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Although e-groceries is nothing new, the scale at which it is currently growing in the Netherlands has not been seen before. Over the past four years, the market share of online grocery shopping showed an average growth of over 20% per year. While it was already challenging to keep up with this high demand, it became increasingly more difficult due to COVID-19. In fear of getting infected, some consumers no longer visit the supermarkets, and instead, order their groceries online, further increasing the demand for e-groceries. One of the challenges caused by the high demand is handling enough customer orders in the online grocery fulfilment centres. These fulfilment centres can be described as “supermarkets” in which groceries are collected by operators instead of the consumer. After the groceries have been collected, they are either delivered to the consumer, or they can be collected at a pick-up point. While multiple strategies are described in literature that allow for the handling of more customer orders, most of them have only been applied to warehouses and distribution centres. Due to the significantly different operations of fulfilment centres, it is unknown whether the same strategies can be applied here. This thesis examines which strategies are appliable to online grocery fulfilment centres and how much additional customer orders can be handled. The identification of strategies was done through a case study at AH Online’s fulfilment centre in Rotterdam. A discrete-event simulation model was then used to evaluate the strategies. The output of this thesis is an overview of four strategies including their performance on timesaving, order picking productivity, and of course, the additional number of customer orders that can be handled., Transport, Infrastructure and Logistics

The number of people who buy their groceries via e-commerce at least once a month has increased since the start of the covid-19 pandemic. As food and food production contributes about 20 to 30 percent of the total consumption-related environmental impact in Europe, a change in consumer behavior is required. To encourage more sustainable consumer behavior nudging can be implemented. Digital nudging is an interface tool that can be applied in cases of influencing people to do a certain desired action. The scientific literature confirms that a knowledge gap exists in how nudging can be used as previous research has focused more on why nudging is beneficial. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to investigate how nudging can be used in a web-based grocery store to influence consumers to make more sustainable choices. The study uses a qualitative research strategy with semi-structured interviews as a data collection method. The results show that a lack of knowledge regarding the concept of sustainability and sustainable products is the biggest obstacle when it comes to trying to influence consumers to make sustainable choices. For this reason, the study's four nudge proposals are mainly intended to educate consumers about sustainable foods in connection with purchasing them via e-commerce. A need has been identified for future research studies to investigate how nudges can be designed for different customer segments and behavioral groups. In addition, there is a need for similar research studies to be conducted where the consumer perspective is included and explored.

Countries in the world face a big challenge in handling the coronavirus outbreak, which is officially identified by WHO as Corona Virus Disease-19 or abbreviated as Covid-19. This pandemic, which started in the city of Wuhan, China, has caused a global shock because, in the last few decades, we have never experienced a viral outbreak with such a rapid and massive rate and transmission rate like this coronavirus, far above its cousins ​​SARS and MERS viruses as well as Ebola, which had been tormented a few years ago, but was quickly resolved. Educational action on the impact of Covid-19 is very much needed to provide understanding to the people of Panjehang Village where the education contains what Covid-19 is, its effects and dangers, and how to prevent the spread of Covid-19 and to continue the distribution of food packages.

Countries in the world face a big challenge in handling the coronavirus outbreak, which is officially identified by WHO as Corona Virus Disease-19 or abbreviated as Covid-19. This pandemic, which started in the city of Wuhan, China, has caused a global shock because, in the last few decades, we have never experienced a viral outbreak with such a rapid and massive rate and transmission rate like this coronavirus, far above its cousins ​​SARS and MERS viruses as well as Ebola, which had been tormented a few years ago, but was quickly resolved. Educational action on the impact of Covid-19 is very much needed to provide understanding to the people of Panjehang Village where the education contains what Covid-19 is, its effects and dangers, and how to prevent the spread of Covid-19 and to continue the distribution of food packages.

Although e-groceries is nothing new, the scale at which it is currently growing in the Netherlands has not been seen before. Over the past four years, the market share of online grocery shopping showed an average growth of over 20% per year. While it was already challenging to keep up with this high demand, it became increasingly more difficult due to COVID-19. In fear of getting infected, some consumers no longer visit the supermarkets, and instead, order their groceries online, further increasing the demand for e-groceries. One of the challenges caused by the high demand is handling enough customer orders in the online grocery fulfilment centres. These fulfilment centres can be described as “supermarkets” in which groceries are collected by operators instead of the consumer. After the groceries have been collected, they are either delivered to the consumer, or they can be collected at a pick-up point. While multiple strategies are described in literature that allow for the handling of more customer orders, most of them have only been applied to warehouses and distribution centres. Due to the significantly different operations of fulfilment centres, it is unknown whether the same strategies can be applied here. This thesis examines which strategies are appliable to online grocery fulfilment centres and how much additional customer orders can be handled. The identification of strategies was done through a case study at AH Online’s fulfilment centre in Rotterdam. A discrete-event simulation model was then used to evaluate the strategies. The output of this thesis is an overview of four strategies including their performance on timesaving, order picking productivity, and of course, the additional number of customer orders that can be handled., Transport, Infrastructure and Logistics

The number of people who buy their groceries via e-commerce at least once a month has increased since the start of the covid-19 pandemic. As food and food production contributes about 20 to 30 percent of the total consumption-related environmental impact in Europe, a change in consumer behavior is required. To encourage more sustainable consumer behavior nudging can be implemented. Digital nudging is an interface tool that can be applied in cases of influencing people to do a certain desired action. The scientific literature confirms that a knowledge gap exists in how nudging can be used as previous research has focused more on why nudging is beneficial. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to investigate how nudging can be used in a web-based grocery store to influence consumers to make more sustainable choices. The study uses a qualitative research strategy with semi-structured interviews as a data collection method. The results show that a lack of knowledge regarding the concept of sustainability and sustainable products is the biggest obstacle when it comes to trying to influence consumers to make sustainable choices. For this reason, the study's four nudge proposals are mainly intended to educate consumers about sustainable foods in connection with purchasing them via e-commerce. A need has been identified for future research studies to investigate how nudges can be designed for different customer segments and behavioral groups. In addition, there is a need for similar research studies to be conducted where the consumer perspective is included and explored.

Title: The role of marketing in the pursuit of sustainable consumption Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Authors: Emelie Johansson, Elin Lundin Supervisor: Zahra Ahmadi and Akmal Hyder Examiner: Agneta Sundström Date: 2020 – 06 Aim: The aim of the study is to examine the extent to which sustainable consumption is perceived and how sustainable marketing influences consumers' purchasing behavior and awareness. Method: In this study, we have used a quantitative method consisting of a survey. The survey was answered by a total of 223 respondents in order to test the study's hypotheses and purpose. Hypothesis testing was performed by descriptive analysis and correlation analysis using the SPSS program. The results obtained are reported in tables and analyzed in comparison with previous theory. Conclusion: The study has shown that consumers have a high level of awareness of sustainable consumption. However, sustainable consumption is not complied with to the same extent as the consumer is conscious, which is influenced by factors of price and habit. Studies have also shown that sustainable marketing has an effect on the consumer's buying behavior and awareness and that consumers demand more communication about this from the grocery stores. Contribution: The study has contributed to the supplementation of already existing research in sustainable consumption and sustainable marketing. We have been able to demonstrate a link between sustainable marketing and consumer sustainable consumption. The study's main benefits are showing how grocery stores can increase their understanding of their consumers and what sustainability issues motivates them in their efforts to promote sustainable consumption. Keywords: Sustainable marketing, sustainable consumption, environmental awareness, purchasing behavior, purchasing decisions, overconsumption, climate change, grocery stores, groceries., Titel: Marknadsföringens roll i strävan mot hållbar konsumtion Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Emelie Johansson, Elin Lundin Handledare: Zahra Ahmadi och Akmal Hyder Examinator: Agneta Sundström Datum: 2020 – 06 Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning hållbar konsumtion uppfattas samt hur hållbar marknadsföring påverkar konsumenters köpbeteende och medvetenhet. Metod: I denna studie har vi använt en kvantitativ metod bestående av en enkätundersökning. Enkätundersökningen besvarades av totalt 223 respondenter i syfte att testa studiens hypoteser och syfte. Hypotesprövning utfördes genom deskriptiv analys och korrelationsanalys med hjälp av programmet SPSS. Resultaten som utvanns redovisas i tabeller och analyseras i jämförelse med tidigare teori. Slutsats: Studien har visat att konsumenter har en hög grad av medvetenhet om hållbar konsumtion. Däremot efterlevs inte hållbar konsumtion i samma utsträckning som konsumenten är medveten, vilket påverkas av faktorer såsom pris och vana. Studien har även visat att hållbar marknadsföring har effekt på konsumentens köpbeteende och medvetenhet och att konsumenterna efterfrågar mer kommunikation om detta från livsmedelsbutikerna. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien har bidragit till komplettering av redan befintlig forskning inom hållbar konsumtion och hållbar marknadsföring. Genom att vi kunnat påvisa ett samband mellan hållbar marknadsföring och konsumenternas hållbara konsumtion. Studien ger främst nytta till livsmedelsbutiker för att öka förståelsen för dess konsumenter och vad som motiverar dem i arbetet med att främja hållbar konsumtion. Nyckelord: Hållbar marknadsföring, hållbar konsumtion, miljömedvetenhet, köpbeteende, köpbeslut, överkonsumtion, klimatförändring, livsmedelsbutiker, dagligvaror.

Over the past years there has been a significant increase in the use of e-commerce and to which extent it is used. This has enabled a bigger market for consumption than ever before, and physical stores has now gained competition from the online based stores. Due to this market evolution, the consumers now have every opportunity to purchase goods at any time suitable. The concept of impulse-buying behaviour has thus become more relevant for research, as the markets are evolving, which raises questions if consumers are evolving parallelly. The commerce of groceries online is one market that has yet to be researched regarding impulse-buying behaviour, as it is a relatively new way of purchasing groceries. Members of Generation Y are the most frequent users of grocery shopping services online, which is why this is the demography of choice for this analysis. This study is inspired by previous research within the topic of impulse-buying behaviour, as well as the lack of research within this topic in regard to groceries. The research will aim to examine and identify how impulse purchases manifest themselves in an online environment when buying groceries. The study follows both classical impulse theory research as well as modern day consumer behaviour research, in order to gain a general understanding of impulse- buying behaviour of consumers. Existing research provides relevant information regarding the subject of impulse purchases; however, this study will contribute to the subject with a new perspective. Existing studies are focusing on either impulse purchase online or offline, impulse purchases or grocery shopping individually, which is why there is a research gap where these phenomena intersect. The study is expected to provide deeper understanding of how members of generation Y, or millennials, in Stockholm, act when shopping online, with emphasis on their perception of impulsive consumption behaviour. As well as examining online consumption, behaviour in physical st

The aim of the study is to see if a digital tool can combine the benefits of shopping online, with the perks of purchasing groceries in a physical store. Previous research in the area has found that grocery shopping online isn’t growing at the same pace as normal retail shopping online. The previous studies have narrowed this down to mainly being because consumers want the touch, feel and inspect groceries with an expiry date. Previous research has also found that consumers don’t want to wait for the delivery of groceries, and that some consumers consider the process of walking around in a grocery store relaxing and enjoyable. There’s also been previous research made around the concept of cross-shopping, something this study made use of, as well as consumers' different transportation methods in conjunction with shopping.The study first conducted a survey, which gathered input from 140 consumers, from different demographics. The survey was aimed to be used as a foundation for the app that was developed. The initial survey was also inline with both the hypothesis of the researchers, as well as previous work in the area. The app was then pushed out as an alpha release to 16 testers, who gave their input on what was working well, what wasn’t working, and which features they could see giving a better experience. Already here, the result was positive, showing several good effects of the app, with a vast majority of users both finding it useful and money saving. Based on the input gathered from the alpha testing, the app was further developed and pushed out in a beta release to three testers of different age groups, with whom more in-depth interviews were conducted. The main purpose of the interviews was to get an overview of how different generations used the application and if it changed their behavior somehow while testing it. 75% of the Alpha testers responded that they managed to save money while testing the app and 95% felt that it had in some form helped them plan t

En omfattande digitalisering har under den senaste tiden pågått i samhället där många företag väljer att till viss del eller helt flytta sin verksamhet till internet. För vissa branscher har det varit mer optimalt att skifta försäljningskanal, medan andra har stött på hinder. Livsmedelsbranschen är den bransch som dominerar totalmarknaden men den halkar efter i digitaliseringen. Denna studie har som syfte att ta reda på vilka faktorer som påverkar konsumenter att handla livsmedel på nätet. För att tillgodose studiens syfte användes en enkätstudie. Detta skapade möjlighet att få en djupare förståelse för konsumenternas beteenden. Enkätstudien bidrog också till att få en så bred bild om ämnet som möjligt inom den givna tidsramen för uppsatsskrivandet. Det empiriska materialet användes sedan som diskussionsunderlag till att jämföra med vad tidigare forskning har kunnat dra för slutsatser kring ämnet. Slutsatsen av studien är att det fortfarande är många konsumenter som inte handlar livsmedel på nätet. Respondenterna i denna studie ansåg att den främsta faktorn som påverkar att de hellre köper livsmedel i fysisk butik är att de vill kunna se och känna på varorna först. Priset på varor och fraktkostnad är även de faktorer som hade stor påverkan på varför konsumenter väljer bort att handla livsmedel på nätet. De faktorer som visade sig ha störst påverkan på hur ofta respondenterna handlade livsmedel på nätet var ålder, hushållsstorlek, varupris, fraktkostnad, krånglig retur/reklamation av varor samt trygga betalningsalternativ., In recent times, an extensive digitalization has taken place in society where many companies choose to move their business to the Internet to some extent or completely. For some industries, it has been more optimal to change sales channels, while others have encountered obstacles. The food industry is the industry that dominates the total market, but it has fallen behind in the digitalization. The purpose of this study is to find out which factors that influence consumers to buy groceries online. In order to meet the purpose of the study, a survey study was used. This created the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of consumer behaviour. The survey also helped to get as broad a picture of the topic as possible within the given time frame for the writing of the essay. The empirical material was then used as a discussion basis to compare with what previous research has concluded about the topic. The conclusion of the study is that there are still a lot of consumers who do not buy groceries online. The respondents in this study considered that the main factor that influences the fact that they prefer to buy groceries in a physical store is that they want to be able to see and feel the products first. The price of the products and shipping costs are also factors that had a major impact on consumers opinions. The factors that were found to have the greatest impact on how often the respondents buy groceries online were age, size of household, product price, shipping cost, difficult return/reclaim of products and secure payment options.

The aim of the study is to see if a digital tool can combine the benefits of shopping online, with the perks of purchasing groceries in a physical store. Previous research in the area has found that grocery shopping online isn’t growing at the same pace as normal retail shopping online. The previous studies have narrowed this down to mainly being because consumers want the touch, feel and inspect groceries with an expiry date. Previous research has also found that consumers don’t want to wait for the delivery of groceries, and that some consumers consider the process of walking around in a grocery store relaxing and enjoyable. There’s also been previous research made around the concept of cross-shopping, something this study made use of, as well as consumers' different transportation methods in conjunction with shopping.The study first conducted a survey, which gathered input from 140 consumers, from different demographics. The survey was aimed to be used as a foundation for the app that was developed. The initial survey was also inline with both the hypothesis of the researchers, as well as previous work in the area. The app was then pushed out as an alpha release to 16 testers, who gave their input on what was working well, what wasn’t working, and which features they could see giving a better experience. Already here, the result was positive, showing several good effects of the app, with a vast majority of users both finding it useful and money saving. Based on the input gathered from the alpha testing, the app was further developed and pushed out in a beta release to three testers of different age groups, with whom more in-depth interviews were conducted. The main purpose of the interviews was to get an overview of how different generations used the application and if it changed their behavior somehow while testing it. 75% of the Alpha testers responded that they managed to save money while testing the app and 95% felt that it had in some form helped them plan t

En omfattande digitalisering har under den senaste tiden pågått i samhället där många företag väljer att till viss del eller helt flytta sin verksamhet till internet. För vissa branscher har det varit mer optimalt att skifta försäljningskanal, medan andra har stött på hinder. Livsmedelsbranschen är den bransch som dominerar totalmarknaden men den halkar efter i digitaliseringen. Denna studie har som syfte att ta reda på vilka faktorer som påverkar konsumenter att handla livsmedel på nätet. För att tillgodose studiens syfte användes en enkätstudie. Detta skapade möjlighet att få en djupare förståelse för konsumenternas beteenden. Enkätstudien bidrog också till att få en så bred bild om ämnet som möjligt inom den givna tidsramen för uppsatsskrivandet. Det empiriska materialet användes sedan som diskussionsunderlag till att jämföra med vad tidigare forskning har kunnat dra för slutsatser kring ämnet. Slutsatsen av studien är att det fortfarande är många konsumenter som inte handlar livsmedel på nätet. Respondenterna i denna studie ansåg att den främsta faktorn som påverkar att de hellre köper livsmedel i fysisk butik är att de vill kunna se och känna på varorna först. Priset på varor och fraktkostnad är även de faktorer som hade stor påverkan på varför konsumenter väljer bort att handla livsmedel på nätet. De faktorer som visade sig ha störst påverkan på hur ofta respondenterna handlade livsmedel på nätet var ålder, hushållsstorlek, varupris, fraktkostnad, krånglig retur/reklamation av varor samt trygga betalningsalternativ., In recent times, an extensive digitalization has taken place in society where many companies choose to move their business to the Internet to some extent or completely. For some industries, it has been more optimal to change sales channels, while others have encountered obstacles. The food industry is the industry that dominates the total market, but it has fallen behind in the digitalization. The purpose of this study is to find out which factors that influence consumers to buy groceries online. In order to meet the purpose of the study, a survey study was used. This created the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of consumer behaviour. The survey also helped to get as broad a picture of the topic as possible within the given time frame for the writing of the essay. The empirical material was then used as a discussion basis to compare with what previous research has concluded about the topic. The conclusion of the study is that there are still a lot of consumers who do not buy groceries online. The respondents in this study considered that the main factor that influences the fact that they prefer to buy groceries in a physical store is that they want to be able to see and feel the products first. The price of the products and shipping costs are also factors that had a major impact on consumers opinions. The factors that were found to have the greatest impact on how often the respondents buy groceries online were age, size of household, product price, shipping cost, difficult return/reclaim of products and secure payment options.

Title: The role of marketing in the pursuit of sustainable consumption Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Authors: Emelie Johansson, Elin Lundin Supervisor: Zahra Ahmadi and Akmal Hyder Examiner: Agneta Sundström Date: 2020 – 06 Aim: The aim of the study is to examine the extent to which sustainable consumption is perceived and how sustainable marketing influences consumers' purchasing behavior and awareness. Method: In this study, we have used a quantitative method consisting of a survey. The survey was answered by a total of 223 respondents in order to test the study's hypotheses and purpose. Hypothesis testing was performed by descriptive analysis and correlation analysis using the SPSS program. The results obtained are reported in tables and analyzed in comparison with previous theory. Conclusion: The study has shown that consumers have a high level of awareness of sustainable consumption. However, sustainable consumption is not complied with to the same extent as the consumer is conscious, which is influenced by factors of price and habit. Studies have also shown that sustainable marketing has an effect on the consumer's buying behavior and awareness and that consumers demand more communication about this from the grocery stores. Contribution: The study has contributed to the supplementation of already existing research in sustainable consumption and sustainable marketing. We have been able to demonstrate a link between sustainable marketing and consumer sustainable consumption. The study's main benefits are showing how grocery stores can increase their understanding of their consumers and what sustainability issues motivates them in their efforts to promote sustainable consumption. Keywords: Sustainable marketing, sustainable consumption, environmental awareness, purchasing behavior, purchasing decisions, overconsumption, climate change, grocery stores, groceries., Titel: Marknadsföringens roll i strävan mot hållbar konsumtion Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Emelie Johansson, Elin Lundin Handledare: Zahra Ahmadi och Akmal Hyder Examinator: Agneta Sundström Datum: 2020 – 06 Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning hållbar konsumtion uppfattas samt hur hållbar marknadsföring påverkar konsumenters köpbeteende och medvetenhet. Metod: I denna studie har vi använt en kvantitativ metod bestående av en enkätundersökning. Enkätundersökningen besvarades av totalt 223 respondenter i syfte att testa studiens hypoteser och syfte. Hypotesprövning utfördes genom deskriptiv analys och korrelationsanalys med hjälp av programmet SPSS. Resultaten som utvanns redovisas i tabeller och analyseras i jämförelse med tidigare teori. Slutsats: Studien har visat att konsumenter har en hög grad av medvetenhet om hållbar konsumtion. Däremot efterlevs inte hållbar konsumtion i samma utsträckning som konsumenten är medveten, vilket påverkas av faktorer såsom pris och vana. Studien har även visat att hållbar marknadsföring har effekt på konsumentens köpbeteende och medvetenhet och att konsumenterna efterfrågar mer kommunikation om detta från livsmedelsbutikerna. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien har bidragit till komplettering av redan befintlig forskning inom hållbar konsumtion och hållbar marknadsföring. Genom att vi kunnat påvisa ett samband mellan hållbar marknadsföring och konsumenternas hållbara konsumtion. Studien ger främst nytta till livsmedelsbutiker för att öka förståelsen för dess konsumenter och vad som motiverar dem i arbetet med att främja hållbar konsumtion. Nyckelord: Hållbar marknadsföring, hållbar konsumtion, miljömedvetenhet, köpbeteende, köpbeslut, överkonsumtion, klimatförändring, livsmedelsbutiker, dagligvaror.

Over the past years there has been a significant increase in the use of e-commerce and to which extent it is used. This has enabled a bigger market for consumption than ever before, and physical stores has now gained competition from the online based stores. Due to this market evolution, the consumers now have every opportunity to purchase goods at any time suitable. The concept of impulse-buying behaviour has thus become more relevant for research, as the markets are evolving, which raises questions if consumers are evolving parallelly. The commerce of groceries online is one market that has yet to be researched regarding impulse-buying behaviour, as it is a relatively new way of purchasing groceries. Members of Generation Y are the most frequent users of grocery shopping services online, which is why this is the demography of choice for this analysis. This study is inspired by previous research within the topic of impulse-buying behaviour, as well as the lack of research within this topic in regard to groceries. The research will aim to examine and identify how impulse purchases manifest themselves in an online environment when buying groceries. The study follows both classical impulse theory research as well as modern day consumer behaviour research, in order to gain a general understanding of impulse- buying behaviour of consumers. Existing research provides relevant information regarding the subject of impulse purchases; however, this study will contribute to the subject with a new perspective. Existing studies are focusing on either impulse purchase online or offline, impulse purchases or grocery shopping individually, which is why there is a research gap where these phenomena intersect. The study is expected to provide deeper understanding of how members of generation Y, or millennials, in Stockholm, act when shopping online, with emphasis on their perception of impulsive consumption behaviour. As well as examining online consumption, behaviour in physical st

Today focus on the environemnt is bigger than ever before. UN writes in their climate agenda that they by 2030want to cut the food waste per capita in half. There are strict regulations today regarding how food needs to betransported and stored, but as soon as the consument takes, for example, milk from the frigde at a store there areonly a few guidelines about how the product should be stored. If a chilled or frozen product is not kept insidethe range of the given temperature, a microbilogical growth will begin. This leads to that the food goes bad or,in worst case, that the consumer gets poisoned. There is a change happening today in how the consumers shoptheir food and more focus is layed upon the customer to handle their grocery shopping by themselves. This project focuses on developing a solution that will help the consumer to keep their food at the right temperatureduring an extended period of time. The project is carried out in Stockholm during 20 weeks in collaborationwith IKEA of Sweden in Älmhult. The target group in this project is IKEA’s broad customer group.With help from a Human Centered Design process this project goes through the three phases; inspiration,ideation and implementation. The project has been formed with interaction through workshops with differentexternal actors like users and focus groups. The ideation resulted in four simpler concepts that verged in to twothrough external decision making with supervisors from IKEA of Sweden. During the project, the prototypeshave been used together with users to evaluate the usability of the concepts. The result consists of two concepts; Behålla and Blåsa, that are aimed to meet two different users that hasbeen identified through surveys and interviews. Behålla is a smaller product that is target towards the user thatbrings food with them to work or school, also to those who buys less groceries at the store. Blåsa is, in contrastto Behålla, a bigger product that is targeted towards the customers that b, Fokus på miljön är idag större än någonsin. FN skriver i sin klimat agenda att de till 2030 siktar på att halveramatsvinnet per capita. Idag finns det hårda regleringar om hur livsmedel ska transporte-ras och förvaras, menfrån den sekund konsumenten tar ut exempelvis ett mjölkpaket ur kyldisken finns det bara få riktlinjer om hurprodukten bör förvaras. Om en kyld eller fryst produkt inte hålls inom det angivna temperaturspannet skerdet en ökning i den mikrobiologiska tillväxten i livsmed-let. Detta leder i sin tur att matvaran blir dålig eller, ivärsta fall, att konsumenten blir förgiftad. Idag sker det också en förändring i hur konsumenterna handlar sinalivsmedel och allt större vikt läggs på att konsumenten för sig själv ska genomföra sitt köp. Detta projekt fokuserar på att utveckla en lösning som ska hjälpa konsumenten att hålla sina matvaror tempereradeunder en viss tid. Projektet är genomfört i Stockholm under 20 veckor i samarbete med IKEA ofSweden i Älmhult. Målgruppen i detta projekt är den breda kundgrupp som IKEA erhåller. Med hjälp av enanvändarcentrerad designprocess går det här projektet genom de tre designfaserna; inspiration, idégenereringoch slutligen implementering. Projektet har formats av interaktion genom workshops med olika externa aktörerså som användare och fokusgrupper. Idégenereringsfasen resulterade i fyra stycken enklare koncept somavgränsades till två genom extern beslutsfattning med handledare från IKEA of Sweden. Under projektets gånghar prototyper använts tillsammans med användare för att evaluera användarvänligheten hos koncepten. Resultatet består av två stycken koncept; Behålla och Blåsa, som är ämnade att möta två olika kundgrupper somhar identifierats genom enkäter och intervjuer. Behålla är en mindre produkt som riktar sig till de användaresom tar med sig matlåda till jobbet eller skolan samt till dem som köper färre matvaror i butiken. Blåsa är, ikontrast till Behålla en större produkt, skapad med fokus på de kunder som köper f

The project investigates the possibility of integrating new technological processes into the public realm in the city of Prague. This will act as a statement against the legacy of the new industrial capitalism, which has disconnected production, distribution and consumption spaces in the city. The focus is the design of a grocery re-distribution center as part of a larger network of sub-centers which make use of the shared-economy system and the Internet of Things (IoC)7. This emerged from the growing pressure to find feasible, environmentally friendly solutions for last mile deliveries and to keep up with the current market trends of same-day or 24 hours delivery. This process will deploy a paradigm shift in the architecture of storage and delivery on the one hand and on the other it will help Prague transition to the status of a Smart City., Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

We have tried to create a bin-packing algorithm that assigns items from a customer-order to totes such that the amount of totes is minimized. Analyzing the bin-packing algorithm that was used before this thesis had been written, taught us that xxx.xx% of the customer-orders was packed non optimal. In this thesis four algorithms are applied to Picnic data. The order in which the algorithms assign items to a tote has major consequences for the solutions. Eight different ways to order the items are combined with each algorithm, resulting in 32 different tote-calculations. Out of those 32 tote-calculations, the Best Fit Algorithm with items ordered in decreasing normalized values generates the best results. Remarkably, ordering items randomly also gives good solutions. This brought us to introducing a new method, where each customer-order is calculated at most eight times, each time shuffling the items before rerunning the algorithm and remembering the better solution. This heuristic is optimal for xxx.xx% of the customer-orders., Applied Mathematics

Today focus on the environemnt is bigger than ever before. UN writes in their climate agenda that they by 2030want to cut the food waste per capita in half. There are strict regulations today regarding how food needs to betransported and stored, but as soon as the consument takes, for example, milk from the frigde at a store there areonly a few guidelines about how the product should be stored. If a chilled or frozen product is not kept insidethe range of the given temperature, a microbilogical growth will begin. This leads to that the food goes bad or,in worst case, that the consumer gets poisoned. There is a change happening today in how the consumers shoptheir food and more focus is layed upon the customer to handle their grocery shopping by themselves. This project focuses on developing a solution that will help the consumer to keep their food at the right temperatureduring an extended period of time. The project is carried out in Stockholm during 20 weeks in collaborationwith IKEA of Sweden in Älmhult. The target group in this project is IKEA’s broad customer group.With help from a Human Centered Design process this project goes through the three phases; inspiration,ideation and implementation. The project has been formed with interaction through workshops with differentexternal actors like users and focus groups. The ideation resulted in four simpler concepts that verged in to twothrough external decision making with supervisors from IKEA of Sweden. During the project, the prototypeshave been used together with users to evaluate the usability of the concepts. The result consists of two concepts; Behålla and Blåsa, that are aimed to meet two different users that hasbeen identified through surveys and interviews. Behålla is a smaller product that is target towards the user thatbrings food with them to work or school, also to those who buys less groceries at the store. Blåsa is, in contrastto Behålla, a bigger product that is targeted towards the customers that b, Fokus på miljön är idag större än någonsin. FN skriver i sin klimat agenda att de till 2030 siktar på att halveramatsvinnet per capita. Idag finns det hårda regleringar om hur livsmedel ska transporte-ras och förvaras, menfrån den sekund konsumenten tar ut exempelvis ett mjölkpaket ur kyldisken finns det bara få riktlinjer om hurprodukten bör förvaras. Om en kyld eller fryst produkt inte hålls inom det angivna temperaturspannet skerdet en ökning i den mikrobiologiska tillväxten i livsmed-let. Detta leder i sin tur att matvaran blir dålig eller, ivärsta fall, att konsumenten blir förgiftad. Idag sker det också en förändring i hur konsumenterna handlar sinalivsmedel och allt större vikt läggs på att konsumenten för sig själv ska genomföra sitt köp. Detta projekt fokuserar på att utveckla en lösning som ska hjälpa konsumenten att hålla sina matvaror tempereradeunder en viss tid. Projektet är genomfört i Stockholm under 20 veckor i samarbete med IKEA ofSweden i Älmhult. Målgruppen i detta projekt är den breda kundgrupp som IKEA erhåller. Med hjälp av enanvändarcentrerad designprocess går det här projektet genom de tre designfaserna; inspiration, idégenereringoch slutligen implementering. Projektet har formats av interaktion genom workshops med olika externa aktörerså som användare och fokusgrupper. Idégenereringsfasen resulterade i fyra stycken enklare koncept somavgränsades till två genom extern beslutsfattning med handledare från IKEA of Sweden. Under projektets gånghar prototyper använts tillsammans med användare för att evaluera användarvänligheten hos koncepten. Resultatet består av två stycken koncept; Behålla och Blåsa, som är ämnade att möta två olika kundgrupper somhar identifierats genom enkäter och intervjuer. Behålla är en mindre produkt som riktar sig till de användaresom tar med sig matlåda till jobbet eller skolan samt till dem som köper färre matvaror i butiken. Blåsa är, ikontrast till Behålla en större produkt, skapad med fokus på de kunder som köper f

The project investigates the possibility of integrating new technological processes into the public realm in the city of Prague. This will act as a statement against the legacy of the new industrial capitalism, which has disconnected production, distribution and consumption spaces in the city. The focus is the design of a grocery re-distribution center as part of a larger network of sub-centers which make use of the shared-economy system and the Internet of Things (IoC)7. This emerged from the growing pressure to find feasible, environmentally friendly solutions for last mile deliveries and to keep up with the current market trends of same-day or 24 hours delivery. This process will deploy a paradigm shift in the architecture of storage and delivery on the one hand and on the other it will help Prague transition to the status of a Smart City., Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

We have tried to create a bin-packing algorithm that assigns items from a customer-order to totes such that the amount of totes is minimized. Analyzing the bin-packing algorithm that was used before this thesis had been written, taught us that xxx.xx% of the customer-orders was packed non optimal. In this thesis four algorithms are applied to Picnic data. The order in which the algorithms assign items to a tote has major consequences for the solutions. Eight different ways to order the items are combined with each algorithm, resulting in 32 different tote-calculations. Out of those 32 tote-calculations, the Best Fit Algorithm with items ordered in decreasing normalized values generates the best results. Remarkably, ordering items randomly also gives good solutions. This brought us to introducing a new method, where each customer-order is calculated at most eight times, each time shuffling the items before rerunning the algorithm and remembering the better solution. This heuristic is optimal for xxx.xx% of the customer-orders., Applied Mathematics

De etiska konsumenterna växer i antal (Young, Hwang, McDonald & Oates, 2010). och att äta veganskt blir allt mer populärt (The Nielsen Company, 2017). I takt med att de nya veganska produkterna intar marknaden saknas riktlinjer och forskning kring etiska budskap på veganska måltidsproteinförpackningar, något som skulle kunna hjälpa formgivare med hur de kan tänka när de designar dessa förpackningar. Den föreliggande studien undersöker om och hur olika varumärken som säljer vegansk processad mat förmedlar etiska budskap via texter, bilder, kostbenämningar och certifieringar på sina förpackningar samt hur konsumenterna ställer sig till budskapen. Studien genomfördes via en visuell innehållsanalys och en enkätundersökning. Resultatet visar att majoriteten av respondenterna ansåg att kommunikation av etiska budskap på förpackningar är positivt och kan ge mervärde till konsumenten utifrån målgrupp. Studien har även visat att varumärken med produktutbud för allätare till större del kommunicerar personliga preferenser medan varumärken med produktutbud för vegetarianer kommunicerar både etiska aspekter och personliga preferenser på sina förpackningar., The ethical consumers are growing in numbers (Young, Hwang, McDonald & Oates, 2010), and consuming a vegan diet is becoming more popular (The Nielsen Company, 2017). As the new products are entering the market, guidelines and research on ethical consumption for vegan meat substitute packages are lacking. This thesis can therefore help graphic designers with creating this type of packaging. The present study investigates whether and how different brands who sell vegan processed food communicate ethical statement through text, images, dietary name and certification on their packaging and consumers attitude about it. The study was conducted with a visual content analysis and a survey. The results present that majority of the respondents believe that the communication of ethical statement on the packaging is positive and can bring added value to the consumer based on the target group. The study also presents that brands with a product selection for omnivores, to the greater part only communicate personal preferences while brands with a product selection for vegetarians communicate both ethical aspects and personal preferences on its packaging.

De etiska konsumenterna växer i antal (Young, Hwang, McDonald & Oates, 2010). och att äta veganskt blir allt mer populärt (The Nielsen Company, 2017). I takt med att de nya veganska produkterna intar marknaden saknas riktlinjer och forskning kring etiska budskap på veganska måltidsproteinförpackningar, något som skulle kunna hjälpa formgivare med hur de kan tänka när de designar dessa förpackningar. Den föreliggande studien undersöker om och hur olika varumärken som säljer vegansk processad mat förmedlar etiska budskap via texter, bilder, kostbenämningar och certifieringar på sina förpackningar samt hur konsumenterna ställer sig till budskapen. Studien genomfördes via en visuell innehållsanalys och en enkätundersökning. Resultatet visar att majoriteten av respondenterna ansåg att kommunikation av etiska budskap på förpackningar är positivt och kan ge mervärde till konsumenten utifrån målgrupp. Studien har även visat att varumärken med produktutbud för allätare till större del kommunicerar personliga preferenser medan varumärken med produktutbud för vegetarianer kommunicerar både etiska aspekter och personliga preferenser på sina förpackningar., The ethical consumers are growing in numbers (Young, Hwang, McDonald & Oates, 2010), and consuming a vegan diet is becoming more popular (The Nielsen Company, 2017). As the new products are entering the market, guidelines and research on ethical consumption for vegan meat substitute packages are lacking. This thesis can therefore help graphic designers with creating this type of packaging. The present study investigates whether and how different brands who sell vegan processed food communicate ethical statement through text, images, dietary name and certification on their packaging and consumers attitude about it. The study was conducted with a visual content analysis and a survey. The results present that majority of the respondents believe that the communication of ethical statement on the packaging is positive and can bring added value to the consumer based on the target group. The study also presents that brands with a product selection for omnivores, to the greater part only communicate personal preferences while brands with a product selection for vegetarians communicate both ethical aspects and personal preferences on its packaging.

Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Den offentliga upphandlingen kan med väl genomtänkta krav på varor och tjänster bli en stark drivkraft och en föregångare för hållbar utveckling. Trots en svag och oklar lagstiftning inom området finns det idag stora möjligheter att ställa krav både på socialt ansvarstagande och miljöhänsyn i samband med offentliga upphandlingar. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur Värnamo kommun gör för att inkludera hållbarhet med inriktning på miljö i sina avtal med utvalda livsmedelsleverantörer. Vidare undersöks hur Värnamo kommun säkerställer att upphandlade varor och tjänster lever upp till avtalad kvalitet samt hur det faktiska tillvägagångssättet stämmer överens med den teori som finns. Metod: Uppsatsen är av kvalitativ art och har utförts genom en fallstudie. Utgångspunkten är ett positivistiskt synsätt och uppsatsen använder sig av ett deduktivt angreppssätt. Slutsats: I Värnamo kommun finns det en tillsatt kompetensgrupp som arbetar enbart med upphandling av livsmedel, denna grupp har kunskap och kännedom om hur marknaden och upphandlingsprocessen ser ut. Vid upphandling läggs i princip allt fokus kring avtalet, både när det gäller vilka krav som ställs och vad som ska följas upp. Trots att det inte är enkelt för offentliga verksamheter att göra inköp och kvalitetssäkringar enligt teorin finns det delar av teorin som redan idag uppfylls och det finns också en bas för vidare utveckling. Kvalitetssäkring sker i störst utsträckning innan avtalet signeras, vilket ur en tidsaspekt är en liten del av processen. Enligt teorin skall kvalitetssäkring ske kontinuerligt flera gånger per år. Det blir tydligt att teorin lämpar sig bättre för privat sektor eftersom det inom den offentliga sektorn finns mindre incitament för att hjälpas åt att utvecklas då nästa upphandling kan innebära att samarbetet ha nått vägs ände., Background: Public procurement can with well thought through demands on goods and services become a strong driving force for sustainable development. Even with a weak and uncertain legislation within the field there are grand opportunities to demand both social responsibility and environmental accountability in public procurement. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how Värnamo municipality do to include sustainability with focus on the environment in their agreements with chosen grocery suppliers. Further it is investigated how Värnamo municipality make sure their procured goods and services are to terms with agreed standard, and if the actual approach is in line with theory on the subject. Method: The essay is of qualitative nature and has been performed in the way of a case study. The standpoint of the essay is a positivistic point of view and is performed with a deductive approach. Conclusion: In Värnamo municipality there is an appointed group with special competence that is working solely with the procurement of groceries, this group have knowledge about how the market and the procurement process works. In the time of procurement nearly all the focus is in the documented agreements, both regarding demands put and what is to be followed up. Even though it is not simple for a government controlled business to make procurements and quality assurances according to theory there are parts of theory that today are fulfilled and there is a foundation for further development. Quality assurance is by the most part done before the agreement is signed, which compared to the entire process is a small portion. According to theory quality assurance should happen multiple times yearly. It is apparent that theory is better suited for the private sector since in the public sector there are fewer incentives to help the other party improve where the next procurement can mean the cooperation has come to an end.

Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Den offentliga upphandlingen kan med väl genomtänkta krav på varor och tjänster bli en stark drivkraft och en föregångare för hållbar utveckling. Trots en svag och oklar lagstiftning inom området finns det idag stora möjligheter att ställa krav både på socialt ansvarstagande och miljöhänsyn i samband med offentliga upphandlingar. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur Värnamo kommun gör för att inkludera hållbarhet med inriktning på miljö i sina avtal med utvalda livsmedelsleverantörer. Vidare undersöks hur Värnamo kommun säkerställer att upphandlade varor och tjänster lever upp till avtalad kvalitet samt hur det faktiska tillvägagångssättet stämmer överens med den teori som finns. Metod: Uppsatsen är av kvalitativ art och har utförts genom en fallstudie. Utgångspunkten är ett positivistiskt synsätt och uppsatsen använder sig av ett deduktivt angreppssätt. Slutsats: I Värnamo kommun finns det en tillsatt kompetensgrupp som arbetar enbart med upphandling av livsmedel, denna grupp har kunskap och kännedom om hur marknaden och upphandlingsprocessen ser ut. Vid upphandling läggs i princip allt fokus kring avtalet, både när det gäller vilka krav som ställs och vad som ska följas upp. Trots att det inte är enkelt för offentliga verksamheter att göra inköp och kvalitetssäkringar enligt teorin finns det delar av teorin som redan idag uppfylls och det finns också en bas för vidare utveckling. Kvalitetssäkring sker i störst utsträckning innan avtalet signeras, vilket ur en tidsaspekt är en liten del av processen. Enligt teorin skall kvalitetssäkring ske kontinuerligt flera gånger per år. Det blir tydligt att teorin lämpar sig bättre för privat sektor eftersom det inom den offentliga sektorn finns mindre incitament för att hjälpas åt att utvecklas då nästa upphandling kan innebära att samarbetet ha nått vägs ände., Background: Public procurement can with well thought through demands on goods and services become a strong driving force for sustainable development. Even with a weak and uncertain legislation within the field there are grand opportunities to demand both social responsibility and environmental accountability in public procurement. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how Värnamo municipality do to include sustainability with focus on the environment in their agreements with chosen grocery suppliers. Further it is investigated how Värnamo municipality make sure their procured goods and services are to terms with agreed standard, and if the actual approach is in line with theory on the subject. Method: The essay is of qualitative nature and has been performed in the way of a case study. The standpoint of the essay is a positivistic point of view and is performed with a deductive approach. Conclusion: In Värnamo municipality there is an appointed group with special competence that is working solely with the procurement of groceries, this group have knowledge about how the market and the procurement process works. In the time of procurement nearly all the focus is in the documented agreements, both regarding demands put and what is to be followed up. Even though it is not simple for a government controlled business to make procurements and quality assurances according to theory there are parts of theory that today are fulfilled and there is a foundation for further development. Quality assurance is by the most part done before the agreement is signed, which compared to the entire process is a small portion. According to theory quality assurance should happen multiple times yearly. It is apparent that theory is better suited for the private sector since in the public sector there are fewer incentives to help the other party improve where the next procurement can mean the cooperation has come to an end.

The grocery retailing has evolved over the past 60 years from small, local retailers to out-of-town hypermarkets and now the rise of e-commerce of groceries is reshaping the landscape. This report seeks to understand how the growing field of e-commerce of groceries is affecting a processing & packaging solution provider like Tetra Pak and further identify business opportunities for Tetra Pak. The company has a unique role within the food industry in which they sell around 185 billion packages every year and they have been reshaping the food industry to where it has gotten today with the iconic package for milk and the subsequent introduction of aseptic technology that made it possible to sustain a longer shelf life for its products. Further, to achieve the research objective, three goals were set up: Identify the value chain for e-grocery and compare with traditional grocery Identify implication e-grocery has on the packaging system Present business opportunities based on the findings The first goal was achieved by mapping out e-grocers value chain from a holistic point of view and with further analysis the two following goals could be answered. The value chain for e-grocery is evidentially different from the traditional value chain in that they offer a service of picking and packing and then deliver safely to the consumer. Within that service e-grocers are facing a lot of challenges and inefficiencies including the high operational cost for their delivery model, conveying the trustworthiness of their service, providing flexibility in line with the consumers’ lifestyle and preference in regards of time-slots and delivery option. Further, technological trends and ventures indicate that e-grocery will advance in the future. Considering technologies such as Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning and Augmented Reality, will lead to new opportunities both for e-grocers but also food producers. The packaging system for e-grocery indicated tha

Bakgrund E-handel av livsmedel är en av de e-handelsbranscher som växer starkast i Sverige just nu. Enligt Svensk Digital Handel förväntas e-handel av livsmedel omsätta 5,7 miljarder kronor år 2016, vilket innebär en ökning med 38 procent från föregående år. Den första satsningen på e-handel av livsmedel gjordes i början av 2000-talet, dock lade de flesta aktörer inom branschen i Sverige ned efter bara några år. Idag år 2016 är denna typ av bransch mer mogen än vad den var då, på grund av snabbare internetuppkopplingar och att fler har datorvana och även större vana att handla på internet. Dock stod livsmedelshandeln på internet för endast 1,5 procent av den totala livsmedelshandeln i Sverige år 2015. Trots att e-handeln av livsmedel ökar är det alltså fortfarande många konsumenter i Sverige som inte köper livsmedel på internet. Syfte Syftet med studien är att identifiera barriärer till att handla lösplock av livsmedel på internet för konsumenter i Sverige som inte tidigare har använt sig av konceptet. Som en del av syftet ingår även att identifiera eventuella likheter och skillnader för olika typer av hushåll genom att analysera om barriärerna varierar beroende på hur hushållens utformning och förutsättningar ser ut. Genomförande Studien utgår från ett konsumentperspektiv och med en abduktiv ansats och en kvalitativ strategi genomfördes intervjuer med tio hushåll. De hushåll som deltog i intervjuerna hade ännu inte e-handlat livsmedel och det som undersöktes var varför de inte anammat konceptet. Ett uppföljningsmoment genomfördes därefter där de intervjuade hushållen bads att testa att handla livsmedel på internet för att sedan svara på några korta frågor i en uppföljningsintervju. Sju av hushållen medverkade i uppföljningsmomentet. För att sätta resultatet från de intervjuade hushållen i perspektiv och för att skapa bredd i studien genomfördes även en enkätundersökning där 154 respondenter deltog. Slutsats 38 barriärer till e-handel av livsmedel identifierades. De, Background Grocery e-commerce is one of the e-commerce sectors with the strongest growth in Sweden right now. According to Svensk Digital Handel, the expected turnover for grocery e-commerce in 2016 is 5,7 billion SEK, which is equal to an increase of 38 percent compared to the previous year. The initial investment in the grocery e-commerce industry was made around year 2000, however, most of the businesses in Sweden was shut down after only a few years. Today, this type of industry is more mature than it was at that time because of faster internet connections and that more people are used to using computers and shopping on the internet. But still the grocery e-commerce is responsible for only 1.5 percent of the total turnover in the grocery industry in Sweden in 2015. Despite the fact that the use of grocery e-commerce increases, there are still many Swedes who are not using the internet for buying groceries. Aim The study aims to identify barriers to buy groceries online for consumers in Sweden who have not previously used the concept. A part of the aim is also to identify possible similarities and differences of the different types of households by analysing if the barriers vary depending on the type of household. Completion The study is using a consumer perspective, and with an abductive and qualitative approach ten interviews was conducted. The households that participated in the interviews had not yet tried grocery shopping online and we examined why they did not yet adopt the concept. After the interviews all the households were asked to try the grocery e-commerce concept, of which seven of them took part. Those were asked a few questions in a follow-up interview. To put the results of the interviews of the households in perspective, and to broaden the study, a survey was also carried out, were 154 respondents participated. Conclusion 38 barriers to grocery e-commerce were identified. The barriers have been categorised info following categories: habit, the wa

La creación de un restaurante de comida Fitness, con inclusión laboral a personas con discapacidad visual en la ciudad de Bogotá D.C., es posible gracias a la necesidad de alimentarse de manera Fitness de los capitalinos y a la falta de inclusión de las organizaciones hacia las personas con discapacidad visual; en el proyecto se diseña las instalaciones del restaurante, las cuales cubren las necesidades de los clientes externos e internos, garantizando la seguridad industrial y salud ocupacional; la mano de obra del proyecto será de excelente calidad, debido a la selección y capacitación de los empleados de la empresa, realizados en el proyecto, además de la plataforma estratégica creada para garantizar un clima organizacional ideal, se investigó el área legal para cumplir con los requerimientos necesarios y obligatorios para la puesta en marcha del negocio, finalmente se realizó un estudio financiero para demostrar la rentabilidad económica del proyecto.

La creación de un restaurante de comida Fitness, con inclusión laboral a personas con discapacidad visual en la ciudad de Bogotá D.C., es posible gracias a la necesidad de alimentarse de manera Fitness de los capitalinos y a la falta de inclusión de las organizaciones hacia las personas con discapacidad visual; en el proyecto se diseña las instalaciones del restaurante, las cuales cubren las necesidades de los clientes externos e internos, garantizando la seguridad industrial y salud ocupacional; la mano de obra del proyecto será de excelente calidad, debido a la selección y capacitación de los empleados de la empresa, realizados en el proyecto, además de la plataforma estratégica creada para garantizar un clima organizacional ideal, se investigó el área legal para cumplir con los requerimientos necesarios y obligatorios para la puesta en marcha del negocio, finalmente se realizó un estudio financiero para demostrar la rentabilidad económica del proyecto.

The grocery retailing has evolved over the past 60 years from small, local retailers to out-of-town hypermarkets and now the rise of e-commerce of groceries is reshaping the landscape. This report seeks to understand how the growing field of e-commerce of groceries is affecting a processing & packaging solution provider like Tetra Pak and further identify business opportunities for Tetra Pak. The company has a unique role within the food industry in which they sell around 185 billion packages every year and they have been reshaping the food industry to where it has gotten today with the iconic package for milk and the subsequent introduction of aseptic technology that made it possible to sustain a longer shelf life for its products. Further, to achieve the research objective, three goals were set up: Identify the value chain for e-grocery and compare with traditional grocery Identify implication e-grocery has on the packaging system Present business opportunities based on the findings The first goal was achieved by mapping out e-grocers value chain from a holistic point of view and with further analysis the two following goals could be answered. The value chain for e-grocery is evidentially different from the traditional value chain in that they offer a service of picking and packing and then deliver safely to the consumer. Within that service e-grocers are facing a lot of challenges and inefficiencies including the high operational cost for their delivery model, conveying the trustworthiness of their service, providing flexibility in line with the consumers’ lifestyle and preference in regards of time-slots and delivery option. Further, technological trends and ventures indicate that e-grocery will advance in the future. Considering technologies such as Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning and Augmented Reality, will lead to new opportunities both for e-grocers but also food producers. The packaging system for e-grocery indicated tha

La creación de un restaurante de comida Fitness, con inclusión laboral a personas con discapacidad visual en la ciudad de Bogotá D.C., es posible gracias a la necesidad de alimentarse de manera Fitness de los capitalinos y a la falta de inclusión de las organizaciones hacia las personas con discapacidad visual; en el proyecto se diseña las instalaciones del restaurante, las cuales cubren las necesidades de los clientes externos e internos, garantizando la seguridad industrial y salud ocupacional; la mano de obra del proyecto será de excelente calidad, debido a la selección y capacitación de los empleados de la empresa, realizados en el proyecto, además de la plataforma estratégica creada para garantizar un clima organizacional ideal, se investigó el área legal para cumplir con los requerimientos necesarios y obligatorios para la puesta en marcha del negocio, finalmente se realizó un estudio financiero para demostrar la rentabilidad económica del proyecto.

Bakgrund E-handel av livsmedel är en av de e-handelsbranscher som växer starkast i Sverige just nu. Enligt Svensk Digital Handel förväntas e-handel av livsmedel omsätta 5,7 miljarder kronor år 2016, vilket innebär en ökning med 38 procent från föregående år. Den första satsningen på e-handel av livsmedel gjordes i början av 2000-talet, dock lade de flesta aktörer inom branschen i Sverige ned efter bara några år. Idag år 2016 är denna typ av bransch mer mogen än vad den var då, på grund av snabbare internetuppkopplingar och att fler har datorvana och även större vana att handla på internet. Dock stod livsmedelshandeln på internet för endast 1,5 procent av den totala livsmedelshandeln i Sverige år 2015. Trots att e-handeln av livsmedel ökar är det alltså fortfarande många konsumenter i Sverige som inte köper livsmedel på internet. Syfte Syftet med studien är att identifiera barriärer till att handla lösplock av livsmedel på internet för konsumenter i Sverige som inte tidigare har använt sig av konceptet. Som en del av syftet ingår även att identifiera eventuella likheter och skillnader för olika typer av hushåll genom att analysera om barriärerna varierar beroende på hur hushållens utformning och förutsättningar ser ut. Genomförande Studien utgår från ett konsumentperspektiv och med en abduktiv ansats och en kvalitativ strategi genomfördes intervjuer med tio hushåll. De hushåll som deltog i intervjuerna hade ännu inte e-handlat livsmedel och det som undersöktes var varför de inte anammat konceptet. Ett uppföljningsmoment genomfördes därefter där de intervjuade hushållen bads att testa att handla livsmedel på internet för att sedan svara på några korta frågor i en uppföljningsintervju. Sju av hushållen medverkade i uppföljningsmomentet. För att sätta resultatet från de intervjuade hushållen i perspektiv och för att skapa bredd i studien genomfördes även en enkätundersökning där 154 respondenter deltog. Slutsats 38 barriärer till e-handel av livsmedel identifierades. De, Background Grocery e-commerce is one of the e-commerce sectors with the strongest growth in Sweden right now. According to Svensk Digital Handel, the expected turnover for grocery e-commerce in 2016 is 5,7 billion SEK, which is equal to an increase of 38 percent compared to the previous year. The initial investment in the grocery e-commerce industry was made around year 2000, however, most of the businesses in Sweden was shut down after only a few years. Today, this type of industry is more mature than it was at that time because of faster internet connections and that more people are used to using computers and shopping on the internet. But still the grocery e-commerce is responsible for only 1.5 percent of the total turnover in the grocery industry in Sweden in 2015. Despite the fact that the use of grocery e-commerce increases, there are still many Swedes who are not using the internet for buying groceries. Aim The study aims to identify barriers to buy groceries online for consumers in Sweden who have not previously used the concept. A part of the aim is also to identify possible similarities and differences of the different types of households by analysing if the barriers vary depending on the type of household. Completion The study is using a consumer perspective, and with an abductive and qualitative approach ten interviews was conducted. The households that participated in the interviews had not yet tried grocery shopping online and we examined why they did not yet adopt the concept. After the interviews all the households were asked to try the grocery e-commerce concept, of which seven of them took part. Those were asked a few questions in a follow-up interview. To put the results of the interviews of the households in perspective, and to broaden the study, a survey was also carried out, were 154 respondents participated. Conclusion 38 barriers to grocery e-commerce were identified. The barriers have been categorised info following categories: habit, the wa

The grocery retailing has evolved over the past 60 years from small, local retailers to out-of-town hypermarkets and now the rise of e-commerce of groceries is reshaping the landscape. This report seeks to understand how the growing field of e-commerce of groceries is affecting a processing & packaging solution provider like Tetra Pak and further identify business opportunities for Tetra Pak. The company has a unique role within the food industry in which they sell around 185 billion packages every year and they have been reshaping the food industry to where it has gotten today with the iconic package for milk and the subsequent introduction of aseptic technology that made it possible to sustain a longer shelf life for its products. Further, to achieve the research objective, three goals were set up: Identify the value chain for e-grocery and compare with traditional grocery Identify implication e-grocery has on the packaging system Present business opportunities based on the findings The first goal was achieved by mapping out e-grocers value chain from a holistic point of view and with further analysis the two following goals could be answered. The value chain for e-grocery is evidentially different from the traditional value chain in that they offer a service of picking and packing and then deliver safely to the consumer. Within that service e-grocers are facing a lot of challenges and inefficiencies including the high operational cost for their delivery model, conveying the trustworthiness of their service, providing flexibility in line with the consumers’ lifestyle and preference in regards of time-slots and delivery option. Further, technological trends and ventures indicate that e-grocery will advance in the future. Considering technologies such as Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning and Augmented Reality, will lead to new opportunities both for e-grocers but also food producers. The packaging system for e-grocery indicated tha

The grocery retailing has evolved over the past 60 years from small, local retailers to out-of-town hypermarkets and now the rise of e-commerce of groceries is reshaping the landscape. This report seeks to understand how the growing field of e-commerce of groceries is affecting a processing & packaging solution provider like Tetra Pak and further identify business opportunities for Tetra Pak. The company has a unique role within the food industry in which they sell around 185 billion packages every year and they have been reshaping the food industry to where it has gotten today with the iconic package for milk and the subsequent introduction of aseptic technology that made it possible to sustain a longer shelf life for its products. Further, to achieve the research objective, three goals were set up: Identify the value chain for e-grocery and compare with traditional grocery Identify implication e-grocery has on the packaging system Present business opportunities based on the findings The first goal was achieved by mapping out e-grocers value chain from a holistic point of view and with further analysis the two following goals could be answered. The value chain for e-grocery is evidentially different from the traditional value chain in that they offer a service of picking and packing and then deliver safely to the consumer. Within that service e-grocers are facing a lot of challenges and inefficiencies including the high operational cost for their delivery model, conveying the trustworthiness of their service, providing flexibility in line with the consumers’ lifestyle and preference in regards of time-slots and delivery option. Further, technological trends and ventures indicate that e-grocery will advance in the future. Considering technologies such as Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning and Augmented Reality, will lead to new opportunities both for e-grocers but also food producers. The packaging system for e-grocery indicated tha

The grocery retailing has evolved over the past 60 years from small, local retailers to out-of-town hypermarkets and now the rise of e-commerce of groceries is reshaping the landscape. This report seeks to understand how the growing field of e-commerce of groceries is affecting a processing & packaging solution provider like Tetra Pak and further identify business opportunities for Tetra Pak. The company has a unique role within the food industry in which they sell around 185 billion packages every year and they have been reshaping the food industry to where it has gotten today with the iconic package for milk and the subsequent introduction of aseptic technology that made it possible to sustain a longer shelf life for its products. Further, to achieve the research objective, three goals were set up: Identify the value chain for e-grocery and compare with traditional grocery Identify implication e-grocery has on the packaging system Present business opportunities based on the findings The first goal was achieved by mapping out e-grocers value chain from a holistic point of view and with further analysis the two following goals could be answered. The value chain for e-grocery is evidentially different from the traditional value chain in that they offer a service of picking and packing and then deliver safely to the consumer. Within that service e-grocers are facing a lot of challenges and inefficiencies including the high operational cost for their delivery model, conveying the trustworthiness of their service, providing flexibility in line with the consumers’ lifestyle and preference in regards of time-slots and delivery option. Further, technological trends and ventures indicate that e-grocery will advance in the future. Considering technologies such as Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning and Augmented Reality, will lead to new opportunities both for e-grocers but also food producers. The packaging system for e-grocery indicated tha

The grocery retailing has evolved over the past 60 years from small, local retailers to out-of-town hypermarkets and now the rise of e-commerce of groceries is reshaping the landscape. This report seeks to understand how the growing field of e-commerce of groceries is affecting a processing & packaging solution provider like Tetra Pak and further identify business opportunities for Tetra Pak. The company has a unique role within the food industry in which they sell around 185 billion packages every year and they have been reshaping the food industry to where it has gotten today with the iconic package for milk and the subsequent introduction of aseptic technology that made it possible to sustain a longer shelf life for its products. Further, to achieve the research objective, three goals were set up: Identify the value chain for e-grocery and compare with traditional grocery Identify implication e-grocery has on the packaging system Present business opportunities based on the findings The first goal was achieved by mapping out e-grocers value chain from a holistic point of view and with further analysis the two following goals could be answered. The value chain for e-grocery is evidentially different from the traditional value chain in that they offer a service of picking and packing and then deliver safely to the consumer. Within that service e-grocers are facing a lot of challenges and inefficiencies including the high operational cost for their delivery model, conveying the trustworthiness of their service, providing flexibility in line with the consumers’ lifestyle and preference in regards of time-slots and delivery option. Further, technological trends and ventures indicate that e-grocery will advance in the future. Considering technologies such as Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning and Augmented Reality, will lead to new opportunities both for e-grocers but also food producers. The packaging system for e-grocery indicated tha

La creación de un restaurante de comida Fitness, con inclusión laboral a personas con discapacidad visual en la ciudad de Bogotá D.C., es posible gracias a la necesidad de alimentarse de manera Fitness de los capitalinos y a la falta de inclusión de las organizaciones hacia las personas con discapacidad visual; en el proyecto se diseña las instalaciones del restaurante, las cuales cubren las necesidades de los clientes externos e internos, garantizando la seguridad industrial y salud ocupacional; la mano de obra del proyecto será de excelente calidad, debido a la selección y capacitación de los empleados de la empresa, realizados en el proyecto, además de la plataforma estratégica creada para garantizar un clima organizacional ideal, se investigó el área legal para cumplir con los requerimientos necesarios y obligatorios para la puesta en marcha del negocio, finalmente se realizó un estudio financiero para demostrar la rentabilidad económica del proyecto.

Title: Visual merchandising of organic versus non-organic products in supermarkets Authors: Alma Bolmstedt Svanqvist & Malin Carlén Supervisor: Mikael Hilmersson Examiner: Thomas Helgesson Level: Bachelor thesis - Marketing Keywords: Visual merchandising, Supermarkets, Groceries, Organic food. Research question: ”How and why do supermarkets distinguish and implement the presentation and visual merchandising of organic food from non-organic food?” Purpose: The purpose of this research is to provide new theoretical contribution of how the major food chains are working with visual merchandising and specifically how they differentiate organic products from non-organic products. This is to increase understanding of the specific topic for future research as well as for established and new companies that enter the organic food market. Methodology: This study is based on a combining research approach, which includes both a deductive and an inductive approach to answer the developed research question.Frame of references: Previously research regarding theories of consumer behaviour, Visual merchandising, Sensory marketing and visual elements and visual merchandising techniques are presented. Empirical findings: Primary data was collected and presented from three Swedish supermarkets. Analysis: The analysis compares the collected empirical data with the theoretical framework. Conclusion: The findings shows that the supermarkets studied in some areas distinguish between organic and non-organic products when planning the product presentation. However, the empirical result does confirm that those supermarkets do invest in organic products and that they are trying to increase the sales. A conclusion can also be made that much effort are invested in the planning process of visual merchandising.

Title: Visual merchandising of organic versus non-organic products in supermarkets Authors: Alma Bolmstedt Svanqvist & Malin Carlén Supervisor: Mikael Hilmersson Examiner: Thomas Helgesson Level: Bachelor thesis - Marketing Keywords: Visual merchandising, Supermarkets, Groceries, Organic food. Research question: ”How and why do supermarkets distinguish and implement the presentation and visual merchandising of organic food from non-organic food?” Purpose: The purpose of this research is to provide new theoretical contribution of how the major food chains are working with visual merchandising and specifically how they differentiate organic products from non-organic products. This is to increase understanding of the specific topic for future research as well as for established and new companies that enter the organic food market. Methodology: This study is based on a combining research approach, which includes both a deductive and an inductive approach to answer the developed research question.Frame of references: Previously research regarding theories of consumer behaviour, Visual merchandising, Sensory marketing and visual elements and visual merchandising techniques are presented. Empirical findings: Primary data was collected and presented from three Swedish supermarkets. Analysis: The analysis compares the collected empirical data with the theoretical framework. Conclusion: The findings shows that the supermarkets studied in some areas distinguish between organic and non-organic products when planning the product presentation. However, the empirical result does confirm that those supermarkets do invest in organic products and that they are trying to increase the sales. A conclusion can also be made that much effort are invested in the planning process of visual merchandising.

The food industry is one of the fastest growing industries in Swedish e-commerce today. However, e-commerce still represents a very small part of the total food sales in Sweden. Experts have noted that, in order for e-commerce to expand in this field, Internet food sales must increase. The aim of this study is to form an understanding of why Swedes do not purchase more food products online. The theoretical framework consists of various marketing theories concerning consumer behavior and the acceptance of new innovations. The methodology used for the purpose of this study has a qualitative approach and in order to answer the questions at hand two focus groups were assembled. The first group of respondents consists of young adults aged 22-29 years old and the second group consists of parents with children living at home. This categorization is motivated firstly by the fact that the group of young adults have had access to the Internet from a very early age, thus affecting the way they relate to and use it. Secondly the group of parents with children living at home was chosen because they belong to the category of consumers with the greatest online purchasing power. The focus groups were analyzed separately and by applying a comparative analysis some similarities and differences were addressed. The results of this study indicate that Swedes do not purchase food products online because of three main reasons. First there is poor knowledge of how e-commerce of food products online works, which makes consumers skeptical. Secondly consumers want to survey the perishable products, which the Internet cannot offer. Finally grocery shopping is a habitual behavior which is difficult to change. In addition, the results showed that parents with children living at home belong to the group of consumers that is more likely to embrace e-commerce related to the food industry., Livsmedelsbranschen är en av de branscher som har kraftigast tillväxt inom e-handeln i Sverige. Trots detta utgör e-handeln fortfarande en mycket liten del av den totala livsmedelsförsäljningen. Experter anser att det är viktigt att livsmedelsförsäljningen ökar på Internet för att e-handeln över lag ska kunna nå nya höjder. Syftet med uppsatsen är att skapa en förståelse för varför svenskar inte handlar livsmedel i större utsträckning på Internet. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten baseras främst på olika marknadsföringsteorier som berör konsumentbeteende och acceptans av nya innovationer. Studiens metod är av kvalitativ ansats och två fokusgrupper har använts till förfogande. Den första fokusgruppen består av unga deltagare i åldrarna 22-29 år och den andra består av föräldrar till hemmavarande barn. Den unga gruppen valdes för att de är den första vuxna generationen som växt upp med Internet och därmed är internetvana. Föräldrarna valdes då de är den grupp som e-handlar mest på Internet idag. Fokusgruppernas resultat har analyserats var för sig men vissa likheter och skillnader har tagits upp i en jämförande analys. Resultatet för denna studie visade en indikation på att svenskar inte e-handlar livsmedel av fram för allt tre anledningar. Först och främst finns det en stor okunskap över hur det går till när man handlar livsmedel på Internet, vilket gör konsumenterna skeptiska. Man vill även ha kontroll över vilka färskvaror som man inhandlar, vilket Internet inte kan erbjuda. Slutligen är handel av livsmedel ett invant beteende, vilket är svårt att förändra. Dessutom visade resultatet att föräldrar till hemmavarande barn är den grupp som har lättast att ta till sig e-handel inom livsmedel.

The food industry is one of the fastest growing industries in Swedish e-commerce today. However, e-commerce still represents a very small part of the total food sales in Sweden. Experts have noted that, in order for e-commerce to expand in this field, Internet food sales must increase. The aim of this study is to form an understanding of why Swedes do not purchase more food products online. The theoretical framework consists of various marketing theories concerning consumer behavior and the acceptance of new innovations. The methodology used for the purpose of this study has a qualitative approach and in order to answer the questions at hand two focus groups were assembled. The first group of respondents consists of young adults aged 22-29 years old and the second group consists of parents with children living at home. This categorization is motivated firstly by the fact that the group of young adults have had access to the Internet from a very early age, thus affecting the way they relate to and use it. Secondly the group of parents with children living at home was chosen because they belong to the category of consumers with the greatest online purchasing power. The focus groups were analyzed separately and by applying a comparative analysis some similarities and differences were addressed. The results of this study indicate that Swedes do not purchase food products online because of three main reasons. First there is poor knowledge of how e-commerce of food products online works, which makes consumers skeptical. Secondly consumers want to survey the perishable products, which the Internet cannot offer. Finally grocery shopping is a habitual behavior which is difficult to change. In addition, the results showed that parents with children living at home belong to the group of consumers that is more likely to embrace e-commerce related to the food industry., Livsmedelsbranschen är en av de branscher som har kraftigast tillväxt inom e-handeln i Sverige. Trots detta utgör e-handeln fortfarande en mycket liten del av den totala livsmedelsförsäljningen. Experter anser att det är viktigt att livsmedelsförsäljningen ökar på Internet för att e-handeln över lag ska kunna nå nya höjder. Syftet med uppsatsen är att skapa en förståelse för varför svenskar inte handlar livsmedel i större utsträckning på Internet. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten baseras främst på olika marknadsföringsteorier som berör konsumentbeteende och acceptans av nya innovationer. Studiens metod är av kvalitativ ansats och två fokusgrupper har använts till förfogande. Den första fokusgruppen består av unga deltagare i åldrarna 22-29 år och den andra består av föräldrar till hemmavarande barn. Den unga gruppen valdes för att de är den första vuxna generationen som växt upp med Internet och därmed är internetvana. Föräldrarna valdes då de är den grupp som e-handlar mest på Internet idag. Fokusgruppernas resultat har analyserats var för sig men vissa likheter och skillnader har tagits upp i en jämförande analys. Resultatet för denna studie visade en indikation på att svenskar inte e-handlar livsmedel av fram för allt tre anledningar. Först och främst finns det en stor okunskap över hur det går till när man handlar livsmedel på Internet, vilket gör konsumenterna skeptiska. Man vill även ha kontroll över vilka färskvaror som man inhandlar, vilket Internet inte kan erbjuda. Slutligen är handel av livsmedel ett invant beteende, vilket är svårt att förändra. Dessutom visade resultatet att föräldrar till hemmavarande barn är den grupp som har lättast att ta till sig e-handel inom livsmedel.

The purpose of our thesis has been to see how impulse buying could manifest itself online by comparing the offline and online mediums through visual enquiry, and build on the already extensive literature on offline impulse buying. The object oriented visual enquiry was used offline and online to observe grocery stores and their current and potential impulse buying stimuli. We gained an initial understanding of the differences between the offline and online mediums according to how they can manifest impulse buying stimuli. We do not believe that the offline impulse buying methods can be directly transferred to an online setting, due to differences in format. However, an online grocery shopping site can emphasize features connected to hedonism, interactivity and personalization to successfully induce impulse buying in the online medium

The purpose of our thesis has been to see how impulse buying could manifest itself online by comparing the offline and online mediums through visual enquiry, and build on the already extensive literature on offline impulse buying. The object oriented visual enquiry was used offline and online to observe grocery stores and their current and potential impulse buying stimuli. We gained an initial understanding of the differences between the offline and online mediums according to how they can manifest impulse buying stimuli. We do not believe that the offline impulse buying methods can be directly transferred to an online setting, due to differences in format. However, an online grocery shopping site can emphasize features connected to hedonism, interactivity and personalization to successfully induce impulse buying in the online medium

Premium Private Label brands are commanding eye-level shelving space in New Zealand’s supermarkets. With eye-catching packaging and labelling they are attempting to position themselves against established National brands. The question of whether consumers perceive premium Private Label brands as occupying the same perceptual space as these established National brands was the focus of this research. In four FMCG product categories, the positioning of the premium Private Label brand, Select, was compared to that of two National brands and a budget Private Label brand, using on-line surveys. In none of the categories was Select perceived as occupying the same perceptual space as the established National brands, though it was clearly differentiated from its budget counterpart. These findings suggest that, while premium Private Label brands such as Select may never threaten the market position of a dominant National brand, they could compete for the position currently held by weaker National brands in some product categories. This research also confirmed that, generally, New Zealand consumers have positive attitudes towards Private Label brands, but there is some doubt that they fully trust the quality of Private Label brands. Consumers are also more likely to purchase Private Label brands in particular categories, and more likely to do so if they are locally sourced. To avoid any cannibalisation between the premium and budget Private Label brands it is vital retailers maintain the perceptions of quality separation. Communication messages, therefore, need to convey premium Private Label brands’ quality, value for money, and that the ingredients are locally sourced. Retailers could build further premium Private Label brand trust and familiarity by in-store taste trials and free samples.

More relevant price comparisons between groceries are possible. This study points out one possible path through an example. The purpose of this approach is to develop a model in a realistic context. The main assumption behind the proposed model is that price always has to be compared to quality. The model (algorithm) starts with a basket with the cheapest goods. The next step is to substitute goods with more priceworthy alternatives. Priceworthy are defined as quality points divided by the cost of substitution. The quality aspects that are considered should be both imortant and hard to estimate for the target group of the price comparison. Some quality aspects are generally not payed as much attention to as they could. Three examples are taste, content and company sustainablity rating. The main purpose of this study is to investigate how to achieve higher consumer relevance when designing price comparisons of groceries. What are the important factors? The study deals with the concepts of perceived quality and relevance in this particular case. Methods have included studies of literature and previous price comparisons, followed by interviews with qualified people within the grocery branch.

More relevant price comparisons between groceries are possible. This study points out one possible path through an example. The purpose of this approach is to develop a model in a realistic context. The main assumption behind the proposed model is that price always has to be compared to quality. The model (algorithm) starts with a basket with the cheapest goods. The next step is to substitute goods with more priceworthy alternatives. Priceworthy are defined as quality points divided by the cost of substitution. The quality aspects that are considered should be both imortant and hard to estimate for the target group of the price comparison. Some quality aspects are generally not payed as much attention to as they could. Three examples are taste, content and company sustainablity rating. The main purpose of this study is to investigate how to achieve higher consumer relevance when designing price comparisons of groceries. What are the important factors? The study deals with the concepts of perceived quality and relevance in this particular case. Methods have included studies of literature and previous price comparisons, followed by interviews with qualified people within the grocery branch.

The structure and performance of grocery distribution in Sweden has changed profoundly since the second world war. Increasing access and usage of the private car, in combination with an accommodating town planning has enhanced the exploitation of scale economies within distribution firms. There is, however, some ambiguity concerning the overall efficiency of the distribution system when the costs associated with travelling and purchasing performed by households are treated as an integrated part of the total distribution cost function. The purpose of this master thesis is to develop the foundation of a spatial optimisation model, which defines the most efficient distribution system. The underlying idea is that the optimal localisation and size of grocery stores is a function of economies of scale within the firms weighed against distributions costs within the households, such as transportation costs. The optimal system, i.e. the solution of the model, minimises the overall distribution cost. Each store in the model has a hexagonal market area and the optimisation is carried out within the boundaries of four systems of store structures, representing different combinations of store size and location. The transportation cost function includes parameters representing distance, parking, time usage and differences between taxed and non-taxed labour costs. The model can be described as basic and is a first step to a more realistic and comprehensive model, which incorporates all relevant cost components. The aim is to tackle this development in future research projects.

The structure and performance of grocery distribution in Sweden has changed profoundly since the second world war. Increasing access and usage of the private car, in combination with an accommodating town planning has enhanced the exploitation of scale economies within distribution firms. There is, however, some ambiguity concerning the overall efficiency of the distribution system when the costs associated with travelling and purchasing performed by households are treated as an integrated part of the total distribution cost function. The purpose of this master thesis is to develop the foundation of a spatial optimisation model, which defines the most efficient distribution system. The underlying idea is that the optimal localisation and size of grocery stores is a function of economies of scale within the firms weighed against distributions costs within the households, such as transportation costs. The optimal system, i.e. the solution of the model, minimises the overall distribution cost. Each store in the model has a hexagonal market area and the optimisation is carried out within the boundaries of four systems of store structures, representing different combinations of store size and location. The transportation cost function includes parameters representing distance, parking, time usage and differences between taxed and non-taxed labour costs. The model can be described as basic and is a first step to a more realistic and comprehensive model, which incorporates all relevant cost components. The aim is to tackle this development in future research projects.

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the dramatic structural changes in the wholesaling and retailing of food and groceries in towns and cities in Sweden, with emphasis on the period after the Second World War. Besides a general analysis based on national data, the town of Linköping is used to illustrate the spatial dimension in the development of food distribution at the micro level. By studying Linköping, the close relationship between the changing structure of the food distribution system, town planning, and transport system becomes apparent. The following research questions are the focal point of the study: Can the driving forces behind the structural change be identified? What consequences did the structural change in food retailing have on the shape of cities and the urban environment? Is it possible to evaluate these consequences in a cost-benefit framework? The study assumes an interdisciplinary perspective, where the economic analysis is based on Adam Smith´s famous theorem that ”the division of labour is limited by the extent of the market”, interpreted in the relevant historical and institutional context, and on the observation that technical development is typically ”scale-biased”. The distribution of goods is made up of four basic activities or ”links”: (1) transport, (2) storage, (3) assortment assembly, and (4) handling of goods. It is necessary to study the interplay between the technological development of each of these basic activities and relative factor prices in order to understand how the structure of the food distribution system has changed. In combination with widely different scale-economies of each activity in each particular time period, the complementarity of these activities, which are described well by the ”links of a chain” metaphor, results in sudden leaps in the development of the total productivity. The history of the food distribution system is therefore characterized by the appearance now and then of Dahménian ”dev