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The criteria on green public procurement of the European Union establish that the economic budgets of building projects must be complemented by their derived environmental and social costs. These criteria are currently being adapted to the requirements related to the circular economy, such as the use of methods to evaluate buildings environmentally. However, most methods available in the European and Spanish markets require prior training, which makes their use difficult. This paper presents an evaluation method, CEACE, for housing construction based on the determination of their footprints (ecological, carbon, and water footprints), also called the footprint family, to which the economic and social evaluation is added, as is the quantification of the construction and demolition waste generated. This method is validated with the assessment of fifteen residential buildings in Andalusia and creates an indicator that will allow technicians, companies, and administrations to evaluate projects in accordance with the criteria of green public procurement. The method is sensitive to changes in the type of building, foundation solution, and underground construction.

The criteria on green public procurement of the European Union establish that the economic budgets of building projects must be complemented by their derived environmental and social costs. These criteria are currently being adapted to the requirements related to the circular economy, such as the use of methods to evaluate buildings environmentally. However, most methods available in the European and Spanish markets require prior training, which makes their use difficult. This paper presents an evaluation method, CEACE, for housing construction based on the determination of their footprints (ecological, carbon, and water footprints), also called the footprint family, to which the economic and social evaluation is added, as is the quantification of the construction and demolition waste generated. This method is validated with the assessment of fifteen residential buildings in Andalusia and creates an indicator that will allow technicians, companies, and administrations to evaluate projects in accordance with the criteria of green public procurement. The method is sensitive to changes in the type of building, foundation solution, and underground construction.

The tools used for budgeting in the building design phase are still insufficient to address the life cycle of the building in terms of environmental and cost impacts. The main objective of this research is to define a model for extending existing cost databases to accommodate life cycle sustainability assessment. For this, current classification systems are reviewed and a case study has been analysed using the new approach. To this end, a new system of classification of construction information is proposed for the evaluation of early design costs, when data are scarce and the only information available refers to the gross interior area and the plot. The classification organizes the costs in a similar way to the sustainability assessment in EN-15643. A subcategory has been added for revenue, developer costs, and taxes at all stages of the lifecycle. The resulting classification is applied to the functional elements of a secondary school project. In the case study, construction costs represent 21% while the use stage accounts for 72% in a 100-year lifespan. The results show that, starting from generic cost bases, more complex costs and functional costs can be defined at different stages of the life cycle and adjusted to sustainability assessment standards.

The criteria on green public procurement of the European Union establish that the economic budgets of building projects must be complemented by their derived environmental and social costs. These criteria are currently being adapted to the requirements related to the circular economy, such as the use of methods to evaluate buildings environmentally. However, most methods available in the European and Spanish markets require prior training, which makes their use difficult. This paper presents an evaluation method, CEACE, for housing construction based on the determination of their footprints (ecological, carbon, and water footprints), also called the footprint family, to which the economic and social evaluation is added, as is the quantification of the construction and demolition waste generated. This method is validated with the assessment of fifteen residential buildings in Andalusia and creates an indicator that will allow technicians, companies, and administrations to evaluate projects in accordance with the criteria of green public procurement. The method is sensitive to changes in the type of building, foundation solution, and underground construction.

The tools used for budgeting in the building design phase are still insufficient to address the life cycle of the building in terms of environmental and cost impacts. The main objective of this research is to define a model for extending existing cost databases to accommodate life cycle sustainability assessment. For this, current classification systems are reviewed and a case study has been analysed using the new approach. To this end, a new system of classification of construction information is proposed for the evaluation of early design costs, when data are scarce and the only information available refers to the gross interior area and the plot. The classification organizes the costs in a similar way to the sustainability assessment in EN-15643. A subcategory has been added for revenue, developer costs, and taxes at all stages of the lifecycle. The resulting classification is applied to the functional elements of a secondary school project. In the case study, construction costs represent 21% while the use stage accounts for 72% in a 100-year lifespan. The results show that, starting from generic cost bases, more complex costs and functional costs can be defined at different stages of the life cycle and adjusted to sustainability assessment standards.

Background and purpose: Hemorrhagic transformation is the main complication of revascularization therapies after stroke. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is implicated in cerebral damage and inflammation in stroke. This study was designed to determine the role of TLR4 in hemorrhagic transformation development after tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administration. Methods: Mice expressing (TLR4+/+) or lacking functional TLR4 (TLR4-/-) were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion using an in situ thromboembolic model by thrombin injection into the middle cerebral artery, and tPA (10 mg/kg) was administered 20 minutes or 3 hours after ischemia. Infarct size, hemorrhages, IgG extravasation, matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression, and neutrophil infiltration were assessed 24 hours after ischemia. Results: In TLR4+/+, early reperfusion (tPA at 20 minutes) resulted infarct volume, whereas late recanalization (tPA at 3 hours) did not modify lesion size and increased the rate of the most severe hemorrhages. In TLR4-/- mice, both early and late reperfusion did not modify lesion size. Importantly, late tPA administration did not result in worse hemorrhages and in an increased bleeding area as occurred in TLR4+/+ group. In TLR4-/- animals, late reperfusion produced a lesser increase in matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression when compared with TLR4+/+ animals. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate TLR4 involvement in hemorrhagic transformation induced by delayed tPA administration, very likely by increasing matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression., Unión Europea, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Depto. de Farmacología y Toxicología, Fac. de Medicina, TRUE, pub

The objective of this article is to develop a measurement system with optical vision to obtain the convergence angle, with the tire track pattern of the front axle based on computer vision. To this end, two ramps capable of storing cell phone cameras were built in such a way that clear images of the investigative tire tracks can be obtained, while the vehicle is stopped on top of the ramps. Tests were carried out with a certain brand and model of tires sold in the local market and images of the tread imprint were obtained. In parallel, a computer program was developed from these images for digital processing in order to determine the tire alignment angles. The results obtained meet the purpose of the work, since the images obtained were clear and the computer program shows results that are approximate to the results obtained by commercial alignment equipment., El presente artículo tiene por objetivo desarrollar un sistema de medición con visión óptica para la obtención del ángulo de convergencia, en función del patrón de huellas de neumáticos del eje delantero basándose en visión por computadora. Para ello, se construyó dos rampas capaces de almacenar cámaras de celular de tal manera que se pueda obtener imágenes claras de las huellas de neumáticos de investigación, mientras el vehículo está parado encima de las rampas. Se realizaron pruebas con una determinada marca y modelo de neumáticos comercializados en el mercado local y se obtuvieron imágenes de la huella de la banda de rodadura. Paralelamente se desarrolló un programa de computadora a partir de estas imágenes para su procesamiento digital a fin de determinar los ángulos de alineación de los neumáticos. Los resultados obtenidos cumplen con el propósito del trabajo, ya que las imágenes obtenidas fueron claras y el programa de computadora muestra resultados aproximados a los resultados obtenidos por equipos comerciales de alineación.

En el presente trabajo de investigación, se propone el desarrollo y validación de la herramienta CEACE y obtener el presupuesto económico y ambiental de la fase de construcción de edificios, a partir de una herramienta certificadora desarrollada basada en los datos de la Base de Costes de la Construcción de Andalucía (BCCA), los datos ambientales asociados a cada precio básico de la BCCA y las mediciones y presupuesto de los proyectos edificatorios, en este caso se estudiarán 10 tipologías de edificación. Se evalúan los aspectos ecológico, económico y social, aplicando los indicadores Huella Ecológica (HE), Huella de Carbono (HC) y Huella Hídrica (HH) que determinan los impactos ambientales de los recursos empleados en la construcción de los edificios y de la metodología específica de los indicadores ambientales aplicados al ciclo de vida de los edificios, obteniendo una certificación que permita a los técnicos baremar sus proyectos edificatorios desde esta triple visión., In the present research work, the development and validation of the CEACE tool is proposed and it obtains the economic and environmental budget of the building construction phase, from a certifying tool developed based on the data of the Cost Base of the Construction of Andalusia (BCCA), the environmental data associated with each basic price of the BCCA and the measurements and budget of the building projects, in this case 10 building typologies will be studied. The ecological, economic and social aspects are evaluated, applying the Ecological Footprint (HE), Carbon Footprint (HC) and Water Footprint (HH) indicators that determine the environmental impacts of the resources used in the construction of the buildings and of the methodology specific environmental indicators applied to the life cycle of buildings, obtaining a certification that allows technicians to assess their building projects from this triple vision.

Los cambios legislativos que se han producido en la Unión Europea por la aparición de la Directiva UE 2014-24 sobre contratación pública, han transformado el paradigma en el control de costes de la edificación pública. Evolucionando desde el conocimiento de los costes de construcción al conocimiento de los costes a lo largo del ciclo de vida de la edificación como parámetro de evaluación de las licitaciones pública. El objetivo principal de la investigación es diseñar una metodología que permita el predimensionado de costes de todo el ciclo de vida de la edificación en las etapas previas del diseño y contemplando los costes de preconstrucción, construcción, uso y fin de vida. Basada de las estructuras dadas por las normas profesionales como la UNE-EN-15643-4 y UNE-EN16627, tomando como referencia los datos que aportan las mediciones y presupuestos de las edificaciones existentes, y la Base de Costes de Construcción de Andalucía, se propone una clasificación y estructura de la información de la construcción, y una base de costes para el predimensionamiento del coste del ciclo de vida. Además, se desarrolla un modelo de cálculo que permite homogeneizar los costes y aplicarlos en cada etapa del ciclo de vida para obtener el valor actual de la inversión. Los costes del ciclo de vida se estiman en usos del edificio con una duración de 40, 70 y 100 años. Esta metodología se aplica al estudio de caso de una escuela secundaria en Andalucía, España. Los resultados de un periodo de estudio de 100 años distribuyen los costes (3.892,14 €/m2) en 9% en la etapa de preconstrucción, 32% en la etapa de construcción, 58% en la etapa de uso y 1% en la etapa de fin de vida, empleando una tasa de descuento 1,5%. Los costes fiscales del ciclo de vida ascienden al 2% y los otros gastos del promotor al 4%. La estructura de la información y el modelo de cálculo propuestos permiten realizar simulaciones de distintos datos económicos y diferentes elementos constructivos, siendo útil para la t, The legislative changes that have occurred in the European Union because of the appearance of the EU Directive 2014-24 on public procurement, have changed the paradigm in the cost control of public building construction, which goes from determining construction costs to costs throughout the life cycle of the building, as a parameter for evaluating public tenders. The main objective of the research is to design a methodology that allows the pre-dimensioning of costs of the entire life cycle of the building, starting at the previous stages of design and considering the costs of pre-construction, construction, use and end-of-life. Based on the structures given by professional standards such as UNE-EN-15643-4 and UNE-EN16627, and taking as a reference the data provided by measurements and budgets of existing buildings, and the Andalusian Construction Cost Database, it is proposed a construction information classification system, and a life cycle cost pre-dimensioning database. In addition, a calculation model is developed that allows a costs standardization in order to obtain the actual value of the investment cost. Life cycle costs are estimated for the building use periods of 40, 70 and 100 years. This methodology is applied to the case study of a secondary school in Andalusia, Spain. The results of 100 years study period distributes the costs (€ 3,892.14 / m2), 9% in the pre-construction stage, 32% in the construction stage, 58% in the use stage and 1% in the end-of-life stage, using a 1.5% discount rate. The taxation costs of the life cycle amount to 2% and the other expenses of the promoter to 4%. The proposed information structure and the calculation model allow simulations of different economic data and different construction elements, being useful for decision-making in the initial stages of building design.

In Spain, most businesses are medium to small size enterprises, representing 90% of the total, but there is a lack of studies of the types of building this sector uses. The main objective of this paper is to present a method for the evaluation of small industrial construction projects to facilitate the introduction of eco-efficient solutions. For this, it is necessary to identify the most representative buildings and the aspects of these which have the most environmental impact. A methodology in place for the evaluation of dwelling construction is adapted, for the first time, to evaluate industrial buildings. The construction solutions characterized are those traditionally used in the sector, as identified through 87 surveys. A standardized classification of work units is proposed to enable the use of environmental product information, such as eco-labels and/or EPD, and LCA databases. The carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) are the indicators selected because of their straightforward message. Finally, a comparative analysis is performed showing the high recycling potential of concrete and cement which, along with metals and aggregates, control the impact in terms of CF. With respect to the WF indicator, plastic substitute aggregates are among the materials with the greatest impact

Los cambios legislativos que se han producido en la Unión Europea por la aparición de la Directiva UE 2014-24 sobre contratación pública, han transformado el paradigma en el control de costes de la edificación pública. Evolucionando desde el conocimiento de los costes de construcción al conocimiento de los costes a lo largo del ciclo de vida de la edificación como parámetro de evaluación de las licitaciones pública. El objetivo principal de la investigación es diseñar una metodología que permita el predimensionado de costes de todo el ciclo de vida de la edificación en las etapas previas del diseño y contemplando los costes de preconstrucción, construcción, uso y fin de vida. Basada de las estructuras dadas por las normas profesionales como la UNE-EN-15643-4 y UNE-EN16627, tomando como referencia los datos que aportan las mediciones y presupuestos de las edificaciones existentes, y la Base de Costes de Construcción de Andalucía, se propone una clasificación y estructura de la información de la construcción, y una base de costes para el predimensionamiento del coste del ciclo de vida. Además, se desarrolla un modelo de cálculo que permite homogeneizar los costes y aplicarlos en cada etapa del ciclo de vida para obtener el valor actual de la inversión. Los costes del ciclo de vida se estiman en usos del edificio con una duración de 40, 70 y 100 años. Esta metodología se aplica al estudio de caso de una escuela secundaria en Andalucía, España. Los resultados de un periodo de estudio de 100 años distribuyen los costes (3.892,14 €/m2) en 9% en la etapa de preconstrucción, 32% en la etapa de construcción, 58% en la etapa de uso y 1% en la etapa de fin de vida, empleando una tasa de descuento 1,5%. Los costes fiscales del ciclo de vida ascienden al 2% y los otros gastos del promotor al 4%. La estructura de la información y el modelo de cálculo propuestos permiten realizar simulaciones de distintos datos económicos y diferentes elementos constructivos, siendo útil para la t, The legislative changes that have occurred in the European Union because of the appearance of the EU Directive 2014-24 on public procurement, have changed the paradigm in the cost control of public building construction, which goes from determining construction costs to costs throughout the life cycle of the building, as a parameter for evaluating public tenders. The main objective of the research is to design a methodology that allows the pre-dimensioning of costs of the entire life cycle of the building, starting at the previous stages of design and considering the costs of pre-construction, construction, use and end-of-life. Based on the structures given by professional standards such as UNE-EN-15643-4 and UNE-EN16627, and taking as a reference the data provided by measurements and budgets of existing buildings, and the Andalusian Construction Cost Database, it is proposed a construction information classification system, and a life cycle cost pre-dimensioning database. In addition, a calculation model is developed that allows a costs standardization in order to obtain the actual value of the investment cost. Life cycle costs are estimated for the building use periods of 40, 70 and 100 years. This methodology is applied to the case study of a secondary school in Andalusia, Spain. The results of 100 years study period distributes the costs (€ 3,892.14 / m2), 9% in the pre-construction stage, 32% in the construction stage, 58% in the use stage and 1% in the end-of-life stage, using a 1.5% discount rate. The taxation costs of the life cycle amount to 2% and the other expenses of the promoter to 4%. The proposed information structure and the calculation model allow simulations of different economic data and different construction elements, being useful for decision-making in the initial stages of building design.

In Spain, most businesses are medium to small size enterprises, representing 90% of the total, but there is a lack of studies of the types of building this sector uses. The main objective of this paper is to present a method for the evaluation of small industrial construction projects to facilitate the introduction of eco-efficient solutions. For this, it is necessary to identify the most representative buildings and the aspects of these which have the most environmental impact. A methodology in place for the evaluation of dwelling construction is adapted, for the first time, to evaluate industrial buildings. The construction solutions characterized are those traditionally used in the sector, as identified through 87 surveys. A standardized classification of work units is proposed to enable the use of environmental product information, such as eco-labels and/or EPD, and LCA databases. The carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) are the indicators selected because of their straightforward message. Finally, a comparative analysis is performed showing the high recycling potential of concrete and cement which, along with metals and aggregates, control the impact in terms of CF. With respect to the WF indicator, plastic substitute aggregates are among the materials with the greatest impact

In Spain, most businesses are medium to small size enterprises, representing 90% of the total, but there is a lack of studies of the types of building this sector uses. The main objective of this paper is to present a method for the evaluation of small industrial construction projects to facilitate the introduction of eco-efficient solutions. For this, it is necessary to identify the most representative buildings and the aspects of these which have the most environmental impact. A methodology in place for the evaluation of dwelling construction is adapted, for the first time, to evaluate industrial buildings. The construction solutions characterized are those traditionally used in the sector, as identified through 87 surveys. A standardized classification of work units is proposed to enable the use of environmental product information, such as eco-labels and/or EPD, and LCA databases. The carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) are the indicators selected because of their straightforward message. Finally, a comparative analysis is performed showing the high recycling potential of concrete and cement which, along with metals and aggregates, control the impact in terms of CF. With respect to the WF indicator, plastic substitute aggregates are among the materials with the greatest impact

The main objective of the work under study is to find means and tools to achieve the reduction of energy poverty in Spain: creation of a social bonus of services that allows politicians to make decisions for it. This energy bond or “social service bonus” includes energy costs: electricity and gas, telecommunications (Internet), as well as other supplies (water and discharge). The first thing that arises is the reduction of supply costs by optimizing the installation and contracting systems. We start from the data provided from the previous study on energy demand and the corresponding energy improvement and sustainability measures, in a public building of social housing in C / La María, in Seville. This study shows that it is possible to achieve energy self-sufficiency and improved comfort in an efficient and cost-effective way in the short term. Next, the reduction of costs by modifying the contracting systems and the study of the social bonuses offered by the different companies in the different supplies are studied. With the data obtained, it is proposed to create a “social bonus of services” where the total cost of them could be reduced from 80 to 90% of the current payment. Finally, it is proposed that the social bonus of services can have the same treatment as the rent, with a system of subsidy or bonus of the same depending on the family and income parameters of the tenants.

This document analyzes the energy behavior based on the thermal comfort of a sample house from the Ecuadorian program “Casa para Todos” in four cities of the country. It includes the modeling of the block in a software specialized in the environmental and energy simulation of buildings, DesignBuilder, studying its behavior in each locality with respect to thermal comfort in the current climate situation and in the projection of climate change in 2050.

Reducing energy poverty is among the main current concerns. Deficient energy performance could contribute to energy poverty cases, so energy rehabilitation in buildings is essential to take action from a technical perspective. However, the limitations related to the use of energy conservation measures in warm climates could prevent from reducing energy poverty cases. This study analyses the effectiveness of applying energy conservation measures in buildings located in warm climates. A case study in Seville was selected, and 20 combinations of energy conservation measures were analysed. The results showed the suitability of using approaches combining the envelope and systems to obtain favourable results and reduce energy poverty.

The main objective of the work under study is to find means and tools to achieve the reduction of energy poverty in Spain: creation of a social bonus of services that allows politicians to make decisions for it. This energy bond or “social service bonus” includes energy costs: electricity and gas, telecommunications (Internet), as well as other supplies (water and discharge). The first thing that arises is the reduction of supply costs by optimizing the installation and contracting systems. We start from the data provided from the previous study on energy demand and the corresponding energy improvement and sustainability measures, in a public building of social housing in C / La María, in Seville. This study shows that it is possible to achieve energy self-sufficiency and improved comfort in an efficient and cost-effective way in the short term. Next, the reduction of costs by modifying the contracting systems and the study of the social bonuses offered by the different companies in the different supplies are studied. With the data obtained, it is proposed to create a “social bonus of services” where the total cost of them could be reduced from 80 to 90% of the current payment. Finally, it is proposed that the social bonus of services can have the same treatment as the rent, with a system of subsidy or bonus of the same depending on the family and income parameters of the tenants.

Reducing energy poverty is among the main current concerns. Deficient energy performance could contribute to energy poverty cases, so energy rehabilitation in buildings is essential to take action from a technical perspective. However, the limitations related to the use of energy conservation measures in warm climates could prevent from reducing energy poverty cases. This study analyses the effectiveness of applying energy conservation measures in buildings located in warm climates. A case study in Seville was selected, and 20 combinations of energy conservation measures were analysed. The results showed the suitability of using approaches combining the envelope and systems to obtain favourable results and reduce energy poverty.

This document analyzes the energy behavior based on the thermal comfort of a sample house from the Ecuadorian program “Casa para Todos” in four cities of the country. It includes the modeling of the block in a software specialized in the environmental and energy simulation of buildings, DesignBuilder, studying its behavior in each locality with respect to thermal comfort in the current climate situation and in the projection of climate change in 2050.

In Spain, most businesses are medium to small size enterprises, representing 90% of the total, but there is a lack of studies of the types of building this sector uses. The main objective of this paper is to present a method for the evaluation of small industrial construction projects to facilitate the introduction of eco-efficient solutions. For this, it is necessary to identify the most representative buildings and the aspects of these which have the most environmental impact. A methodology in place for the evaluation of dwelling construction is adapted, for the first time, to evaluate industrial buildings. The construction solutions characterized are those traditionally used in the sector, as identified through 87 surveys. A standardized classification of work units is proposed to enable the use of environmental product information, such as eco-labels and/or EPD, and LCA databases. The carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) are the indicators selected because of their straightforward message. Finally, a comparative analysis is performed showing the high recycling potential of concrete and cement which, along with metals and aggregates, control the impact in terms of CF. With respect to the WF indicator, plastic substitute aggregates are among the materials with the greatest impact

Los cambios legislativos que se han producido en la Unión Europea por la aparición de la Directiva UE 2014-24 sobre contratación pública, han transformado el paradigma en el control de costes de la edificación pública. Evolucionando desde el conocimiento de los costes de construcción al conocimiento de los costes a lo largo del ciclo de vida de la edificación como parámetro de evaluación de las licitaciones pública. El objetivo principal de la investigación es diseñar una metodología que permita el predimensionado de costes de todo el ciclo de vida de la edificación en las etapas previas del diseño y contemplando los costes de preconstrucción, construcción, uso y fin de vida. Basada de las estructuras dadas por las normas profesionales como la UNE-EN-15643-4 y UNE-EN16627, tomando como referencia los datos que aportan las mediciones y presupuestos de las edificaciones existentes, y la Base de Costes de Construcción de Andalucía, se propone una clasificación y estructura de la información de la construcción, y una base de costes para el predimensionamiento del coste del ciclo de vida. Además, se desarrolla un modelo de cálculo que permite homogeneizar los costes y aplicarlos en cada etapa del ciclo de vida para obtener el valor actual de la inversión. Los costes del ciclo de vida se estiman en usos del edificio con una duración de 40, 70 y 100 años. Esta metodología se aplica al estudio de caso de una escuela secundaria en Andalucía, España. Los resultados de un periodo de estudio de 100 años distribuyen los costes (3.892,14 €/m2) en 9% en la etapa de preconstrucción, 32% en la etapa de construcción, 58% en la etapa de uso y 1% en la etapa de fin de vida, empleando una tasa de descuento 1,5%. Los costes fiscales del ciclo de vida ascienden al 2% y los otros gastos del promotor al 4%. La estructura de la información y el modelo de cálculo propuestos permiten realizar simulaciones de distintos datos económicos y diferentes elementos constructivos, siendo útil para la t, The legislative changes that have occurred in the European Union because of the appearance of the EU Directive 2014-24 on public procurement, have changed the paradigm in the cost control of public building construction, which goes from determining construction costs to costs throughout the life cycle of the building, as a parameter for evaluating public tenders. The main objective of the research is to design a methodology that allows the pre-dimensioning of costs of the entire life cycle of the building, starting at the previous stages of design and considering the costs of pre-construction, construction, use and end-of-life. Based on the structures given by professional standards such as UNE-EN-15643-4 and UNE-EN16627, and taking as a reference the data provided by measurements and budgets of existing buildings, and the Andalusian Construction Cost Database, it is proposed a construction information classification system, and a life cycle cost pre-dimensioning database. In addition, a calculation model is developed that allows a costs standardization in order to obtain the actual value of the investment cost. Life cycle costs are estimated for the building use periods of 40, 70 and 100 years. This methodology is applied to the case study of a secondary school in Andalusia, Spain. The results of 100 years study period distributes the costs (€ 3,892.14 / m2), 9% in the pre-construction stage, 32% in the construction stage, 58% in the use stage and 1% in the end-of-life stage, using a 1.5% discount rate. The taxation costs of the life cycle amount to 2% and the other expenses of the promoter to 4%. The proposed information structure and the calculation model allow simulations of different economic data and different construction elements, being useful for decision-making in the initial stages of building design.

Loss of functional mitochondrial complex I (MCI) in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease1. Yet, whether this change contributes to Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis is unclear2. Here we used intersectional genetics to disrupt the function of MCI in mouse dopaminergic neurons. Disruption of MCI induced a Warburg-like shift in metabolism that enabled neuronal survival, but triggered a progressive loss of the dopaminergic phenotype that was first evident in nigrostriatal axons. This axonal deficit was accompanied by motor learning and fine motor deficits, but not by clear levodopa-responsive parkinsonism—which emerged only after the later loss of dopamine release in the substantia nigra. Thus, MCI dysfunction alone is sufficient to cause progressive, human-like parkinsonism in which the loss of nigral dopamine release makes a critical contribution to motor dysfunction, contrary to the current Parkinson’s disease paradigm.

In Spain, most businesses are medium to small size enterprises, representing 90% of the total, but there is a lack of studies of the types of building this sector uses. The main objective of this paper is to present a method for the evaluation of small industrial construction projects to facilitate the introduction of eco-efficient solutions. For this, it is necessary to identify the most representative buildings and the aspects of these which have the most environmental impact. A methodology in place for the evaluation of dwelling construction is adapted, for the first time, to evaluate industrial buildings. The construction solutions characterized are those traditionally used in the sector, as identified through 87 surveys. A standardized classification of work units is proposed to enable the use of environmental product information, such as eco-labels and/or EPD, and LCA databases. The carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) are the indicators selected because of their straightforward message. Finally, a comparative analysis is performed showing the high recycling potential of concrete and cement which, along with metals and aggregates, control the impact in terms of CF. With respect to the WF indicator, plastic substitute aggregates are among the materials with the greatest impact

Urbanization projects, understood as those supplying basic services for cities, such as drinking water, sewers, communication services, power, and lighting, are normally short-term extremely scattered actions, and it can be difficult to track their environmental impact. The present article’s main contribution is to employ the project budgets of public urbanization work to provide an instrument for environmental improvement, thereby helping public procurement, including sustainability criteria. Two urban projects in Seville, Spain are studied: the first substitutes existing services, and the second also includes gardens and playgrounds in the street margins. The methodology finds the construction elements that must be controlled in each project from the perspective of three indicators: carbon, water footprints, and embodied energy. The main impacts found are due to only four construction units: concrete, aggregates, asphalt, and ceramic pipes for the sewer system, that represent 70% or more of the total impact in all indicators studied. The public developer can focus procurement on those few elements in order to exert a lower impact and to significantly reduce the environmental burden of urbanization projects

Urbanization projects, understood as those supplying basic services for cities, such as drinking water, sewers, communication services, power, and lighting, are normally short-term extremely scattered actions, and it can be difficult to track their environmental impact. The present article’s main contribution is to employ the project budgets of public urbanization work to provide an instrument for environmental improvement, thereby helping public procurement, including sustainability criteria. Two urban projects in Seville, Spain are studied: the first substitutes existing services, and the second also includes gardens and playgrounds in the street margins. The methodology finds the construction elements that must be controlled in each project from the perspective of three indicators: carbon, water footprints, and embodied energy. The main impacts found are due to only four construction units: concrete, aggregates, asphalt, and ceramic pipes for the sewer system, that represent 70% or more of the total impact in all indicators studied. The public developer can focus procurement on those few elements in order to exert a lower impact and to significantly reduce the environmental burden of urbanization projects

Urbanization projects, understood as those supplying basic services for cities, such as drinking water, sewers, communication services, power, and lighting, are normally short-term extremely scattered actions, and it can be difficult to track their environmental impact. The present article’s main contribution is to employ the project budgets of public urbanization work to provide an instrument for environmental improvement, thereby helping public procurement, including sustainability criteria. Two urban projects in Seville, Spain are studied: the first substitutes existing services, and the second also includes gardens and playgrounds in the street margins. The methodology finds the construction elements that must be controlled in each project from the perspective of three indicators: carbon, water footprints, and embodied energy. The main impacts found are due to only four construction units: concrete, aggregates, asphalt, and ceramic pipes for the sewer system, that represent 70% or more of the total impact in all indicators studied. The public developer can focus procurement on those few elements in order to exert a lower impact and to significantly reduce the environmental burden of urbanization projects.

Urbanization projects, understood as those supplying basic services for cities, such as drinking water, sewers, communication services, power, and lighting, are normally short-term extremely scattered actions, and it can be difficult to track their environmental impact. The present article’s main contribution is to employ the project budgets of public urbanization work to provide an instrument for environmental improvement, thereby helping public procurement, including sustainability criteria. Two urban projects in Seville, Spain are studied: the first substitutes existing services, and the second also includes gardens and playgrounds in the street margins. The methodology finds the construction elements that must be controlled in each project from the perspective of three indicators: carbon, water footprints, and embodied energy. The main impacts found are due to only four construction units: concrete, aggregates, asphalt, and ceramic pipes for the sewer system, that represent 70% or more of the total impact in all indicators studied. The public developer can focus procurement on those few elements in order to exert a lower impact and to significantly reduce the environmental burden of urbanization projects

Urbanization projects, understood as those supplying basic services for cities, such as drinking water, sewers, communication services, power, and lighting, are normally short-term extremely scattered actions, and it can be difficult to track their environmental impact. The present article’s main contribution is to employ the project budgets of public urbanization work to provide an instrument for environmental improvement, thereby helping public procurement, including sustainability criteria. Two urban projects in Seville, Spain are studied: the first substitutes existing services, and the second also includes gardens and playgrounds in the street margins. The methodology finds the construction elements that must be controlled in each project from the perspective of three indicators: carbon, water footprints, and embodied energy. The main impacts found are due to only four construction units: concrete, aggregates, asphalt, and ceramic pipes for the sewer system, that represent 70% or more of the total impact in all indicators studied. The public developer can focus procurement on those few elements in order to exert a lower impact and to significantly reduce the environmental burden of urbanization projects.

Urbanization projects, understood as those supplying basic services for cities, such as drinking water, sewers, communication services, power, and lighting, are normally short-term extremely scattered actions, and it can be difficult to track their environmental impact. The present article’s main contribution is to employ the project budgets of public urbanization work to provide an instrument for environmental improvement, thereby helping public procurement, including sustainability criteria. Two urban projects in Seville, Spain are studied: the first substitutes existing services, and the second also includes gardens and playgrounds in the street margins. The methodology finds the construction elements that must be controlled in each project from the perspective of three indicators: carbon, water footprints, and embodied energy. The main impacts found are due to only four construction units: concrete, aggregates, asphalt, and ceramic pipes for the sewer system, that represent 70% or more of the total impact in all indicators studied. The public developer can focus procurement on those few elements in order to exert a lower impact and to significantly reduce the environmental burden of urbanization projects.

La gentrificación es un proceso de transformación de un territorio, en el cual se ven implicados múltiples agentes que generan cambios tanto físicos como simbólicos en la población y la urbe, esto con el fin de mejorar la imagen estética de un barrio y convertir un territorio en una explotación del capital. Como consecuencia, dichos procesos dan origen a desplazamientos y exclusión de la población que, por diferentes condiciones no se puede adaptar a los cambios físicos y las dinámicas culturales en las que se ve expuesto un territorio, lo que posteriormente, desencadena una sustitución de la población inicial. En la actualidad, estos procesos presentan un vacío a nivel cuantitativo ya que, los estudios en relación con este proceso se han centrado en la parte teórica dejando de lado la parte cuantificable. Aun cuando se tiene un vacío en cifras, desde la base teórica se busca poner en evidencia los posibles motores que desencadenan dichos procesos basándose en análisis cuantitativos. Es por esto, que se propone abrir una línea de investigación que busca enlazar los proyectos de rehabilitación energética como posibles motores de gentrificación. Actualmente, la pobreza energética es un tema en auge debido a la concentración de interés por parte de las políticas públicas a nivel global en busca de subsanar y prevenir las afectaciones al medio ambiente. Sin embargo, estos proyectos y planes de intervención por parte del Estado -en su mayoría- se desarrollan en hogares vulnerables susceptibles a vivir procesos de exclusión. De ahí que, se genere el debate entre la rehabilitación como herramienta para mejorar la calidad de las viviendas, pero también como posible motor de la elitización de dichas zonas. Este trabajo propone una revisión del Indicador de Hogares Vulnerables (IHV) desarrollado por el Dr. Raúl Castaño (Castaño-Rosa, 2018), el cual analiza la situación de vulnerabilidad de un hogar en función distintas características familiares y de vivienda. Por lo que, se, Gentrification is a process of transformation of a territory, which involves multiple agents that generate both physical and symbolic changes in the population and the city. This improves the aesthetic image of a neighborhood and turn territory into the exploitation of capital. Therefore, these processes give rise to displacements and exclusion of the population that cannot adapt, due to different conditions, to the physical changes and cultural dynamics a territory is exposed, which subsequently triggers a replacement of the initial population. Nowadays, there is a quantitative gap in these processes, since the studies related to this process have focused on the theoretical part, leaving aside the quantifiable part. Even though there is a gap in figures, the theoretical basis seeks to highlight the possible drivers that trigger these processes based on quantitative analysis. For this reason, it is proposed to open a line of research that seeks to link energy rehabilitation projects as possible drivers of gentrification. Currently, energy poverty is a booming issue due to the concentration of interest on the part of public policies at a global level in search of remedying environmental impacts. However, these projects and intervention planed -most of them- by the State are developed in vulnerable households susceptible to live exclusion processes. Hence, the debate is generated between rehabilitation as a tool to improve the quality of housing, but also as a possible driver of the eliticization of these areas. This work proposes a review of the Vulnerable Household Indicator (VHI) developed by Dr. Raúl Castaño, which analyses the vulnerability of a household according to different family and housing characteristics. Therefore, an analysis of the VHI is carried out to find its direct and/or indirect relationship between gentrification and fuel poverty using a quantitative methodology. This is done employing the MPI (Monetary Poverty Indicator), one of the three indic

La investigación se desarrolla a partir de la idea de que la Arteterapia puede representar un espacio para la promoción de la salud mental como derecho humano. Esa función promotora pareciera implícita cuando se habla de esta disciplina, sin embargo, el planteamiento de la investigación propone, en primer lugar, que esta función depende en gran parte de la figura del/la arteterapeuta y de su posicionamiento y, en segundo lugar, que existe una relación estrecha pero no del todo reconocida o visibilizada entre la Arteterapia y los Derechos Humanos. Por lo que, siguiendo el método de investigación basado en diseño se trabajó con un grupo de cinco expertas, conformado por cuatro arteterapeutas y una psicóloga con amplia trayectoria en la defensa de Derechos Humanos, con quienes se llevó a cabo una labor colaborativa desarrollada a lo largo de cinco momentos. Esta se concentró en poder conocer sus experiencias profesionales, así como sus ideas y sugerencias en torno a la propuesta de la investigación, mismas que a través de su comparación, revisión y posterior validación de los contenidos resultantes, sirvieron para determinar las bases que dieron pie a la elaboración de la primera versión de la guía “Miradas Integradas” fundamentada en el Enfoque Basado en Derechos Humanos y dirigida a arteterapeutas, la cual tiene el propósito de generar un proceso de autoobservación sobre su posicionamiento respecto de los derechos humanos en relación con su labor arteterapéutica, así como también destacar la relevancia de incorporar a la etapa formativa de las y los profesionales de la arteterapia una línea dirigida a la educación en Derechos Humanos como herramienta clave para el desarrollo de una práctica caracterizada por una mirada desde este enfoque., The research is developed from the idea that Art Therapy can represent a space for the promotion of mental health as a human right. This promoting function seems to be implicit when talking about this discipline, however, the approach of the research proposes, firstly, that this function depends largely on the figure of the art therapist and his/her positioning and, secondly, that there is a close but not fully recognized or visible relationship between Art Therapy and Human Rights. Therefore, following the design-based research method, the work was done with a group of five experts, including four art therapists and a psychologist with extensive experience in the defense of Human Rights, with whom was conducted a collaborative work developed over five moments. This focused on learning about their professional experiences, as well as their ideas and suggestions regarding the research proposal, which through comparison, review and subsequent validation of the resulting contents, served to determine the foundations that led to the development of the first version of the guide "Miradas Integradas" based on the Human Rights Approach addressed to art therapists with the purpose of generating a process of self-observation on their positioning regarding human rights in relation to their art therapy work, as well as highlighting the relevance of incorporating into the formative stage of art therapy professionals a line related to human rights education as a key tool for the development of a practice characterized by a gaze from this approach.

Urbanization projects, understood as those supplying basic services for cities, such as drinking water, sewers, communication services, power, and lighting, are normally short-term extremely scattered actions, and it can be difficult to track their environmental impact. The present article’s main contribution is to employ the project budgets of public urbanization work to provide an instrument for environmental improvement, thereby helping public procurement, including sustainability criteria. Two urban projects in Seville, Spain are studied: the first substitutes existing services, and the second also includes gardens and playgrounds in the street margins. The methodology finds the construction elements that must be controlled in each project from the perspective of three indicators: carbon, water footprints, and embodied energy. The main impacts found are due to only four construction units: concrete, aggregates, asphalt, and ceramic pipes for the sewer system, that represent 70% or more of the total impact in all indicators studied. The public developer can focus procurement on those few elements in order to exert a lower impact and to significantly reduce the environmental burden of urbanization projects.

Urbanization projects, understood as those supplying basic services for cities, such as drinking water, sewers, communication services, power, and lighting, are normally short-term extremely scattered actions, and it can be difficult to track their environmental impact. The present article’s main contribution is to employ the project budgets of public urbanization work to provide an instrument for environmental improvement, thereby helping public procurement, including sustainability criteria. Two urban projects in Seville, Spain are studied: the first substitutes existing services, and the second also includes gardens and playgrounds in the street margins. The methodology finds the construction elements that must be controlled in each project from the perspective of three indicators: carbon, water footprints, and embodied energy. The main impacts found are due to only four construction units: concrete, aggregates, asphalt, and ceramic pipes for the sewer system, that represent 70% or more of the total impact in all indicators studied. The public developer can focus procurement on those few elements in order to exert a lower impact and to significantly reduce the environmental burden of urbanization projects.

Urbanization projects, understood as those supplying basic services for cities, such as drinking water, sewers, communication services, power, and lighting, are normally short-term extremely scattered actions, and it can be difficult to track their environmental impact. The present article’s main contribution is to employ the project budgets of public urbanization work to provide an instrument for environmental improvement, thereby helping public procurement, including sustainability criteria. Two urban projects in Seville, Spain are studied: the first substitutes existing services, and the second also includes gardens and playgrounds in the street margins. The methodology finds the construction elements that must be controlled in each project from the perspective of three indicators: carbon, water footprints, and embodied energy. The main impacts found are due to only four construction units: concrete, aggregates, asphalt, and ceramic pipes for the sewer system, that represent 70% or more of the total impact in all indicators studied. The public developer can focus procurement on those few elements in order to exert a lower impact and to significantly reduce the environmental burden of urbanization projects.

Cocoa is an important crop in the Colombian agricultural sector due to the productive chain with the agro-industry, the social impact and the appreciation of the world market for chocolates, confectionery and others; which is found in high percentage in the hands of small and medium farmers scattered throughout various regions of the country, in many cases in remote areas with a low technological level, to which the use of technological innovations from Digital Agriculture (AD) of the SENA project Cacao 4.0 would serve to increase competitiveness and thereby improve the farmer's quality of life, but it is necessary for them to have access to these innovations. Based on this access, the connectivity and electronic literacy of cocoa farmers in the Urabá Antioqueño area was evaluated in the field, measuring coverage, access and use of the internet in general. Low values ​​were found in each of them, consistent with those mentioned in the literature for the rural sector of Colombia and Latin America. Based on the results obtained, a 67% digital gap index was established, where internet use is the most lagging indicator and mobile internet access with a value close to 70%., El cacao, es un cultivo de importancia en el sector agrícola colombiano por el encadenamiento productivo con la agroindustria, el impacto social y la apreciación del mercado mundial de chocolates, confitería y otros; que se encuentra en alto porcentaje en manos de pequeños y medianos agricultores dispersos por varias regiones del país, en bastantes casos en zonas apartadas y de bajo nivel tecnológico, al que el uso de innovaciones tecnológicas de la Agricultura Digital (AD) del proyecto del SENA Cacao 4.0, serviría para incrementar la competitividad y con ello mejorar la calidad de vida del agricultor, pero, es necesario que tengan acceso a dichas innovaciones. En función de ese acceso, se evalúa en campo la conectividad y alfabetización electrónica de los cacaocultores en la zona del Urabá Antioqueño, midiendo la cobertura, el acceso y el uso de internet en general. Se encuentran valores bajos en cada uno de ellos, acordes a los mencionados en la literatura para el sector rural de Colombia y América Latina. Con base en los resultados obtenidos, se establece un índice de brecha digital del 67%, donde el uso de internet se presenta como el indicador más rezagado y el acceso a internet móvil con un valor cercano al 70%.

Loss of functional mitochondrial complex I (MCI) in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease1. Yet, whether this change contributes to Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis is unclear2. Here we used intersectional genetics to disrupt the function of MCI in mouse dopaminergic neurons. Disruption of MCI induced a Warburg-like shift in metabolism that enabled neuronal survival, but triggered a progressive loss of the dopaminergic phenotype that was first evident in nigrostriatal axons. This axonal deficit was accompanied by motor learning and fine motor deficits, but not by clear levodopa-responsive parkinsonism—which emerged only after the later loss of dopamine release in the substantia nigra. Thus, MCI dysfunction alone is sufficient to cause progressive, human-like parkinsonism in which the loss of nigral dopamine release makes a critical contribution to motor dysfunction, contrary to the current Parkinson’s disease paradigm.

The construction sector is one of the most polluting industries, generating between 30% and 40% of the worldwide environmental burden in terms of raw materials, direct and indirect energy consumption, waste, and CO2 emissions. Recent advances in computer science and data management have facilitated the evaluation of present and future impacts, thus improving the sustainability of architectural designs. Powerful software tools, such as Building Information Modelling (BIM),allow environmental indicators to be incorporated into the construction elements that make up the project to evaluate it during the design stage. In this work, the state of the art of ecological indicator application through BIM platforms is studied. Barriers and uncertainties are also identified.Subsequently, a model is proposed to evaluate the environmental impact of an urbanization processor a project through several ecological indicators (carbon footprint, water footprint, and embodiedenergy). To perform this analysis, the most important aspect is to determine the quantities of each construction element and their clear decomposition into subelements, since both aspects add certainty to the analysis. For this purpose, construction cost databases are a good instrument for introducing environmental a wareness. The reliability of LCA data, which can be obtained from generic databasesor ecolabels such as environmental product declarations, becomes crucial

The energy performance of a building is affected by the periodic thermal properties of the walls, and reliable methods of characterising these are therefore required. However, the methods that are currently available involve theoretical calculations that make it difficult to assess the condition of existing walls. In this study, the characterisation of the periodic thermal variables of walls using experimental measurements and methods as described in ISO 13786 was assessed. Two regression algorithms (multilayer perceptron [MLP] and random forest [RF]) and input variables obtained using two experimental methods (the heat flow meter and the thermometric method) were used. The methods gave accurate estimates, and better statistical parameter values were given by the RF models than the multilayer perceptron models. For all the periodic thermal variables, the percentage differences between the actual values and the estimated values given by the RF algorithm were low. The heat flow meter and the thermometric methods can both be used to characterise accurately the periodic thermal properties of walls using the RF algorithm. The variables specific to each method, including the wall thickness and the date of construction, affected the accuracies of the models most strongly.

The energy performance of a building is affected by the periodic thermal properties of the walls, and reliable methods of characterising these are therefore required. However, the methods that are currently available involve theoretical calculations that make it difficult to assess the condition of existing walls. In this study, the characterisation of the periodic thermal variables of walls using experimental measurements and methods as described in ISO 13786 was assessed. Two regression algorithms (multilayer perceptron [MLP] and random forest [RF]) and input variables obtained using two experimental methods (the heat flow meter and the thermometric method) were used. The methods gave accurate estimates, and better statistical parameter values were given by the RF models than the multilayer perceptron models. For all the periodic thermal variables, the percentage differences between the actual values and the estimated values given by the RF algorithm were low. The heat flow meter and the thermometric methods can both be used to characterise accurately the periodic thermal properties of walls using the RF algorithm. The variables specific to each method, including the wall thickness and the date of construction, affected the accuracies of the models most strongly.

The construction sector is one of the most polluting industries, generating between 30% and 40% of the worldwide environmental burden in terms of raw materials, direct and indirect energy consumption, waste, and CO2 emissions. Recent advances in computer science and data management have facilitated the evaluation of present and future impacts, thus improving the sustainability of architectural designs. Powerful software tools, such as Building Information Modelling (BIM),allow environmental indicators to be incorporated into the construction elements that make up the project to evaluate it during the design stage. In this work, the state of the art of ecological indicator application through BIM platforms is studied. Barriers and uncertainties are also identified.Subsequently, a model is proposed to evaluate the environmental impact of an urbanization processor a project through several ecological indicators (carbon footprint, water footprint, and embodiedenergy). To perform this analysis, the most important aspect is to determine the quantities of each construction element and their clear decomposition into subelements, since both aspects add certainty to the analysis. For this purpose, construction cost databases are a good instrument for introducing environmental a wareness. The reliability of LCA data, which can be obtained from generic databasesor ecolabels such as environmental product declarations, becomes crucial

En los últimos años, la creciente preocupación por el elevado consumo energético de los edificios se ha focalizado a través de la rehabilitación energética con el objetivo de reducirlo. En este sentido, la transmitancia térmica de los cerramientos determina en gran medida este consumo energético, por lo que existe un gran interés por disponer de métodos que permitan evaluarla de manera precisa. Esta propiedad se puede determinar a través de diferentes procedimientos tanto teóricos como experimentales. Todos estos métodos pueden verse afectados por una serie de factores que pueden derivar en la obtención de resultados atípicos. Aspectos tales como el uso de variables tabuladas, los errores metrológicos, la inercia térmica o los factores ambientales pueden influir de manera significativa en los resultados. Ante esta circunstancia, en esta tesis se realizaron una serie de estudios para abordar las principales debilidades detectadas en la literatura científica: el análisis del término convectivo utilizado en los métodos de termografía infrarroja cuantitativa, el análisis y la optimización del método termométrico y, por último, la estimación de la transmitancia térmica de la ISO 6946:2007 a través de mediciones in situ. Para obtener una gran cantidad de datos, se llevaron a cabo dos campañas experimentales cuyos diseños se adaptaron a las necesidades particulares de cada planteamiento. Asimismo, la combinación de los datos experimentales con otras técnicas, como procesos de simulación y la aplicación de algoritmos de aprendizaje automático, permitió desarrollar diferentes investigaciones. La utilización de las correlaciones experimentales de números adimensionales para el método interior de termografía infrarroja cuantitativa resultó ser la aplicación más adecuada para este método. En esta línea, el análisis de los datos obtenidos para este aspecto mostró que el número de resultados válidos conseguidos fue superior al de otras correlaciones experimentales interiores y ex

The energy performance of a building is affected by the periodic thermal properties of the walls, and reliable methods of characterising these are therefore required. However, the methods that are currently available involve theoretical calculations that make it difficult to assess the condition of existing walls. In this study, the characterisation of the periodic thermal variables of walls using experimental measurements and methods as described in ISO 13786 was assessed. Two regression algorithms (multilayer perceptron [MLP] and random forest [RF]) and input variables obtained using two experimental methods (the heat flow meter and the thermometric method) were used. The methods gave accurate estimates, and better statistical parameter values were given by the RF models than the multilayer perceptron models. For all the periodic thermal variables, the percentage differences between the actual values and the estimated values given by the RF algorithm were low. The heat flow meter and the thermometric methods can both be used to characterise accurately the periodic thermal properties of walls using the RF algorithm. The variables specific to each method, including the wall thickness and the date of construction, affected the accuracies of the models most strongly.

Innovative designs, such as those taking place in nearly zero-energy buildings, need to tackle Life Cycle Cost, because reducing the impact of use can carry other collateral and unexpected costs. For example, it is interesting to include the evaluation of end-of-life costs by introducing future activities of selective dismantling and waste management, to also improve the environmental performance of the demotion project. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop methods that relate the process of selective demolition to the waste quantification and the costs derived from its management. In addition, a sensitivity analysis of end-of-life parameters allows different construction types, waste treatment options, and waste management costs to be compared. The assessment of end-of-life costs in the present work is developed by a case-based reasoning. Cost data are obtained from three actual studies which are part of the H2020 CRAVEzero project (Cost Reduction and Market Acceleration for Viable Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings). Results show that end-of-life costs are similar to traditional building typologies. The most influential materials are part of the substructure and structure of the building, such as concrete and steel products.

Identifying those households in an energy poverty vulnerability situation is the first step towards addressing a global social problem associated with the lack of minimum energy services, known as Fuel Poverty and Energy Poverty, FP and EP, respectively. The FP concept is defined in the United Kingdom as "the inability to obtain adequate thermal comfort due to the inefficiency of the house", while the EP concept reflects the impossibility in developing countries of having access to a minimal energy service. The lack of consensus when defining a clear path has meant that some countries have not recognized it as a social problem. The research is based on the review of both concepts, through the conceptual analysis of the terms, FP and EP, a review of indicators used, and the study of the capacity of the indicators to identify and propose solutions to the problem. All this regarding the objectives included: available infrastructures, energy efficiency, social and economic poverty, well-being and social health. The result is a review from a technical perspective in the residential sector, that helps develop solutions that cover the deficiencies found., Identificar aquellos hogares en una situación de vulnerabilidad a la pobreza energética es elprimer paso para abordar una problemática social a nivel mundial asociada a la falta de servicios energéticos mínimos, conocido por los términos anglosajones–Fuel Poverty y Energy Poverty, FP y EP, respectivamente. El concepto FP, definido en el Reino Unido como “la incapacidad para obtener un adecuado confort térmico debido a la ineficiencia de la vivienda”, mientras que el concepto EP refleja la imposibilidad de tener acceso a un servicio energético mínimo en países en desarrollo. La falta de un consenso a la hora de definir una ruta clara ha originado que algunos países no la reconozcan como un problema social. La investigación se basa en la revisión de ambos conceptos, a través del análisis conceptual de los términos FP y EP, revisión de indicadores utilizados, estudio de la capacidad de los indicadores para identificar y proponer soluciones a la problemática. Todo ello en relación a los objetivos incluidos: infraestructuras disponibles, eficiencia energética, pobreza social y económica, bienestar y salud social. El resultado es la revisión desde una perspectiva técnica en el sector residencial que ayude a desarrollar soluciones que cubran las carencias encontradas.

Innovative designs, such as those taking place in nearly zero-energy buildings, need to tackle Life Cycle Cost, because reducing the impact of use can carry other collateral and unexpected costs. For example, it is interesting to include the evaluation of end-of-life costs by introducing future activities of selective dismantling and waste management, to also improve the environmental performance of the demotion project. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop methods that relate the process of selective demolition to the waste quantification and the costs derived from its management. In addition, a sensitivity analysis of end-of-life parameters allows different construction types, waste treatment options, and waste management costs to be compared. The assessment of end-of-life costs in the present work is developed by a case-based reasoning. Cost data are obtained from three actual studies which are part of the H2020 CRAVEzero project (Cost Reduction and Market Acceleration for Viable Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings). Results show that end-of-life costs are similar to traditional building typologies. The most influential materials are part of the substructure and structure of the building, such as concrete and steel products.

The energy performance of a building is affected by the periodic thermal properties of the walls, and reliable methods of characterising these are therefore required. However, the methods that are currently available involve theoretical calculations that make it difficult to assess the condition of existing walls. In this study, the characterisation of the periodic thermal variables of walls using experimental measurements and methods as described in ISO 13786 was assessed. Two regression algorithms (multilayer perceptron [MLP] and random forest [RF]) and input variables obtained using two experimental methods (the heat flow meter and the thermometric method) were used. The methods gave accurate estimates, and better statistical parameter values were given by the RF models than the multilayer perceptron models. For all the periodic thermal variables, the percentage differences between the actual values and the estimated values given by the RF algorithm were low. The heat flow meter and the thermometric methods can both be used to characterise accurately the periodic thermal properties of walls using the RF algorithm. The variables specific to each method, including the wall thickness and the date of construction, affected the accuracies of the models most strongly.

The construction sector is one of the most polluting industries, generating between 30% and 40% of the worldwide environmental burden in terms of raw materials, direct and indirect energy consumption, waste, and CO2 emissions. Recent advances in computer science and data management have facilitated the evaluation of present and future impacts, thus improving the sustainability of architectural designs. Powerful software tools, such as Building Information Modelling (BIM),allow environmental indicators to be incorporated into the construction elements that make up the project to evaluate it during the design stage. In this work, the state of the art of ecological indicator application through BIM platforms is studied. Barriers and uncertainties are also identified.Subsequently, a model is proposed to evaluate the environmental impact of an urbanization processor a project through several ecological indicators (carbon footprint, water footprint, and embodiedenergy). To perform this analysis, the most important aspect is to determine the quantities of each construction element and their clear decomposition into subelements, since both aspects add certainty to the analysis. For this purpose, construction cost databases are a good instrument for introducing environmental a wareness. The reliability of LCA data, which can be obtained from generic databasesor ecolabels such as environmental product declarations, becomes crucial

Identifying those households in an energy poverty vulnerability situation is the first step towards addressing a global social problem associated with the lack of minimum energy services, known as Fuel Poverty and Energy Poverty, FP and EP, respectively. The FP concept is defined in the United Kingdom as "the inability to obtain adequate thermal comfort due to the inefficiency of the house", while the EP concept reflects the impossibility in developing countries of having access to a minimal energy service. The lack of consensus when defining a clear path has meant that some countries have not recognized it as a social problem. The research is based on the review of both concepts, through the conceptual analysis of the terms, FP and EP, a review of indicators used, and the study of the capacity of the indicators to identify and propose solutions to the problem. All this regarding the objectives included: available infrastructures, energy efficiency, social and economic poverty, well-being and social health. The result is a review from a technical perspective in the residential sector, that helps develop solutions that cover the deficiencies found., Identificar aquellos hogares en una situación de vulnerabilidad a la pobreza energética es elprimer paso para abordar una problemática social a nivel mundial asociada a la falta de servicios energéticos mínimos, conocido por los términos anglosajones–Fuel Poverty y Energy Poverty, FP y EP, respectivamente. El concepto FP, definido en el Reino Unido como “la incapacidad para obtener un adecuado confort térmico debido a la ineficiencia de la vivienda”, mientras que el concepto EP refleja la imposibilidad de tener acceso a un servicio energético mínimo en países en desarrollo. La falta de un consenso a la hora de definir una ruta clara ha originado que algunos países no la reconozcan como un problema social. La investigación se basa en la revisión de ambos conceptos, a través del análisis conceptual de los términos FP y EP, revisión de indicadores utilizados, estudio de la capacidad de los indicadores para identificar y proponer soluciones a la problemática. Todo ello en relación a los objetivos incluidos: infraestructuras disponibles, eficiencia energética, pobreza social y económica, bienestar y salud social. El resultado es la revisión desde una perspectiva técnica en el sector residencial que ayude a desarrollar soluciones que cubran las carencias encontradas.

Energy poverty is a multidimensional issue, and this means that it is difficult to understand the different levels of vulnerability to this phenomenon and its relationship with households’ quality of life. This paper presents the validation of an innovative index for the analysis of vulnerability to energy poverty according to monetary, energy, and thermal comfort factors: The Index of Vulnerable Homes (IVH). The IVH goes beyond the use of single self-reported indicators of thermal comfort, and instead uses the adaptive thermal-comfort model defined in the normative UNE EN 15251:2007 to assess thermal comfort in relation to energy poverty. Furthermore, it has the potential to evaluate the societal impacts of current energy poverty policies by providing the economic analysis of different situations of vulnerability. The IVH is validated by comparing its results to those obtained from a survey conducted in a small-scale study undertaken in Salford, UK. To this end, evidence from households living in terraced houses built before 1980 is used to analyze health status in terms of vulnerability to energy poverty vulnerability according to their monetary situation and the characteristics of the dwelling. In the end, the results show good agreement between both the IVH’s assessment and households’ evidence, leading to consider the IVH as a suitable approach to understanding different levels of vulnerability to energy poverty.

En los últimos años, la creciente preocupación por el elevado consumo energético de los edificios se ha focalizado a través de la rehabilitación energética con el objetivo de reducirlo. En este sentido, la transmitancia térmica de los cerramientos determina en gran medida este consumo energético, por lo que existe un gran interés por disponer de métodos que permitan evaluarla de manera precisa. Esta propiedad se puede determinar a través de diferentes procedimientos tanto teóricos como experimentales. Todos estos métodos pueden verse afectados por una serie de factores que pueden derivar en la obtención de resultados atípicos. Aspectos tales como el uso de variables tabuladas, los errores metrológicos, la inercia térmica o los factores ambientales pueden influir de manera significativa en los resultados. Ante esta circunstancia, en esta tesis se realizaron una serie de estudios para abordar las principales debilidades detectadas en la literatura científica: el análisis del término convectivo utilizado en los métodos de termografía infrarroja cuantitativa, el análisis y la optimización del método termométrico y, por último, la estimación de la transmitancia térmica de la ISO 6946:2007 a través de mediciones in situ. Para obtener una gran cantidad de datos, se llevaron a cabo dos campañas experimentales cuyos diseños se adaptaron a las necesidades particulares de cada planteamiento. Asimismo, la combinación de los datos experimentales con otras técnicas, como procesos de simulación y la aplicación de algoritmos de aprendizaje automático, permitió desarrollar diferentes investigaciones. La utilización de las correlaciones experimentales de números adimensionales para el método interior de termografía infrarroja cuantitativa resultó ser la aplicación más adecuada para este método. En esta línea, el análisis de los datos obtenidos para este aspecto mostró que el número de resultados válidos conseguidos fue superior al de otras correlaciones experimentales interiores y ex