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The world faces a variety of environmental problems that have a significant impact on human development. In light of this, this study examines how environmental degradation affects human development while accounting for factors such as gender, income, and educational disparities, unemployment, GDPPC, institutional quality, and urbanization. The comparison between developed and developing nations is done between 1996 and 2021. Using both ecological footprints and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions figures to measure the environmental impact on developed and less developed countries provides a more comprehensive approach to checking the environmental damage’s impact on human development. Overall, the generalized moment’s analysis method approves robust relationships between the study variables. The GMM analysis mentioned that environmental quality affects human development in the selected countries by increasing the ecological footprint and carbon emissions. Likewise, inequality in income, education, and gender has a huge negative impact on human development, as unemployment also has the opposite effect on human development in the case of less developed countries instead of developed countries. On the other hand, it has been proven that GDP, quality of institutions and urbanization confirm human welfare. Therefore, taking into account these main findings, some broad policies are required to contribute to enhancing human welfare.

This study aims to determine the underlying Human Development Index in Eastern Indonesia Region by using Health expenditure and Education expenditure as variables that affect it. Using a new numerical perspective where the measurement of the Human Development Index according to the UNDP is reviewed by tracing and analysing Health and Education expenditure data using panel data, namely cross-section and time series to see the effect statistically. The results of this study which obtained positive and insignificant numbers and the low contribution value of the influence variables in this study are challenging data to face global progress, various forms of access to social services, especially in health and education, are basic things that need to be considered, some regions included in Eastern Indonesia may have experienced progress, but equity itself is what we must pay attention to together, continuous efforts to overcome the challenges of progress must ensure that all Indonesians can enjoy prosperity.

COVID-19 vaccination is vital in reducing illness, hospitalization, and mortality in the face of this global pandemic. However, COVID-19 vaccination rates worldwide remain below WHO public health targets, and persistent structural inequities reduce vaccine uptake likelihood among populations of low socioeconomic status. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on publicly available data from the Our World in Data project. We included all 124 countries with available open epidemic data and a population of more than 5 million. We used a Cox Regression Model, with population, population density, median age, human development index, GDP per capita, gender inequality index, healthcare access and quality index, hospital beds per thousand people, completion rate of primary education, infection cases of COVID-19 by the end of 2022, and death rate due to COVID-19 by the end of 2022 as predictors for model hazard rates of completion of 50% population vaccination. According to our study, countries with higher populations, higher population density, higher human development index, lower gender inequality index, and lower hospital beds per 1000 people had a higher hazard rate, which means they were more likely to achieve 50% population vaccination faster. By utilizing the time to achieve vaccination rate goals as our primary endpoint, we evaluated inequity from a dual perspective, considering both the differences in vaccination rates and the duration required to attain them. Consequently, this study employed survival analysis approaches to gain a comprehensive understanding of vaccine drivers and population-level trends nationally and inform all communities from a statistical perspective to prepare for health emergencies. Development-level standing modified the effects of equal access to COVID-19 vaccination on cumulative cases and mortality, for which countries of low or medium human development tended to fare worse in outcomes than high human development countries. As COVID

The workload of general surgeons is multifaceted, encompassing not only surgical procedures but also a myriad of other responsibilities. From April to May 2023, we conducted a CHERRIES-compliant internet-based survey analyzing clinical practice, academic engagement, and post-on-call rest. The questionnaire featured six sections with 35 questions. Statistical analysis used Chi-square tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression (SPSS (R) v. 28). The survey received a total of 1.046 responses (65.4%). Over 78.0% of responders came from Europe, 65.1% came from a general surgery unit; 92.8% of European and 87.5% of North American respondents were involved in research, compared to 71.7% in Africa. Europe led in publishing research studies (6.6 +/- 8.6 yearly). Teaching involvement was high in North America (100%) and Africa (91.7%). Surgeons reported an average of 6.7 +/- 4.9 on-call shifts per month, with European and North American surgeons experiencing 6.5 +/- 4.9 and 7.8 +/- 4.1 on-calls monthly, respectively. African surgeons had the highest on-call frequency (8.7 +/- 6.1). Post-on-call, only 35.1% of respondents received a day off. Europeans were most likely (40%) to have a day off, while African surgeons were least likely (6.7%). On the adjusted multivariable analysis HDI (Human Development Index) (aOR 1.993) hospital capacity > 400 beds (aOR 2.423), working in a specialty surgery unit (aOR 2.087), and making the on-call in-house (aOR 5.446), significantly predicted the likelihood of having a day off after an on-call shift. Our study revealed critical insights into the disparities in workload, access to research, and professional opportunities for surgeons across different continents, underscored by the HDI.

During the past decades, since the phenomenal event of globalization, more businesses have expanded abroad as they continue to grow as an MNE. Which has led to them growing larger and with more people and relationships to manage, bringing us to the founding of the KAM system. A system with the purpose of guiding companies in how to manage both its internal and external relationships, though mainly those who are key accounts. As the system grows more popular amongst companies it has been found that the structure of it does differentiate between them. This has been in terms of how formalized it is. This brings the question of whether or not the level of formalization has an affect on how effective the system is in fulfilling its purpose in the company. Thus, that is what this research paper aims to examine in a few MNEs. By studying what level of formalization their system has, how it impacts their KA relationship management, and how effective the system is perceived to be by them in achieving this. By combining these three aspects a logical conclusion could be drawn. To achieve this, the study has been designed with an abductive and qualitative research approach, more specifically with case studies to allow for a more in-depth investigation on the topic. This would allow for a deeper understanding for how the system has functioned for and in the company, whilst considering its purpose. Thereafter, the findings are discussed in relation to relevant theories, concepts and framework. While the concepts have provided themes to the analysis, the findings have been used to validate or challenge the theories and frameworks. The discussion finally concludes that the level of formalization in a KAM system does have an impact on its effectiveness in fulfilling its purpose at the company.

Although the role that renewable energy consumption plays on economic growth and emissions has been widely studied, there are relatively few papers focusing on the determinants of renewable energy consumption, and only one study focuses on the factors related to the share of renewables in the energy consumption in Africa. This paper contributes to the literature by filling the gap in knowledge by exploring the nexus between the share of renewables in energy consumption and social and economic variables, for a panel consisting of 21 African countries for the period between 1990 and 2013, extending the set of variables and the time span used by a previous study. Estimating a random-effects generalized least squares regression, we find that countries with a higher Human Development Index and a higher gross domestic product per capita have a lower share of renewable energy in the national grid. On the other hand, an increase in foreign direct investment has been found to be related to higher renewable energy integration. The level of democracy, measured by the Freedom House political rights and civil liberties ratings, does not directly affect the integration level of renewable energy sources. The negative relationship between gross domestic product per capita and the share of renewables contradicts previous findings for developed countries. This contradiction and policy implications are discussed in the light of the review of the energy mix of the selected countries., Depto. de Análisis Económico y Economía Cuantitativa, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

Development is a planned process of social change to improve the quality of life. In improving human development, welfare equalization is necessary because it is an important aspect of human development. Unfortunately, poverty is a major obstacle in achieving welfare equality. Therefore, this study was made with the aim of examining the relationship between the poverty rate and the Human Development Index (HDI) in North Sumatra Province. This research is a quantitative research, data collection using secondary data sourced from books, journals relevant to the current research and reports at the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of North Sumatra Province. The data studied includes the poverty rate and human development index (HDI) in North Sumatra for the 2018 period. Based on data from BPS North Sumatra Province in 2018, the results found that the poverty rate has a negative and significant effect on the Human Development Index.

This study examines the effect of the human development index and good governance practices on exports in several ASEAN countries. The data were collected from some sources, including the United Nations Development Program, World Development Indicator, and Worldwide Governance Indicators, from 2010 to 2021. The acquired data were further estimated using a regression panel. The results indicate that human development has an effect on exports. While some good governance practice variables, including political stability and the absence of violence/terrorism, and regulatory quality can explain exports in several ASEAN countries. However, voice and accountability, government effectiveness, and the rule of law do not affect exports. The analysis shows that, simultaneously, the human development index and good governance practices can have an effect on exports in several ASEAN countries. It helps policymakers identify specific areas where investment is needed to improve economic growth and export competitiveness. Understanding human development and governance practices could boost the trust and confidence of foreign investors and trading partners, hence fostering economic cooperation and integration among ASEAN nations and the global community.

This present study aimed to verify the impact of birthplace and birthdate on the identification and development of talented Brazilian female players. The sample comprised 876 players from the Brazilian Serie A1 Championship between 2003 and 2020. Players’ birthdate and birthplace data from their hometowns were collected. The birthplace’s variables used were city size and Human Development Index (HDI). Descriptive statistics, chi-square, and Pearson correlation tests were performed. Results indicated that the players who were born in small cities (up to 100,000 inhabitants) and large urban centres (> 6,000,000 inhabitants), also with high HDI (> 0.701), have a greater chance to play in the most important tournament of the country. Results did not indicate significant differences in the frequencies of players born in each quartile according to players’ positional roles. Based on these findings, it is possible to conclude that the environmental conditions of birthplace are essential to promote initial conditions for the training processes related to soccer. They bring a relevant contribution to facilitate the pathway to high-level performance.

Introduction: Obesity, a complex, multifactorial disease, is considered a global disease burden widely affecting the quality of life across different populations. Factors involved in obesity involve genetics, behavior and socioeconomic and environmental origins, each contributing to the risk of debilitating morbidity and mortality. However, the trends across the world vary due to various globalization parameters. Methods: This article tends to identify the global social indicators, compiled into a global index, and develop a correlation between the global social index created by using the human development index, social and political globalization, the global happiness index, and the quality of infrastructure, institutions, and individuals using the internet factors and its effect on global obesity. Results and Discussion: Our results identified a positive correlation between medium human development levels with obesity compared to low and very high human development levels. Economic stability due to rapid industrialization has increased the buying capacity and changed the global food system, which seems to be the major driver of the rise of global obesity. Conclusion: The results decipher that global social indicators and overall social index have positively affected global obesity, which will help policymakers and governmental organizations monitor the obesity patterns across their regions by a significant contribution from globally influenced social factors.

Positive psychology and sustainable human development seek to improve the well-being of the individual. To achieve this well-being at the education level, positive education seeks to develop character strengths, and education for development facilitates the development of competencies. Moreover, the literature has demonstrated that the arts in positive education develop individual character strengths, socioemotional competencies and students’ relationship with their environment. Accordingly, in this systematic review, we aim to connect positive psychology and sustainable human development by evaluating the arts in education, based on the concepts of well-being. The results indicate that there are points of confluence between subjective and sustainable well-being, and illuminate the links and their connections between competencies and character strengths, with critical thinking functioning as an important connector between the two. Since character strengths are measurable and educable, we advocate their use as a tool to measure the human development index (HDI) in the education of a specific community. Thus, we are able to evaluate whether the competencies for development are achieved, as well as their role as determinants of the overall wellbeing of the individual. On the other hand, our work highlights the need to increase the number of investigations in this field to enable an empirical evaluation of how these connections are established and if they are efficient and durable.

Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of population, Human Development Index and Gross Regional Domestic Product on the number of poor people in Minahasa District Theoretical Framework: The data used in this study uses secondary data sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics for North Sulawesi Province in 2011-2021. This type of research is quantitative research. Design/Methodology/Approach: The analysis technique used in this study is panel data regression analysis. Findings: The results showed that population, Human Development Index, and Gross Regional Domestic Product have an effect on the number of poor people. The population number and Human Development Index variables have a positive and significant effect on the number of poor people. The Gross Regional Domestic Product variable has a negative and significant effect on the population Research Practical and Social Implications: The Gross Regional Domestic Product variable has a negative and significant effect on the population. Originality/Value: Partially the population has a positive and significant effect on the numberpoor people in Minahasa, North Minahasa, South Minahasa,Southeast Minahasa in 2012-2021.

Purpose: The main purpose of this research is to analyze how entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship development incentives can influence the reduction of poverty and help to improve the entrepreneurship environment in world countries. Theoretical Framework: The study of the role of entrepreneurship in reducing poverty has become a major source of interest for scholars and policymakers around the world. A few studies have been conducted by scientists to study the impact of entrepreneurship on poverty reduction. Scholars in fields such as economics and management have tried to explore different approaches in this area and identify the relationships between entrepreneurship and poverty reduction. Design/Methodology/Approach: In this study, we use a deductive approach, in which the hypotheses are tested for application across countries. The quantitative method has been used for this approach. The Panel Fixed Effects model has been employed to assess the impact of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship development incentives on poverty. Findings: Overall, the results showed that entrepreneurship in countries around the world has a positive and significant impact on poverty reduction. In addition, entrepreneurship development incentives increase the efficiency and capacity of entrepreneurial activities to reduce poverty. Research, Practical & Social implications: This study not only helps to fill the gap in the literature on this topic, but also serves as a model of economic and social development for developed, developing and less developed countries. Originality/value: This is a new study using changes in the HDI to measure poverty reduction, providing a broader and more comparative indicator that answers research questions. This research supports the claim that entrepreneurial activity has impact on poverty eradication and improving human development and people’s quality of life. Also, it demonstrates the strong relationship between entrepreneurship and poverty

Social development and human development promote the search and creation of possibilities and options for people and communities in order to obtain well-being and a better quality of life. This article presents a review of available scientific literature that allows us to understand possible convergences between the notions of social and human development within the framework of the orientations of the global public agenda. A review of the literature published from January 1990 to July 2023 was carried out. A search was carried out in the SCOPUS and WOS databases using an extensive search strategy. 380 eligible records were found by title and abstract, 230 were excluded as they did not meet the inclusion criteria and 24 documents were finally taken into account. This review shows that the concept of development has evolved in the last seven decades, the conception of basic needs, the measurement indices and the conception of freedom have been related between social development and human development, Le développement social et le développement humain renforcent la recherche et la création de possibilités et d'options pour les personnes et les communautés afin d'obtenir le bien-être et une meilleure qualité de vie. Cet article présente une revue de la littérature scientifique disponible qui permet de comprendre les convergences possibles entre les notions de développement social et humain dans le cadre des orientations de l’agenda public mondial. Une revue de la littérature publiée de janvier 1990 à juillet 2023 a été réalisée. Une recherche a été effectuée dans les bases de données SCOPUS et WOS en utilisant une stratégie de recherche étendue. 380 notices éligibles ont été trouvées par titre et résumé, 230 ont été exclues car ne répondant pas aux critères d'inclusion et 24 documents ont finalement été pris en compte. Cette revue montre que le concept de développement a évolué au cours des sept dernières décennies, la conception des besoins fondamentaux, les indices de mesure et la conception de la libertéont eu une relation entre le développement social et le développement humain., O desenvolvimento social e o desenvolvimento humano potencializam a busca e a criação de possibilidades e opções para as pessoas e comunidades, a fim de obterem bem-estar e maior qualidade de vida. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura científica disponível que permite compreender possíveis convergências entre as noções de desenvolvimento social e humano no âmbito das diretrizes da agenda pública global.Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura publicada de janeiro de 1990 a julho de 2023. Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados SCOPUS e WOS utilizando uma extensa estratégia de busca. Foram encontrados 380 registros elegíveis por título e resumo, 230 foram excluídos por não atenderem aos critérios de inclusão e 24 documentos foram finalmente considerados. Esta revisão mostra que o conceito de desenvolvimento evoluiu nas últimas sete décadas, a concepção de necessidades básicas, os índices de medição e a concepção de liberdade tiveram uma relação entre o desenvolvimento social e o desenvolvimento humano., El desarrollo social y el desarrollo humano potencian la búsqueda y creación de posibilidades y opciones a personas y comunidades en función de obtener bienestar y mayor calidad de vida. Este artículo presenta una revisión de literatura científica disponible que permita comprender posibles convergencias entre las nociones de desarrollo social y humano en el marco de las orientaciones de la agenda pública global. Se realizó una revisión de literatura publicada desde enero de 1990 hasta Julio de 2023. Se llevó a cabo unabúsqueda en las bases de datos SCOPUS, WOS utilizando una estrategia de búsqueda extensiva. Se encontraron 380 registros elegibles por título y resumen, se excluyeron 230 al no cumplir criterios de inclusión y se tuvo en cuenta finalmente 24 documentos. Estarevisión muestra que el concepto de desarrollo ha evolucionado en las últimas siete décadas, la concepción de necesidades básicas, los índices de medición y la concepción de libertad han tenido relación entre desarrollo social y desarrollo humano.

The problem of inequality in the distribution of income, which has been growing day by day since the era of industrialization, which coincides with the emergence of economics as a science, threatens social peace and damages the sense of justice. When the wealth that society covets causes social objection, it can lead to unrest, instability, and moral decline. In order to solve or reduce the impact of this problem, which has become more apparent in recent years, it is necessary to identify the factors that create the problem. To this end, there is a large literature consisting of studies that measure the effects of certain variables, especially income. This study, which aims to make a new contribution to the literature, attempts to determine the impact of the Human Development Index on income distribution. In the empirical part of the study, various econometric methods are applied and the results obtained for Turkey as well as for developed and developing countries are evaluated separately and comparatively., Ekonominin bir bilim olarak ortaya çıktığı döneme denk gelen sanayileşme çağından günümüze kadar her geçen gün önemini arttıran gelir dağılımındaki eşitsizlik konusu toplumsal barışı tehdit etmekte ve adalet duygusunu zedelemektedir. Toplumun imrendiği zenginliğin toplumsal itiraza sebep olması karışıklıklar, istikrarsızlıklar ve ahlaki çöküşe zemin hazırlayabilmektedir. Özellikle son yıllarda toplumdaki yansımaları daha fazla belirginleşmeye başlayan bu sorunun çözümü veya etkisinin azaltılması için öncelikle sorunu oluşturan etmenlerin ortaya konulması gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla başta gelir olmak üzere belli değişkenlerin etkilerinin ölçüldüğü çalışmalardan oluşan geniş bir literatür bulunmaktadır. Bu literatüre yeni bir katkı yapmayı amaçlayan bu araştırmada insani gelişme endeksinin gelir dağılımı üzerindeki etkisi tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırmanın ampirik kısmında çeşitli ekonometrik yöntemlerden faydalanılmış ve Türkiye’nin yanı sıra gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için elde edilen sonuçlar ayrı ayrı ve karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Taking into account the fluctuations in the human development index, the following conclusions can be drawn from research studying the impact of zakat money, Islamic funding, and the state budget on the poverty rate between 2010 and 2021: Zakat Funds, Islamic Finance, and Islamic Banking all contribute to reducing poverty in Indonesia between in 2010 and 2021, but the APBN has the most direct influence. In Indonesia, the State Budget, Islamic Finance, and Zakat Funds all affect the Poverty Rate and Development Index from 2010 to 2021. The Poverty Rate in Indonesia from 2010 to 2021 is Influenced by the Community's Ability to Mediate Zakat Funds, Islamic Finance, and Zakat Funds. State budget. Reducing the Role of Zakat Money, Islamic Finance, and the Indonesian Government's Budget in Creating Economic Inequality.

This research was conducted with the aim of delving into two crucial aspects that impact economic growth in Kabupaten Gowa. The first aspect is the influence of Original Local Government Revenue. (PAD) on the economic dynamics of the region. By delving deeply into how PAD affects economic growth, this study opens up avenues for understanding the extent to which local economic resources contribute to sustainable economic development. The second aspect investigated is the role of the Human Development Index (HDI) in shaping the trends of economic growth in Kabupaten Gowa. This approach provides a broader view of economic growth, not just from a pure economic perspective but also involving social and human well-being dimensions. By examining how HDI can significantly contribute to economic growth, this research recognizes the importance of investing in human development to achieve sustainable economic outcomes. To achieve the objectives of this research, the method of multiple linear regression was employed as an appropriate approach. By combining secondary data encompassing Original Local Government Revenue (PAD), Human Development Index (HDI), and Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) from the period of 2012 to 2020, this study presents a comprehensive view of the relationship between these variables. The data obtained from the Local Revenue Agency of Kabupaten Gowa provides a robust foundation for in-depth and accurate analysis. The results of the conducted multiple linear regression analysis yield valuable findings. Firstly, it is revealed that the influence of Original Local Government Revenue (PAD) on Economic Growth is positive, but it does not exhibit strong significance. However, a further understanding of how PAD can more effectively drive economic growth remains an intriguing question to explore. The second finding indicates that the Human Development Index (HDI) has a significant positive impact on Economic Growth. This underscores the importance of invest

One of the UN's Human Development Reports on Migration shows that the negative impact of migrants on host communities is inconsistent with reality. The main message of the Human Development Report is that the benefits of human development can be reaped by reducing barriers to mobility and improving the treatment of migrants. The present study is done, using a descriptive-analytical method of applied studies. This study tries to calculate and analyze the Human Development Index (HDI) during the official general census of the country in 2006, 2011 and 2016 and do a comparative study among "population of the province", "urban areas of the county" and "immigrants" in the county of Bojnord, using two possible methods of calculation and analysis of this index (Natural and geometric method in addition to changes in the type of data in accordance with the old and new method proposed by the United Nations and contained in valid scientific texts in calculating the human development index). According to the findings, migration has not reduced the human development index, and has also grown at all three levels. On the other hand, the results show that migration is not necessarily associated with negative consequences and, conversely, has been able to accelerate development in the host society, and this is because the nature of modern migration is more related to improving one's position in society and human mobility than simply respond to the basic instincts of survival. The index calculated for immigrants in 2016 (0.752) was more than the other two periods (0.744 and 0.7); While the number of immigrants entering the urban areas of the county was less than the previous two periods. In general, the development index of 2011 and 2016 is more than 2006, due to the opportunities created by the centralization of Bojnord in 2005.

Objective: To determine the association between the Human Development Index (HDI) and its components with the mortality rate due to COVID-19 in the cantons of Costa Rica. Materials and methods: An ecological observational study was carried out. The response variable was the COVID-19 mortality rate in the cantons of Costa Rica and the explanatory variable was the cantonal HDI and its three components: material well-being, life expectancy and knowledge. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The 82 cantons of Costa Rica were evaluated, finding a COVID 19 mortality rate with an average of 140.26 deaths per 100 thousand inhabitants (95%CI: 130.91, 149.61). The cantons of San José (263.4), Goicoechea (215.5), Montes de Oro (207.5), Corredores (204.0) and Tibás (197.7) have the highest rates. When analyzing the association of the COVID 19 mortality rate between HDI and its components, significant correlations were found at 5% significance with HDI (r=0.3183, p=0.0036), material well-being index (IBM) (r=0.2868, p=0.0090), knowledge index (KI) (r=0.2301, p=0.0376). No significant correlation was found with the life expectancy index (LEI) (r=0.2064, p=0.0628). Conclusions: Among Costa Rican cantons, there is an association between HDI and COVID-19 mortality rate., Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) y sus componentes con la tasa de mortalidad por COVID-19 en los cantones de Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio observacional ecológico. La variable respuesta fue la tasa de mortalidad por COVID-19 en los cantones de Costa Rica y la variable explicadora fue el IDH cantonal y sus tres componentes: bienestar material, esperanza de vida y conocimiento. Se calculó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: Se evaluaron los 82 cantones de Costa Rica, encontrándose una tasa de mortalidad por COVID 19 con un promedio de 140.26 defunciones por 100 mil habitantes (IC-95%: 130.91, 149.61). Los cantones de San José (263.4), Goicoechea (215.5), Montes de Oro (207.5), Corredores (204.0) y Tibás (197.7) son los que presentan las tasas más altas. Al analizar la asociación de la tasa de mortalidad por COVID 19 entre el IDH y sus componentes, se encontraron correlaciones significativas al 5% de significancia con el IDH (r=0.3183, p=0.0036), el índice de bienestar material (IBM) (r=0.2868, p=0.0090), el índice de conocimiento (IC) (r=0.2301, p=0.0376). No se encontró una correlación significativa con el índice de esperanza de vida (IEV) (r=0.2064, p=0.0628). Conclusiones: Entre los cantones de Costa Rica, existe asociación entre el IDH y la tasa de mortalidad por COVID-19.

In line with its commitment to sustainable development, with an emphasis on environmental protection, climate change mitigation and social welfare, the European Union has proposed a Green Deal Platform (2019), including plans to boost the circular economy and create new jobs. Due to the global impact of the Covid 19 crisis, the EU has defined the EU Recovery Plan (2021), with developed mechanisms for the transition to a circular economy. while encouraging employment. The main goal of the paper is based on the need to, in order to successfully implement the planned activities. pre-assess trends in the labor market, which is influenced by a large number of various factors. A particular challenge is the analysis in developing European countries, which face large fluctuations in employment. Namely, these are countries in which certain foreign direct investments arc placed, but with an unknown impact on employment, while at the same time a large number of able-bodied people migrate from those same countries to EU countries, with an indefinite degree of migration from other parts of the world. For the purpose of comparison and for the purpose of gaining insight into the possible consequences of specific decisions of the state, in the sample, in addition to the countries of the Balkan Peninsula, Romania, there are also Turkey and Israel. The paper presents an assessment of the employment rate in relation to selected factors; foreign direct investment, inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, Total Debt and Migration Rate for the period from 2010 to 2019. The observed indicators were selected in accordance with the goal of the work, and they observe the trends in the period during the migrant crisis, which hit Europe in the mentioned period, and which can be expected in the future as well. The results showed that there is a medium correlation between the employment rate and the inequality-adjusted Human Development Index and a small correlation between the employment ra

Composite well-being and sustainability indices are usually obtained as arithmetic and geometric means of sub-dimensions. However, the arithmetic mean does not consider potential interactions across the dimensions of the indices and the geometric mean does not penalize unbalanced achievements across dimensions strongly enough. This paper uses a flexible non-additive aggregation model—the Choquet integral—to account for potential synergies and redundancies of the dimensions that are used to obtain indices, and uses the Human development index (HDI) as an example to illustrate the flexibility of the aggregation procedure. This paper relies on multiple theoretical and empirical studies, which indicate mutually strengthening relationships (positive interactions) among the three HDI dimensions. To illustrate and show-case how positive interactions among the three HDI dimensions could be taken into account, this paper uses five hypothetical weight sets and simulates 500 weight sets that allow varying positive interactions among the three dimensions. The analyses with the HDI data suggest that both geometric and arithmetic mean HDI scores are roughly the same for most countries, even when variations across the three dimensions are relatively large. On the other hand, countries with balanced (unbalanced) achievements across dimensions rank in higher (lower) positions with the Choquet integral aggregation. The illustrations of this paper show-case how Choquet integral is a flexible aggregation method to take into account varying positive interactions across the HDI dimensions and able to detect unbalanced achievements.

The purpose of this research is to assess the effects of the Human Development Index (HDI) on carbon dioxide emissions per capita with data from 19 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean for the period 1990-2019 with annual frequency. Regarding the level of human development, the indices of the income, health and education dimensions were estimated. A quantile regression was used to evaluate the effect of the HDI regressor on the different quantiles of the distribution of emissions per capita. According to the re-sults, the effect is greater in the upper deciles of the distribution of emissions, therefore, if specific policies are not assumed in the environmental dimension, the achievement of higher levels of human development, indicated by a higher HDI, would have pernicious consequences on emissions, making development not go hand in hand with environmental sustainability, El propósito de esta investigación es estimar los efectos del índice de desarrollo humano (IDH) sobre las emisiones de dióxido de carbono per cápita con datos de 19 países de América Latina y el Caribe que cubren el período 1990-2019 con frecuencia anual. En cuanto al nivel de desarrollo humano, se eva-luaron los índices de las dimensiones ingresos, salud y educación. Se utilizó una regresión cuantílica para estimar el efecto del regresor IDH sobre los diferentes cuantiles de la distribución de las emisiones per cápita. De acuerdo con los resultados, el efecto es mayor en los deciles superiores de la distribución de las emisiones, por lo que, de no adoptarse políticas específicas en la dimensión ambiental, la consecución de mayores niveles de desarrollo humano, indicado por un IDH más alto, tendría consecuencias perniciosas sobre las emisiones, haciendo que el desarrollo no esté acompañado de sostenibilidad ambiental.

Background: To study the association of maternal age upon arrival and length of residence in Sweden with the 4-year caries increment in their children between ages 3 and 7 years in relation to the human development index (HDI) of the maternal country of origin. Method: This registry-based cohort study included all children born in 2000–2003 who resided in Stockholm County, Sweden, at age 3 years and who were followed up at age 7 (n = 63,931). Negative binomial regressions were used to analyze different models adjusted for sociodemographic factors. Results: Children of foreign-born mothers, regardless of the HDI of the maternal country of origin, had a higher risk of caries increment between ages 3 and 7 years than children of Swedish-born mothers. Furthermore, children of mothers who had arrived from a low or medium HDI country had a lower caries increment if their mothers arrived before age 7 compared with after age 7. Nearly half (44%) of the children whose mothers arrived in Sweden at age ≥ 20 years from a low HDI country had a caries increment compared to 22% of the children whose mothers had arrived in Sweden before 7 years of age. Furthermore, children whose mothers were born in a low HDI country and had resided in Sweden ≤ 19 years had approximately 1.5 times higher risk of caries increment compared to children of mothers who had resided in Sweden for more than 20 years. Conclusions: Caries increment in the children of foreign-born mothers was associated with the age of their mother when she arrived in Sweden and was lower when the mother had arrived before age 7 years. This indicates an intergenerational effect that carries over to the children and is greater the longer the mother has participated in Swedish dental healthcare.

The objective of the research is to determine the relationship of the execution of public spending with the Human Development Index in the districts of the Huancavelica department, 2019, the hypothesis is whether there is a direct relationship between the execution of public spending with the Development Index Human in the districts of the Huancavelica department, 2019. The research methodology is of an applied type, explanatory level, descriptive, inductive, synthetic, analytical and dialectical method. The research design is non-experimental, cross-sectional, explanatory. The population is 100 districts of the department of Huancavelica. For statistical processing, information from the website of the United Nations Program and the National Center for Strategic Planning (Ceplan) was used. The main finding is that there is a weak positive relationship between the execution of public spending (earned per capita) and the Human Development Indices. Likewise, a worrying situation was found in the district of the province of Angaraes where there is a negative relationship between both variables, that is, in the districts with the highest execution of public spending (accrued per capita) there is also a lower Human Development Index., O objetivo da pesquisa é determinar a relação da execução do gasto público com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano nos distritos do departamento de Huancavelica, 2019, a hipótese é se existe uma relação direta entre a execução do gasto público com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano nos distritos do departamento de Huancavelica, 2019. A metodologia de pesquisa é de tipo aplicado, nível explicativo, descritivo, indutivo, sintético, analítico e método dialético. O desenho da pesquisa é não experimental, transversal, explicativo. A população é de 100 distritos do departamento de Huancavelica. Para o processamento estatístico, foram utilizadas informações do site do Programa das Nações Unidas e do Centro Nacional de Planejamento Estratégico (Ceplan). A principal constatação é que existe uma fraca relação positiva entre a execução do gasto público (ganho per capita) e os Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano. Da mesma forma, uma situação preocupante foi encontrada no distrito da província de Angaraes onde há uma relação negativa entre ambas as variáveis, ou seja, nos distritos com maior execução de gasto público (acumulado per capita) também há um menor Desenvolvimento Humano. Índice., El objetivo de la investigación es determinar la relación de la ejecución de gasto público con el Índice de Desarrollo Humano en los distritos del departamento Huancavelica, 2019, la hipótesis planteada es si existe una relación directa entre la ejecución del gasto público con el Índice de Desarrollo Humano en los distritos del departamento Huancavelica, 2019. La metodología investigativa es de tipo aplicada, nivel explicativo, método descriptivo, inductivo, sintético, analítico y dialéctico. El diseño de investigación es el no experimental, transversal, explicativa. La población son 100 distritos del departamento de Huancavelica. Para el procesamiento estadístico se recurrió a la información de la página web del Programa de las Naciones Unidas y del Centro Nacional de Planeamiento Estratégico (Ceplan). El principal hallazgo es que existe una relación positiva débil entre la ejecución del gasto público (devengado per cápita) y los Índices de Desarrollo Humano. Asimismo, se encontró una situación preocupante en el distrito de la provincia de Angaraes donde existe una relación negativa entre ambas variables, es decir, en los distritos con mayor ejecución del gasto público (devengado per cápita) también hay menor Índice de Desarrollo Humano.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of the development level of each country. The objective of the research consists of an efficiency study applying Data EnvelopmentAnalysis (DEA) and evaluating the relationship between “Fossil Energy Consumption” and “CO2Emissions” with HDI in nine American countries with an installed hydroelectric generation capacity greater than 1000 megawatts (MW). Hydropower shows an opportunity to contribute positively to the HDI as an alternative means of electricity generation without the use of fossil fuels. HDI variable is used as the output and other two as inputs in the efficiency analysis using DEA. A total of six countries show a maximum efficiency of 100 %, with Mexico being the least efficient. In countries with less technical efficiency, it ́sopportune to consider the reduction in the use of fossil fuels and establish mitigation measures in terms of CO2emissions to improve the environment and increase human health, thus meaning an improvement in the HDI., El Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) es una medida sinóptica del nivel de desarrollo de cada país. El objetivo de la investigación consiste de un estudio de eficiencia aplicando Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA) y evaluar la relación entre el “Consumo energético de origen fósil” y las “Emisiones de CO2” con el IDH en nueve países americanos con una capacidad instalada de generación hidroeléctrica mayor a 1000 megavatios (MW). La energía hidroeléctrica muestra una oportunidad de contribuir de forma positiva al IDH al ser un medio de generación eléctrico alternativo sin uso de combustibles fósiles. Se utiliza la variable IDH como salida y las otras dos como entradas en el análisis de eficiencia usando DEA. Se obtiene un total de seis países que muestran una eficiencia máxima del 100%, siendo México el que menor eficiencia posee. En los países con menos eficiencia técnica es oportuno considerar la reducción en el uso de combustibles fósiles y establecer medidas de mitigación en cuanto a emisiones de CO2 para mejorar el medio ambiente y aumentar la salud humana, significando así, un impacto favorable con el IDH.

Renewable energy use is a growing topic worldwide due to climate change mitigation. Countries worldwide are trying to increase renewable energy use because it has many benefits, such as decreased air pollution, improved health conditions, and improved Human Development Index. The objective of the study is to compare the country-specific trajectories of renewable energy as a percentage of total energy production and electricity production from renewable sources, evaluate the link between renewable energy use and outdoor air pollution worldwide, and also understand whether the use of renewable energy is linked to population health and the human development index. The data was collected from the University of Oxford’s Our World in Data. The source has global temporal data on the use of renewable energy, energy access, indoor and ambient pollution, human development index, and several health indicators. The study was done by statistical analysis. My trend analyses suggest that renewable energy production as the percentage of total energy production increased for most countries in Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Northern Europe, and North America (except for Mexico). The same scenario was also observed for the share of renewable energy for electricity production. Many countries in other regions of the world, including many low-income countries, didn’t have the same trend. For many counties and regions globally, renewable energy reduces PM2.5 concentrations in the ambient air. Also found in many countries, renewable energy use is associated with increased life expectancy, decreased cancer deaths, reduced deaths due to ambient PM2.5 concentration, and a high human development index.

Very little has been researched assessing the relationship between the suicide rate and the ecological perspectives of the country, especially in the Muslim majority countries. We aimed to determine the association between suicide rate and the ecological parameters of 46 Muslim majority countries. We extracted the Muslim majority countries and their suicide rate, income distribution, distribution of the WHO region and continents, and Human Development Index (HDI). We assessed the correlation of the proportion of Muslim populations, the total population of the countries, number of suicides, continent, income group, political system, and HDI score with the suicide rate. The median suicide rate was 5.45 (IQR = 4.8); 2.9 (IQR = 4) in females and 7.45 (IQR = 8.2) in males per 100,000 population. The males had a significantly higher rate and the highest suicide rate was found in Africa. There are inverse associations between the total suicide rate, the rate in males, and females with HDI, and the income of the country. Furthermore, the suicide rate was significantly higher in countries with democratic systems compared to non-democratic countries. The findings suggest that ecological parameters may have an etiological role on suicides in Muslim countries where HDI and income are inversely associated with suicide rates.

This reflective article aims to analyze that the Covid-19 pandemic during the years 2020 and 2021 caused a series of problems in most of the world that have affected the very functionality of the most powerful States on the planet due to the collapse of their most essential public services. In Peru, the economic and social impact will force the Peruvian State to redesign its public policies in order to recover the economic development of the country in view of the increase in vulnerability levels in various population groups in Peru., Este artículo de reflexión tiene como objetivo analizar que la pandemia del Covid-19 durante los años 2020 y 2021 provocó en la mayor parte del mundo una serie de problemas que han afectado la propia funcionalidad de los Estados más poderosos del planeta debido al colapso de sus servicios públicos más esenciales. En el Perú, el impacto económico y social obligará al Estado peruano al rediseño de sus políticas públicas para volver a recuperar el desarrollo económico del país ante el registro del incremento de los niveles de vulnerabilidad en varios grupos poblacionales en el Perú.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the unemployment rate, human development index, and social assistance on poverty in 38 Regencies/Cities of East Java Province in 2018 to 2020. The data analysis used in this research is panel data. The data time series used are from 2018 to 2020 and the data cross section used are 38 regencies/cities in East Java Province. The model chosen in this study is the Fixed Effect Model (FEM). In this study it was found that unemployment and HDI had an effect on poverty in East Java Province, while social assistance had no effect on poverty in East Java Province. Â

The objective of the research is to determine the relationship of the execution of public spending with the Human Development Index in the districts of the Huancavelica department, 2019, the hypothesis is whether there is a direct relationship between the execution of public spending with the Development Index Human in the districts of the Huancavelica department, 2019. The research methodology is of an applied type, explanatory level, descriptive, inductive, synthetic, analytical and dialectical method. The research design is non-experimental, cross-sectional, explanatory. The population is 100 districts of the department of Huancavelica. For statistical processing, information from the website of the United Nations Program and the National Center for Strategic Planning (Ceplan) was used. The main finding is that there is a weak positive relationship between the execution of public spending (earned per capita) and the Human Development Indices. Likewise, a worrying situation was found in the district of the province of Angaraes where there is a negative relationship between both variables, that is, in the districts with the highest execution of public spending (accrued per capita) there is also a lower Human Development Index., El objetivo de la investigación es determinar la relación de la ejecución de gasto público con el Índice de Desarrollo Humano en los distritos del departamento Huancavelica, 2019, la hipótesis planteada es si existe una relación directa entre la ejecución del gasto público con el Índice de Desarrollo Humano en los distritos del departamento Huancavelica, 2019. La metodología investigativa es de tipo aplicada, nivel explicativo, método descriptivo, inductivo, sintético, analítico y dialéctico. El diseño de investigación es el no experimental, transversal, explicativa. La población son 100 distritos del departamento de Huancavelica. Para el procesamiento estadístico se recurrió a la información de la página web del Programa de las Naciones Unidas y del Centro Nacional de Planeamiento Estratégico (Ceplan). El principal hallazgo es que existe una relación positiva débil entre la ejecución del gasto público (devengado per cápita) y los Índices de Desarrollo Humano. Asimismo, se encontró una situación preocupante en el distrito de la provincia de Angaraes donde existe una relación negativa entre ambas variables, es decir, en los distritos con mayor ejecución del gasto público (devengado per cápita) también hay menor Índice de Desarrollo Humano., O objetivo da pesquisa é determinar a relação da execução do gasto público com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano nos distritos do departamento de Huancavelica, 2019, a hipótese é se existe uma relação direta entre a execução do gasto público com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano nos distritos do departamento de Huancavelica, 2019. A metodologia de pesquisa é de tipo aplicado, nível explicativo, descritivo, indutivo, sintético, analítico e método dialético. O desenho da pesquisa é não experimental, transversal, explicativo. A população é de 100 distritos do departamento de Huancavelica. Para o processamento estatístico, foram utilizadas informações do site do Programa das Nações Unidas e do Centro Nacional de Planejamento Estratégico (Ceplan). A principal constatação é que existe uma fraca relação positiva entre a execução do gasto público (ganho per capita) e os Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano. Da mesma forma, uma situação preocupante foi encontrada no distrito da província de Angaraes onde há uma relação negativa entre ambas as variáveis, ou seja, nos distritos com maior execução de gasto público (acumulado per capita) também há um menor Desenvolvimento Humano. Índice.

A number of studies have already shown that public expenditure in human capital development is the investment with the highest return in the form of higher economic performance. National governments are fully aware of this, and they are seeking to stimulate human capital and encourage its development. The aim of this paper was to verify whether public expenditure in areas producing goods and services developing human capital really contributes to its development in EU-28 member countries. The COFOG government expenditure and the Human development index are the variables that were chosen for this analysis. The panel data analysis for the sample of the 28 EU countries in the period 1995-2018 was applied to test the hypotheses. Hausman test recommended a model with fixed effects as the most suitable method for performing the analysis. The panel estimation of the relationship between public spending and human development proved that public spending has both positive and negative impact on human development. The model with fixed effects showed that public expenditure on recreation, culture, and religion has the highest positive effect on human development, followed by health, social protection, housing and community amenities in descending order. A negative statistically significant impact on human capital development was demonstrated for public spending on environmental protection. The analysis of panel data showed that some areas of public expenditure cultivate human capital, while some areas of public expenditure may have the opposite effect., Řada studií již prokázala, že veřejné výdaje určené pro rozvoj lidského kapitálu jsou investicí s nejvyšší návratností v podobě vyšší ekonomické výkonnosti. Národní vlády jsou si toho plně vědomy a snaží se stimulovat lidský kapitál a podporovat jeho rozvoj. Cílem tohoto příspěvku bylo ověřit, zda veřejné výdaje v oblastech produkujících zboží a služby, které rozvíjejí lidský kapitál, skutečně přispívají k jeho rozvoji v členských zemích EU-28. Vládní výdaje dle COFOG a index lidského rozvoje jsou proměnné, které byly vybrány pro tuto analýzu. K testování hypotéz byla použita panelová analýza dat pro vzorek 28 zemí EU v období 1995-2018. Hausmanův test doporučil jako nejvhodnější metodu pro provedení analýzy model s fixními efekty. Panelový odhad vztahu veřejných výdajů a lidského rozvoje prokázal, že veřejné výdaje mají pozitivní i negativní dopad na lidský rozvoj. Model s fixními efekty ukázal, že nejvyšší pozitivní vliv na lidský rozvoj mají veřejné výdaje na rekreaci, kulturu a náboženství, následované zdravotnictvím, sociální ochranou, bydlením a občanskou vybaveností v sestupném pořadí. Negativní statisticky významný dopad na rozvoj lidského kapitálu byl prokázán u veřejných výdajů na ochranu životního prostředí. Analýza panelových dat ukázala, že některé oblasti veřejných výdajů kultivují lidský kapitál, zatímco některé oblasti veřejných výdajů mohou mít opačný efekt.

Sustainable development is a widely discussed concept, and it is needed because the world is facing a massive global challenge of climate change. Sustainable development is envisioned as an all-inclusive concept of three dimensions; environment, economy, and society. However, there are trade-offs between these three dimensions. Thereby, there is a need for an enhanced understanding of the relationship of the three dimensions for better policy implications. This paper aims to analyze the correlation between these dimensions using the human development index (HDI), economic complexity index (ECI), and ecological footprint per capita as a proxy for society, economy, and environment. The research uses pairwise linear regression analysis to measure the correlation between HDI, ECI, and EF per capita for 114 countries between 1995 to 2017. The results show that all of them are positively correlated, meaning that economic complexity (economy) supports human development (society). However, both increase the ecological footprint, which is deteriorating the environment. This paper also revises the environmental Kuznets (inverted-U) curve hypothesis to make it more capability-oriented and test it for ecological footprint as HDI changes as well as for ecological footprint as ECI changes through nonlinear regression analysis. The evidence does not support the existence of environmental Kuznets (inverted-U) curves for EF per capita and HDI; however, it does support its existence for EF per capita and ECI, but only for certain periods. The findings enrich the understanding of the relationship between economy, society, and environment, which is useful for better policy implementation and identifies potential future research areas.

Knowledge, and especially scientific knowledge, is crucial in terms of transforming societies, and making social structures manageable and sustainable. This can be seen in the fact that the universities which are at the top of the global university rankings are mostly located in countries that are the center of attraction. The aim of this study is to examine the positive effects of academic productivity, which is of great importance in optimizing social conditions, on human development on a global scale with a statistically provable technique. In order to understand this relationship more clearly, our study has compared countries according to their academic productivity using the Multidimensional Scaling Analysis method and established a relationship between this and human development. As a result of the analysis carried out within the scope of the study, which used data from 178 countries from the time period of 1996-2019, it was concluded that the relationship between academic productivity and human development was only at a medium level. This suggests that, in addition to the need for scientific knowledge to be used for the improvement of social conditions, scientific knowledge is limited to certain organizations, which leads to the elitism of scientific knowledge.

Factors that increase the competitiveness of developed countries are very important aspects nowadays. The Nordic countries are increasing their competitiveness at the same time with the growth of the urban population. The paper analyzes the indirect impact of urbanization on countries’ comparative advantages and the consequences of this relationship for business.

Women entrepreneurs have progressively gained more space in what is mostly a man-dominated business world. However, a considerable gender gap in the likelihood of starting a business venture still exists in most countries in the world. Such gap can vary depending on the country and on its socio-cultural, legal and economic conditions among others. In this paper, Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the Human Development Index of 55 countries are tested in order to identify what factors have a positive effect on the gender gap. Results indicate that the most influential factor is the Human Development index, meaning that the more developed a country is, the lower the gender gap in the entrepreneurship is. In addition, the results also indicate that a lower level of gender gap is also observed in rather individualistic, pragmatic and risk-adverse cultures.

Economic growth is an important factor in the economic development of a country. There are some factors that can increase economic growth namely human development. The level of human development in a country array in the value of the Human Development Index (HDI). The growth rate of a country appears in the value of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita. The influence of human power resources is shown in the value of HDI which is able to influence the level of economic growth in the value of its GDP. This study will examine the effect of HDI on economic growth in Pakistan during the period 1980-2018 against its economic growth in its GDP per capita. The result of this research indicates that each country has a strong and significant correlation between HDI and GDP. It is concluded that the level of HDI can affect the GDP per capita. Economic growth makes it possible to reach a high level of human development, on the one hand, increasing levels of human development leading to increase opportunities for economic growth. The causal relationship between economic growth and human development becomes a mutually influential relationship. So it is clear that the human development in the country relates to an influence of economic growth which is seen in per capita income (GDP per capita) which can be an indicator of welfare in the country.

Background: This meta-analytic review aimed to systematically evaluate associations of depression with multiple gender role dimensions (masculinity, femininity, androgyny, and undifferentiated traits) and to determine potential moderators (participant characteristics, study instruments and sociocultural factors) of the relationship. Methods: Of 4481 initially identified records in three electronic databases, 58 studies published 1978 to 2021 were included for meta-analysis. Results: (1) Association of depression and gender role is moderated by study year and human development indices. (2) Masculinity is a protective factor for depression, while this dominance has declined as life expectancy increases. (3) A negative, weak but significant association between depression and femininity is observed in women, and college students, which starts to emerge with the gradual increase in the national education and income index from 1990 to 2019. (4) Androgynous individuals reported the lowest level of depression as compared with other gender role orientations (masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated trait group). This disparity is becoming more extreme with life expectancy and per capita income index increases. Limitations: English-language studies were only included in this review. Conclusions: Androgyny might be the most ideal gender role protecting both women and men from depression.

Composite well-being and sustainability indices are usually obtained as arithmetic and geometric means of sub-dimensions. However, the arithmetic mean does not consider potential interactions across the dimensions of the indices and the geometric mean does not penalize unbalanced achievements across dimensions strongly enough. This paper uses a flexible non-additive aggregation model - the Choquet integral - to account for potential synergies and redundancies of the dimensions that are used to obtain indices, and uses the Human development index (HDI) as an example to illustrate the flexibility of the aggregation procedure. This paper relies on multiple theoretical and empirical studies, which indicate mutually strengthening relationships (positive interactions) among the three HDI dimensions. To illustrate and show-case how positive interactions among the three HDI dimensions could be taken into account, this paper uses five hypothetical weight sets and simulates 500 weight sets that allow varying positive interactions among the three dimensions. The analyses with the HDI data suggest that both geometric and arithmetic mean HDI scores are roughly the same for most countries, even when variations across the three dimensions are relatively large. On the other hand, countries with balanced (unbalanced) achievements across dimensions rank in higher (lower) positions with the Choquet integral aggregation. The illustrations of this paper show-case how Choquet integral is a flexible aggregation method to take into account varying positive interactions across the HDI dimensions and able to detect unbalanced achievements.

This thesis analyses the effect of the prevalence of family planning on the three dimensions of the Human Development Index (HDI) in low income countries. The sample consists of 75 countries with annual data from 1990-2018. Empirics indicate that falling fertility rates, due to increased availability and use of family planning, should increase GNI per capita, education and health. The outputs from the panel regression models provided a significant effect on GNI per capita but unmeaningful results for the effect on education and health.

International agendas have included sustainability within the concept of development as the main concern that must be addressed from a global perspective. The proposal of a single index for sustainable development makes it possible to combine the measurement of results and unify criteria. However, the levels of development together with the idiosyncrasy of each country have a direct impact on the degree of compliance with the sustainable development goals proposed by the 2030 Agenda. The purpose of this article is to reflect on the relationship between the starting point of developing countries, through the three components of the Human Development Index, and the degree of compliance with the SDGs reflected in the results of the SDG Index. From a bibliographic review, which is complemented by quantitative analysis, essentially descriptive statistics with a comparative nature, as well as a correlation analysis, we will conclude the need to take into account the indicator “impulse in sustainability”., Las agendas internacionales han incluido la sostenibilidad dentro del concepto de desarrollo como principal preocupación que debe ser afrontada desde una perspectiva global. La propuesta de un índice único para el desarrollo sostenible permite aunar la medición de los resultados y unificar criterios. No obstante, los niveles de desarrollo unido a la idiosincrasia de cada país impactan directamente en el grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible propuestos por la Agenda 2030. El presente artículo tiene por objeto reflexionar sobre la relación existente entre el punto de partida de los países en nivel de desarrollo, a través de los tres componentes del Índice de Desarrollo Humano, y el grado de cumplimiento de los ODS, reflejado en los resultados del Índice de los ODS. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica, que se complementa con un análisis cuantitativo, esencialmente de estadística descriptiva con carácter comparativo, así como un análisis de correlación, llegaremos a la conclusión de la necesidad de tener en cuenta el indicador “impulso en sostenibilidad”.

The human development approach considers that economic growth alone is not sufficient to explain progress, which results from a greater process of transformation. In this context, the Human Development Index – HDI has proved to be an important indicator to support the direction of public policies capable of promoting progress and increasing the quality of life of the populations. To contribute to this debate, the present research aims to investigate which factors explain the HDI of Brazilian municipalities. From the literature, socioeconomic variables with potential functional relationship with the HDI were identified. Through panel data analysis of 1,292 Brazilian municipalities, selected by geographical position, population representativeness and data availability, the three alternative econometric formulations were tested: Pooled Regression, Random Effects Model and Fixed Effects Model. The results of the regression indicated that the conditions of electricity, population size, location, income and sanitation proved to be explanatory factors for the HDI. From a theoretical point of view, the results complemented studies that relate socioeconomic variables to the HDI and, in a practical perspective, indicated ways for politicians and managers to promote public policies capable of improving human development in Brazilian municipalities., A abordagem do desenvolvimento humano considera que apenas o crescimento econômico não é suficiente para explicar o progresso, que decorre de um processo maior de transformação. Neste contexto, o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano – IDH tem se mostrado um importante indicador para apoiar o direcionamento de políticas públicas capazes de promover o progresso e aumentar a qualidade de vida das populações. Para contribuir com este debate, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar quais fatores explicam o IDH de municípios brasileiros. A partir da literatura, foram identificadas variáveis socioeconômicas com potencial relação funcional com o IDH. Por meio de análise de dados em painel de 1.292 municípios brasileiros, selecionados por posição geográfica, representatividade populacional e pela disponibilidade de dados, foram testadas as três formulações econométricas alternativas: Pooled Regression, Modelo de Efeitos Aleatórios e Modelo de Efeitos Fixos. Os resultados da regressão indicaram que as condições de energia elétrica, tamanho populacional, localização, renda e saneamento se mostraram fatores explicativos do IDH. Do ponto de vista teórico, os resultados complementaram estudos que relacionam variáveis socioeconômicas ao IDH e, em perspectiva prática, indicou caminhos para que políticos e gestores possam promover políticas públicas capazes de melhorar o desenvolvimento humano em municípios brasileiros., El desarrollo es una construcción política de la sociedad caracterizada por la mejora de la calidad de vida, el avance tecnológico, la mejora de las instituciones y la evolución de los indicadores sociales. En este contexto, el Índice de Desarrollo Humano - IDH ha demostrado ser un indicador importante para apoyar la dirección de políticas públicas capaces de aumentar la calidad de vida de las poblaciones. Por lo tanto, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo identificar los factores socioeconómicos que explican el IDH, a través del análisis de datos de panel de 1.292 municipios brasileños, en los años 1991, 2000 y 2010. Los resultados indicaron que las condiciones de energía eléctrica, ubicación, población, ingresos, saneamiento y violencia demostraron ser HDI explicativo. Las políticas públicas para mejorar estas condiciones tienden a promover mejoras en el IDH y en la calidad de vida de la sociedad.

The present study investigated the effects of body size, relative age (RA), and human development index (HDI) on theprofessional rise of Brazilian soccer players playing in Europe. The sample consisted of 309 Brazilian players in the top 10 Europeanleagues, according to the ranking of UEFA club coefficients. The data were collected on the official websites of the clubs, and professionaladvancement was classified according to the level of participation in the European championships. Spearman’s Correlation and MultinomialLogistic Regression tests (p d» 0.05) were applied. Players born in the 2nd quarter of the year, as well as those born in the 3rd quarter,have the chance to play the Champions League, compared to the Europa League, increased by 84% and 67%, respectively, compared tothose born in the 4th quarter (p = 0.01). In addition, it was identified that for every 1 cm of height, the chances of the player acting in alower level team increased by 7% (p = 0.03). It is concluded that the RA and body size influence the professional rise of Brazilian soccerplayers working in Europe, while the HDI of the place of birth has limited impact on the level of competition disputed by these players., O presente estudo investigou os efeitos do tamanho corporal, da idade relativa (IR) e do índice de desenvolvimento humano(IDH) sobre a ascensão profissional de futebolistas brasileiros atuando na Europa. A amostra foi constituída por 309 jogadores brasileirosatuando nas 10 principais ligas europeias, conforme ranking de coeficientes de clubes da UEFA. Os dados foram coletados nos sitesoficiais dos clubes, e a ascensão profissional foi classificada de acordo com o nível de participação nos campeonatos europeus. Foramaplicados os testes de Correlação de Spearman e a Regressão Logística Multinomial (p d» 0,05). Os jogadores nascidos no 2º trimestredo ano, bem como àqueles nascidos no 3º trimestre, têm as chances de jogar a Liga dos Campeões, comparativamente à Liga Europa,aumentadas em 84% e 67%, respectivamente, em relação aos nascidos no 4º trimestre (p = 0,01). Além disso, identificou-se que a cada1 cm de estatura, aumenta-se em 7% as chances de o jogador atuar em uma equipe de escalão inferior (p = 0,03). Conclui-se que a IR e otamanho corporal influenciam a ascensão profissional dos futebolistas brasileiros atuando na Europa, enquanto o IDH do local denascimento apresenta limitado impacto sobre o nível de competição disputada por estes jogadores, El presente estudio investigó los efectos del tamaño corporal, la edad relativa (IR) y el índice de desarrollo humano (IDH) en el crecimiento profesional de los futbolistas brasileños que trabajan en Europa. La muestra consistió en 309 jugadores brasileños que juegan en las 10 mejores ligas europeas, según el ranking de coeficientes de clubes de la UEFA. Los datos se recopilaron en los sitios web oficiales de los clubes, y el avance profesional se clasificó según el nivel de participación en los campeonatos europeos. Se aplicaron pruebas de ANOVA unidireccional, correlación de Spearman y regresión logística multinomial (p d» 0.05). Los jugadores nacidos en el segundo trimestre del año, así como los nacidos en el tercer trimestre, tienen la oportunidad de jugar la Liga de Campeones, en comparación con la Liga de Europa, aumentó en un 84% y 67%, respectivamente, en comparación con los nacidos en el cuarto trimestre (p = 0.01). Además, se identificó que, por cada 1 cm de altura, las posibilidades de que el jugador actúe en un equipo de nivel inferior aumentaron en 7% (p = 0.03). Se concluye que el IR y el tamaño del cuerpo influyen en el ascenso profesional de los futbolistas brasileños que trabajan en Europa, mientras que el IDH del lugar de nacimiento tiene un impacto limitado en el nivel de competencia disputado por estos jugadores

Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit verfolgt das Ziel, einen Überblick über Länderklassifikations-ansätze und deren Problematisierung zu geben sowie aktuelle Debatten und Diskurse theorie-geleitet vorzustellen. Mithilfe qualitativer Leitfadeninterviews, als Methodik einer empirischen Erhebung, werden Implikationen in Bezug auf die Nutzung von Länderklassifikationen im Erd-kundeunterricht herausgearbeitet. Auf diese Weise wird ein Einblick in die berufliche Lebens-welt von Lehrkräften gegeben. Die Verknüpfung theoretischer und empirischer Erkenntnisse soll alle Lesenden, insbesondere Erdkundelehrkräfte, dazu motivieren, bestehende Standpunkte und Sichtweisen auf die Welt zu reflektieren und zu hinterfragen. Als Ergebnis dieser Arbeit lässt sich herausheben, dass sämtliche Klassifikationsansätze wie die Einteilung aller Länder in eine ‚Dritte, Zweite oder Erste Welt‘, in ‚Entwicklungs-, Schwel-len- und Industrieländer‘ oder auch in ‚Länder des Globalen Südens‘ und ‚Länder des Globalen Nordens‘ insbesondere aufgrund eurozentrischer Grundannahmen sowie der Dichotomisierung der Welt zu problematisieren sind. Aktuelle Debatten sowie die Neuausrichtung der For-schungsschwerpunkte symbolisieren einen veränderten und gleichberechtigteren Diskurs, lie-fern jedoch keine Neuerungen im Hinblick auf Länderklassifikationen. Auch Lehrkräfte nutzen, mangels der Kenntnis von Alternativen, Länderklassifikationen im Unterricht und verfügen teilweise über tradierte Auffassungen von ‚Entwicklung‘.Es gilt eine Multiperspektivität und Reflexivität für einen zeitgemäßen Erdkundeunterricht zu schaffen. Auch müssen vermehrt Alternativen erzeugt und bestehende Raumkonstruktionen ab-gebaut werden, um der Heterogenität der Welt gerecht zu werden.

Durango state has ideal environmental conditions to increaseaquaculture development; however, in recent years the production of this activityhas decreased and descended to the last places at the national level. One of thealternatives for a sustainable aquaculture development in the state is the applicationof Biofloc Technology (BFT) in production units of tilapia. The aim of this studywas to determine the land suitability of the state for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)production with BFT. A multi-criteria evaluation was carried out by means ofweighted sum with the support of a group of experts. An aptitude map for the activitywas generated through Geographic Information System in which five categories ofaptitude were established: very low, low, medium, high and very high. An area withhigh and very high aptitude of 50 182 km2was estimated to develop the activityin the state, the regions with the highest aptitude were found in the central eastand north of the state, mainly in the semi-arid zone. 39.67% of the high and veryhigh aptitude estimated for the activity was concentrated in the municipalities with aMedium or Low Human Development Index (HDI), which represents an opportunityto increase food security in these municipalities. The results of this study will allowidentifying suitable sites for implementing aquaculture projects in the state with anoptimal approach in the use of water resources., El estado de Durango posee condiciones ambientales ideales para incrementar el desarrollo acuícola, pero en los últimos años ha disminuido la producción de esta actividad y descendido a los últimos lugares a nivel nacional. Una de las alternativas para un desarrollo acuícola sustentable en el estado es la aplicación de la Tecnología Biofloc (BFT) en unidades de producción de tilapia. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la aptitud territorial del estado para la producción de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) con BFT. Se realizó una evaluación multicriterio mediante suma ponderada con apoyo de un grupo de expertos. También se generó un mapa de aptitud para la actividad mediante Sistemas de Información Geográfica en el que se establecieron cinco categorías de aptitud: muy baja, baja, media, alta y muy alta. La superficie estimada con aptitud alta y muy alta fue de 50 182 km2 para desarrollar la actividad en el estado, las regiones con mayor aptitud se encontraron en el centro este y norte de la entidad, principalmente en la zona semiárida. El 39.67% de la superficie con aptitud alta y muy alta estimada se concentró en los municipios con un Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) Medio o Bajo, lo cual representa un área de oportunidad para incrementar la seguridad alimentaria en estos municipios. Los resultados ayudarán en la identificación de sitios aptos para la implementación de proyectos acuícolas en el estado conenfoque óptimo en el uso del recurso hídrico.

In Indonesia, the poverty profile is relatively robust and has become a national problem, especially the inequality gap between rich and poor is widening. In this wake, the main purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that have influenced the poverty in Indonesia since 2013 until 2019. The poverty was measured based on the basic needs approach. The secondary data, retrieved from Central Bureau of Statistics and the Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia, were used. The aggregated percentage of poverty from 34 provinces in Indonesia was employed as dependent variable. Meanwhile, the independent variables were the human development index, social protection, program, and unemployment. Multiple linear regression models were applied to test the hypotheses. This research revealed that human development index, and social protection program had significant but negative impact on poverty. In contrast, the unemployment had a positive but less significant impact on the poverty. Thus, the government must improve HDI, promote social protection, and apply innovative employment programs to alleviate poverty., En Indonesia, el perfil de pobreza es relativamente sólido y se ha convertido en un problema nacional, especialmente la brecha de desigualdad entre ricos y pobres se está ampliando. En este sentido, el objetivo principal de este estudio fue analizar los factores que han influido en la pobreza en Indonesia desde 2013 hasta 2019. La pobreza se midió con base en el enfoque de necesidades básicas. Se utilizaron los datos secundarios, obtenidos de la Oficina Central de Estadísticas y el Ministerio de Finanzas de la República de Indonesia. El porcentaje agregado de pobreza de 34 provincias de Indonesia se utilizó como variable dependiente. Mientras tanto, las variables independientes fueron el índice de desarrollo humano, la protección social, el programa y el desempleo. Se aplicaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple para probar las hipótesis. Esta investigación reveló que el índice de desarrollo humano y el programa de protección social tuvieron un impacto significativo pero negativo sobre la pobreza. Por el contrario, el desempleo tuvo un impacto positivo, pero menos significativo sobre la pobreza. Por lo tanto, el gobierno debe mejorar el IDH, promover la protección social y aplicar programas de empleo innovadores para aliviar la pobreza.

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread throughout the world, and concerns about psychological, social, and economic consequences are growing rapidly. Individuals’ empathy-based reactions towards others may be an important resilience factor in the face of COVID-19. Self-report data from 15,375 participants across 23 countries were collected from May to August 2020 during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, this study examined different facets of empathy—Perspective-Taking, Empathic Concern, and Personal Distress, and their association with cross-cultural ratings on Individualism, Power Distance, The Human Development Index, Social Support Ranking, and the Infectious Disease Vulnerability Index, as well as the currently confirmed number of cases of COVID-19 at the time of data collection. The highest ratings on Perspective-Taking were obtained for USA, Brazil, Italy, Croatia, and Armenia (from maximum to minimum); on Empathetic Concern, for the USA, Brazil, Hungary, Italy, and Indonesia; and on Personal Distress, from Brazil, Turkey, Italy, Armenia, Indonesia. Results also present associations between demographic factors and empathy across countries. Limitations and future directions are presented.

A country is prosperous if it has efficient development programs. Human capital contains resources like education, health, training, skills etc. For economic progress these qualities are very vital. Basic objective of this research is to explain the impact of human capital on growth and development of economics sector of the Pakistan. Because today in the developing countries, human development and growth has becomes the burning issues. To analyse the association between human capital and economic growth, used GDP as a dependent variable. This study further use Human development index as independent variable. Proxy of human development index consist of education index, health, fertility, infant mortality, life expectancy and sanitation. Our focus will be more on the education. Time series data for the years 1990-2019 were used. ARDL model was used by incorporating the human capital formation with other explanatory variables. The findings shows that the human capital has positive and significant impact on growth and the negative influence on the population and infant mortality rate.

Economic globalization has made economies fruitful; however, a few studies argued that its impact on human development is not at par with economic growth’s advancements. With this, the effect and difference of economic globalization in terms of Trade, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) on Human Development Index (HDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita were examined among the ASEAN-4 nations, namely, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand conjointly from 1990 to 2019. Multiple regression was used to estimate the parameters and significance of the models. Results have proved that the predictors, collectively, have a positive and statistically significant effect on GDP and the HDI. However, the data showed that linear regression of GDP per capita at 51.21% has more variation than HDI at 35.95%, which could mainly be due to that human development is highly influenced by other factors such as demand political freedom and prioritization of human rights, while the preferred subset still has the three variables altogether. Yet there were sub predictors towards GDP per capita that showed a partial effect except for FDI and FDI+FPI. This might be caused by its unidirectionality and volatility in investing.

Regional autonomy is a policy given by the central government to local governments. The granting of this right to autonomy will encourage the acceleration of economic development in the community. Local governments begin to regulate all affairs in their regions independently so that they will be faster in overcoming all existing problems, including problems of community welfare. The implementation of regional autonomy also gives full rights to regional governments, including in financial management in the regions. Effective, efficient, transparent and responsible financial management is an important basis for improving the community's welfare. Of course, increasing the financial performance of local governments will also increase the human development index. The performance of the local government needs to be assessed as a form of our supervision to the government. This government performance assessment can be measured through the ratio of regional independence, effectiveness and efficiency. In addition, proper management of existing resources in the area will be able to improve the welfare of the community. The purpose of this study is to empirically test the ratio of independence, effectiveness, efficiency to the human development index by controlling regional characteristics in the form of capital expenditures, operational expenditures, government size, regional original income, and population. The amount of data in this study were 29 districts and 6 cities in Central Java during 2015-2019. The results of this study state that the independence ratio, effectiveness ratio, and efficiency ratio can have a significant effect on the human development index. In addition, the control variables for regional characteristics in the form of capital expenditures, operational expenditures, government size, and population are able to influence the human development index. Meanwhile, local revenue has no effect on the human development index.