Search

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka undervisningsmetoder som enligt aktuell forskning visat sig vara framgångsrika för att främja mellan- och högstadieelevers läsförståelse och läsintresse. Metoden som använts är en systematisk litteraturstudie där kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier, samt mixade studier sökts, granskats och tolkats. Sökningen utgick från Stockholms Universitetsbibliotek med EBSCO Discovery Service (EDS) som databas med referee-bedömda akademiska tidskrifter och engelska som inkluderingsfilter. 12 artiklar valdes slutligen ut för studien. Utifrån studiens två frågeställningar Metoder som underlättar läsförståelse och Metoder som främjar läsintresse söktes artiklar som passade in i dessa teman och därefter kategoriserades dem i underteman. Denna studie visade att gemensam läsning i olika former, arbete med ord och begrepp, förförståelse, frågeställningar till texter satta i ett sammanhang samt inslag av elevinflytande och datorstödda läsprogram är framgångsrika metoder för utveckling av läsförståelse och läsintresse. Samtliga artiklar beskriver studier från andra länder än Sverige. Därför diskuteras i avsnittet tillämpbarhet också i vilken mån resultaten skulle kunna vara generaliserbara till svensk skolkontext.

Background. Successful renal transplantation (RTx) relies on immunosuppression and an optimal surgical course with few surgical complications. Studies reporting the postoperative complications after RTx are heterogeneous and often lack systematic reporting of complications. This study aims to describe and identify postoperative short-term and long-term complications after RTx in a large institutional cohort and identify risk factors for a complicated surgical course. Methods. The study is a retrospective single-center cohort of 571 recipients who underwent living or deceased donor open RTx between 2014 and 2021. Data were collected on background information and perioperative and postoperative data. Complications were defined as short-term (<30 d) or long-term (>30 d) after transplantation and graded according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate risk factors for serious short-term complications and multivariable time-dependent Cox regression to evaluate risk factors for long-term complications. Results. A total of 351 patients received a graft from a deceased donor, and 144 of these grafts were on perfusion machine before transplantation. One or more short-term complications occurred in 345 (60%) patients. Previous RTx was associated with short-term Clavien-Dindo >2 complications in recipients (odds ratio = 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-3.69; P = 0.01). Being underweight (body mass index <18.5) in combination with increasing age increased the odds of short-term Clavien-Dindo >2 and vascular complications. Increasing blood loss per 100 mL was associated with increased odds of short-term Clavien-Dindo >2 (odds ratio = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01-1.21; P = 0.032). No associations were found for long-term complications after RTx. The 5-y cumulative incidence of graft loss was 12.6% (95% CI, 8.9-16.3). Conclusions. Short-term complications are co, Background. Successful renal transplantation (RTx) relies on immunosuppression and an optimal surgical course with few surgical complications. Studies reporting the postoperative complications after RTx are heterogeneous and often lack systematic reporting of complications. This study aims to describe and identify postoperative short-term and long-term complications after RTx in a large institutional cohort and identify risk factors for a complicated surgical course. Methods. The study is a retrospective single-center cohort of 571 recipients who underwent living or deceased donor open RTx between 2014 and 2021. Data were collected on background information and perioperative and postoperative data. Complications were defined as short-term (<30 d) or long-term (>30 d) after transplantation and graded according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate risk factors for serious short-term complications and multivariable time-dependent Cox regression to evaluate risk factors for long-term complications. Results. A total of 351 patients received a graft from a deceased donor, and 144 of these grafts were on perfusion machine before transplantation. One or more short-term complications occurred in 345 (60%) patients. Previous RTx was associated with short-term Clavien-Dindo >2 complications in recipients (odds ratio = 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-3.69; P = 0.01). Being underweight (body mass index <18.5) in combination with increasing age increased the odds of short-term Clavien-Dindo >2 and vascular complications. Increasing blood loss per 100 mL was associated with increased odds of short-term Clavien-Dindo >2 (odds ratio = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01-1.21; P = 0.032). No associations were found for long-term complications after RTx. The 5-y cumulative incidence of graft loss was 12.6% (95% CI, 8.9-16.3). Conclusions. Short-term complications are common after RTx, and risk factors for severe

Recently, the robotic surgical system, Hugo™ was approved for clinical use. The transfer of skills is important for understanding the implementation of surgical innovation. We explored the transfer of skills from the DaVinci® to the Hugo™ by studying the learning curve and short-term patient outcomes during radical prostatectomy (RARP). Methods We examined the transfer of skills from one surgeon performing RARP from the first case with the Hugo™ system in April 2022. The surgeon had previously performed > 1000 RARPs using DaVinci®. Perioperative and clinical outcomes were collected for procedures on both Hugo™ and DaVinci®. Patient follow-up time was 3 months. Results Nineteen Hugo™ cases and 11 DaVinci® cases were recorded. No clinically relevant difference in procedure time was found when transferring to Hugo™. Patients operated using Hugo™ had more contacts postoperatively compared to the DaVinci®, all Clavien–Dindo (CD) grade 1 (53% vs 18%). Three patients from the Hugo™ group were re-admitted within 30 days with catheter malfunction (CD grade 1), infection without a focus (CD grade 2), and ileus due to a hernia in the port hole (CD grade 3b). The 3-month follow-up showed similar results in prostate-specific antigen levels (PSA) and erectile dysfunction between the two robotic systems, but a higher incidence of incontinence was found for the Hugo™. Conclusion We observed that the skills of an experienced robotic surgeon are transferable from DaVinci® to Hugo™ when performing RARP. No obvious benefits were found for using Hugo™ compared to DaVinci® for RARP although this needs confirmatory studies., Purpose: Recently, the robotic surgical system, Hugo™ was approved for clinical use. The transfer of skills is important for understanding the implementation of surgical innovation. We explored the transfer of skills from the DaVinci® to the Hugo™ by studying the learning curve and short-term patient outcomes during radical prostatectomy (RARP). Methods: We examined the transfer of skills from one surgeon performing RARP from the first case with the Hugo™ system in April 2022. The surgeon had previously performed > 1000 RARPs using DaVinci®. Perioperative and clinical outcomes were collected for procedures on both Hugo™ and DaVinci®. Patient follow-up time was 3 months. Results: Nineteen Hugo™ cases and 11 DaVinci® cases were recorded. No clinically relevant difference in procedure time was found when transferring to Hugo™. Patients operated using Hugo™ had more contacts postoperatively compared to the DaVinci®, all Clavien–Dindo (CD) grade 1 (53% vs 18%). Three patients from the Hugo™ group were re-admitted within 30 days with catheter malfunction (CD grade 1), infection without a focus (CD grade 2), and ileus due to a hernia in the port hole (CD grade 3b). The 3-month follow-up showed similar results in prostate-specific antigen levels (PSA) and erectile dysfunction between the two robotic systems, but a higher incidence of incontinence was found for the Hugo™. Conclusion: We observed that the skills of an experienced robotic surgeon are transferable from DaVinci® to Hugo™ when performing RARP. No obvious benefits were found for using Hugo™ compared to DaVinci® for RARP although this needs confirmatory studies.

Background. Successful renal transplantation (RTx) relies on immunosuppression and an optimal surgical course with few surgical complications. Studies reporting the postoperative complications after RTx are heterogeneous and often lack systematic reporting of complications. This study aims to describe and identify postoperative short-term and long-term complications after RTx in a large institutional cohort and identify risk factors for a complicated surgical course. Methods. The study is a retrospective single-center cohort of 571 recipients who underwent living or deceased donor open RTx between 2014 and 2021. Data were collected on background information and perioperative and postoperative data. Complications were defined as short-term (<30 d) or long-term (>30 d) after transplantation and graded according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate risk factors for serious short-term complications and multivariable time-dependent Cox regression to evaluate risk factors for long-term complications. Results. A total of 351 patients received a graft from a deceased donor, and 144 of these grafts were on perfusion machine before transplantation. One or more short-term complications occurred in 345 (60%) patients. Previous RTx was associated with short-term Clavien-Dindo >2 complications in recipients (odds ratio = 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-3.69; P = 0.01). Being underweight (body mass index <18.5) in combination with increasing age increased the odds of short-term Clavien-Dindo >2 and vascular complications. Increasing blood loss per 100 mL was associated with increased odds of short-term Clavien-Dindo >2 (odds ratio = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01-1.21; P = 0.032). No associations were found for long-term complications after RTx. The 5-y cumulative incidence of graft loss was 12.6% (95% CI, 8.9-16.3). Conclusions. Short-term complications are co, Background. Successful renal transplantation (RTx) relies on immunosuppression and an optimal surgical course with few surgical complications. Studies reporting the postoperative complications after RTx are heterogeneous and often lack systematic reporting of complications. This study aims to describe and identify postoperative short-term and long-term complications after RTx in a large institutional cohort and identify risk factors for a complicated surgical course. Methods. The study is a retrospective single-center cohort of 571 recipients who underwent living or deceased donor open RTx between 2014 and 2021. Data were collected on background information and perioperative and postoperative data. Complications were defined as short-term (<30 d) or long-term (>30 d) after transplantation and graded according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate risk factors for serious short-term complications and multivariable time-dependent Cox regression to evaluate risk factors for long-term complications. Results. A total of 351 patients received a graft from a deceased donor, and 144 of these grafts were on perfusion machine before transplantation. One or more short-term complications occurred in 345 (60%) patients. Previous RTx was associated with short-term Clavien-Dindo >2 complications in recipients (odds ratio = 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-3.69; P = 0.01). Being underweight (body mass index <18.5) in combination with increasing age increased the odds of short-term Clavien-Dindo >2 and vascular complications. Increasing blood loss per 100 mL was associated with increased odds of short-term Clavien-Dindo >2 (odds ratio = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01-1.21; P = 0.032). No associations were found for long-term complications after RTx. The 5-y cumulative incidence of graft loss was 12.6% (95% CI, 8.9-16.3). Conclusions. Short-term complications are common after RTx, and risk factors for severe

Recently, the robotic surgical system, Hugo™ was approved for clinical use. The transfer of skills is important for understanding the implementation of surgical innovation. We explored the transfer of skills from the DaVinci® to the Hugo™ by studying the learning curve and short-term patient outcomes during radical prostatectomy (RARP). Methods We examined the transfer of skills from one surgeon performing RARP from the first case with the Hugo™ system in April 2022. The surgeon had previously performed > 1000 RARPs using DaVinci®. Perioperative and clinical outcomes were collected for procedures on both Hugo™ and DaVinci®. Patient follow-up time was 3 months. Results Nineteen Hugo™ cases and 11 DaVinci® cases were recorded. No clinically relevant difference in procedure time was found when transferring to Hugo™. Patients operated using Hugo™ had more contacts postoperatively compared to the DaVinci®, all Clavien–Dindo (CD) grade 1 (53% vs 18%). Three patients from the Hugo™ group were re-admitted within 30 days with catheter malfunction (CD grade 1), infection without a focus (CD grade 2), and ileus due to a hernia in the port hole (CD grade 3b). The 3-month follow-up showed similar results in prostate-specific antigen levels (PSA) and erectile dysfunction between the two robotic systems, but a higher incidence of incontinence was found for the Hugo™. Conclusion We observed that the skills of an experienced robotic surgeon are transferable from DaVinci® to Hugo™ when performing RARP. No obvious benefits were found for using Hugo™ compared to DaVinci® for RARP although this needs confirmatory studies., Purpose: Recently, the robotic surgical system, Hugo™ was approved for clinical use. The transfer of skills is important for understanding the implementation of surgical innovation. We explored the transfer of skills from the DaVinci® to the Hugo™ by studying the learning curve and short-term patient outcomes during radical prostatectomy (RARP). Methods: We examined the transfer of skills from one surgeon performing RARP from the first case with the Hugo™ system in April 2022. The surgeon had previously performed > 1000 RARPs using DaVinci®. Perioperative and clinical outcomes were collected for procedures on both Hugo™ and DaVinci®. Patient follow-up time was 3 months. Results: Nineteen Hugo™ cases and 11 DaVinci® cases were recorded. No clinically relevant difference in procedure time was found when transferring to Hugo™. Patients operated using Hugo™ had more contacts postoperatively compared to the DaVinci®, all Clavien–Dindo (CD) grade 1 (53% vs 18%). Three patients from the Hugo™ group were re-admitted within 30 days with catheter malfunction (CD grade 1), infection without a focus (CD grade 2), and ileus due to a hernia in the port hole (CD grade 3b). The 3-month follow-up showed similar results in prostate-specific antigen levels (PSA) and erectile dysfunction between the two robotic systems, but a higher incidence of incontinence was found for the Hugo™. Conclusion: We observed that the skills of an experienced robotic surgeon are transferable from DaVinci® to Hugo™ when performing RARP. No obvious benefits were found for using Hugo™ compared to DaVinci® for RARP although this needs confirmatory studies.

Background Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) are common after renal transplantation (RTx), and the impact on graft and patient survival remains controversial. Objective In this study, we investigate the incidence and risk factors for rUTIs in a cohort of RTx recipients and evaluate the effect on graft and patient survival. Design, setting, and participants A retrospective cohort of adult patients who underwent RTx at Rigshospitalet, Denmark, between 2014 and 2021 was evaluated in this study. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Risk factors for rUTIs were explored with a multivariable cause-specific Cox proportional hazard analysis. The Kaplan-Meier estimate was used to assess overall survival. Results and limitations A total of 571 RTx recipients were included. The median age was 52 yr (interquartile range: 42–62 yr). Of the cases, 62% were deceased donor RTx. A total of 103 recipients experienced rUTIs. We found increasing age (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.02 per year increase, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.00–1.04, p = 0.02), female gender (HR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4–3.3, p < 0.001), history of lower urinary tract symptoms (HR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4–3.5, p = 0.001), and a UTI within 30 d of surgery (HR: 3.5, 95% CI: 2.1–5.9, p < 0.001) were associated with rUTIs. No influence of rUTIs on overall or graft survival was observed. Conclusions One in six patients experience rUTIs after RTx. Pre- and postoperative variables affect the risk of rUTIs, but none are easily modifiable. In this cohort, rUTIs did not affect the graft function or survival. The etiology of rUTIs remains poorly understood, and there is a continuous need to study how rUTIs can be reduced and treated optimally., BACKGROUND: Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) are common after renal transplantation (RTx), and the impact on graft and patient survival remains controversial.OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigate the incidence and risk factors for rUTIs in a cohort of RTx recipients and evaluate the effect on graft and patient survival.DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective cohort of adult patients who underwent RTx at Rigshospitalet, Denmark, between 2014 and 2021 was evaluated in this study.OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Risk factors for rUTIs were explored with a multivariable cause-specific Cox proportional hazard analysis. The Kaplan-Meier estimate was used to assess overall survival.RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 571 RTx recipients were included. The median age was 52 yr (interquartile range: 42-62 yr). Of the cases, 62% were deceased donor RTx. A total of 103 recipients experienced rUTIs. We found increasing age (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.02 per year increase, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.00-1.04, p = 0.02), female gender (HR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4-3.3, p < 0.001), history of lower urinary tract symptoms (HR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4-3.5, p = 0.001), and a UTI within 30 d of surgery (HR: 3.5, 95% CI: 2.1-5.9, p < 0.001) were associated with rUTIs. No influence of rUTIs on overall or graft survival was observed.CONCLUSIONS: One in six patients experience rUTIs after RTx. Pre- and postoperative variables affect the risk of rUTIs, but none are easily modifiable. In this cohort, rUTIs did not affect the graft function or survival. The etiology of rUTIs remains poorly understood, and there is a continuous need to study how rUTIs can be reduced and treated optimally.PATIENT SUMMARY: In this study, we looked at the risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infections in patients after kidney transplantation. We conclude that 21.5% of patients experience recurrent urinary tract infections 5 years after

En styrelses uppgifter är avgörande för verksamheten, där beslutstagande och effektivitet blir allt viktigare med tiden. Som hjälpmedel för styrelser finns exekutiva affärssystem genom SaaS- tjänster som erbjuder digitala verktyg för styrelsen att effektivisera sitt arbete. Implementering av sådana system har däremot av tidigare forskning noterats riskfylld och problematisk, vilket givit upphov till forskning om kritiska framgångsfaktorer för implementeringen av SaaS- tjänster.

Context: The use of living kidney donors is increasing and there are several surgical approaches for donor nephrectomy but it remains unknown which procedure is optimal for the patient and the graft. Objective: To review different surgical techniques for living donor nephrectomy and compare complication rates, warm ischemia time, and delayed graft function. Evidence acquisition: A systematic review of prospective studies involving surgical complications following living donor nephrectomy was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). Baseline data, perioperative and postoperative parameters, and postoperative complications are reported. Overall complication rates between surgical techniques were compared via analysis of variance with post hoc analysis. We included 35 studies involving 6398 patients and representing six different surgical procedures for living donor nephrectomy. Evidence synthesis: Hand-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy had a significantly higher overall complication rate compared to open, laparoscopic, retroperitoneoscopic, and laparoendoscopic single-site techniques (p < 0.005). The complication rates were low and no mortality was observed. The main limitation was varying reporting of complications, with only one-third of the studies using the Clavien-Dindo classification. Conclusions: No specific surgical approach seems superior in terms of complications, which were generally low. Different factors such as warm ischemia time, blood loss, and surgeon expertise define which surgical approach should be chosen. Patient summary: We looked at the different surgical methods for removing the kidney from a living kidney donor. Overall, the different surgical techniques were similar in terms of complications and no donors died in the studies we reviewed. The choice of procedure depends on multiple factors such as the expertise of th

Context: The use of living kidney donors is increasing and there are several surgical approaches for donor nephrectomy but it remains unknown which procedure is optimal for the patient and the graft. Objective: To review different surgical techniques for living donor nephrectomy and compare complication rates, warm ischemia time, and delayed graft function. Evidence acquisition: A systematic review of prospective studies involving surgical complications following living donor nephrectomy was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). Baseline data, perioperative and postoperative parameters, and postoperative complications are reported. Overall complication rates between surgical techniques were compared via analysis of variance with post hoc analysis. We included 35 studies involving 6398 patients and representing six different surgical procedures for living donor nephrectomy. Evidence synthesis: Hand-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy had a significantly higher overall complication rate compared to open, laparoscopic, retroperitoneoscopic, and laparoendoscopic single-site techniques (p < 0.005). The complication rates were low and no mortality was observed. The main limitation was varying reporting of complications, with only one-third of the studies using the Clavien-Dindo classification. Conclusions: No specific surgical approach seems superior in terms of complications, which were generally low. Different factors such as warm ischemia time, blood loss, and surgeon expertise define which surgical approach should be chosen. Patient summary: We looked at the different surgical methods for removing the kidney from a living kidney donor. Overall, the different surgical techniques were similar in terms of complications and no donors died in the studies we reviewed. The choice of procedure depends on multiple factors such as the expertise of th

Background Licensed vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 effectively protect against severe disease, but display incomplete protection against virus transmission. Mucosal vaccines providing immune responses in the upper airways are one strategy to protect against transmission. Methods We administered Spike HexaPro trimer formulated in a cationic liposomal adjuvant as a parenteral (subcutaneous – s.c.) prime - intranasal boost regimen to elicit airway mucosal immune responses and evaluated this in a Syrian hamster model of virus transmission. Findings Parenteral prime - intranasal boost elicited high-magnitude serum neutralizing antibody responses and IgA responses in the upper respiratory tract. The vaccine strategy protected against virus in the lower airways and lung pathology, but virus could still be detected in the upper airways. Despite this, the parenteral prime - intranasal booster vaccine effectively protected against onward SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Interpretation This study suggests that parenteral-prime mucosal boost is an effective strategy for protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlights that protection against virus transmission may be obtained despite incomplete clearance of virus from the upper respiratory tract. It should be noted that protection against onward transmission was not compared to standard parenteral prime-boost, which should be a focus for future studies. Funding This work was primarily supported by the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 101003653.

En styrelses uppgifter är avgörande för verksamheten, där beslutstagande och effektivitet blir allt viktigare med tiden. Som hjälpmedel för styrelser finns exekutiva affärssystem genom SaaS- tjänster som erbjuder digitala verktyg för styrelsen att effektivisera sitt arbete. Implementering av sådana system har däremot av tidigare forskning noterats riskfylld och problematisk, vilket givit upphov till forskning om kritiska framgångsfaktorer för implementeringen av SaaS- tjänster.

Bakgrund: Flebit och tromboflebit har visat sig vara vanligt förekommande kärlkomplikationer av en perifer venkateter (PVK). Flebit beskrivs som en lokal inflammation av kärlväggen, som kan ha förekomst av trombosbildning och kallas då tromboflebit. Att etablera och upprätthålla en PVK är en vanlig arbetsuppgift för anestesisjuksköterskan och god kunskap om förebyggande omvårdnadsåtgärder för flebit/tromboflebit anses nödvändigt. Ett välfungerande kvalitetsarbete beskrivs som viktigt då flebit/tromboflebit leder till ökad kostnad för vården, förlängd vårdtid samt ett lidande för patienten. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som har visat sig minska risken för flebit/tromboflebit vid insättande samt användning av perifer venkateter, hos vuxna patienter som vårdas på sjukhus. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie baserat på en syntes av artiklar med kvantitativ ansats och experimentell design. Sökning av vetenskapliga artiklar gjordes i databasen MEDLINE. Totalt inkluderades 13 artiklar, publicerade år 2012–2020, för kvalitetsgranskning, vilket genomfördes utifrån Joanna Briggs “Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials”. Huvudresultat: De två artiklarna som berörde omvårdnadsåtgärder vid insättande av PVK visade inte på någon effekt av interventionerna. Samtliga tretton artiklar berörde användning av PVK, varav sex artiklar visade statistisk signifikans i sina resultat gällande att injektionslås, filter för injektion/infusion och hudbehandlingar har positiva effekter för att förebygga flebit/tromboflebit. Slutsats: Injektionslås, filter för injektion/infusion samt hudbehandlingar visade sig minska risken för flebit/tromboflebit vid användning av PVK, men används inte inom svensk hälso- och sjukvård. Det ses en brist i kvantitativa studier med experimentell design och systematiska litteraturstudier med metaanalys som sammanställer preventiva omvårdnadsåtgärder specifikt för flebit/tromboflebit. Därför rekommenderas vidare forskning för att implemen, Background: Phlebitis and thrombophlebitis are common vascular complications of a peripheral venous catheter (PVC). Phlebitis is described as a local inflammation of the vascular wall, which could have occurrence of thrombosis and is then called thrombophlebitis. Establishing and maintaining a PVC is a common work task for the nurse anesthetist and good knowledge of preventive care for phlebitis/thrombophlebitis is considered necessary. A well-functioning quality work was described as important due to that phlebitis/thrombophlebitis lead to an increased cost of care, extended care time and suffering for the patient. Aim: The aim was to describe which nursing interventions have been shown to reduce the risk of phlebitis/thrombophlebitis at insertion and use of peripheral venous catheter, in adult patients being hospitalized. Method: Systematic literature review based on a synthesis of articles with quantitative approach and experimental design. Search for scientific articles was made in the MEDLINE database. A total of 13 articles, published in 2012–2020, were included for quality review, which was based on Joanna Briggs” Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials”. Main result: The two articles which concerned insertion of PVC showed no significant results. All thirteen articles concerned use of PVC, of which six articles showed statistical significance in their results that injection locks, filters for injection/infusion and skin treatments have positive effects on preventing phlebitis/thrombophlebitis. Conclusion: Injection locks, filters for injection/infusion and skin treatments have been found to reduce the risk for phlebitis/thrombophlebitis when using PVC, but it is not used in Swedish health care. There is a lack of quantitative studies with experimental design and systematic literature studies with meta-analysis that compile preventive nursing interventions specifically for phlebitis/thrombophlebitis. Therefore, further research is recommended to implement

Bakgrund: Flebit och tromboflebit har visat sig vara vanligt förekommande kärlkomplikationer av en perifer venkateter (PVK). Flebit beskrivs som en lokal inflammation av kärlväggen, som kan ha förekomst av trombosbildning och kallas då tromboflebit. Att etablera och upprätthålla en PVK är en vanlig arbetsuppgift för anestesisjuksköterskan och god kunskap om förebyggande omvårdnadsåtgärder för flebit/tromboflebit anses nödvändigt. Ett välfungerande kvalitetsarbete beskrivs som viktigt då flebit/tromboflebit leder till ökad kostnad för vården, förlängd vårdtid samt ett lidande för patienten. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som har visat sig minska risken för flebit/tromboflebit vid insättande samt användning av perifer venkateter, hos vuxna patienter som vårdas på sjukhus. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie baserat på en syntes av artiklar med kvantitativ ansats och experimentell design. Sökning av vetenskapliga artiklar gjordes i databasen MEDLINE. Totalt inkluderades 13 artiklar, publicerade år 2012–2020, för kvalitetsgranskning, vilket genomfördes utifrån Joanna Briggs “Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials”. Huvudresultat: De två artiklarna som berörde omvårdnadsåtgärder vid insättande av PVK visade inte på någon effekt av interventionerna. Samtliga tretton artiklar berörde användning av PVK, varav sex artiklar visade statistisk signifikans i sina resultat gällande att injektionslås, filter för injektion/infusion och hudbehandlingar har positiva effekter för att förebygga flebit/tromboflebit. Slutsats: Injektionslås, filter för injektion/infusion samt hudbehandlingar visade sig minska risken för flebit/tromboflebit vid användning av PVK, men används inte inom svensk hälso- och sjukvård. Det ses en brist i kvantitativa studier med experimentell design och systematiska litteraturstudier med metaanalys som sammanställer preventiva omvårdnadsåtgärder specifikt för flebit/tromboflebit. Därför rekommenderas vidare forskning för att implemen, Background: Phlebitis and thrombophlebitis are common vascular complications of a peripheral venous catheter (PVC). Phlebitis is described as a local inflammation of the vascular wall, which could have occurrence of thrombosis and is then called thrombophlebitis. Establishing and maintaining a PVC is a common work task for the nurse anesthetist and good knowledge of preventive care for phlebitis/thrombophlebitis is considered necessary. A well-functioning quality work was described as important due to that phlebitis/thrombophlebitis lead to an increased cost of care, extended care time and suffering for the patient. Aim: The aim was to describe which nursing interventions have been shown to reduce the risk of phlebitis/thrombophlebitis at insertion and use of peripheral venous catheter, in adult patients being hospitalized. Method: Systematic literature review based on a synthesis of articles with quantitative approach and experimental design. Search for scientific articles was made in the MEDLINE database. A total of 13 articles, published in 2012–2020, were included for quality review, which was based on Joanna Briggs” Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials”. Main result: The two articles which concerned insertion of PVC showed no significant results. All thirteen articles concerned use of PVC, of which six articles showed statistical significance in their results that injection locks, filters for injection/infusion and skin treatments have positive effects on preventing phlebitis/thrombophlebitis. Conclusion: Injection locks, filters for injection/infusion and skin treatments have been found to reduce the risk for phlebitis/thrombophlebitis when using PVC, but it is not used in Swedish health care. There is a lack of quantitative studies with experimental design and systematic literature studies with meta-analysis that compile preventive nursing interventions specifically for phlebitis/thrombophlebitis. Therefore, further research is recommended to implement

Part of creating relationships in a new context includes trying to understand the sexual scripts in a given discourse. Because creating sexual relationships is a part of sexual health it is, therefore, important to explore how sexual relationships are a part of the sex education curriculum for unaccompanied children and young adults. Through a critical discourse analysis the authors conclude that RFSU’s sex education curriculum includes a specific construct of the concept ‘sexual relationship’ that reveals what RFSU sees as the needs of unaccompanied children and young adults. Sexual relationships are constructed in the sex education curriculum in line with four themes: norm criticism, mutuality/consent/respect, sexual rights, and risk-emphasized education. These themes illuminate the needs that are considered when educating unaccompanied children and young adults. Additionally, the study shows that in the sex education curriculum; The creation of relationships in new contexts is not prioritized. This study also highlights how practical information about sexual scripts, may paradoxically, conflict with the anti-discriminatory and inclusive aim of RFSU’s sex education. However, the authors also conclude that the absence of concrete examples about sexual scripts in the curriculum, might prevent participants from gaining useful tools navigating their sexual relationships.

Objective: The growing use of simulation-based training makes it necessary to develop efficient training programs in order to ensure optimal use of time and resources. Our aim was to develop and gather validity evidence for a simulation-based test in ureteronephroscopy and set a pass/fail standard for the test that will allow future mastery learning. Design: This study is a validation study. A test in ureteronephroscopy and stone removal on the URO Mentor™ virtual reality simulator (3D Systems, USA) was developed by two experienced urologists in order to ensure content. Participants with different experience completed three standardized tasks on the simulator and simulator-generated metrics were used as outcome parameters to minimize bias and ensure a fair response process. Results: Twenty novices, 15 intermediates, and 8 experienced urologists were included in the study. Validity evidence for internal structure and relationship to other variables was questionable with weak and mostly insignificant correlations across all four metrics (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.14, p = 0.15) and across the three modules (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.41 (p = 0.02), 0.35 (p = 0.06), 0.10 (p = 0.35), and 0.30 (p = 0.09) for each metric, respectively). It was not possible to establish a pass/fail score for the simulation test with meaningful consequences. Conclusion: Our study showed that automatically generated simulator metrics cannot be used as a valid way of assessing competence in ureteronephroscopy. Virtual-reality simulator training could still be a valuable and patient-safe way to practice these skills, but an experienced supervisor is needed to determine when the trainee is ready to continue to supervised practice on patients.

Part of creating relationships in a new context includes trying to understand the sexual scripts in a given discourse. Because creating sexual relationships is a part of sexual health it is, therefore, important to explore how sexual relationships are a part of the sex education curriculum for unaccompanied children and young adults. Through a critical discourse analysis the authors conclude that RFSU’s sex education curriculum includes a specific construct of the concept ‘sexual relationship’ that reveals what RFSU sees as the needs of unaccompanied children and young adults. Sexual relationships are constructed in the sex education curriculum in line with four themes: norm criticism, mutuality/consent/respect, sexual rights, and risk-emphasized education. These themes illuminate the needs that are considered when educating unaccompanied children and young adults. Additionally, the study shows that in the sex education curriculum; The creation of relationships in new contexts is not prioritized. This study also highlights how practical information about sexual scripts, may paradoxically, conflict with the anti-discriminatory and inclusive aim of RFSU’s sex education. However, the authors also conclude that the absence of concrete examples about sexual scripts in the curriculum, might prevent participants from gaining useful tools navigating their sexual relationships.

Background: Simulation-based training allows trainees to experiment during training and end-of-training tests could increase motivation and retention. The aim of this trial was to determine if a simulation-based training program including directed self-regulated learning and post-testing improved clinical outcomes compared to a traditional simulation-based training program. Methods: A randomized trial was conducted involving 32 participants without prior experience in endoscopic procedures. The intervention group practiced independently in a simulation centre and got a post-test whereas the control group received traditional instructions and demonstrations before being allowed to practice. Three weeks after the intervention the participants performed cystoscopies on two consecutive patients. Clinical performance was assessed using a global rating scale (GRS) with established evidence of validity. Independent samples t-test, Cronbach's α, Pearson's r, and paired samples t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Twenty-five participants performed two cystoscopies on patients. There was no significant difference between the two study groups with respect to mean GRS of performance (p = 0.63, 95 % CI; -2.4–3.9). The internal consistency of the global rating scale was high, Cronbach's α = 0.91. Participants from both study groups demonstrated significant improvement between the first and second clinical procedures (p = 0.004, 95 % CI, 0.8–3.5). Eight (32%) and 15 (60%) participants demonstrated adequate clinical skills in their first and second procedure, respectively. Conclusions: No significant differences were found on the clinical transfer when comparing the two programs. Neither of our training programs was able to ensure consistent, competent performance on patients and this finding could serve as an important argument for simulation-based mastery learning where all training continues until a pre-defined level of proficiency is met. Trial registrations

Background: Every year approximately 10 000 children and adolescents are given care at the hospital. The majority of children under the age of 18 are treated at special pediatric units. The aim and the primary goal with child care in Sweden is to promote the development and well- being of all children by identifying problems in its health, development and social environment, and addressing these problems to prevent ill health. Aim: The aim of the present literature study was to describe how children and adolescents experiences hospitalization and also to describe the articles choice of research groups. Mehtod: A literature study with a descriptive design. The present study is based on ten scientific articles that describe children's experiences of being in the hospital. The article searches were made via Cinahl and Medline via PubMed, where only english language was used as a restriction. The authors have reviewed the articles multiple times as well as reviewed and compared the articles' research groups. Main result: Children were found to have different experiences of being in a hospital. The majority of the children experienced hospitalization more positive when there were good communication, a good environment where there was an opportunity for activities, good relationships with healthcare staff and also space for relatives to attend. To get a better understanding of their illness or hospital stay, the children expressed that they wanted to participate in the care and they did not like when the healthcare staff spoke over their heads. The presence of family and close relatives made the children feel more confident, also good relationships with healthcare professionals made the children feel less lonely.Conclusion: Children's experiences are affected by several factors. Previous research shows that parents feel fear and concern about having their children hospitalized. It is important for the nurse and other healthcare professionals to know this in order to meet, Bakgrund: Varje år vårdas ungefär 10 000 barn och ungdomar på sjukhus och vanligast är det att barn under 18 år vårdas på speciella barnavdelningar. Syftet och främsta målet med barnhälsovård i Sverige är att främja alla barns utveckling och välbefinnande genom att identifiera problem i dess hälsa, utveckling och sociala miljö samt åtgärda dessa problem för att förebygga ohälsa. Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande litteraturstudie var att beskriva hur barn och ungdomar upplever att vara inneliggande på sjukhus samt beskriva artiklarnas val av undersökningsgrupper. Metod: En litteraturstudie med en deskriptiv design. Föreliggande studie grundar sig på tio vetenskapliga artiklar som beskriver barnens upplevelser av att vara på sjukhus. Artikelsökningarna gjordes via Cinahl och Medline via PubMed där endast engelskt språk användes som begränsning. Författarna har granskat artiklarna ett flertal gånger samt granskat och jämfört artiklarnas undersökningsgrupper. Huvudresultat: Barn visade sig ha olika upplevelser av att vara på sjukhus. Majoriteten av barnen upplevde sjukhusvistelsen mer positiv vid god kommunikation, ren miljö där det fanns möjlighet till sysselsättning, bra relationer till vårdpersonalen samt utrymme för närstående att närvara. För att få en större förståelse för sin sjukdom eller sjukhusvistelse uttryckte barnen själva att de ville vara delaktiga i vården och gillade inte när vårdpersonalen pratade över huvudet på dem. Närvaron av familj och närstående gjorde att barnen kände sig mer trygga, även bra relationer till vårdpersonalen fick barnen att känna sig mindre ensamma. Slutsats: Barnens upplevelser påverkas av flera faktorer. Tidigare forskning visar på att föräldrar upplever rädsla och oro över att ha sina barn inneliggande på sjukhus. Det är viktigt för sjuksköterskan och övrig vårdpersonal att känna till detta för att kunna bemöta både barn och dess närstående på ett sätt som främjar hela familjens upplevelser.

Background: Every year approximately 10 000 children and adolescents are given care at the hospital. The majority of children under the age of 18 are treated at special pediatric units. The aim and the primary goal with child care in Sweden is to promote the development and well- being of all children by identifying problems in its health, development and social environment, and addressing these problems to prevent ill health. Aim: The aim of the present literature study was to describe how children and adolescents experiences hospitalization and also to describe the articles choice of research groups. Mehtod: A literature study with a descriptive design. The present study is based on ten scientific articles that describe children's experiences of being in the hospital. The article searches were made via Cinahl and Medline via PubMed, where only english language was used as a restriction. The authors have reviewed the articles multiple times as well as reviewed and compared the articles' research groups. Main result: Children were found to have different experiences of being in a hospital. The majority of the children experienced hospitalization more positive when there were good communication, a good environment where there was an opportunity for activities, good relationships with healthcare staff and also space for relatives to attend. To get a better understanding of their illness or hospital stay, the children expressed that they wanted to participate in the care and they did not like when the healthcare staff spoke over their heads. The presence of family and close relatives made the children feel more confident, also good relationships with healthcare professionals made the children feel less lonely.Conclusion: Children's experiences are affected by several factors. Previous research shows that parents feel fear and concern about having their children hospitalized. It is important for the nurse and other healthcare professionals to know this in order to meet, Bakgrund: Varje år vårdas ungefär 10 000 barn och ungdomar på sjukhus och vanligast är det att barn under 18 år vårdas på speciella barnavdelningar. Syftet och främsta målet med barnhälsovård i Sverige är att främja alla barns utveckling och välbefinnande genom att identifiera problem i dess hälsa, utveckling och sociala miljö samt åtgärda dessa problem för att förebygga ohälsa. Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande litteraturstudie var att beskriva hur barn och ungdomar upplever att vara inneliggande på sjukhus samt beskriva artiklarnas val av undersökningsgrupper. Metod: En litteraturstudie med en deskriptiv design. Föreliggande studie grundar sig på tio vetenskapliga artiklar som beskriver barnens upplevelser av att vara på sjukhus. Artikelsökningarna gjordes via Cinahl och Medline via PubMed där endast engelskt språk användes som begränsning. Författarna har granskat artiklarna ett flertal gånger samt granskat och jämfört artiklarnas undersökningsgrupper. Huvudresultat: Barn visade sig ha olika upplevelser av att vara på sjukhus. Majoriteten av barnen upplevde sjukhusvistelsen mer positiv vid god kommunikation, ren miljö där det fanns möjlighet till sysselsättning, bra relationer till vårdpersonalen samt utrymme för närstående att närvara. För att få en större förståelse för sin sjukdom eller sjukhusvistelse uttryckte barnen själva att de ville vara delaktiga i vården och gillade inte när vårdpersonalen pratade över huvudet på dem. Närvaron av familj och närstående gjorde att barnen kände sig mer trygga, även bra relationer till vårdpersonalen fick barnen att känna sig mindre ensamma. Slutsats: Barnens upplevelser påverkas av flera faktorer. Tidigare forskning visar på att föräldrar upplever rädsla och oro över att ha sina barn inneliggande på sjukhus. Det är viktigt för sjuksköterskan och övrig vårdpersonal att känna till detta för att kunna bemöta både barn och dess närstående på ett sätt som främjar hela familjens upplevelser.

Objective: Direct observation in assessment of clinical skills is prone to bias, demands the observer to be present at a certain location at a specific time, and is time-consuming. Video-based assessment could remove the risk of bias, increase flexibility, and reduce the time spent on assessment. This study investigated if video-based assessment was a reliable tool for cystoscopy and if direct observers were prone to bias compared with video-raters. Design: This study was a blinded observational trial. Twenty medical students and 9 urologists were recorded during 2 cystoscopies and rated by a direct observer and subsequently by 2 blinded video-raters on a global rating scale (GRS) for cystoscopy. Both intrarater and interrater reliability were explored. Furthermore, direct observer bias was explored by a paired samples t-test. Results: Intrarater reliability calculated by Pearson's r was 0.86. Interrater reliability was 0.74 for single measure and 0.85 for average measures. A hawk-dove effect was seen between the 2 raters. Direct observer bias was detected when comparing direct observer scores to the assessment by an independent video-rater (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study found that video-based assessment was a reliable tool for cystoscopy with 2 video-raters. There was a significant bias when comparing direct observation with blinded video-based assessment.

The risk of death is increased for persons with epilepsy. The literature on causes of death in epilepsy is based mainly on cohorts with epilepsy of mixed aetiologies. For clinical purposes and improved understanding of mortality in different epilepsies, more information is needed on mortality in epilepsies of specific causes. In poststroke epilepsy (PSE), seizures occur in a setting of vascular disease and high mortality rates. The extent to which epilepsy contributes to mortality in this patient group is poorly understood. We therefore aimed to describe causes of death (COD) in PSE on a national scale. A previously identified cohort of 7740 patients with epilepsy or seizures after a stroke in 2005-2010 was investigated. A total of 4167 deaths occurred before the end of 2014. The standardized mortality ratio for the study cohort was 3.56 (95% CI: 3.45-3.67). The main underlying causes of death were disorders of the circulatory system (60%) followed by neoplasms (12%). Diseases of the nervous system were the sixth leading underlying COD (3%), and epilepsy or status epilepticus was considered the underlying COD in approximately a similar proportion of cases as neurodegenerative disorders (0.9% and 1.1%, respectively). Epilepsy was considered a contributing COD in 14% of cases. Our findings highlight the importance of optimal management of vascular morbidity in patients with PSE. The large proportion of patients with epilepsy as a contributing COD indicate the need of high ambitions also regarding the management of seizures in patients with PSE.

The risk of death is increased for persons with epilepsy. The literature on causes of death in epilepsy is based mainly on cohorts with epilepsy of mixed aetiologies. For clinical purposes and improved understanding of mortality in different epilepsies, more information is needed on mortality in epilepsies of specific causes. In poststroke epilepsy (PSE), seizures occur in a setting of vascular disease and high mortality rates. The extent to which epilepsy contributes to mortality in this patient group is poorly understood. We therefore aimed to describe causes of death (COD) in PSE on a national scale. A previously identified cohort of 7740 patients with epilepsy or seizures after a stroke in 2005-2010 was investigated. A total of 4167 deaths occurred before the end of 2014. The standardized mortality ratio for the study cohort was 3.56 (95% CI: 3.45-3.67). The main underlying causes of death were disorders of the circulatory system (60%) followed by neoplasms (12%). Diseases of the nervous system were the sixth leading underlying COD (3%), and epilepsy or status epilepticus was considered the underlying COD in approximately a similar proportion of cases as neurodegenerative disorders (0.9% and 1.1%, respectively). Epilepsy was considered a contributing COD in 14% of cases. Our findings highlight the importance of optimal management of vascular morbidity in patients with PSE. The large proportion of patients with epilepsy as a contributing COD indicate the need of high ambitions also regarding the management of seizures in patients with PSE.

The risk of death is increased for persons with epilepsy. The literature on causes of death in epilepsy is based mainly on cohorts with epilepsy of mixed aetiologies. For clinical purposes and improved understanding of mortality in different epilepsies, more information is needed on mortality in epilepsies of specific causes. In poststroke epilepsy (PSE), seizures occur in a setting of vascular disease and high mortality rates. The extent to which epilepsy contributes to mortality in this patient group is poorly understood. We therefore aimed to describe causes of death (COD) in PSE on a national scale. A previously identified cohort of 7740 patients with epilepsy or seizures after a stroke in 2005-2010 was investigated. A total of 4167 deaths occurred before the end of 2014. The standardized mortality ratio for the study cohort was 3.56 (95% CI: 3.45-3.67). The main underlying causes of death were disorders of the circulatory system (60%) followed by neoplasms (12%). Diseases of the nervous system were the sixth leading underlying COD (3%), and epilepsy or status epilepticus was considered the underlying COD in approximately a similar proportion of cases as neurodegenerative disorders (0.9% and 1.1%, respectively). Epilepsy was considered a contributing COD in 14% of cases. Our findings highlight the importance of optimal management of vascular morbidity in patients with PSE. The large proportion of patients with epilepsy as a contributing COD indicate the need of high ambitions also regarding the management of seizures in patients with PSE.

The risk of death is increased for persons with epilepsy. The literature on causes of death in epilepsy is based mainly on cohorts with epilepsy of mixed aetiologies. For clinical purposes and improved understanding of mortality in different epilepsies, more information is needed on mortality in epilepsies of specific causes. In poststroke epilepsy (PSE), seizures occur in a setting of vascular disease and high mortality rates. The extent to which epilepsy contributes to mortality in this patient group is poorly understood. We therefore aimed to describe causes of death (COD) in PSE on a national scale. A previously identified cohort of 7740 patients with epilepsy or seizures after a stroke in 2005-2010 was investigated. A total of 4167 deaths occurred before the end of 2014. The standardized mortality ratio for the study cohort was 3.56 (95% CI: 3.45-3.67). The main underlying causes of death were disorders of the circulatory system (60%) followed by neoplasms (12%). Diseases of the nervous system were the sixth leading underlying COD (3%), and epilepsy or status epilepticus was considered the underlying COD in approximately a similar proportion of cases as neurodegenerative disorders (0.9% and 1.1%, respectively). Epilepsy was considered a contributing COD in 14% of cases. Our findings highlight the importance of optimal management of vascular morbidity in patients with PSE. The large proportion of patients with epilepsy as a contributing COD indicate the need of high ambitions also regarding the management of seizures in patients with PSE.

The risk of death is increased for persons with epilepsy. The literature on causes of death in epilepsy is based mainly on cohorts with epilepsy of mixed aetiologies. For clinical purposes and improved understanding of mortality in different epilepsies, more information is needed on mortality in epilepsies of specific causes. In poststroke epilepsy (PSE), seizures occur in a setting of vascular disease and high mortality rates. The extent to which epilepsy contributes to mortality in this patient group is poorly understood. We therefore aimed to describe causes of death (COD) in PSE on a national scale. A previously identified cohort of 7740 patients with epilepsy or seizures after a stroke in 2005-2010 was investigated. A total of 4167 deaths occurred before the end of 2014. The standardized mortality ratio for the study cohort was 3.56 (95% CI: 3.45-3.67). The main underlying causes of death were disorders of the circulatory system (60%) followed by neoplasms (12%). Diseases of the nervous system were the sixth leading underlying COD (3%), and epilepsy or status epilepticus was considered the underlying COD in approximately a similar proportion of cases as neurodegenerative disorders (0.9% and 1.1%, respectively). Epilepsy was considered a contributing COD in 14% of cases. Our findings highlight the importance of optimal management of vascular morbidity in patients with PSE. The large proportion of patients with epilepsy as a contributing COD indicate the need of high ambitions also regarding the management of seizures in patients with PSE.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate which difficulties Swedish students of German typically have and at the same time which structures they master without problems in order to give me, as a future teacher, some ideas how to create productive German lessons. Furthermore the students’ progression over the years is the main focus of this analysis. Students from the sixth grade up to the twelfth grade from two Swedish schools were asked to write essays which provide the corpus of this analysis. At the same time they were asked to fill in a questionnaire to conduct some, for the analysis, crucial background information. I begin my analysis by comparing the students’ essays within the classes and after that the essays of the different classes are compared with each other. At last a comparison with essays that were written as part of the national test during the late 90s will be made in order to find out whether students’ skills in German have changed over the years. Some theories concerning second language learning, for example Processability Theory, will be tested whether they apply for my test group or not.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate which difficulties Swedish students of German typically have and at the same time which structures they master without problems in order to give me, as a future teacher, some ideas how to create productive German lessons. Furthermore the students’ progression over the years is the main focus of this analysis. Students from the sixth grade up to the twelfth grade from two Swedish schools were asked to write essays which provide the corpus of this analysis. At the same time they were asked to fill in a questionnaire to conduct some, for the analysis, crucial background information. I begin my analysis by comparing the students’ essays within the classes and after that the essays of the different classes are compared with each other. At last a comparison with essays that were written as part of the national test during the late 90s will be made in order to find out whether students’ skills in German have changed over the years. Some theories concerning second language learning, for example Processability Theory, will be tested whether they apply for my test group or not.

Julia Hansen hat zwischen März und Dezember 2006 Untersuchungen zu Funktion und Struktur der Okklusalflächen in der postcaninen Zahnreihe von Viverriden durchgeführt. Unter verschiedenen Ernährungsregimen bilden Höcker und Täler auf Zähnen, die sich im Gebiss gegenüber stehen, eine Funktionseinheit, mit der Schleichkatzen sowohl in der Lage sind, Früchte zu zerquetschen, als auch den Panzer von Insekten aufzuknacken. In ihrer Studie ist es Frau Hansen gelungen, konstruktive Unterschiede zwischen beiden Nutzungsweisen zu identifizieren. Diese Unterschiede hat sie an verschiedenen fossilen Einzelzähnen der Sammlung Koenigswald überprüft.

Julia Hansen hat zwischen März und Dezember 2006 Untersuchungen zu Funktion und Struktur der Okklusalflächen in der postcaninen Zahnreihe von Viverriden durchgeführt. Unter verschiedenen Ernährungsregimen bilden Höcker und Täler auf Zähnen, die sich im Gebiss gegenüber stehen, eine Funktionseinheit, mit der Schleichkatzen sowohl in der Lage sind, Früchte zu zerquetschen, als auch den Panzer von Insekten aufzuknacken. In ihrer Studie ist es Frau Hansen gelungen, konstruktive Unterschiede zwischen beiden Nutzungsweisen zu identifizieren. Diese Unterschiede hat sie an verschiedenen fossilen Einzelzähnen der Sammlung Koenigswald überprüft.

The review is the first activity during the inception period of the Urbanisation Research Nigeria programme. The existing sources on urbanisation – as situated within the themes of urban change, economic growth, well-being and planning – were collated from government, academia, development partners, other international agencies, community organisations and the private sector. The review is thus based on extensive review of secondary sources, supported by expert views and data gathered from key informants. This is complemented with an assessment of existing data sources for urbanisation research, and a discussion of their suitability for tackling questions in each of the four themes.