet yield photodynamic therapy agents, and how they are influenced by IHA and EHA effects.

BackgroundGenetic screening for pathogenic variants (PVs) in cancer predisposition genes can affect treatment strategies, risk prediction and preventive measures for patients and families. For decades, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) has been attributed to PVs in the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, and more recently other rare alleles have been firmly established as associated with a high or moderate increased risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer. Here, we assess the genetic variation and tumor characteristics in a large cohort of women with suspected HBOC in a clinical oncogenetic setting.MethodsWomen with suspected HBOC referred from all oncogenetic clinics in Sweden over a six-year inclusion period were screened for PVs in 13 clinically relevant genes. The genetic outcome was compared with tumor characteristics and other clinical data collected from national cancer registries and hospital records.ResultsIn 4622 women with breast and/or ovarian cancer the overall diagnostic yield (the proportion of women carrying at least one PV) was 16.6%. BRCA1/2 PVs were found in 8.9% of women (BRCA1 5.95% and BRCA2 2.94%) and PVs in the other breast and ovarian cancer predisposition genes in 8.2%: ATM (1.58%), BARD1 (0.45%), BRIP1 (0.43%), CDH1 (0.11%), CHEK2 (3.46%), PALB2 (0.84%), PTEN (0.02%), RAD51C (0.54%), RAD51D (0.15%), STK11 (0) and TP53 (0.56%). Thus, inclusion of the 11 genes in addition to BRCA1/2 increased diagnostic yield by 7.7%. The yield was, as expected, significantly higher in certain subgroups such as younger patients, medullary breast cancer, higher Nottingham Histologic Grade, ER-negative breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer and high grade serous ovarian cancer. Age and tumor subtype distributions differed substantially depending on genetic finding.ConclusionsThis study contributes to understanding the clinical and genetic landscape of breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility. Extending clinical genetic screening from BRCA1 and BRCA2

Bakgrund: Endometrios är en vanlig kronisk inflammatorisk sjukdom som beräknas drabba var tionde kvinna i Sverige. Sjukdomen kan ge svåra smärtsymtom och leda till subfertilitet och organskador. Dessutom förknippas den komplexa smärtproblematiken vid endometrios med psykisk ohälsa. Det saknas kompetens, kunskapsstöd och riktlinjer för omvårdnad vid endometrios på samtliga vårdnivåer i Sverige. Sjuksköterskeutbildningen på grundnivå innehåller begränsat med information om endometrios jämfört med andra vanliga kroniska tillstånd. Då endometrios är en vanlig sjukdom som grundutbildade sjuksköterskor förväntas möta i sitt arbete ansågs det föreligga ett behov av att utöka kunskapen om kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med endometrios. Syfte: Att utforska kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med endometrios. Metod: Litteraturstudien bygger på resultaten från tolv kvalitativa primärstudier från databaserna Cinahl, PubMed och ProQuest. Kvalitetsgranskning genomfördes utifrån SBU:s mall för kvalitativa studier. En induktiv dataanalys gjordes i tre steg. Resultat: Tre kategorier respektive sju subkategorier identifierades. Kategorierna benämns som: En kamp i vården, Påverkan på det dagliga livet och Förändrad självbild. Konklusion: Kvinnorna beskrev en variation av upplevelser av att leva med endometrios. Mötet med vården upplevdes som en kamp och sjukdomen sades styra det dagliga livet. Vidare beskrevs ett behov av stöd och kunskap. De upplevde ett flertal funktionsförluster och beskrev att framtiden kändes oklar. Kompetent stöd, information och bekräftelse från hälso- och sjukvården, tillsammans med ett förstående bemötande i nära relationer och i yrkeslivet, ökade kvinnornas upplevelse av hanterbarhet, acceptans och tillit. Omvårdnadsarbetet, och sjuksköterskans samordnande roll, ger åtskilliga möjligheter att förändra och förbättra vården för endometriosdrabbade kvinnor., Background: Endometriosis is a common chronic inflammatory disease estimated to affect one out of ten women in Sweden. It causes symptoms of severe pain and can lead to subfertility and organ damage. In addition, the complex problem of pain in endometriosis is associated with mental health issues. There is a lack of competence, clinical care guidelines and decision support for nursing on all levels of care in Sweden. Compared to other common chronic diseases, the undergraduate nursing program contains a limited amount of information about endometriosis. As endometriosis is a common affliction which the registered nurse is likely to encounter, a need to explore women’s experiences of living with endometriosis was identified. Aim: To explore women’s experiences of living with endometriosis. Method: This literature review was based on twelve qualitative primary studies from the databases Cinahl, PubMed and Proquest. Quality assessment was made with the SBU review template. An inductive data analysis was done in three steps. Main findings: Three categories and seven subcategories were identified. The categories were A struggle within health care, Impact on daily life and A changed self-image. Conclusion: Women described a variety of experiences in living with endometriosis. Healthcare was described as a struggle, and women recounted how the disease impacted and controlled their daily lives. Additionally, a need for support and knowledge was expressed. Several losses of function were encountered, and the women viewed the future with uncertainty. Competence, information, and validation from healthcare personnel, along with being met with understanding in their personal and professional lives, increased feelings of manageability, acceptance, and trust. Nursing, and the coordinating role of the nurse, provides numerous opportunities to improve and change the care for women with endometriosis.

Bakgrund: Många människor lever i dag med ett substansbrukssyndrom, det är ett utbrett problem både i Sverige och Europa. De tidigare diagnoserna beroende och missbruk ingår nu båda i nya diagnosen substansbrukssyndrom. Att leva med denna sjukdom kan på många sätt påverka livet negativt. Dessa ofta komplexa sjukdomstillstånd ställer krav på både sjuksköterskan samt övrig hälso-och sjukvårdspersonal. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva patienter med substansbrukssyndroms upplevelse av mötet med hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Metod: Studien hade en kvalitativ metod med en induktiv ansats. Data analyserades enligt Elo och Kyngäs (2007) innehållsanalys för kvalitativa studier. Resultat: Studien påvisade att upplevelserna av mötet med hälso-och sjukvårdspersonalen var övergripande negativa men det förekom även positiva upplevelser. Slutsats: Det finns många förbättringsområden när det kommer till hälso-och sjukvårdspersonalens bemötande samt omvårdnad av patienter med substansbrukssyndrom.

The alarming rate at which we see the decline in biodiversity due to human activity has raised concerns about the well-being of our planet. Butterflies which serve as pollinators are an essential part of many ecosystems and sensitive indicators of environmental changes and can provide valuable insight into how ecosystems function and evolve. This thesis aims to create phylogenetic trees based on DNA sequences from butterflies and compare different nucleotide substitution models and methods in order to better understand butterflies' evolution and genetic relationships. Our approach was to use Markov theory to investigate how the four nucleotides are evolving. In regard to the comparison of models, the General Time Reversible model with more degrees of freedom was found to be better than the K80 model. Although the Maximum Likelihood and Pairwise Distance methods were found to have different transition rate matrices, the tree reconstructions had no registered differences. Interestingly, the Q matrix was found to be similar across butterfly families. These findings can suggest that it is possible to have a standard Q matrix when estimating or inferring evolutionary relationships among butterflies, and probably other animal groups. This should improve the accuracy of estimations within phylogenetics when dealing with small data sets. The information helps with reconstructing evolutionary relationships and species, therefore contributing to preserving biodiversity and thereby the ecosystems to whom they belong - and in addition humankind., Den oroväckande takten med vilken vi ser en minskning i biologisk mångfald på grund av mänsklig aktivitet har väckt rädsla för vår planets fortsatta välbefinnande. Fjärilar som är en väsentlig del av många ekosystem fungerar som pollinatörer och indikatorer för miljöförändringar, vilket ger värdefull insikt om ekosystemens funktion och utveckling. Fjärilar fungerar som pollinatörer och är en viktig del av många ekosystem. Därmed är de känsliga indikatorer på miljöförändringar och kan ge värdefull insikt om hur ekosystem fungerar samt utvecklas. Detta kandidatexamensarbete syftar till att skapa fylogenetiska träd baserade fjärilars DNA-sekvenser och jämföra olika modeller för nukleotid substitution och metoder för att bättre förstå fjärilars utveckling och genetiska relationer. Vårt tillvägagångssätt var att använda Markovs teori för att undersöka hur de fyra nukleotiderna utvecklas. När det gäller jämförelsen av modeller visade sig General Time Reversible-modellen med fler frihetsgrader vara bättre än K80-modellen. Fastän Maximum Likelihood och Pairwise Distance metoderna visade sig ha olika övergångsmatriser fanns det inga registrerade skillnader i trädrekonstruktionerna. Ytterligare ett intressant resultat var att Q-matrisen var liknande oberoende av fjärilsfamilj. Detta kan tyda på att det är möjligt att ha en standard Q-matris när man uppskattar eller drar slutsatser om evolutionära samband mellan fjärilar och förmodligen andra djurgrupper. Vidare studier behövs men detta skulle förbättra noggrannheten av uppskattningar inom fylogenetiken när man hanterar små datamängder. Sammanfattningsvis hjälper nämnda insikter till att rekonstruera evolutionära relationer bland arter och bidrar därför till att bevara den biologiska mångfalden, tillhörande ekosystem och dessutom mänskligheten.

Inkludering är en rättighet för alla barn i förskolan och en viktig del för att känna sig inkluderad är möjligheten till kommunikation med alla i omgivningen. Att kunna kommunicera är ett grundläggande mänskligt behov och Alternativ och Kompletterande Kommunikation (AKK), som i grunden är ett specialpedagogiskt verktyg, har tagits fram som stöd för kommunikation mellan människor, så personer med kommunikationssvårigheter kan förstå andra och göra sig förstådda. Detta innebär en utmaning i förskolan för förskolans personal, då det anses angeläget att barn som behöver stöd för att utveckla kommunikation får tillgång till AKK tidigt. Studiens syfte är att ta reda på förskollärares användning och syn på AKK som ett verktyg i inkluderingsarbetet. Kvalitativa intervjuer hölls med nio förskollärare från tre olika förskolor. Intervjuerna hölls som semistrukturerade intervjuer med öppna frågor som gav förskollärarna utrymme att uttrycka egna åsikter, tankar och erfarenheter om hur de arbetar med AKK och hur de önskar att arbeta med AKK som ett verktyg för att skapa inkludering. Resultatet visar att förskollärarna ser stor nytta av AKK både som ett språkfrämjande verktyg för barnen och som ett medel för att skapa inkludering. Enligt förskollärarna är en trygg barngrupp en grundförutsättning för hela förskolans verksamhet och en fungerande kommunikation är avgörande när det kommer till trygghetsskapande och för barnens möjlighet att vara delaktiga och påverka sin vardag. Vidare framkom det i resultatet en skillnad i hur förskollärare arbetar med AKK i barngrupperna och hur de önskar att arbeta.

Automatic program repair (APR) offers significant potential for automating some coding tasks. Using APR could reduce the high costs historically associated with fixing code faults and deliver significant benefits to software engineering. Adopting APR could also have profound implications for software developers daily activities, transforming their work practices. To realise the benefits of APR it is vital that we consider how developers feel about APR and the impact APR may have on developers' work. Developing APR tools without consideration of the developer is likely to undermine the success of APR deployment. In this paper, we critically review how developers are considered in APR research by analysing how human factors are treated in 260 studies from Monperrus's Living Review of APR. Over half of the 260 studies in our review were motivated by a problem faced by developers (e.g., the difficulty associated with fixing faults). Despite these human-oriented motivations, fewer than 7% of the 260 studies included a human study. We looked in detail at these human studies and found their quality mixed (for example, one human study was based on input from only one developer). Our results suggest that software developers are often talked about in APR studies, but are rarely talked with. A more comprehensive and reliable understanding of developer human factors in relation to APR is needed. Without this understanding, it will be difficult to develop APR tools and techniques which integrate effectively into developers' workflows. We recommend a future research agenda to advance the study of human factors in APR.

One of the biggest challenges in healthcare is Emergency Department (ED) crowding which creates high constraints on the whole healthcare system as well as the resources within and can be the cause of many adverse events. Is is a well known problem were a lot of research has been done and a lot of solutions has been proposed, yet the problem still stands unsolved. By analysing Real-World Data (RWD), complex problems like ED crowding could be better understood. Currently very few applications of survival analysis has been adopted for the use of production data in order to analyze the complexity of logistical problems. The aims for this thesis was to apply survival analysis through advanced Machine Learning (ML) models to RWD collected at a Swedish hospital too see how the Length Of Stay (LOS) until admission or discharge were affected by different factors. This was done by formulating the crowding in the ED for survival analysis through the use of the LOS as the time and the decision regarding admission or discharge as the event in order to unfold the clinical complexity of the system and help impact clinical practice and decision making. By formulating the research as time-to-event in combination with ML, the complexity and non linearity of the logistics in the ED is viewed from a time perspective with the LOS acting as a Key Performance Indicator (KPI). This enables the researcher to look at the problem from a system perspective and shows how different features affect the time that the patient are processed in the ED, highlighting eventual problems and can therefore be useful for improving clinical decision making. Five models: Cox Proportional Hazards (CPH), Random Survival Forests (RSF), Gradient Boosting (GB), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) and DeepSurv were used and evaluated using the Concordance index (C-index) were GB were the best performing model with a C-index of 0.7825 showing that the ML models can perform better than the commonly used CPH model. The mo, En av de största utmaningarna inom vården är trängsel på akuten som skaparstora ansträngninar inom vårdsystemet samt på dess resurser och kan varaorsaken till många negativa händelser. Det är ett välkänt problem där mycketforskning har gjorts och många lösningar har föreslagits men problemetär fortfarande olöst. Genom att analysera verklig data så kan komplexaproblem som trängsel på akuten bli bättre förklarade. För närvarande harfå tillämpningar av överlevnadsanalys applicerats på produktionsdata för attanalysera komplexiteten av logistiska problem. Syftet med denna avhandlingvar att tillämpa överlevnadsanalys genom avancerade maskininlärningsmetoderpå verklig data insamlat på ett svenskt sjukhust för att se hur vistelsens längdför patienten fram till inläggning påverkades av olika faktorer. Detta gjordesgenom att applicera överlevnadsnanalys på trängsel på akuten genom attanvända vistelsens längd som tid och beslutet om intagning eller utskrivningsom händelsen. Detta för att kunna analysera systemets kliniska komplexitetoch bidra till att påverka klinisk praxis och beslutsfattande.Genom att formulera forskningsfrågan som en överlevnadsanalys i kombinationmed maskininlärning kan den komplexitet och icke-linjäritet som logistikenpå akuten innebär studeras genom ett tidsperspektiv där vistelsens längdfungerar som ett nyckeltal. Detta gör det möjligt för forskaren att ävenstudera problemet från ett systemperspektiv och visar hur olika egenskaperoch situationer påverkar den tid som patienten bearbetas på akuten. Detta uppmärksammar eventuella problem och kan därför vara användbart för attförbättra det kliniska beslutsfattandet. Fem olika modeller: CPH, RSF, GB,XGB och DeepSurv användes och utvärderades med hjälp av C-index där GBvar den bäst presterande modellen med ett C-index på 0.7825 vilket visar attmaskininlärningsmetoderna kan prestera bättre än den klassiska och vanligtförekommande CPH modellen. Modellerna förklarades sedan med hjälp utavSHAP värden där vikten u

One of the major challenges in cancer treatment is delivering high enough doses of active substance specifically to cancer cells without accumulation in healthy organs. Pretargeting has emerged as a potential solution, where the delivery of a cancer recognizing (primary) agent and a cancer killing (secondary) agent are separated. Pretargeted cancer therapy utilizing PNA probes has proved to be a promising approach to selectively deliver toxic payloads to cancer cells while minimizing accumulation in healthy organs. The aim of this project was to develop a new set of secondary PNA probes specifically designed for PNA pretargeted delivery of cytotoxic drugs. A HER2-specific Affibody molecule, ZHER2:2891-SR-H6, was recombinantly produced in E. coli before being conjugated to a primary PNA hybridization probe, HP9, through sortase A-mediated ligation, to produce the primary agent, ZHER2:2891-SR-HP9. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy confirmed the stability of the constructs with high melting temperatures of 71.2 and 73.7 °C. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis demonstrated high binding affinity to HER2, slightly affected by PNA conjugation. Three new secondary PNA hybridization probes were designed, differing mainly in prevalence and position of a hydrophilic PEG molecule. The probes were produced by solid phase peptide synthesis and conjugated to the cytotoxic drug DM1 through maleimide-cysteine coupling. Analytical RP-HPLC evaluation revealed a slightly higher apparent hydrophobicity for the probe with PEG in the main chain. All three secondary probes displayed high affinity to the primary probe with KD values between 498–505 pM. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on HER2-overexpressing cells demonstrated comparable potent cytotoxic activity for pre-incubated primary and secondary probes with IC50 values of 10–14 nM. These results indicate the successful development of three PNA-drug conjugates for pretargeted delivery of cytotoxic drugs.

I takt med att digitaliseringen i samhället ökar så ökar också risken för att bli utsatt för cyberbrott eller cyberattacker. För att skydda viktiga data och information så finns flera olika metoder, bland annat tvåfaktorsautentisering. Tvåfaktorsautentisering innebär att användaren använder åtminstone två olika faktorer för att kunna logga in, till exempel användarnamn och lösenord i kombination med en kod som mottages via sms eller en autentiseringsapplikation. Att använda sig utav tvåfaktorsautentisering är sällan populärt bland användarna, och siffror från företag som Twitter och Google visar att användandet är lågt. I västra Sverige finns det en IT-tjänsteleverantör som anser att användandet av tvåfaktorsautentisering bland deras företagskunder är lågt, och de vill ta reda på varför vissa företagskunder har implementerat det medan andra företagskunder inte har det. I denna studie genomförs därför en enkätundersökning bland företagets kunder. Urvalsgruppen är de kunder som hyr en virtuell maskin med ett affärssystem på, vilket är en urvalsgrupp på 510 företagskunder. Enkätundersökningen har en del gemensamma frågor och sedan olika frågor beroende på om företagskunden har infört tvåfaktorsautentisering eller inte. Totalt svarar 80 företagskunder, sex enkäter exkluderas från studien, och 72 enkäter kvarstår. Enkätens resultat tyder på att det finns ett behov av ökad kunskap och införandestöd hos de kunder som inte har infört tvåfaktorsautentisering. Resultatet tyder också på att det skydd som tvåfaktorsautentiseringen ger de företag som har det infört är en stor anledning till att det är infört. Då enkäten skickas ut även till företagskunder som inte är en del av urvalsgruppen går det inte att dra några slutsatser av studiens resultat.

Övervikt och obesitas hos barn har ökat de senaste åren. Barnsjuksköterskor följer barnen från att de föds och skrivs in i barnhälsovården och sedan vidare till elevhälsan. Det är där barnsjuksköterskorna kan uppmärksamma och fånga upp barnen som börjat närma sig övervikt eller obesitas. Övervikt och obesitas hos barn har ökat och kan påverka det fysiska och psykiska måendet. Barnsjuksköterskans uppgift är att uppmärksamma dessa barn och försöka stödja dem i ett hälsofrämjande arbete. Syftet var att beskriva barnsjuksköterskors erfarenheter av hälsofrämjande arbete i relation till övervikt och obesitas hos barn och ungdomar. En strukturerad litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats användes. Artikelsökningar utfördes i Cinahl och PubMed. Totalt inkluderades 8 artiklar i resultatet. Dataanalysen genomfördes utifrån Elo och Kyngäs modell för att genom öppen kodning komma fram till tre huvudkategorier: Att skapa en god kommunikation och förtroende - en grund för vårdande hos barn med övervikt och obesitas, Barnsjuksköterskors verktyg för att stödja barnen att uppnå en god hälsa och Ett känsligt ämne och etiskt dilemma. Huvud fynden visade att barnsjuksköterskor ansåg att det var av vikt att skapa förtroende och ha en god kommunikation mellan barnsjuksköterskan, barnet och föräldrarna. Använda verktyg som motiverande samtal, BMI och tillväxtkurvor, samt att etiskt svåra situationer kan uppstå i samband med samtalen. Resultat som sedan diskuterades var att barnsjuksköterskorna uppmärksammade att ett bra samarbete och god kommunikation var av vikt för att stödja barnet och familjen. Det fanns bristande kunskap om BMI och tillväxtkurvor och hur de används. Även andra faktorer som socioekonomi och psykosociala besvär kunde ha inverkan i det hälsofrämjande arbetet.

Genotypes causing pregnancy loss and perinatal mortality are depleted among living individuals and are therefore difficult to find. To explore genetic causes of recessive lethality, we searched for sequence variants with deficit of homozygosity among 1.52 million individuals from six European populations. In this study, we identified 25 genes harboring protein-altering sequence variants with a strong deficit of homozygosity (10% or less of predicted homozygotes). Sequence variants in 12 of the genes cause Mendelian disease under a recessive mode of inheritance, two under a dominant mode, but variants in the remaining 11 have not been reported to cause disease. Sequence variants with a strong deficit of homozygosity are over-represented among genes essential for growth of human cell lines and genes orthologous to mouse genes known to affect viability. The function of these genes gives insight into the genetics of intrauterine lethality. We also identified 1077 genes with homozygous predicted loss-of-function genotypes not previously described, bringing the total set of genes completely knocked out in humans to 4785., Correction: Oddsson, A., Sulem, P., Sveinbjornsson, G. et al. Publisher Correction: Deficit of homozygosity among 1.52 million individuals and genetic causes of recessive lethality. Nat Commun 14, 3923 (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39492-4

It is common to play music in the background while studying or working, and plenty of research exists that shows it improves performance. But the reason for why it is favorable seems to be unknown. There is a proven connection between the rhythmic complexity of background music and the enjoyment of the listener. There is also a proven connection between a listener's enjoyment and sustained attention. Based upon these proven connections, it is possible that a connection between rhythmic complexity and sustained attention exists. The study aims to examine whether there exists a connection between rhythmic complexity and sustained attention, to further the understanding of musical components and the effect they have on cognitive abilities. A total of 8 people participated in the study where they got to perform an attention test five times, while listening to music with different degrees of rhythmic complexity. The music was synthesized for the study and consisted solely of drums, in order to remove potential unwanted effects from other instruments. The test results point towards a lack of a connection between rhythmic complexity and attention. Some of the conclusions are best viewed through a critical lens due to a detrimental effect of the small sample size on statistical power., Det är vanligt att spela musik i bakgrunden under studier eller arbete, och mycket existerande forskning visar på en associerad förbättring av prestation. Anledningen till detta förmånliga samband är dock okänd. Det finns ett bevisat samband mellan rytmisk komplexitet av bakgrundsmusik och åhörarens njutning. Det finns även ett bevisat samband mellan åhörarens njutning och uppmärksamhetsförmåga under längre tid. Utifrån dessa bevisade samband är ett samband mellan rytmisk komplexitet och uppmärksamhetsförmåga möjligt. Denna studie ämnar undersöka huruvida det finns ett samband mellan rytmisk komplexitet och uppmärksamhetsförmåga, detta för att utöka förståelsen av musikaliska komponenter och deras effekt på kognitiva förmågor. Totalt deltog 8 personer i studien, under vilken de genomförde ett uppmärksamhetstest fem gånger var, samtidigt som de lyssnade på musik av varierande rytmisk komplexitet. Musiken syntetiserades specifikt för studien och bestod enbart av trummor för att eliminera oönskade effekter som kunde uppstått från andra instrument. Resultaten tyder på en avsaknad av något samband mellan rytmisk komplexitet och uppmärksamhetsförmåga, men bör betraktas med viss försiktighet på grund av den ringa stickprovsstorleken.

Studiens syfte var att ta reda på hur grammatikmomentet tar sig uttryck i läroböcker för gymnasiet i kurserna svenska 1, 2 och 3. Syftet skulle uppnås genom att undersöka läromedlen med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys, där fokus för analysen låg på att identifiera två olika grammatiska teorier: traditionell grammatik och systemisk-funktionell grammatik. Undersökningen visade att den traditionella grammatiken var mer framträdande i läromedlen, men att även systemisk-funktionella inslag förekom, främst genom läromedlens diskussion om stilistik, vilken dock visade sig ofta diskuteras med vardagliga termer.Läromedlen skiljde sig åt med avseende på kurs eftersom läromedlen för kursen Svenska 2 ofta hade ett eget grammatikkapitel, medan detta, med ett undantag, inte var fallet för de läromedel som var avsedda för kurserna Svenska 1 och Svenska 3. Dessutom verkade grammatiken i något högre utsträckning behandlas funktionellt i läromedlen avsedda för kursen Svenska 1, vilket i studien förklaras med att termen saknas i kursplanen för denna kurs, varför författarna tvingas integrera grammatiken mer löpande istället för i ett isolerat grammatikkapitel. Och förekomsten av grammatiska inslag i läromedlen för kursen Svenska 1 förklaras med att författarna har velat förebygga den potentiellt stora kunskapsklyfta som finns mellan kurserna Svenska 1 och 2 med avseende på grammatiken.

Background: Research has shown that professional development positively influences teachers’ capacity to reflect on new knowledge and practice. One way of working with collegial learning in schools is through so-called research circles, in which teachers and researchers collaborate on specific content. Purpose: This presentation aims to illuminate how a research circle can develop and deepen physical education teachers’ (PE) critical reflection on a child-centred coaching approach. Methods: The research circle was conducted within the health promotion intervention. The intervention focused on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), incorporating a child-centred coaching approach. The research circle consisted of three full days during a school year with PE teachers (N=22, approximately 18 per meeting) from eight primary and middle schools (from grades 4 to 9) in eight municipalities in Sweden, and three researchers. The data consist of group discussions audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in the research circle meetings. Findings: During a thematic analysis, three themes were identified: Creating an inclusive environment, Challenges to motivate all pupils, and Adapting MVPA activities. Conclusion: The research circle contributed to critical reflections that improved actions in the intervention and everyday practice, as the teachers learned from each other and the researchers when critically reflecting on a childcentred perspective on practice., Puls för hälsa och lärande

Automatic program repair (APR) is a rapidly advancing field of software engineering that aims to supplement or replace manual bug fixing with an automated tool. For APR to be successfully adopted in industry, it is vital that APR tools respond to developer needs and preferences. However, very little research has considered developers' general attitudes to APR or developers' current bug fixing practices (the activity APR aims to replace). This article responds to this gap by reporting on a survey of 386 software developers about their bug finding and fixing practices and experiences, and their instinctive attitudes towards APR. We find that bug finding and fixing is not necessarily as onerous for developers as has often been suggested, being rated as more satisfying than developers' general work. The fact that developers derive satisfaction and benefit from bug fixing indicates that APR adoption is not as simple as APR replacing an unwanted activity. When it comes to potential APR approaches, we find a strong preference for developers being kept in the loop (for example, choosing between different fixes or validating fixes) as opposed to a fully automated process. This suggests that advances in APR should be careful to consider the agency of the developer, as well as what information is presented to developers alongside fixes. It also indicates that there are key barriers related to trust that would need to be overcome for full scale APR adoption, supported by the fact that even those developers who stated that they were positive about APR listed several caveats and concerns. We find very few statistically significant relationships between particular demographic variables (for example, developer experience, age, education) and key attitudinal variables, suggesting that developers' instinctive attitudes towards APR are little influenced by experience level but are held widely across the developer community.

Automatic program repair (APR) offers significant potential for automating some coding tasks. Using APR could reduce the high costs historically associated with fixing code faults and deliver significant benefits to software engineering. Adopting APR could also have profound implications for software developers daily activities, transforming their work practices. To realise the benefits of APR it is vital that we consider how developers feel about APR and the impact APR may have on developers' work. Developing APR tools without consideration of the developer is likely to undermine the success of APR deployment. In this paper, we critically review how developers are considered in APR research by analysing how human factors are treated in 260 studies from Monperrus's Living Review of APR. Over half of the 260 studies in our review were motivated by a problem faced by developers (e.g., the difficulty associated with fixing faults). Despite these human-oriented motivations, fewer than 7% of the 260 studies included a human study. We looked in detail at these human studies and found their quality mixed (for example, one human study was based on input from only one developer). Our results suggest that software developers are often talked about in APR studies, but are rarely talked with. A more comprehensive and reliable understanding of developer human factors in relation to APR is needed. Without this understanding, it will be difficult to develop APR tools and techniques which integrate effectively into developers' workflows. We recommend a future research agenda to advance the study of human factors in APR.

EFNIVIÐUR OG AÐFERÐIR Rannsóknin var þríþætt. Rafrænar kannanir voru sendar til læknanema annars vegar og kennara í læknadeild Háskóla Íslands hins vegar. Síðan var gerð orðaleit í kennsluskrá háskólans. NIÐURSTÖÐUR Svarhlutfall í könnunum, bæði læknanema og kennara, var 65%. Hermingu var lýst sem kennsluaðferð hjá 10% kennara þegar nemar voru spurðir en hjá um þriðjungi þegar kennarar voru spurðir. Viðhorf bæði læknanema og kennara var jákvætt. Kennarar, sem höfðu áður kynnst hermingu, voru líklegri til að nota hermingu og það átti líka við um kennara sem höfðu fengið einhverja þjálfun í kennsluaðferðum. Aðalhindranir voru skortur á aðstöðu, búnaði, fjármagni og þjálfun. Í kennsluskrá fundust fá leitarorð tengd kennslu með hermingu. ÁLYKTUN Reynsla læknanema og kennara af hermingu er takmörkuð en innan við þriðjungur kennara segist hafa notað þessa kennsluaðferð við kennslu læknanema. Hindranir á notkun eru svipaðar á Íslandi og lýst hefur verið erlendis. Fá leitarorð í kennsluskrá tengd hermingu vekja spurningar um mikilvægi kennsluaðferða í huga kennara. Mögulegar leiðir til að auka notkun hermingar gætu verið að bæta innviði og bjóða völdum kennurum þjálfun í fjölbreyttum kennsluaðferðum, þar með talið hermingu., BACKGROUND: Skills labs and simulation centers have become an integrated part of teaching methods in many medical schools. This study aims to describe the status of simulation in medical education in Iceland by examining student and faculty experience, facilitating and barring factors for its use in teaching and how the concept appears in the Course Catalog. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was threefold. In parts one and two, electronic surveys were sent to students and faculty members at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland. Part three was a key word search in the University's course catalogue relating to simulation. RESULTS: Response rate for both student and faculty surveys was 65%. Simulation as a teaching method was reported for 10% of faculty according to students but approximately a third of faculty, according to faculty. Attitudes of students and faculty were positive. Faculty, previously exposed to simulation, were more likely to use simulation, as were those who had received training in educational methods. Main barriers identified were lack of facilities, equipment, funds, and training. Key words related to simulation appeared rarely in the University Course Catalogue. CONCLUSION: Student and faculty experience with simulation is limited, less than third of faculty claim to have used simulation when teaching medical students. Barring factors in Iceland are similar to what has been reported elsewhere. Lack of words describing simulation in the Course Catalog may raise questions about emphasis on teaching methods or lack thereof. Potential ways to increase the use of simulation could be to improve infrastructure and offer training in diverse educational methods, including simulation, to selected faculty.

Artificial intelligence (AI) within healthcare creates opportunities to save more human lives regarding the prevention and prediction of diseases. This thesis has its main focus on the proposed AI Act and in what way the proposed AI Act promotes innovation and ensures privacy concerning the collection of patient data for the prevention and prediction of diseases. Furthermore, is there a balance between the promotion of innovation and ensuring privacy in the proposed AI Act with regard to the collection of patient data for the prevention and prediction of diseases? This thesis concludes that the proposed AI Act does promote innovation through research exceptions, regulatory sandboxes, and removing barriers for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The proposed AI Act also ensures privacy through its risk-based approach. Regarding the balance between promoting innovation and ensuring privacy, there are different opinions. One argument is that the proposed AI Act does hinder the innovation of AI because the focus of the risk-based approach is too highly valued. Another argument is that the proposed AI Act does not ensure privacy because its focus is on companies and not the end user. However, it seems that the proposed AI Act values data privacy over innovation. Whether a balance between promoting innovation and ensuring data privacy is possible to achieve is difficult to say. It remains to be seen when the proposed AI Act is a finished regulation.

Purpose: Stereotactic body radiation therapy for tumors near the central airways implies high-grade toxic effects, as concluded from the HILUS trial. However, the small sample size and relatively few events limited the statistical power of the study. We therefore pooled data from the prospective HILUS trial with retrospective data from patients in the Nordic countries treated outside the prospective study to evaluate toxicity and risk factors for high-grade toxic effects. Methods and Materials: All patients were treated with 56 Gy in 8 fractions. Tumors within 2 cm of the trachea, the mainstem bronchi, the intermediate bronchus, or the lobar bronchi were included. The primary endpoint was toxicity, and the secondary endpoints were local control and overall survival. Clinical and dosimetric risk factors were analyzed for treatment-related fatal toxicity in univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses. Results: Of 230 patients evaluated, grade 5 toxicity developed in 30 patients (13%), of whom 20 patients had fatal bronchopulmonary bleeding. The multivariable analysis revealed tumor compression of the tracheobronchial tree and maximum dose to the mainstem or intermediate bronchus as significant risk factors for grade 5 bleeding and grade 5 toxicity. The 3-year local control and overall survival rates were 84% (95% CI, 80%-90%) and 40% (95% CI, 34%-47%), respectively. Conclusions: Tumor compression of the tracheobronchial tree and high maximum dose to the mainstem or intermediate bronchus increase the risk of fatal toxicity after stereotactic body radiation therapy in 8 fractions for central lung tumors. Similar dose constraints should be applied to the intermediate bronchus as to the mainstem bronchi.

Aims Syncope is a common and clinically challenging condition. In this study, the genetics of syncope were investigated to seek knowledge about its pathophysiology and prognostic implications. Methods and results This genome-wide association meta-analysis included 56 071 syncope cases and 890 790 controls from deCODE genetics (Iceland), UK Biobank (United Kingdom), and Copenhagen Hospital Biobank Cardiovascular Study/Danish Blood Donor Study (Denmark), with a follow-up assessment of variants in 22 412 cases and 286 003 controls from Intermountain (Utah, USA) and FinnGen (Finland). The study yielded 18 independent syncope variants, 17 of which were novel. One of the variants, p.Ser140Thr in PTPRN2, affected syncope only when maternally inherited. Another variant associated with a vasovagal reaction during blood donation and five others with heart rate and/or blood pressure regulation, with variable directions of effects. None of the 18 associations could be attributed to cardiovascular or other disorders. Annotation with regard to regulatory elements indicated that the syncope variants were preferentially located in neural-specific regulatory regions. Mendelian randomization analysis supported a causal effect of coronary artery disease on syncope. A polygenic score (PGS) for syncope captured genetic correlation with cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, depression, and shortened lifespan. However, a score based solely on the 18 syncope variants performed similarly to the PGS in detecting syncope risk but did not associate with other disorders. Conclusion The results demonstrate that syncope has a distinct genetic architecture that implicates neural regulatory processes and a complex relationship with heart rate and blood pressure regulation. A shared genetic background with poor cardiovascular health was observed, supporting the importance of a thorough assessment of individuals presenting with syncope.

Epidemiological and genetic studies on COVID-19 are currently hindered by inconsistent and limited testing policies to confirm SARS-CoV-2 infection. Recently, it was shown that it is possible to predict COVID-19 cases using cross-sectional self-reported disease-related symptoms. Here, we demonstrate that this COVID-19 prediction model has reasonable and consistent performance across multiple independent cohorts and that our attempt to improve upon this model did not result in improved predictions. Using the existing COVID- 19 prediction model, we then conducted a GWAS on the predicted phenotype using a total of 1,865 predicted cases and 29,174 controls. While we did not find any common, largeeffect variants that reached genome-wide significance, we do observe suggestive genetic associations at two SNPs (rs11844522, p = 1.9x10-7; rs5798227, p = 2.2x10-7). Explorative analyses furthermore suggest that genetic variants associated with other viral infectious diseases do not overlap with COVID-19 susceptibility and that severity of COVID-19 may have a different genetic architecture compared to COVID-19 susceptibility. This study represents a first effort that uses a symptom-based predicted phenotype as a proxy for COVID-19 in our pursuit of understanding the genetic susceptibility of the disease. We conclude that the inclusion of symptom-based predicted cases could be a useful strategy in a scenario of limited testing, either during the current COVID-19 pandemic or any future viral outbreak.

Automatic Program Repair (APR) has been proposed to help developers and reduce the time spent repairing programs. Recent APR tools have applied learned templates (fix patterns) to fix code using knowledge from fixes successfully applied in the past. However, there is still no general agreement on the representation of fix patterns, making their application and comparison with a baseline difficult. As a consequence, it is also difficult to expand fix patterns and further enable APR. We automatically generate fix patterns from similar fixes and compare the generated fix patterns against a state-of-the-art taxonomy. Our automated approach splits fixes into smaller, method-level chunks and calculates their similarity. A threshold-based clustering algorithm groups similar chunks and finds matches with state-of-the-art fix patterns. In our evaluation, we present 33 clusters whose fix patterns were generated from the fixes of 835 Defects4J bugs. Of those 33 clusters, 22 matched a state-of-the-art taxonomy with good agreement. The remaining 11 clusters were thematically analysed and generated new fix patterns that expanded the taxonomy. Our new fix patterns should enable APR researchers and practitioners to expand their tools to fix a greater range of bugs in the future.

AIM: The aim was to develop a factor model of the clustering of poor mental-health symptoms and health-compromising behaviours (HCBs) in adolescent males. METHODS: The study was based on two cross-sectional school-based Swedish surveys in 2011 (response rate 80%, N=2823) and 2014 (response rate 85%, N=2358), both of which comprised questionnaires from males aged 15-16 and 17-18 years. A factor model was developed by exploratory factor analysis on the 2011 survey and validated by confirmatory factor analysis on the 2014 survey. RESULTS: Four aspects of poor mental health and HCBs emerged in the exploratory factor analysis: (a) deviancy as a tendency to substance use and delinquency, (b) unsafety as an inclination towards feelings of unsafety in different environments, (c) gloominess as a tendency towards pessimism and feeling unwell and (d) pain as an inclination to experience physical pain. The model was validated with good model fit. Age did not affect the model structure, but older adolescent males were more influenced by deviancy and gloominess and less by unsafety compared to their younger peers. Conclusions: Separating symptoms of poor mental health and HCBs into four areas - deviancy, unsafety, gloominess and pain - brings new perspectives to the understanding of adolescent males' health. To the best of our knowledge, our factor model is the first to include unsafety and pain in this context. Whenever a comprehensive approach to the health of adolescent males is needed in the clinic or in the field of public health, this factor model may provide guidance.

Automatic program repair (APR) offers significant potential for automating some coding tasks. Using APR could reduce the high costs historically associated with fixing code faults and deliver significant benefits to software engineering. Adopting APR could also have profound implications for software developers daily activities, transforming their work practices. To realise the benefits of APR it is vital that we consider how developers feel about APR and the impact APR may have on developers' work. Developing APR tools without consideration of the developer is likely to undermine the success of APR deployment. In this paper, we critically review how developers are considered in APR research by analysing how human factors are treated in 260 studies from Monperrus's Living Review of APR. Over half of the 260 studies in our review were motivated by a problem faced by developers (e.g., the difficulty associated with fixing faults). Despite these human-oriented motivations, fewer than 7% of the 260 studies included a human study. We looked in detail at these human studies and found their quality mixed (for example, one human study was based on input from only one developer). Our results suggest that software developers are often talked about in APR studies, but are rarely talked with. A more comprehensive and reliable understanding of developer human factors in relation to APR is needed. Without this understanding, it will be difficult to develop APR tools and techniques which integrate effectively into developers' workflows. We recommend a future research agenda to advance the study of human factors in APR.

Artificiell Intelligens (AI) möjliggör kommunikation utan mänskligt involverande. Syftet med AI är att effektivisera, vilket innebär minskade kostnader och ökad lönsamhet. Att implementera ny teknik är emellertid inte problemfritt. Rättsliga problem kan aktualiseras såsom handlingens giltighet. Denna problematik har sin grund i begreppen rättssubjektivitet och rättslig handlingsförmåga. I uppsatsen diskuteras vad som krävs för att ingå avtal och huruvida AI kan inneha rättssubjektivitet och rättslig handlingsförmåga. Om AI anses uppnå både rättssubjektivitet och rättslig handlingsförmåga kan detta eventuellt också innebära att AI:n själv kan ingå avtal. Det är hittills framförallt rättsvetenskapliga författare och inom Europeiska unionen (EU) som man diskuterar olika aspekter av frågan om AI skulle kunna utgöra ett rättssubjekt. Många argument har lagts fram, bland annat att en AI ska anses som en juridisk person och jämställas med ett aktiebolag. Trots allt återstår mycket både i form av teknisk utveckling och i form av juridisk analys och argumentation beträffande hur AI ska behandlas rättsligt och om det ska anses som ett rättssubjekt eller inte. Den slutsats som jag kommer fram till är att AI idag inte äger någon rättssubjektivitet eller rättslig handlingsförmåga. Dock kan AI möjligen i vissa situationer tillerkännas rollen som fullmäktig och handla för ett annat rättssubjekts räkning., Artificial Intelligence (AI) enables communication without human involvement. The purpose of AI is to streamline, which means reduced costs and increased profitability. However, implementing new technology is not without problems. Legal problems can be raised such as the validity of the document. This problem is based on the concepts of legal personhood and legal capacity. The essay discusses what is required to enter into an agreement and whether AI can have legal personhood and legal capacity. If AI is considered to achieve both legal personhood and legal capacity, this may also mean that AI can enter into agreements itself. So far, it is legal authors and within the European Union (EU) that discuss various aspects of the question of whether AI could be a legal person. Many arguments have been put forward, including that an AI should be considered a legal person and equated with a limited company. After all, much remains to be done both in the form of technical development and in form of legal analysis and argumentation regarding how AI should be treated legally and whether it should be considered a legal person or not. I come to the conclusion that AI today has no legal personhood or legal capacity. However, AI may in some situations be recognized as an agent and act on behalf of another legal person.

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is a hallmark feature of cancer genomes that reduces allelic variation, thereby creating tumor specific vulnerabilities which could be exploited for therapeutic purposes. We previously reported that loss of drug metabolic arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) activity following LOH at 8p22 could be targeted for collateral lethality anticancer therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we report a novel compound CBK034026C that exhibits specific toxicity towards CRC cells with high NAT2 activity. Connectivity Map analysis revealed that CBK034026C elicited a response pattern related to ATPase inhibitors. Similar to ouabain, a potent inhibitor of the Na+/K+-ATPase, CBK034026C activated the Nf-kB pathway. Further metabolomic profiling revealed downregulation of pathways associated with antioxidant defense and mitochondrial metabolism in CRC cells with high NAT2 activity, thereby weakening the protective response to oxidative stress induced by CBK034026C. The identification of a small molecule targeting metabolic vulnerabilities caused by NAT2 activity provides novel avenues for development of anticancer agents.