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24 results on '"Hagen, T. W."'

1. Evidence for Coexisting Shapes through Lifetime Measurements in Zr98

Author

Singh, Purnima, Korten, Wolfram, Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, Andreas, Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Farget, Fanny, Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Delaroche, Jean Paul, Girod, Michel, Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Libert, J., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Gottardo, Andrea, Michelagnoli, Caterina, Muller-Gatermann, C, Napoli, Daniel R., Otsuka, Takaharu, Pillet, Nathalie, Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, E., Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Togashi, Tomoaki, Tsunoda, Yuhsuke, Theisen, Christophe, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, Singh, Purnima, Korten, Wolfram, Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, Andreas, Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Farget, Fanny, Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Delaroche, Jean Paul, Girod, Michel, Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Libert, J., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Gottardo, Andrea, Michelagnoli, Caterina, Muller-Gatermann, C, Napoli, Daniel R., Otsuka, Takaharu, Pillet, Nathalie, Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, E., Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Togashi, Tomoaki, Tsunoda, Yuhsuke, Theisen, Christophe, and Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier

Abstract

The lifetimes of the first excited 2+, 4+, and 6+ states in Zr98 were measured with the recoil-distance Doppler shift method in an experiment performed at GANIL. Excited states in Zr98 were populated using the fission reaction between a 6.2 MeV/u U238 beam and a Be9 target. The γ rays were detected with the EXOGAM array in correlation with the fission fragments identified by mass and atomic number in the VAMOS++ spectrometer. Our result shows a very small B(E2;21+→01+) value in Zr98, thereby confirming the very sudden onset of collectivity at N=60. The experimental results are compared to large-scale Monte Carlo shell model and beyond-mean-field calculations. The present results indicate the coexistence of two additional deformed shapes in this nucleus along with the spherical ground state. © 2018 American Physical Society.

Published
2018

2. Lifetimes of excited states in triaxially deformed 107Tc and 109,111,113Rh

Author

Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, Andreas, Korten, Wolfram, Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Farget, Fanny, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, E., Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Theisen, Christophe, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, Andreas, Korten, Wolfram, Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Farget, Fanny, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, E., Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Theisen, Christophe, and Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier

Abstract

Lifetimes of excited states in Tc-107, Rh-109, Rh-111, and Rh-113 were measured at GANIL using the Recoil-Distance Doppler Shift method. The neutron-rich nuclei were produced in fission reactions in inverse kinematics with a U-238 beam impinging on a Be-9 target. Fission fragments were identified event-by-event in the ray-tracing spectrometer VAMOS++ and correlated with prompt gamma rays observed around the target position with the EXOGAM Ge detector array. Several lifetimes were obtained for states in the positiveparity yrast bands in the four nuclei and compared to triaxial particle-rotor calculations. The results clarify the configuration for the strongest positive-parity band in Tc-107 and suggest a gradual increase of triaxial deformation with atomic number Z, reaching almost maximum triaxiality for the neutron-rich Rh nuclei.

Published
2018

3. Lifetimes of excited states in triaxially deformed 107Tc and 109,111,113Rh

Author

Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, Andreas, Korten, Wolfram, Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Farget, Fanny, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Theisen, Christophe, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, Andreas, Korten, Wolfram, Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Farget, Fanny, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Theisen, Christophe, and Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier

Abstract

Lifetimes of excited states in Tc-107, Rh-109, Rh-111, and Rh-113 were measured at GANIL using the Recoil-Distance Doppler Shift method. The neutron-rich nuclei were produced in fission reactions in inverse kinematics with a U-238 beam impinging on a Be-9 target. Fission fragments were identified event-by-event in the ray-tracing spectrometer VAMOS++ and correlated with prompt gamma rays observed around the target position with the EXOGAM Ge detector array. Several lifetimes were obtained for states in the positiveparity yrast bands in the four nuclei and compared to triaxial particle-rotor calculations. The results clarify the configuration for the strongest positive-parity band in Tc-107 and suggest a gradual increase of triaxial deformation with atomic number Z, reaching almost maximum triaxiality for the neutron-rich Rh nuclei.

Published
2018

4. Lifetimes of excited states in triaxially deformed Tc-107 and Rh-109,Rh-111,Rh-113

Author

Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, A., Korten, W., Grente, L., Salsac, M. -D., Farget, F., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I., Clement, E., de France, G., Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, C., Napoli, D. R., Recchia, F., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Theisen, Ch., Valiente-Dobon, J. J., Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, A., Korten, W., Grente, L., Salsac, M. -D., Farget, F., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I., Clement, E., de France, G., Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, C., Napoli, D. R., Recchia, F., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Theisen, Ch., and Valiente-Dobon, J. J.

Abstract

Lifetimes of excited states in Tc-107, Rh-109, Rh-111, and Rh-113 were measured at GANIL using the Recoil-Distance Doppler Shift method. The neutron-rich nuclei were produced in fission reactions in inverse kinematics with a U-238 beam impinging on a Be-9 target. Fission fragments were identified event-by-event in the ray-tracing spectrometer VAMOS++ and correlated with prompt gamma rays observed around the target position with the EXOGAM Ge detector array. Several lifetimes were obtained for states in the positiveparity yrast bands in the four nuclei and compared to triaxial particle-rotor calculations. The results clarify the configuration for the strongest positive-parity band in Tc-107 and suggest a gradual increase of triaxial deformation with atomic number Z, reaching almost maximum triaxiality for the neutron-rich Rh nuclei.

Published
2018

5. Evidence for Coexisting Shapes through Lifetime Measurements in Zr-98

Author

Singh, Purnima, Korten, W., Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, A., Grente, L., Salsac, M-D, Farget, F., Clement, E., de France, G., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I, Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Delaroche, J-P, Girod, M., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Libert, J., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Gottardo, A., Michelagnoli, C., Mueller-Gatermann, C., Napoli, D. R., Otsuka, T., Pillet, N., Recchia, F., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Togashi, T., Tsunoda, Y., Theisen, Ch, Valiente-Dobon, J. J., Singh, Purnima, Korten, W., Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, A., Grente, L., Salsac, M-D, Farget, F., Clement, E., de France, G., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I, Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Delaroche, J-P, Girod, M., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Libert, J., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Gottardo, A., Michelagnoli, C., Mueller-Gatermann, C., Napoli, D. R., Otsuka, T., Pillet, N., Recchia, F., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Togashi, T., Tsunoda, Y., Theisen, Ch, and Valiente-Dobon, J. J.

Abstract

The lifetimes of the first excited 2(+), 4(+), and 6(+) states in Zr-98 were measured with the recoil-distance Doppler shift method in an experiment performed at GANIL. Excited states in Zr-98 were populated using the fission reaction between a 6.2 MeV/u U-238 beam and a Be-9 target. The gamma rays were detected with the EXOGAM array in correlation with the fission fragments identified by mass and atomic number in the VAMOS++ spectrometer. Our result shows a very small B(E2; 2(1)(+) -> 0(1)(+)) value in Zr-98, thereby confirming the very sudden onset of collectivity at N = 60. The experimenta(l) results are compared to large-scale Monte Carlo shell model and beyond-mean-field calculations. The present results indicate the coexistence of two additional deformed shapes in this nucleus along with the spherical ground State.

Published
2018

6. Lifetimes of excited states in triaxially deformed Tc-107 and Rh-109,Rh-111,Rh-113

Author

Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, A., Korten, W., Grente, L., Salsac, M. -D., Farget, F., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I., Clement, E., de France, G., Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, C., Napoli, D. R., Recchia, F., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Theisen, Ch., Valiente-Dobon, J. J., Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, A., Korten, W., Grente, L., Salsac, M. -D., Farget, F., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I., Clement, E., de France, G., Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, C., Napoli, D. R., Recchia, F., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Theisen, Ch., and Valiente-Dobon, J. J.

Abstract

Lifetimes of excited states in Tc-107, Rh-109, Rh-111, and Rh-113 were measured at GANIL using the Recoil-Distance Doppler Shift method. The neutron-rich nuclei were produced in fission reactions in inverse kinematics with a U-238 beam impinging on a Be-9 target. Fission fragments were identified event-by-event in the ray-tracing spectrometer VAMOS++ and correlated with prompt gamma rays observed around the target position with the EXOGAM Ge detector array. Several lifetimes were obtained for states in the positiveparity yrast bands in the four nuclei and compared to triaxial particle-rotor calculations. The results clarify the configuration for the strongest positive-parity band in Tc-107 and suggest a gradual increase of triaxial deformation with atomic number Z, reaching almost maximum triaxiality for the neutron-rich Rh nuclei.

Published
2018

7. Evidence for Coexisting Shapes through Lifetime Measurements in Zr-98

Author

Singh, Purnima, Korten, W., Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, A., Grente, L., Salsac, M-D, Farget, F., Clement, E., de France, G., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I, Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Delaroche, J-P, Girod, M., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Libert, J., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Gottardo, A., Michelagnoli, C., Mueller-Gatermann, C., Napoli, D. R., Otsuka, T., Pillet, N., Recchia, F., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Togashi, T., Tsunoda, Y., Theisen, Ch, Valiente-Dobon, J. J., Singh, Purnima, Korten, W., Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, A., Grente, L., Salsac, M-D, Farget, F., Clement, E., de France, G., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I, Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Delaroche, J-P, Girod, M., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Libert, J., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Gottardo, A., Michelagnoli, C., Mueller-Gatermann, C., Napoli, D. R., Otsuka, T., Pillet, N., Recchia, F., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Togashi, T., Tsunoda, Y., Theisen, Ch, and Valiente-Dobon, J. J.

Abstract

The lifetimes of the first excited 2(+), 4(+), and 6(+) states in Zr-98 were measured with the recoil-distance Doppler shift method in an experiment performed at GANIL. Excited states in Zr-98 were populated using the fission reaction between a 6.2 MeV/u U-238 beam and a Be-9 target. The gamma rays were detected with the EXOGAM array in correlation with the fission fragments identified by mass and atomic number in the VAMOS++ spectrometer. Our result shows a very small B(E2; 2(1)(+) -> 0(1)(+)) value in Zr-98, thereby confirming the very sudden onset of collectivity at N = 60. The experimenta(l) results are compared to large-scale Monte Carlo shell model and beyond-mean-field calculations. The present results indicate the coexistence of two additional deformed shapes in this nucleus along with the spherical ground State.

Published
2018

8. Lifetimes of excited states in triaxially deformed 107Tc and 109,111,113Rh

Author

Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, Andreas, Korten, Wolfram, Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Farget, Fanny, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Theisen, Christophe, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, Hagen, T. W., Gorgen, Andreas, Korten, Wolfram, Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Farget, Fanny, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Theisen, Christophe, and Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier

Abstract

Lifetimes of excited states in Tc-107, Rh-109, Rh-111, and Rh-113 were measured at GANIL using the Recoil-Distance Doppler Shift method. The neutron-rich nuclei were produced in fission reactions in inverse kinematics with a U-238 beam impinging on a Be-9 target. Fission fragments were identified event-by-event in the ray-tracing spectrometer VAMOS++ and correlated with prompt gamma rays observed around the target position with the EXOGAM Ge detector array. Several lifetimes were obtained for states in the positiveparity yrast bands in the four nuclei and compared to triaxial particle-rotor calculations. The results clarify the configuration for the strongest positive-parity band in Tc-107 and suggest a gradual increase of triaxial deformation with atomic number Z, reaching almost maximum triaxiality for the neutron-rich Rh nuclei.

Published
2018

9. Evolution of nuclear shapes in odd-mass yttrium and niobium isotopes from lifetime measurements following fission reactions

Author

Hagen, T. W., Goergen, A., Korten, W., Grente, L., Salsac, M. -D., Farget, F., Ragnarsson, I., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I., Clement, E., de France, G., Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, C., Napoli, D. R., Recchia, F., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Theisen, Ch., Valiente-Dobon, J. J., Hagen, T. W., Goergen, A., Korten, W., Grente, L., Salsac, M. -D., Farget, F., Ragnarsson, I., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I., Clement, E., de France, G., Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, C., Napoli, D. R., Recchia, F., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Theisen, Ch., and Valiente-Dobon, J. J.

Abstract

Lifetimes of excited states in Y-99, Y-101, Nb-101, Nb-103, and Nb-105 were measured in an experiment using the recoil distance Doppler shift method at GANIL (Grand Accelerateur National d'Ions Lourds). The neutron-rich nuclei were produced in fission reactions between a U-238 beam and a Be-9 target. Prompt gamma rays were measured with the EXOGAM array and correlated with fission fragments that were identified in mass and atomic number with the VAMOS++ spectrometer. The measured lifetimes, together with branching ratios, provide B(M1) and B(E2) values for the strongly coupled rotational bands built on the [422] 5/2(+) ground state in the Y and Nb nuclei with neutron number N >= 60. The comparison of the experimental results with triaxial particle-rotor calculations provides information about the evolution of the nuclear shape in this mass region.

Published
2017

10. Evolution of nuclear shapes in odd-mass yttrium and niobium isotopes from lifetime measurements following fission reactions

Author

Hagen, T. W., Görgen, Andreas, Korten, Wolfram, Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Farget, Fanny, Ragnarsson, Ingemar, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Theisen, Christophe, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, Hagen, T. W., Görgen, Andreas, Korten, Wolfram, Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Farget, Fanny, Ragnarsson, Ingemar, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Theisen, Christophe, and Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier

Abstract

Lifetimes of excited states in Y-99, Y-101, Nb-101, Nb-103, and Nb-105 were measured in an experiment using the recoil distance Doppler shift method at GANIL (Grand Accelerateur National dIons Lourds). The neutron-rich nuclei were produced in fission reactions between a U-238 beam and a Be-9 target. Prompt gamma rays were measured with the EXOGAM array and correlated with fission fragments that were identified in mass and atomic number with the VAMOS++ spectrometer. The measured lifetimes, together with branching ratios, provide B(M1) and B(E2) values for the strongly coupled rotational bands built on the [422] 5/2(+) ground state in the Y and Nb nuclei with neutron number N GT = 60. The comparison of the experimental results with triaxial particle-rotor calculations provides information about the evolution of the nuclear shape in this mass region.

Published
2017

11. Low-energy enhancement and fluctuations of gamma-ray strength functions in Fe-56,Fe-57: test of the Brink-Axel hypothesis

Author

Larsen, A C, Guttormsen, M, Blasi, N, Bracco, A, Camera, F, Campo, L Crespo, Eriksen, Tomas, Görgen, A, Hagen, T W, Ingeberg, V W, Kheswa, B V, Larsen, A C, Guttormsen, M, Blasi, N, Bracco, A, Camera, F, Campo, L Crespo, Eriksen, Tomas, Görgen, A, Hagen, T W, Ingeberg, V W, and Kheswa, B V

Abstract

Nuclear level densities and gamma-ray strength functions of Fe-56,Fe-57 have been extracted from proton-gamma coincidences. A low-energy enhancement in the gamma-ray strength functions up to a factor of 30 over common theoretical E1 models is confirmed. Angular distributions of the low-energy enhancement in 57Fe indicate its dipole nature, in agreement with findings for Fe-56. The high statistics and the excellent energy resolution of the large-volume LaBr3(Ce) detectors allowed for a thorough analysis of. strength as function of excitation energy. Taking into account the presence of strong Porter-Thomas fluctuations, there is no indication of any significant excitation energy dependence in the gamma-ray strength function, in support of the generalized Brink-Axel hypothesis.

Published
2017

12. Evolution of nuclear shapes in odd-mass yttrium and niobium isotopes from lifetime measurements following fission reactions

Author

Hagen, T. W., Goergen, A., Korten, W., Grente, L., Salsac, M. -D., Farget, F., Ragnarsson, I., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I., Clement, E., de France, G., Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, C., Napoli, D. R., Recchia, F., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Theisen, Ch., Valiente-Dobon, J. J., Hagen, T. W., Goergen, A., Korten, W., Grente, L., Salsac, M. -D., Farget, F., Ragnarsson, I., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I., Clement, E., de France, G., Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, C., Napoli, D. R., Recchia, F., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Theisen, Ch., and Valiente-Dobon, J. J.

Abstract

Lifetimes of excited states in Y-99, Y-101, Nb-101, Nb-103, and Nb-105 were measured in an experiment using the recoil distance Doppler shift method at GANIL (Grand Accelerateur National d'Ions Lourds). The neutron-rich nuclei were produced in fission reactions between a U-238 beam and a Be-9 target. Prompt gamma rays were measured with the EXOGAM array and correlated with fission fragments that were identified in mass and atomic number with the VAMOS++ spectrometer. The measured lifetimes, together with branching ratios, provide B(M1) and B(E2) values for the strongly coupled rotational bands built on the [422] 5/2(+) ground state in the Y and Nb nuclei with neutron number N >= 60. The comparison of the experimental results with triaxial particle-rotor calculations provides information about the evolution of the nuclear shape in this mass region.

Published
2017

13. Evolution of nuclear shapes in odd-mass yttrium and niobium isotopes from lifetime measurements following fission reactions

Author

Hagen, T. W., Görgen, Andreas, Korten, Wolfram, Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Farget, Fanny, Ragnarsson, Ingemar, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Theisen, Christophe, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, Hagen, T. W., Görgen, Andreas, Korten, Wolfram, Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Farget, Fanny, Ragnarsson, Ingemar, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Theisen, Christophe, and Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier

Abstract

Lifetimes of excited states in Y-99, Y-101, Nb-101, Nb-103, and Nb-105 were measured in an experiment using the recoil distance Doppler shift method at GANIL (Grand Accelerateur National dIons Lourds). The neutron-rich nuclei were produced in fission reactions between a U-238 beam and a Be-9 target. Prompt gamma rays were measured with the EXOGAM array and correlated with fission fragments that were identified in mass and atomic number with the VAMOS++ spectrometer. The measured lifetimes, together with branching ratios, provide B(M1) and B(E2) values for the strongly coupled rotational bands built on the [422] 5/2(+) ground state in the Y and Nb nuclei with neutron number N GT = 60. The comparison of the experimental results with triaxial particle-rotor calculations provides information about the evolution of the nuclear shape in this mass region.

Published
2017

14. LIFETIME MEASURMENTS OF EXCITED STATES IN NEUTRON-RICH FISSION FRAGMENTS

Author

Hagen, T. W., Grente, L., Gorgen, A., Salsac, M-D., Korten, W., Farget, F., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I., Clement, E., de France, G., Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, C., Napoli, D. R., Navin, A., Recchia, F., Rejmund, M., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Theisen, Ch., Valiente-Dobon, J. J., Hagen, T. W., Grente, L., Gorgen, A., Salsac, M-D., Korten, W., Farget, F., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I., Clement, E., de France, G., Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, C., Napoli, D. R., Navin, A., Recchia, F., Rejmund, M., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Theisen, Ch., and Valiente-Dobon, J. J.

Abstract

Lifetimes of short-lived excited states in a wide range of neutron-rich fission fragments were measured using the recoil distance Doppler shift (RDDS) technique, which was applied to fusion-fission reactions in inverse kinematics for the first time. The fission fragments were identified event-by-event in mass, charge, and atomic number using the VAMOS magnetic spectrometer at GANIL. Gamma rays originating from the fission fragments were measured with the EXOGAM array of Ge Clover detectors around the target position. Using a degrader, the change in the Doppler shift of the gamma ray allows the application of the RDDS method. Details of the experimental technique will be discussed and the status for the ongoing analysis for odd-mass yttrium isotopes will be presented.

Published
2016

15. Lifetime Measurments of Excited States in Neutron-Rich Fission Fragments

Author

Hagen, T. W., Grente, Lucie, Gorgen, Andreas, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Korten, Wolfram, Farget, Fanny, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Navin, A., Recchia, Francesco, Rejmund, M., Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Theisen, Christophe, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, Hagen, T. W., Grente, Lucie, Gorgen, Andreas, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Korten, Wolfram, Farget, Fanny, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Navin, A., Recchia, Francesco, Rejmund, M., Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Theisen, Christophe, and Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier

Abstract

Lifetimes of short-lived excited states in a wide range of neutron-rich fission fragments were measured using the recoil distance Doppler shift (RDDS) technique, which was applied to fusion-fission reactions in inverse kinematics for the first time. The fission fragments were identified event-by-event in mass, charge, and atomic number using the VAMOS magnetic spectrometer at GANIL. Gamma rays originating from the fission fragments were measured with the EXOGAM array of Ge Clover detectors around the target position. Using a degrader, the change in the Doppler shift of the gamma ray allows the application of the RDDS method. Details of the experimental technique will be discussed and the status for the ongoing analysis for odd-mass yttrium isotopes will be presented.

Published
2016

16. Completing the nuclear reaction puzzle of the nucleosynthesis of 92Mo

Author

Tveten, G. M., Spyrou, A., Schwengner, R., Naqvi, F., Larsen, A. C., Eriksen, T. K., Bellogarrote, F. L., Bernstein, L. A., Bleuel, D. L., Crespo-Campo, L., Guttormsen, M., Giacoppo, F., Görgen, A., Hagen, T. W., Hadynska-Klek, K., Klintefjord, M., Meyer, B. S., Nyhus, H. T., Renstrom, T., Rose, S. J., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Tornyi, T. G., Tveten, G. M., Spyrou, A., Schwengner, R., Naqvi, F., Larsen, A. C., Eriksen, T. K., Bellogarrote, F. L., Bernstein, L. A., Bleuel, D. L., Crespo-Campo, L., Guttormsen, M., Giacoppo, F., Görgen, A., Hagen, T. W., Hadynska-Klek, K., Klintefjord, M., Meyer, B. S., Nyhus, H. T., Renstrom, T., Rose, S. J., Sahin, E., Siem, S., and Tornyi, T. G.

Abstract

One of the greatest questions for modern physics to address is how elements heavier than iron are created in extreme, astrophysical environments. A particularly challenging part of that question is the description of the so-called p-nuclei, which are believed to be mainly produced in some types of supernovae. In this work, we present for the first time measurements on the nuclear level density and average strength function of 92 Mo. State-of-the-art p-process calculations systematically underestimate the observed solar abundance. Our data provide stringent constraints on the 91 Nb(p,gamma92 Mo reaction rate, which is the last unmeasured reaction in the nucleosynthesis puzzle of 92 Mo. Based on our results, we conclude that the 92 Mo abundance anomaly is not due to the nuclear physics input.

Published
2016

17. Low-energy enhancement in the gamma-ray strength functions of 73,74Ge

Author

Renstrøm, T., Nyhus, H.-T., Utsunomiya, H., Schwengner, R., Goriely, S., Larsen, A. C., Filipescu, A. D. M., Gheorghe, I., Bernstein, L. A., Bleuel, D. L., Glodariu, T., Görgen, A., Guttormsen, M., Hagen, T. W., Kheswa, B. V., Lui, Y.-W., Negi, D., Ruud, I. E., Shima, T., Siem, S., Takahisa, K., Tesileanu, O., Tornyi, T. G., Tveten, G. M., Wiedeking, M., Renstrøm, T., Nyhus, H.-T., Utsunomiya, H., Schwengner, R., Goriely, S., Larsen, A. C., Filipescu, A. D. M., Gheorghe, I., Bernstein, L. A., Bleuel, D. L., Glodariu, T., Görgen, A., Guttormsen, M., Hagen, T. W., Kheswa, B. V., Lui, Y.-W., Negi, D., Ruud, I. E., Shima, T., Siem, S., Takahisa, K., Tesileanu, O., Tornyi, T. G., Tveten, G. M., and Wiedeking, M.

Abstract

The gamma-ray strength functions and level densities of 73,74Ge have been extracted up to the neutron separation energy Sn from particle- coincidence data using the Oslo method. Moreover, the gamma-ray strength function of 74Ge above Sn has been determined from photo-neutron measurements; hence these two experiments cover the range of E = 1 - 13 MeV for 74 Ge. The obtained data show that both 73,74 Ge display an increase in strength at low energies. The experimental strength functions are compared with M1 strength functions deduced from average B(M1) values calculated within the shell model for a large number of transitions. The observed low-energy enhancements in 73,74 Geare adopted in the calculations of the 72,73Ge(n,gamma) cross sections, where there are no direct experimental data. Reaction rate calculations for more neutron-rich germanium isotopes are shown to be sensitive to a low-energy enhancement.

Published
2016

18. LIFETIME MEASURMENTS OF EXCITED STATES IN NEUTRON-RICH FISSION FRAGMENTS

Author

Hagen, T. W., Grente, L., Gorgen, A., Salsac, M-D., Korten, W., Farget, F., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I., Clement, E., de France, G., Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, C., Napoli, D. R., Navin, A., Recchia, F., Rejmund, M., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Theisen, Ch., Valiente-Dobon, J. J., Hagen, T. W., Grente, L., Gorgen, A., Salsac, M-D., Korten, W., Farget, F., Braunroth, T., Bruyneel, B., Celikovic, I., Clement, E., de France, G., Delaune, O., Dewald, A., Dijon, A., Hackstein, M., Jacquot, B., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, J., Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, C., Napoli, D. R., Navin, A., Recchia, F., Rejmund, M., Rother, W., Sahin, E., Siem, S., Sulignano, B., Theisen, Ch., and Valiente-Dobon, J. J.

Abstract

Lifetimes of short-lived excited states in a wide range of neutron-rich fission fragments were measured using the recoil distance Doppler shift (RDDS) technique, which was applied to fusion-fission reactions in inverse kinematics for the first time. The fission fragments were identified event-by-event in mass, charge, and atomic number using the VAMOS magnetic spectrometer at GANIL. Gamma rays originating from the fission fragments were measured with the EXOGAM array of Ge Clover detectors around the target position. Using a degrader, the change in the Doppler shift of the gamma ray allows the application of the RDDS method. Details of the experimental technique will be discussed and the status for the ongoing analysis for odd-mass yttrium isotopes will be presented.

Published
2016

19. Lifetime Measurments of Excited States in Neutron-Rich Fission Fragments

Author

Hagen, T. W., Grente, Lucie, Gorgen, Andreas, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Korten, Wolfram, Farget, Fanny, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Navin, A., Recchia, Francesco, Rejmund, M., Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Theisen, Christophe, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, Hagen, T. W., Grente, Lucie, Gorgen, Andreas, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Korten, Wolfram, Farget, Fanny, Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Delaune, Olivier, Dewald, Alfred, Dijon, A., Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Navin, A., Recchia, Francesco, Rejmund, M., Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Theisen, Christophe, and Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier

Abstract

Lifetimes of short-lived excited states in a wide range of neutron-rich fission fragments were measured using the recoil distance Doppler shift (RDDS) technique, which was applied to fusion-fission reactions in inverse kinematics for the first time. The fission fragments were identified event-by-event in mass, charge, and atomic number using the VAMOS magnetic spectrometer at GANIL. Gamma rays originating from the fission fragments were measured with the EXOGAM array of Ge Clover detectors around the target position. Using a degrader, the change in the Doppler shift of the gamma ray allows the application of the RDDS method. Details of the experimental technique will be discussed and the status for the ongoing analysis for odd-mass yttrium isotopes will be presented.

Published
2016

20. Probing collectivity in Zn isotopes with one particle or hole outside the N=40 subshell closure

Author

Čeliković, Igor T., Dijon, A., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Van Isacker, P., Ljungvall, Joa, Dewald, Alfred, Fransen, C., Georgiev, G., Gorgen, Andreas, Gottardo, Andrea, Hackstein, Matthias, Hagen, T. W., Louchart, C., Napiorkowski, P., Obertelli, A., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Ujić, Predrag, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, Zielinska, M., Čeliković, Igor T., Dijon, A., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Van Isacker, P., Ljungvall, Joa, Dewald, Alfred, Fransen, C., Georgiev, G., Gorgen, Andreas, Gottardo, Andrea, Hackstein, Matthias, Hagen, T. W., Louchart, C., Napiorkowski, P., Obertelli, A., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Ujić, Predrag, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, and Zielinska, M.

Abstract

The nuclear structure of the odd-mass Zn-69 and Zn-71 isotopes, with one hole or one particle outside the N = 40 subshell closure, has been investigated by measuring the lifetime of excited states using the recoil distance Doppler-shift method. The nuclei of interest were produced in a deep-inelastic reaction in inverse kinematics with a U-238 beam impinging on a Zn-70 target. Single-particle and collective states were found to coexist at low energy in Zn-69 and Zn-71.

Published
2015

21. Lifetime Measurements of Zn Isotopes Around N=40

Author

Čeliković, Igor T., Dijon, A., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Van Isacker, P., Ljungvall, Joa, Fransen, C., Georgiev, G., Gorgen, Andreas, Gottardo, Andrea, Hackstein, Matthias, Hagen, T. W., Louchart, C., Napiorkowski, P., Obertelli, A., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Ujić, Predrag, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, Zielinska, M., Čeliković, Igor T., Dijon, A., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Van Isacker, P., Ljungvall, Joa, Fransen, C., Georgiev, G., Gorgen, Andreas, Gottardo, Andrea, Hackstein, Matthias, Hagen, T. W., Louchart, C., Napiorkowski, P., Obertelli, A., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Ujić, Predrag, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, and Zielinska, M.

Abstract

Lifetimes of the low-lying states in Zn isotopes around N = 40 have been measured using the Recoil Distance Doppler Shift method. The nuclei of interest were populated in deep-inelastic reactions in inverse kinematics. The ratios B(E2; 4(+) - GT 2(+))/B(E2; 2(+) - GT 0(+)) measured for the Zn isotopes follow a systematics consistent with a seniority classification. DOI:10.5506/APhysPolB.44.375

Published
2013

22. Lifetime measurements on fission fragments in the A similar to 100 region

Author

Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Korten, Wolfram, Görgen, Andreas, Hagen, T. W., Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, Delaune, Olivier, Dijon, A., Drouart, A., Ertuerk, S., Farget, Fanny, de France, Gilles, Gottardo, Andrea, Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Libert, J., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Navin, A., Pillet, Nathalie, Pipidis, A., Recchia, Francesco, Rejmund, M., Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Schmitt, C., Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, Zell, K. O., Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Korten, Wolfram, Görgen, Andreas, Hagen, T. W., Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, Delaune, Olivier, Dijon, A., Drouart, A., Ertuerk, S., Farget, Fanny, de France, Gilles, Gottardo, Andrea, Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Libert, J., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Navin, A., Pillet, Nathalie, Pipidis, A., Recchia, Francesco, Rejmund, M., Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Schmitt, C., Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, and Zell, K. O.

Abstract

Lifetimes of first 4(+) and 6(+) states have been measured in neutron-rich isotopes of Zr, Mo, Ru and Pd using the recoil distance Doppler shift method at GANIL. The nuclei were produced through a fusion-fission reaction in inverse kinematics. The fission fragments were fully identified in the large-acceptance VAMOS spectrometer and gamma -rays were detected in coincidence with the EXOGAM germanium array. Lifetimes of excited states in the range of 1-100 ps were measured with the Cologne plunger. Preliminary lifetime results are presented as well as a discussion on the evolution of the collectivity in this region.

Published
2013

23. Lifetime Measurements of Zn Isotopes Around N=40

Author

Čeliković, Igor T., Dijon, A., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Van Isacker, P., Ljungvall, Joa, Fransen, C., Georgiev, G., Gorgen, Andreas, Gottardo, Andrea, Hackstein, Matthias, Hagen, T. W., Louchart, C., Napiorkowski, P., Obertelli, A., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Ujić, Predrag, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, Zielinska, M., Čeliković, Igor T., Dijon, A., Clement, Emmanuel, de France, Gilles, Van Isacker, P., Ljungvall, Joa, Fransen, C., Georgiev, G., Gorgen, Andreas, Gottardo, Andrea, Hackstein, Matthias, Hagen, T. W., Louchart, C., Napiorkowski, P., Obertelli, A., Recchia, Francesco, Rother, Wolfram, Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Ujić, Predrag, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, and Zielinska, M.

Abstract

Lifetimes of the low-lying states in Zn isotopes around N = 40 have been measured using the Recoil Distance Doppler Shift method. The nuclei of interest were populated in deep-inelastic reactions in inverse kinematics. The ratios B(E2; 4(+) - GT 2(+))/B(E2; 2(+) - GT 0(+)) measured for the Zn isotopes follow a systematics consistent with a seniority classification. DOI:10.5506/APhysPolB.44.375

Published
2013

24. Lifetime measurements on fission fragments in the A similar to 100 region

Author

Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Korten, Wolfram, Görgen, Andreas, Hagen, T. W., Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, Delaune, Olivier, Dijon, A., Drouart, A., Ertuerk, S., Farget, Fanny, de France, Gilles, Gottardo, Andrea, Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Libert, J., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Navin, A., Pillet, Nathalie, Pipidis, A., Recchia, Francesco, Rejmund, M., Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Schmitt, C., Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, Zell, K. O., Grente, Lucie, Salsac, Marie Delphine, Korten, Wolfram, Görgen, Andreas, Hagen, T. W., Braunroth, Thomas, Bruyneel, Bart, Čeliković, Igor T., Clement, Emmanuel, Delaune, Olivier, Dijon, A., Drouart, A., Ertuerk, S., Farget, Fanny, de France, Gilles, Gottardo, Andrea, Hackstein, Matthias, Jacquot, Bertrand, Libert, J., Litzinger, J., Ljungvall, Joa, Louchart, C., Michelagnoli, Caterina, Napoli, Daniel R., Navin, A., Pillet, Nathalie, Pipidis, A., Recchia, Francesco, Rejmund, M., Rother, Wolfram, Sahin, Eda, Schmitt, C., Siem, Sunniva, Sulignano, Barbara, Valiente-Dobon, Jose Javier, and Zell, K. O.

Abstract

Lifetimes of first 4(+) and 6(+) states have been measured in neutron-rich isotopes of Zr, Mo, Ru and Pd using the recoil distance Doppler shift method at GANIL. The nuclei were produced through a fusion-fission reaction in inverse kinematics. The fission fragments were fully identified in the large-acceptance VAMOS spectrometer and gamma -rays were detected in coincidence with the EXOGAM germanium array. Lifetimes of excited states in the range of 1-100 ps were measured with the Cologne plunger. Preliminary lifetime results are presented as well as a discussion on the evolution of the collectivity in this region.

Published
2013

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