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El present projecte abarca des de la gestió de les dades adquirides en una cambra climàtica per a realitzar assajos d'unitats climàtiques per al transport de mercaderia, fins al processament d'aquestes dades, fent el seu anàlisis més accessible per als enginyers del laboratori. El treball es divideix principalment en dues parts, la primera centrada en calibrar una cambra climàtica per al laboratori de prototips de l'empresa Thermo King a la fàbrica de Sant Feliu de Llobregat, la qual, des de fa anys, no mesura correctament els assajos de calor per a les màquines testades en el laboratori, malgrat la gran inversió que va suposar. El calibratge recull des del sistema de control de les cambres fins a la gestió i adquisició de les dades que es recopilen d'ella. El nou sistema de control és dut a terme per una empresa externa, mentre que la nova gestió i adquisició és explicada amb detall en el projecte. La segona part del projecte se centra en tractar aquestes dades adquirides en els assajos duts a terme en el laboratori. El sistema de processament ha estat programat per VBA per a macros d'Excel i és una ampliació i millora d'un sistema previ ja existent en el laboratori. El programa compleix unes especificacions requerides pel laboratori que el fan més versàtil, facilita l'anàlisi de dades i àmplia el rang de processament de tipus d'assajos del laboratori, El presente proyecto abarca desde la gestión de los datos adquiridos en una cámara climática para realizar ensayos de unidades climáticas para el transporte de mercancía, hasta el procesamiento de dichos datos, haciendo su análisis más accesible para los ingenieros del laboratorio. El trabajo se divide principalmente en dos partes, la primera centrada en calibrar una cámara climática para el laboratorio de prototipos de la empresa Thermo King en la fábrica de Sant Feliu de Llobregat, la cual, desde hace años, no mide correctamente los ensayos de calor para las máquinas testeadas en el laboratorio, a pesar de la gran inversión que supuso. La calibración recoge desde el sistema de control de las cámaras hasta la gestión y adquisición de los datos que se recopilan de ella. El nuevo sistema de control es llevado a cabo por una empresa externa, mientras que la nueva gestión y adquisición es explicada con detalle en el proyecto. La segunda parte del proyecto se centra en tratar dichos datos adquiridos en los ensayos llevados a cabo en el laboratorio. El sistema de procesado ha sido programado por VBA para macros de Excel y es una ampliación y mejora de un sistema previo ya existente en el laboratorio. El programa cumple unas especificaciones requeridas por el laboratorio que lo hacen más versátil, facilita el análisis de datos y amplia el rango de procesado de tipos de ensayos del laboratori, This project covers from the management of the data acquired in a climatic chamber for testing climatic units for the transport of goods, to the processing of these data, making their analysis more accessible to laboratory engineers. The work is mainly divided into two parts, the first focused on calibrating a climatic chamber for the prototype laboratory of the company Thermo King in the Sant Feliu de Llobregat factory, which, for years, has not correctly measured the heat tests for the machines tested in the laboratory, despite the large investment it entailed. The calibration covers everything from the control system of the chambers to the management and acquisition of the data collected from it. The new control system is carried out by an external company, while the new management and acquisition is explained in detail in the project. The second part of the project focuses on processing the data acquired in the tests carried out in the laboratory. The processing system has been programmed by VBA for Excel macros and is an extension and improvement of a previous system already existing in the laboratory. The programme meets the specifications required by the laboratory, making it more versatile, facilitating data analysis and extending the range of test types processed by the laboratory

This article considers the relationship of equilibrium concentrations of water in glycols at the absorption gas drying depending on the temperature and pressure of the mass transfer part of the absorber. Evaluation of the quality of the dried gas in phase equilibrium with the absorbent does not require special devices and is based only on the thermodynamics of solutions. The main points of the considered method is the selection of a representative sample of glycol in the gas and the accurate determination of the water content in the glycol (Fisher method).

This article considers the relationship of equilibrium concentrations of water in glycols at the absorption gas drying depending on the temperature and pressure of the mass transfer part of the absorber. Evaluation of the quality of the dried gas in phase equilibrium with the absorbent does not require special devices and is based only on the thermodynamics of solutions. The main points of the considered method is the selection of a representative sample of glycol in the gas and the accurate determination of the water content in the glycol (Fisher method).

The scope of the present study was to prepare fully bio-based unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) with comparable properties to the commercial formulations. The focus was set on the determination of the optimal prepolymer formulation using the same set of diacids (itaconic and succinic acid) and different diols (propylene glycol, isosorbide and neopentyl glycol) or its equimolar mixtures, keeping the fixed molar ratio of 1:1:2.1 in all feed compositions. Instead of commonly used styrene, bio-based dimethyl itaconate was used as a reactive diluent (RD). The rheology of the obtained resins was studied in detail. The effect of the used diol on structural (FTIR), thermal (DSC), thermomechanical (DMA), and mechanical (tensile) properties was explained. The properties of UPRs were found to be highly dependent on the diol used in the prepolymer formulation. The UPR with an equimolar ratio of propylene glycol and neopentyl glycol was shown to be the most promising candidate to compete with the commercial petroleum-based resins.

This article considers the relationship of equilibrium concentrations of water in glycols at the absorption gas drying depending on the temperature and pressure of the mass transfer part of the absorber. Evaluation of the quality of the dried gas in phase equilibrium with the absorbent does not require special devices and is based only on the thermodynamics of solutions. The main points of the considered method is the selection of a representative sample of glycol in the gas and the accurate determination of the water content in the glycol (Fisher method).

This article considers the relationship of equilibrium concentrations of water in glycols at the absorption gas drying depending on the temperature and pressure of the mass transfer part of the absorber. Evaluation of the quality of the dried gas in phase equilibrium with the absorbent does not require special devices and is based only on the thermodynamics of solutions. The main points of the considered method is the selection of a representative sample of glycol in the gas and the accurate determination of the water content in the glycol (Fisher method).

Intoxikace etylenglykolem je zřídka se vyskytujícím závažným stavem. Intoxikace se projevuje nevolností, zvracením, bolestmi hlavy, zmateností, progredující poruchou vědomí i generalizovanými epileptickými záchvaty [1]. Etylenglykol je sladká tekutina a k intoxikaci dochází nejčastěji omylem – záměnou a méně často v rámci suicidálního jednání. Na rozdíl od metabolitů není sám etylenglykol jedovatý [2]. Při zpracování etylenglykolu v metabolizmu vzniká glykolaldehyd (příznaky „opilosti“), kyselina glykolová (rozvoj těžké metabolické acidózy) a kyselina šťavelová (váže vápník a tvoři ostré krystaly poškozující tkáně – zejména proximální tubuly v ledvinách), Ethylene glycol intoxication is a rare serious condition. Intoxication is manifested by nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, progressive impaired consciousness and generalized seizures [1]. Ethylene glycol is a sweet fluid and intoxication most often occurs by mistake - by confusion and less often in suicidal behavior. Unlike metabolites, ethylene glycol is not itself toxic [2]. Glycoldehyde (symptoms of "intoxication"), glycolic acid (development of severe metabolic acidosis) and oxalic acid (binds calcium and forms sharp crystals damaging tissues - especially proximal tubules in the kidneys) are formed during the processing of ethylene glycol in metabolism

The scope of the present study was to prepare fully bio-based unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) with comparable properties to the commercial formulations. The focus was set on the determination of the optimal prepolymer formulation using the same set of diacids (itaconic and succinic acid) and different diols (propylene glycol, isosorbide and neopentyl glycol) or its equimolar mixtures, keeping the fixed molar ratio of 1:1:2.1 in all feed compositions. Instead of commonly used styrene, bio-based dimethyl itaconate was used as a reactive diluent (RD). The rheology of the obtained resins was studied in detail. The effect of the used diol on structural (FTIR), thermal (DSC), thermomechanical (DMA), and mechanical (tensile) properties was explained. The properties of UPRs were found to be highly dependent on the diol used in the prepolymer formulation. The UPR with an equimolar ratio of propylene glycol and neopentyl glycol was shown to be the most promising candidate to compete with the commercial petroleum-based resins.

The scope of the present study was to prepare fully bio-based unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) with comparable properties to the commercial formulations. The focus was set on the determination of the optimal prepolymer formulation using the same set of diacids (itaconic and succinic acid) and different diols (propylene glycol, isosorbide and neopentyl glycol) or its equimolar mixtures, keeping the fixed molar ratio of 1:1:2.1 in all feed compositions. Instead of commonly used styrene, bio-based dimethyl itaconate was used as a reactive diluent (RD). The rheology of the obtained resins was studied in detail. The effect of the used diol on structural (FTIR), thermal (DSC), thermomechanical (DMA), and mechanical (tensile) properties was explained. The properties of UPRs were found to be highly dependent on the diol used in the prepolymer formulation. The UPR with an equimolar ratio of propylene glycol and neopentyl glycol was shown to be the most promising candidate to compete with the commercial petroleum-based resins.

The scope of the present study was to prepare fully bio-based unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) with comparable properties to the commercial formulations. The focus was set on the determination of the optimal prepolymer formulation using the same set of diacids (itaconic and succinic acid) and different diols (propylene glycol, isosorbide and neopentyl glycol) or its equimolar mixtures, keeping the fixed molar ratio of 1:1:2.1 in all feed compositions. Instead of commonly used styrene, bio-based dimethyl itaconate was used as a reactive diluent (RD). The rheology of the obtained resins was studied in detail. The effect of the used diol on structural (FTIR), thermal (DSC), thermomechanical (DMA), and mechanical (tensile) properties was explained. The properties of UPRs were found to be highly dependent on the diol used in the prepolymer formulation. The UPR with an equimolar ratio of propylene glycol and neopentyl glycol was shown to be the most promising candidate to compete with the commercial petroleum-based resins.

The scope of the present study was to prepare fully bio-based unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) with comparable properties to the commercial formulations. The focus was set on the determination of the optimal prepolymer formulation using the same set of diacids (itaconic and succinic acid) and different diols (propylene glycol, isosorbide and neopentyl glycol) or its equimolar mixtures, keeping the fixed molar ratio of 1:1:2.1 in all feed compositions. Instead of commonly used styrene, bio-based dimethyl itaconate was used as a reactive diluent (RD). The rheology of the obtained resins was studied in detail. The effect of the used diol on structural (FTIR), thermal (DSC), thermomechanical (DMA), and mechanical (tensile) properties was explained. The properties of UPRs were found to be highly dependent on the diol used in the prepolymer formulation. The UPR with an equimolar ratio of propylene glycol and neopentyl glycol was shown to be the most promising candidate to compete with the commercial petroleum-based resins.

We introduce the bioconjugation of polymers synthesized by RAFT polymerization, bearing no specific functional end group, by means of hetero-Diels-Alder cycloaddition through their inherent terminal thiocarbonylthio moiety with a diene-modified model protein. Quantitative conjugation occurs over the course of a few hours, at ambient temperature and neutral pH, and in the absence of any catalyst. Our technology platform affords thermoresponsive bioconjugates, whose aggregation is solely controlled by the polymer chains.

By acknowledging the importance of Nano tech inkjet inks, the “top down” method of nanotechnology was followed for manufacturing the Nano tech inkjet inks of pigment Yellow 14 powder 100 % dried and pigment Blue 15.1 (100 % dried powder) and then characterized for their particle size, zeta potential, purity, viscosity, surface tension, foam, pH, engineering stability, shear thinning, by using different spectroscopic, microscopic and particle size analyzing techniques. Both of the inks were applied on 100 % singed, desized, scoured, bleached and pretreated cotton weight 134.4g/m2 through Monna Lisa Evo TRE printer EPSON (Model No EVO TRE 16). The printed samples were dried and cured 150 °C for 5 minutes. The samples were evaluated for their color fastness to light, rubbing, washing, laundering, and K/S value, by using relevant AATCC and ISO’s methods. Same powders were emulsified and applied on same cotton through traditional rotary screen printing method, dried, cured at 150 °C for 5 minutes and evaluated for their fastness properties for comparative study. It was concluded that by promoting the use of green chemistry and nanotechnology, the resulted benefits include better print, increased light fastness and color gamut, reduced chemical, energy and water consumption along with environmental friendly effectiveness.

We introduce the bioconjugation of polymers synthesized by RAFT polymerization, bearing no specific functional end group, by means of hetero-Diels-Alder cycloaddition through their inherent terminal thiocarbonylthio moiety with a diene-modified model protein. Quantitative conjugation occurs over the course of a few hours, at ambient temperature and neutral pH, and in the absence of any catalyst. Our technology platform affords thermoresponsive bioconjugates, whose aggregation is solely controlled by the polymer chains.

By acknowledging the importance of Nano tech inkjet inks, the “top down” method of nanotechnology was followed for manufacturing the Nano tech inkjet inks of pigment Yellow 14 powder 100 % dried and pigment Blue 15.1 (100 % dried powder) and then characterized for their particle size, zeta potential, purity, viscosity, surface tension, foam, pH, engineering stability, shear thinning, by using different spectroscopic, microscopic and particle size analyzing techniques. Both of the inks were applied on 100 % singed, desized, scoured, bleached and pretreated cotton weight 134.4g/m2 through Monna Lisa Evo TRE printer EPSON (Model No EVO TRE 16). The printed samples were dried and cured 150 °C for 5 minutes. The samples were evaluated for their color fastness to light, rubbing, washing, laundering, and K/S value, by using relevant AATCC and ISO’s methods. Same powders were emulsified and applied on same cotton through traditional rotary screen printing method, dried, cured at 150 °C for 5 minutes and evaluated for their fastness properties for comparative study. It was concluded that by promoting the use of green chemistry and nanotechnology, the resulted benefits include better print, increased light fastness and color gamut, reduced chemical, energy and water consumption along with environmental friendly effectiveness.

By acknowledging the importance of Nano tech inkjet inks, the “top down” method of nanotechnology was followed for manufacturing the Nano tech inkjet inks of pigment Yellow 14 powder 100 % dried and pigment Blue 15.1 (100 % dried powder) and then characterized for their particle size, zeta potential, purity, viscosity, surface tension, foam, pH, engineering stability, shear thinning, by using different spectroscopic, microscopic and particle size analyzing techniques. Both of the inks were applied on 100 % singed, desized, scoured, bleached and pretreated cotton weight 134.4g/m2 through Monna Lisa Evo TRE printer EPSON (Model No EVO TRE 16). The printed samples were dried and cured 150 °C for 5 minutes. The samples were evaluated for their color fastness to light, rubbing, washing, laundering, and K/S value, by using relevant AATCC and ISO’s methods. Same powders were emulsified and applied on same cotton through traditional rotary screen printing method, dried, cured at 150 °C for 5 minutes and evaluated for their fastness properties for comparative study. It was concluded that by promoting the use of green chemistry and nanotechnology, the resulted benefits include better print, increased light fastness and color gamut, reduced chemical, energy and water consumption along with environmental friendly effectiveness.

We introduce the bioconjugation of polymers synthesized by RAFT polymerization, bearing no specific functional end group, by means of hetero-Diels-Alder cycloaddition through their inherent terminal thiocarbonylthio moiety with a diene-modified model protein. Quantitative conjugation occurs over the course of a few hours, at ambient temperature and neutral pH, and in the absence of any catalyst. Our technology platform affords thermoresponsive bioconjugates, whose aggregation is solely controlled by the polymer chains.

By acknowledging the importance of Nano tech inkjet inks, the “top down” method of nanotechnology was followed for manufacturing the Nano tech inkjet inks of pigment Yellow 14 powder 100 % dried and pigment Blue 15.1 (100 % dried powder) and then characterized for their particle size, zeta potential, purity, viscosity, surface tension, foam, pH, engineering stability, shear thinning, by using different spectroscopic, microscopic and particle size analyzing techniques. Both of the inks were applied on 100 % singed, desized, scoured, bleached and pretreated cotton weight 134.4g/m2 through Monna Lisa Evo TRE printer EPSON (Model No EVO TRE 16). The printed samples were dried and cured 150 °C for 5 minutes. The samples were evaluated for their color fastness to light, rubbing, washing, laundering, and K/S value, by using relevant AATCC and ISO’s methods. Same powders were emulsified and applied on same cotton through traditional rotary screen printing method, dried, cured at 150 °C for 5 minutes and evaluated for their fastness properties for comparative study. It was concluded that by promoting the use of green chemistry and nanotechnology, the resulted benefits include better print, increased light fastness and color gamut, reduced chemical, energy and water consumption along with environmental friendly effectiveness.

By acknowledging the importance of Nano tech inkjet inks, the “top down” method of nanotechnology was followed for manufacturing the Nano tech inkjet inks of pigment Yellow 14 powder 100 % dried and pigment Blue 15.1 (100 % dried powder) and then characterized for their particle size, zeta potential, purity, viscosity, surface tension, foam, pH, engineering stability, shear thinning, by using different spectroscopic, microscopic and particle size analyzing techniques. Both of the inks were applied on 100 % singed, desized, scoured, bleached and pretreated cotton weight 134.4g/m2 through Monna Lisa Evo TRE printer EPSON (Model No EVO TRE 16). The printed samples were dried and cured 150 °C for 5 minutes. The samples were evaluated for their color fastness to light, rubbing, washing, laundering, and K/S value, by using relevant AATCC and ISO’s methods. Same powders were emulsified and applied on same cotton through traditional rotary screen printing method, dried, cured at 150 °C for 5 minutes and evaluated for their fastness properties for comparative study. It was concluded that by promoting the use of green chemistry and nanotechnology, the resulted benefits include better print, increased light fastness and color gamut, reduced chemical, energy and water consumption along with environmental friendly effectiveness.

Uno de los retos principales de la Química Orgánica, es la búsqueda de catalizadores selectivos en procesos realizados en condiciones suaves y medioambientalmente respetuosas, constituyendo así alternativas útiles a los métodos ya establecidos. En esta Tesis, se ha demostrado como 2,3-dimetil-2,3-butanodiol, 1,2-etanodiol, 2-propanol, 3-mercaptopropilo soportado sobre sílica gel y 1,2,3-propanotriol (glicerol), en combinación con complejos de dioxomolibdeno(VI), son eficaces en la desoxigenación catalítica de sulfóxidos, permitiendo la obtención de tioéteres funcionalizados con excelentes rendimientos y elevada pureza. En el caso del glicerol, se ha conseguido así derivatizar y dar un nuevo uso a los excedentes generados por el crecimiento de la industria del biodiesel. Además, se ha descrito la ruptura oxidante de glicoles con DMSO, catalizada por los mismos complejos, para la obtención de derivados carbonílicos funcionalizados, y la preparación de 1,2-dicetonas por la oxidación de compuestos α-hidroxicarbonílicos, todos ellos en condiciones medioambientalmente benignas.

Ethylene and propylene glycol water based secondary solutions are very popular due to their low corrosivity character, low freezing point, high boiling point and low fire hazards. The main drawback of ethylene glycol solutions is its potential toxicity both to the environment, animals and food products. Therefore, propylene glycol is the most common substitute for ethylene glycol. The biggest disadvantage of propylene glycol solutions is its very high viscosity at low temperatures, which results in higher pumping power and lower system performance. For very low temperatures, it is common to use non-aqueous synthetic fluids, which have lower viscosities at these temperatures. Thus, the aim of this paper is to propose a new generation of synthetic iso-paraffins having better thermophysical properties compared to existing synthetic products used for very low temperature applications. The first results showed that the new generation of iso-paraffins having the freezing temperature of 50 degrees C or lower had significantly lower viscosity (between 75 % and 98 %) at very low temperatures compared to 60 wt-% propylene glycol (PG 60 %) and 60 wt-% ethylene glycol solution (EG 60 %). Iso-paraffin 1 showed better performance than iso-paraffin 2 by giving the lowest freezing point, the lowest dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity as well as the highest thermal conductivity. Instead, iso-paraffin 2 had higher specific heat capacity. As seen, the different composition of iso-paraffin mixture can result in different properties and operating temperature ranges. Thus, iso-paraffins could become an interesting alternative for very low temperature cooling applications., QC 20211019

Experimental investigation was conducted on the thermal performance and pressure drop of a convective cooling loop working with ZnO aqueous nanofluids. The loop was used to cool a flat heater connected to an AC autotransformer. Influence of different operating parameters, such as fluid flow rate and mass concentration of nanofluid on surface temperature of heater, pressure drop, friction factor and overall heat transfer coefficient was investigated and briefly discussed. Results of this study showed that, despite a penalty for pressure drop, ZnO/water nanofluid was a promising coolant for cooling the micro-electronic devices and chipsets. It was also found that there is an optimum for concentration of nanofluid so that the heat transfer coefficient is maximum, which was wt. % = 0.3 for ZnO/water used in this research. In addition, presence of nanoparticles enhanced the friction factor and pressure drop as well; however, it is not very significant in comparison with those of registered for the base fluid.

Ethylene and propylene glycol water based secondary solutions are very popular due to their low corrosivity character, low freezing point, high boiling point and low fire hazards. The main drawback of ethylene glycol solutions is its potential toxicity both to the environment, animals and food products. Therefore, propylene glycol is the most common substitute for ethylene glycol. The biggest disadvantage of propylene glycol solutions is its very high viscosity at low temperatures, which results in higher pumping power and lower system performance. For very low temperatures, it is common to use non-aqueous synthetic fluids, which have lower viscosities at these temperatures. Thus, the aim of this paper is to propose a new generation of synthetic iso-paraffins having better thermophysical properties compared to existing synthetic products used for very low temperature applications. The first results showed that the new generation of iso-paraffins having the freezing temperature of - 50 degrees C or lower had significantly lower viscosity (between 75 % and 98 %) at very low temperatures compared to 60 wt-% propylene glycol (PG 60 %) and 60 wt-% ethylene glycol solution (EG 60 %). Iso-paraffin 1 showed better performance than iso-paraffin 2 by giving the lowest freezing point, the lowest dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity as well as the highest thermal conductivity. Instead, iso-paraffin 2 had higher specific heat capacity. As seen, the different composition of iso-paraffin mixture can result in different properties and operating temperature ranges. Thus, iso-paraffins could become an interesting alternative for very low temperature cooling applications., Part of proceedings: ISBN 978-2-36215-020-3Duplicate record in ISI 000534253100142QC 20211019QC 20220705

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) measured with NIRS is known to be a valuable faecal marker when used in indoor experiments. In order to verify whether it can be used at pasture, an experiment was conducted with two trials. In trial 1, six Romane breed adult dry ewes placed in metabolism cages were fed daily with natural, freshly cut rangeland from a fertilised or unfertilised paddock for 6 weeks. Three ewes did not receive PEG and the three others were dosed with 10 g of PEG in solution form once daily until the end of the experiment to measure in vivo dry matter digestibility and PEG recovery rate for each forage quality. At the same time (trial 2), 15 ewe lambs and 14 lactating adult ewes suckling one or two lambs were allowed to graze together on the same herbage as that cut for indoor ewes. All animals were initially equipped with faecal bags emptied twice daily for collecting total faeces, and eight ewe lambs and seven adults were dosed once daily with 10 g of PEG. Faecal grab samples were collected for 4 to 5 days for each forage quality grazed. Indoor trial 1 showed that PEG had no effect on dry matter intake (DMI) or on digestibility. PEG recovery rates measured on fertilised (77.7%) and unfertilised (82.1%) forage were not different (P>0.05). PEG recovery rates measured at pasture did not differ (P>0.05) between pasture quality and animal type with an average value of 68.9%. Faecal output measured with bags or estimated with PEG and calculated DMI were not different (P>0.05) when PEG recovery rate measured at pasture was used. Conversely, using indoor PEG recovery values, significantly (P<0.05) or tended to overestimate faecal output. In conclusion, PEG could be used as a faecal marker administered at a minimal dose of 1% of DMI with a recovery rate measured under pasture conditions for pasture intake measurements on a group of animals at the same physiological stage but not for individual measurements.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) measured with NIRS is known to be a valuable faecal marker when used in indoor experiments. In order to verify whether it can be used at pasture, an experiment was conducted with two trials. In trial 1, six Romane breed adult dry ewes placed in metabolism cages were fed daily with natural, freshly cut rangeland from a fertilised or unfertilised paddock for 6 weeks. Three ewes did not receive PEG and the three others were dosed with 10 g of PEG in solution form once daily until the end of the experiment to measure in vivo dry matter digestibility and PEG recovery rate for each forage quality. At the same time (trial 2), 15 ewe lambs and 14 lactating adult ewes suckling one or two lambs were allowed to graze together on the same herbage as that cut for indoor ewes. All animals were initially equipped with faecal bags emptied twice daily for collecting total faeces, and eight ewe lambs and seven adults were dosed once daily with 10 g of PEG. Faecal grab samples were collected for 4 to 5 days for each forage quality grazed. Indoor trial 1 showed that PEG had no effect on dry matter intake (DMI) or on digestibility. PEG recovery rates measured on fertilised (77.7%) and unfertilised (82.1%) forage were not different (P>0.05). PEG recovery rates measured at pasture did not differ (P>0.05) between pasture quality and animal type with an average value of 68.9%. Faecal output measured with bags or estimated with PEG and calculated DMI were not different (P>0.05) when PEG recovery rate measured at pasture was used. Conversely, using indoor PEG recovery values, significantly (P<0.05) or tended to overestimate faecal output. In conclusion, PEG could be used as a faecal marker administered at a minimal dose of 1% of DMI with a recovery rate measured under pasture conditions for pasture intake measurements on a group of animals at the same physiological stage but not for individual measurements.

Hydraulics is an efficient and a generally good way of transferring energy, but the technology does not come without its drawbacks. One in particular is when it is used in hot environments. Oil fires are devastating and hard to extinguish, the catastrophe in Bois du Cazier 1956 tells us this with its 262 casualties of which most were coal mining workers. The tragedy started with a simple short circuit.In Outotecs plants hydraulics is commonly used. With background in Outotecs customer demands this thesis investigates fire-resistant, non-mineral oil based, hydraulic fluids and implements them in an existent plant, Outotecs kaldo furnace TBRC. The components in the hydraulic system have been modeled using Solidworks and assembled as a hydraulic unit, Power Pack, that has been placed within a 20 feet shipping container. A Life Cycle Cost-analysis has been made for the furnace with the hydraulics and lance systems.A hydraulic fluid analysis has been made using industrial standards, hydraulic- and tribologic theory and contact with leading hydraulic suppliers. The modeling of the system has been made using Solidworks with basis in performance demands, service and reliability, study visits and mechanical hydraulic theory. The LCC-analysis is based on Outotec experience and economic reports delivered by one of Outotecs operational organisations which contains operational characteristics from a similar TBRC in service.The primary choice of fire resistant hydraulic fluid is the polyol ester which is the result of a fatyt acid and an alcohol. The fluid can be used in the current system without any modifications. The alternative is a water and glycol based hydraulic fluid, if this liquid is used the pumps and motors have to be downrated in the current hydraulic system in the TBRC.The component layout is evolved around the tank. On it the filters are placed, beside it the pumps. Accessibility and service operation controls the placement of the other components. For example the, Validerat; 20150824 (global_studentproject_submitter)

Several external markers can be used for estimating total faecal output in view of assessing ruminant intake at pasture. Among them, ytterbium (Yb) has been used for many years in various conditions. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a promising external marker because it can be rapidly determined using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The study consisted of 24 adult lactating dairy ewes over three periods (P1, P2 and P3), fed with three different diets: P1, total mixed ration (TMR); P2, Italian ryegrass (IRG); and P3, pasture. After an adaptation period, the ewes were administered a daily dose of ytterbium oxide (0.35 g/day) and PEG (20 g/day) for 2 weeks. During the last week, the daily organic matter intake (OMIOBS) was measured. Faecal samples were collected at milking time (0800 and 1600 h) to determine marker content, using only samples collected in the morning (PEGm) or by averaging samples (Yb, PEGma). Faecal marker content made it possible to assess total faecal output, either using the two recovery rates for PEG (0.98 or 0.87) or not. The OMIOBS was assessed on the basis of total faeces estimated with Yb (OMIYb) or PEG (OMIPEG), and the digestibility was calculated on the basis of feed analysis. With total TMR (P1), the OMIPEG, corrected with recovery rate (OMIPEGm98) or not corrected (OMIPEGm) was 2.40 kg/day and 2.50 kg/day, respectively, and was not different (P>0.05) from OMIOBS (2.51 kg/day), whereas OMIYb was lower (2.14 kg/day) (P<0.001). With IRG (P2), OMIPEGm98 (1.67 kg/day), OMIPEGm87 (1.51 kg/day) and OMIYb (1.59 kg/day) were not different (P>0.05) from OMIOBS (1.57 kg/day). With pasture (P3), the OMIPEGm (1.54 kg/day) and OMIPEGm98 (1.48 kg/day) were not different (P>0.05) from the OMI assessed from the biomass measurement (1.52 kg/day). The OMIYb (1.36 kg/day) was lower (P<0.05) but not different from OMIPEGm98 and OMIPEGm87. Spearman's rank correlation between OMIOBS and other OMIs (predicted with Yb or PEG P1 and P2) showed that

In order to meet increasingly stringent total nitrogen limits, supplemental carbon must be added to improve the performance of the biological nutrient removal process. An industrial by-product that contained ethylene glycol and propylene glycol was used as a substitute carbon source for methanol in this study. The objectives of this study were to investigate the efficiency of using the glycol mixture as carbon source, including the calculation of denitrification rate and yield at two different initial concentrations of glycols. Possible inhibition effect on nitrification was also investigated. Three SBR reactors were operated by adding methanol, a low dosage of glycol, and a high dosage of glycol into the reactors. The low dosage glycol reactor exhibited the best performance, with the highest denitrification rate of 11.55 mg NOx-N/g MLVSS"h and the lowest yield of 0.21 mg VSS/mg COD. Small nitrite accumulation was observed in the low dosage glycol reactor (COD=185"•15 mg/L), but effluent quality was not influenced. Excess glycol in the reactor caused deteriorated performance. The high dosage glycol reactor (COD=345"•20 mg/L) performed with the lowest denitrfication rate of 8.56 mg NOx-N/g MLVSS"h and the highest yield of 0.55 mg VSS/ mg COD. The reactor with the high dosage of glycol also inhibited the lowest nitrification rate of 1.15 mg NH3-N oxidized/g MLVSS"h, which indicated that excess glycol may cause nitrification inhibition.

High conductivity poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was synthesised using vacuum vapour phase polymerization (VVPP). The process produces PEDOT composites which incorporate glycol within the polymer. To assess biocompatibility, a suite of analytical techniques were utilised in an effort to characterise the level of glycol present and its impact on cell attachment and proliferation. A small decrease in fibroblast cell attachment and proliferation was observed with increasing glycol content within the PEDOT composite. Keratinocyte cell attachment and proliferation by comparison showed an increase. As such, the results herein indicate that cell attachment and proliferation depends on the individual cell lines used and that the impact of glycol within the PEDOT composite is negligible. This positive outcome prompted investigation of this polymer as a platform for electro-stimulation work. Application of oxidising and reducing potentials to the PEDOT composite were utilised to examine the effect on biocompatibility. Significant effects were seen with altered protein presentation on the reduced surface, and lower mass adsorbed at the oxidised surface. Keratinocytes interacted significantly better on the reduced surface whereas fibroblasts displayed dependence on protein density, with significantly lower spreading on the oxidised surface. Understanding how proteins interact at electrically biased polymer surfaces and in turn affect cell behaviour, underpins the utilisation of such tunable surfaces in biomedical devices.

High conductivity poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was synthesised using vacuum vapour phase polymerization (VVPP). The process produces PEDOT composites which incorporate glycol within the polymer. To assess biocompatibility, a suite of analytical techniques were utilised in an effort to characterise the level of glycol present and its impact on cell attachment and proliferation. A small decrease in fibroblast cell attachment and proliferation was observed with increasing glycol content within the PEDOT composite. Keratinocyte cell attachment and proliferation by comparison showed an increase. As such, the results herein indicate that cell attachment and proliferation depends on the individual cell lines used and that the impact of glycol within the PEDOT composite is negligible. This positive outcome prompted investigation of this polymer as a platform for electro-stimulation work. Application of oxidising and reducing potentials to the PEDOT composite were utilised to examine the effect on biocompatibility. Significant effects were seen with altered protein presentation on the reduced surface, and lower mass adsorbed at the oxidised surface. Keratinocytes interacted significantly better on the reduced surface whereas fibroblasts displayed dependence on protein density, with significantly lower spreading on the oxidised surface. Understanding how proteins interact at electrically biased polymer surfaces and in turn affect cell behaviour, underpins the utilisation of such tunable surfaces in biomedical devices.

In experiments based on ruminants' individual dry matter intake (DMI) assessment, several external markers can be used to estimate faecal output when total faeces collection is not possible. However, preparation of the markers to be administered and analytical procedures used for marker content determination are time-consuming thus strongly limiting the number of animals involved in the experiments. In this paper, polyethylene glycol (PEG, molecular weight 6000 da) was tested as a faecal marker. Four trials were conducted on dry, non-lactating ewes kept in digestibility crates that allowed individual measurements. The overall experiment was designed to assess the major factors that could lessen the effectiveness of this method, assuming that the use of grab samples of faeces is sufficient. Trial 1 was designed to test two levels of PEG (20 and 40 g/day) administered in two equal amounts. Trial 2 was designed to test the effect of either a single morning (0800 h) dose (20 g/day) or a twice daily administration (0800 and 1600 h) of the same fractionated dose. Trial 3 was designed to test a 20 g/day dose of PEG administered once daily to ewes fed with hays of different qualities: medium (MH) and low (LH). In trial 4, a lower dose of PEG (10 g/day) was administered once a day to ewes fed with fresh oat-vetch forage. It was demonstrated that PEG could be precisely estimated (average prediction error53.47 g/kg) with near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). On the basis of the four trials, it has been proved that PEG administration (20 and 40 g/day) did not significantly affect the DMI of ewes fed dry diets (trials 1, 2 and 3), whereas there was an unexpected increase of DMI for ewes fed exclusively with green feed (trial 4) without DM digestibility modification. Providing PEG as a single dose (0800 h) or split into two equal parts (0800 and 1600 h) did not alter the estimated DMI. Considering the interest of grab sampling, there were clear variations of PEG in faece

In order to meet increasingly stringent total nitrogen limits, supplemental carbon must be added to improve the performance of the biological nutrient removal process. An industrial by-product that contained ethylene glycol and propylene glycol was used as a substitute carbon source for methanol in this study. The objectives of this study were to investigate the efficiency of using the glycol mixture as carbon source, including the calculation of denitrification rate and yield at two different initial concentrations of glycols. Possible inhibition effect on nitrification was also investigated. Three SBR reactors were operated by adding methanol, a low dosage of glycol, and a high dosage of glycol into the reactors. The low dosage glycol reactor exhibited the best performance, with the highest denitrification rate of 11.55 mg NOx-N/g MLVSS"h and the lowest yield of 0.21 mg VSS/mg COD. Small nitrite accumulation was observed in the low dosage glycol reactor (COD=185"•15 mg/L), but effluent quality was not influenced. Excess glycol in the reactor caused deteriorated performance. The high dosage glycol reactor (COD=345"•20 mg/L) performed with the lowest denitrfication rate of 8.56 mg NOx-N/g MLVSS"h and the highest yield of 0.55 mg VSS/ mg COD. The reactor with the high dosage of glycol also inhibited the lowest nitrification rate of 1.15 mg NH3-N oxidized/g MLVSS"h, which indicated that excess glycol may cause nitrification inhibition.

In experiments based on ruminants' individual dry matter intake (DMI) assessment, several external markers can be used to estimate faecal output when total faeces collection is not possible. However, preparation of the markers to be administered and analytical procedures used for marker content determination are time-consuming thus strongly limiting the number of animals involved in the experiments. In this paper, polyethylene glycol (PEG, molecular weight 6000 da) was tested as a faecal marker. Four trials were conducted on dry, non-lactating ewes kept in digestibility crates that allowed individual measurements. The overall experiment was designed to assess the major factors that could lessen the effectiveness of this method, assuming that the use of grab samples of faeces is sufficient. Trial 1 was designed to test two levels of PEG (20 and 40 g/day) administered in two equal amounts. Trial 2 was designed to test the effect of either a single morning (0800 h) dose (20 g/day) or a twice daily administration (0800 and 1600 h) of the same fractionated dose. Trial 3 was designed to test a 20 g/day dose of PEG administered once daily to ewes fed with hays of different qualities: medium (MH) and low (LH). In trial 4, a lower dose of PEG (10 g/day) was administered once a day to ewes fed with fresh oat-vetch forage. It was demonstrated that PEG could be precisely estimated (average prediction error53.47 g/kg) with near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). On the basis of the four trials, it has been proved that PEG administration (20 and 40 g/day) did not significantly affect the DMI of ewes fed dry diets (trials 1, 2 and 3), whereas there was an unexpected increase of DMI for ewes fed exclusively with green feed (trial 4) without DM digestibility modification. Providing PEG as a single dose (0800 h) or split into two equal parts (0800 and 1600 h) did not alter the estimated DMI. Considering the interest of grab sampling, there were clear variations of PEG in faece

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is one of the most extensively studied antifouling coatings due to its ability to reduce protein adsorption and improve biocompatibility. Although the use of PEG for antifouling coatings is well established, the stability and density of PEG layers are often inadequate to provide optimum antifouling properties. To improve on these shortcomings, we employed the stepwise construction of PEG layers onto a silicon surface. Acetylene-terminated alkyl monolayers were attached to nonoxidized crystalline silicon surfaces via a one-step hydrosilylation procedure with 1,8-nonadiyne. The acetylene-terminated surfaces were functionalized via a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction of the surface-bound alkynes with an azide to produce an amine terminated layer. The amine terminated layer was then further conjugated with PEG to produce an antifouling surface. The antifouling surface properties were investigated by testing adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA) and lysozyme (Lys) onto PEG layers from phosphate buffer solutions. Detailed characterization of protein fouling was carried out with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) combined with principal component analysis (PCA). The results revealed no fouling of albumin onto PEG coatings whereas the smaller protein lysozyme adsorbed to a very low extent. 2013 American Chemical Society.

High conductivity poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was synthesised using vacuum vapour phase polymerization (VVPP). The process produces PEDOT composites which incorporate glycol within the polymer. To assess biocompatibility, a suite of analytical techniques were utilised in an effort to characterise the level of glycol present and its impact on cell attachment and proliferation. A small decrease in fibroblast cell attachment and proliferation was observed with increasing glycol content within the PEDOT composite. Keratinocyte cell attachment and proliferation by comparison showed an increase. As such, the results herein indicate that cell attachment and proliferation depends on the individual cell lines used and that the impact of glycol within the PEDOT composite is negligible. This positive outcome prompted investigation of this polymer as a platform for electro-stimulation work. Application of oxidising and reducing potentials to the PEDOT composite were utilised to examine the effect on biocompatibility. Significant effects were seen with altered protein presentation on the reduced surface, and lower mass adsorbed at the oxidised surface. Keratinocytes interacted significantly better on the reduced surface whereas fibroblasts displayed dependence on protein density, with significantly lower spreading on the oxidised surface. Understanding how proteins interact at electrically biased polymer surfaces and in turn affect cell behaviour, underpins the utilisation of such tunable surfaces in biomedical devices.

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is one of the most extensively studied antifouling coatings due to its ability to reduce protein adsorption and improve biocompatibility. Although the use of PEG for antifouling coatings is well established, the stability and density of PEG layers are often inadequate to provide optimum antifouling properties. To improve on these shortcomings, we employed the stepwise construction of PEG layers onto a silicon surface. Acetylene-terminated alkyl monolayers were attached to nonoxidized crystalline silicon surfaces via a one-step hydrosilylation procedure with 1,8-nonadiyne. The acetylene-terminated surfaces were functionalized via a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction of the surface-bound alkynes with an azide to produce an amine terminated layer. The amine terminated layer was then further conjugated with PEG to produce an antifouling surface. The antifouling surface properties were investigated by testing adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA) and lysozyme (Lys) onto PEG layers from phosphate buffer solutions. Detailed characterization of protein fouling was carried out with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) combined with principal component analysis (PCA). The results revealed no fouling of albumin onto PEG coatings whereas the smaller protein lysozyme adsorbed to a very low extent. 2013 American Chemical Society.

High conductivity poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was synthesised using vacuum vapour phase polymerization (VVPP). The process produces PEDOT composites which incorporate glycol within the polymer. To assess biocompatibility, a suite of analytical techniques were utilised in an effort to characterise the level of glycol present and its impact on cell attachment and proliferation. A small decrease in fibroblast cell attachment and proliferation was observed with increasing glycol content within the PEDOT composite. Keratinocyte cell attachment and proliferation by comparison showed an increase. As such, the results herein indicate that cell attachment and proliferation depends on the individual cell lines used and that the impact of glycol within the PEDOT composite is negligible. This positive outcome prompted investigation of this polymer as a platform for electro-stimulation work. Application of oxidising and reducing potentials to the PEDOT composite were utilised to examine the effect on biocompatibility. Significant effects were seen with altered protein presentation on the reduced surface, and lower mass adsorbed at the oxidised surface. Keratinocytes interacted significantly better on the reduced surface whereas fibroblasts displayed dependence on protein density, with significantly lower spreading on the oxidised surface. Understanding how proteins interact at electrically biased polymer surfaces and in turn affect cell behaviour, underpins the utilisation of such tunable surfaces in biomedical devices.

We here describe new double network (DN) hydrogels with excellent mechanical strength and high sensitivity to pH changes. The first polymer network has a bottle brush structure and is formed from oligo-monomers of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA). Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is used as the second network. This double network features strong intermolecular interactions between the neutral poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains of PPEGMA and the non-ionized carboxylic acid groups of the PAA second network. When immersed in solutions with a pH below ∼4 the DN hydrogels have a low swelling ratio and are opaque as a result of solvent-polymer phase separation driven by the formation of dense hydrogen-bonded clusters. The compression strength (∼8 MPa) is at least 14 times higher than the analogous single networks. When immersed in solutions with a pH >4, the hydrogels are transparent and exhibit a high swelling ratio with a compression strength of ∼1 MPa. The PEG side chain length can be readily controlled without greatly altering the overall DN topology by choosing PEGMA monomers having different PEG side chain lengths. Longer PEG side branches give higher compression and tensile strengths at pH

We here describe new double network (DN) hydrogels with excellent mechanical strength and high sensitivity to pH changes. The first polymer network has a bottle brush structure and is formed from oligo-monomers of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA). Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is used as the second network. This double network features strong intermolecular interactions between the neutral poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains of PPEGMA and the non-ionized carboxylic acid groups of the PAA second network. When immersed in solutions with a pH below ∼4 the DN hydrogels have a low swelling ratio and are opaque as a result of solvent-polymer phase separation driven by the formation of dense hydrogen-bonded clusters. The compression strength (∼8 MPa) is at least 14 times higher than the analogous single networks. When immersed in solutions with a pH >4, the hydrogels are transparent and exhibit a high swelling ratio with a compression strength of ∼1 MPa. The PEG side chain length can be readily controlled without greatly altering the overall DN topology by choosing PEGMA monomers having different PEG side chain lengths. Longer PEG side branches give higher compression and tensile strengths at pH

We here describe new double network (DN) hydrogels with excellent mechanical strength and high sensitivity to pH changes. The first polymer network has a bottle brush structure and is formed from oligo-monomers of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA). Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is used as the second network. This double network features strong intermolecular interactions between the neutral poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains of PPEGMA and the non-ionized carboxylic acid groups of the PAA second network. When immersed in solutions with a pH below ∼4 the DN hydrogels have a low swelling ratio and are opaque as a result of solvent-polymer phase separation driven by the formation of dense hydrogen-bonded clusters. The compression strength (∼8 MPa) is at least 14 times higher than the analogous single networks. When immersed in solutions with a pH >4, the hydrogels are transparent and exhibit a high swelling ratio with a compression strength of ∼1 MPa. The PEG side chain length can be readily controlled without greatly altering the overall DN topology by choosing PEGMA monomers having different PEG side chain lengths. Longer PEG side branches give higher compression and tensile strengths at pH

We here describe new double network (DN) hydrogels with excellent mechanical strength and high sensitivity to pH changes. The first polymer network has a bottle brush structure and is formed from oligo-monomers of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA). Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is used as the second network. This double network features strong intermolecular interactions between the neutral poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains of PPEGMA and the non-ionized carboxylic acid groups of the PAA second network. When immersed in solutions with a pH below ∼4 the DN hydrogels have a low swelling ratio and are opaque as a result of solvent-polymer phase separation driven by the formation of dense hydrogen-bonded clusters. The compression strength (∼8 MPa) is at least 14 times higher than the analogous single networks. When immersed in solutions with a pH >4, the hydrogels are transparent and exhibit a high swelling ratio with a compression strength of ∼1 MPa. The PEG side chain length can be readily controlled without greatly altering the overall DN topology by choosing PEGMA monomers having different PEG side chain lengths. Longer PEG side branches give higher compression and tensile strengths at pH

This graduation thesisdescribes the research focused on application of microwave irradiation to synthesis of unsaturated polyesters. The idea of using microwaves for process intensification is that the direct heating of the reactants with microwaves can lead to fast and homogeneous heating to reduces the energy consumption and give each molecule the same processing experience. Two poly-esterification reaction systems were studied: first was maleic- and phthalic anhydrides with propylene glycol, and second maleic anhydride with hexamethylene glycol. Experiments were conducted in different microwave applicators, as CEM Discover, CEM MARS and Sairem INTL, as well as with conventional heating (oil bath and with an electric heating mantle). The hypothesis was that microwaves can accelerate reaction rates, increase conversion, improve the end product quality and quantity and save energy. Conversion, reaction time, molecular weight and polymer structure, and the quantity of by-products (i.e. water) obtained from different microwave applicatorswere compared with conventional heating. Comparison of power consumption of microwave reactor systems with two different types of applicators, multimode cavity and internal transmission line technology, to conventionally heated reactor was made and presented. Different reaction vessel sizes (1 and 2 liters) were used to investigate whether this can improve the removal of the by-product. The reaction was performed under nitrogen atmosphere or under vacuum at the time when water is produced in order to increase water removal. Different catalysts were tested to discover which catalyst has the best influence on the reaction, and to see, specifically, the difference in performance between microwave heating and conventional heating. Forced cooling of the reactor vessel was used so higher power levels could be applied without increasing the bulk temperature in the reactor. Silicon carbide cylinders were used to increase locally the temperatu, IRS, Process and Energy, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

This graduation thesisdescribes the research focused on application of microwave irradiation to synthesis of unsaturated polyesters. The idea of using microwaves for process intensification is that the direct heating of the reactants with microwaves can lead to fast and homogeneous heating to reduces the energy consumption and give each molecule the same processing experience. Two poly-esterification reaction systems were studied: first was maleic- and phthalic anhydrides with propylene glycol, and second maleic anhydride with hexamethylene glycol. Experiments were conducted in different microwave applicators, as CEM Discover, CEM MARS and Sairem INTL, as well as with conventional heating (oil bath and with an electric heating mantle). The hypothesis was that microwaves can accelerate reaction rates, increase conversion, improve the end product quality and quantity and save energy. Conversion, reaction time, molecular weight and polymer structure, and the quantity of by-products (i.e. water) obtained from different microwave applicatorswere compared with conventional heating. Comparison of power consumption of microwave reactor systems with two different types of applicators, multimode cavity and internal transmission line technology, to conventionally heated reactor was made and presented. Different reaction vessel sizes (1 and 2 liters) were used to investigate whether this can improve the removal of the by-product. The reaction was performed under nitrogen atmosphere or under vacuum at the time when water is produced in order to increase water removal. Different catalysts were tested to discover which catalyst has the best influence on the reaction, and to see, specifically, the difference in performance between microwave heating and conventional heating. Forced cooling of the reactor vessel was used so higher power levels could be applied without increasing the bulk temperature in the reactor. Silicon carbide cylinders were used to increase locally the temperatu, IRS, Process and Energy, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

Herein reported is the synthesis of functionalised oligoethylene glycol molecules, with an azido group at one end and an ionisable group at the other end, and their attachment onto alkyne-terminated silicon(100) surfaces using 'click' chemistry. The modified surfaces were characterised using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and water contact angle goniometry. The antifouling behaviour of these surfaces was assessed and it was shown that while surfaces presenting both charged and ethylene glycol moieties are antifouling, the antifouling effectiveness is influenced by the surface charge as modulated via the pH of the solution. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Herein reported is the synthesis of functionalised oligoethylene glycol molecules, with an azido group at one end and an ionisable group at the other end, and their attachment onto alkyne-terminated silicon(100) surfaces using 'click' chemistry. The modified surfaces were characterised using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and water contact angle goniometry. The antifouling behaviour of these surfaces was assessed and it was shown that while surfaces presenting both charged and ethylene glycol moieties are antifouling, the antifouling effectiveness is influenced by the surface charge as modulated via the pH of the solution. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Herein reported is the synthesis of functionalised oligoethylene glycol molecules, with an azido group at one end and an ionisable group at the other end, and their attachment onto alkyne-terminated silicon(100) surfaces using 'click' chemistry. The modified surfaces were characterised using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and water contact angle goniometry. The antifouling behaviour of these surfaces was assessed and it was shown that while surfaces presenting both charged and ethylene glycol moieties are antifouling, the antifouling effectiveness is influenced by the surface charge as modulated via the pH of the solution. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Herein reported is the synthesis of functionalised oligoethylene glycol molecules, with an azido group at one end and an ionisable group at the other end, and their attachment onto alkyne-terminated silicon(100) surfaces using 'click' chemistry. The modified surfaces were characterised using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and water contact angle goniometry. The antifouling behaviour of these surfaces was assessed and it was shown that while surfaces presenting both charged and ethylene glycol moieties are antifouling, the antifouling effectiveness is influenced by the surface charge as modulated via the pH of the solution. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The aim of this thesis was to answer a number of questions about the environmental consequences of aircraft de-icing. A further aim was to suggest how the environmental consequences due to the release of de-icing fluids can be measured and reduced. The main impact of the aircraft de-icing on the environment is due to the large oxygen demand for the degradation of glycol based de-icing fluids which are released in the environment. The effect of the increase in oxygen demand depends on where the degradation occurs in the ecosystem. In a sensitive ecosystem, the large demand of oxygen could provide an anaerobic environment which would be harmful for many types of organisms. In order to reduce the negative effects of the applied de-icing fluid, there is some type of collection system at every regular airport in Sweden. The methods of collection can be divided into two general groups, hydrological isolation or vacuum sweeper trucks. When the area used for hydrological isolation is relatively small it is called a central de-icing pad. This thesis investigates which methods are being used at 16 of the Swedish airports with the most intense de-icing activity. Of all of these airports, only one does not use vacuum sweeper trucks. Six of the airports use central de-icing pads and five use hydrological isolation of a larger area. The investigation of the efficiency of each method showed no significant differences. This is due to the lack of accurate measurements and that different measurement methods are employed at different airports. This thesis also examines which methods for measuring the efficiency are being used, their weaknesses and what alternatives methods are available. Suggestions are also given to minimize the environmental consequences of aircraft de-icing, taken into account both leakage of the de-icing fluid and its judicious use. The case study of Stockholm-Bromma Airport includes a more detailed investigation of the de-icing activities and a rough mass balance, Det primära syftet med examensarbetet har varit att besvara ett antal frågeställningar om flygplansavisningens miljöpåverkan. Frågeställningar som behandlar hur flygplansavisningens miljöpåverkan kan uppskattas/mätas samt reduceras. Den miljöpåverkan flygplansavisningen ger upphov till består främst av den syreförbrukning som orsakas vid nedbrytningen av den använda, glykolbaserade avisningsvätskan. Hur stor denna miljöbelastning blir beror till stor del av var nedbrytningen äger rum. I känsliga ekosystem ger syreförbrukningen upphov till syrefattiga miljöer vilket många organismer missgynnas av. För att reducera de negativa effekter som använd avisningsvätska kan ge upphov till sker på alla svenska reguljära flygplatser ett tillvaratagande av den använda avisningsvätskan. Uppsamlingsmetoderna som används kan uppdelas i två huvudprinciper. Den ena är att området där avisning sker begränsas hydrologiskt och den andra metoden är uppsamling med ”vakuum-sugbil”. Den hydrologiska avgränsningen kan göras för ett mindre område och benämns då som en stationär avisningsyta. Examensarbetet utreder vilka uppsamlingsmetoder för avisningsvätska som används på 16 av de svenska flygplatserna med mest avisningsaktivitet. Vid de undersökta flygplatserna används ”vakuum-sugbil” på alla utom en. På sex av flygplatserna används stationära avisningsplatser och större avgränsade områden för uppsamling finns vid fem flygplatser. Ingen signifikant skillnad i effektivitet (uppsamlingsgrad) kunde påvisas mellan de olika uppsamlingsmetoderna. Anledningen till detta kan ligga i att mätmetoderna skiljer sig mellan de olika flygplatserna och att det är mycket svårt att mäta eller uppskatta effektiviteten. Examensarbetet utreder även vilka mätmetoder som används, deras svagheter samt alternativ till dessa. Förslag ges även till allmänna åtgärder för att minimera flygplansavisningens miljöpåverkan ur såväl utsläppssynpunkt som för resursåtgång. En fallstudie av Stockholm-Bromma flygplats ger en be

The aim of this thesis was to answer a number of questions about the environmental consequences of aircraft de-icing. A further aim was to suggest how the environmental consequences due to the release of de-icing fluids can be measured and reduced. The main impact of the aircraft de-icing on the environment is due to the large oxygen demand for the degradation of glycol based de-icing fluids which are released in the environment. The effect of the increase in oxygen demand depends on where the degradation occurs in the ecosystem. In a sensitive ecosystem, the large demand of oxygen could provide an anaerobic environment which would be harmful for many types of organisms. In order to reduce the negative effects of the applied de-icing fluid, there is some type of collection system at every regular airport in Sweden. The methods of collection can be divided into two general groups, hydrological isolation or vacuum sweeper trucks. When the area used for hydrological isolation is relatively small it is called a central de-icing pad. This thesis investigates which methods are being used at 16 of the Swedish airports with the most intense de-icing activity. Of all of these airports, only one does not use vacuum sweeper trucks. Six of the airports use central de-icing pads and five use hydrological isolation of a larger area. The investigation of the efficiency of each method showed no significant differences. This is due to the lack of accurate measurements and that different measurement methods are employed at different airports. This thesis also examines which methods for measuring the efficiency are being used, their weaknesses and what alternatives methods are available. Suggestions are also given to minimize the environmental consequences of aircraft de-icing, taken into account both leakage of the de-icing fluid and its judicious use. The case study of Stockholm-Bromma Airport includes a more detailed investigation of the de-icing activities and a rough mass balance, Det primära syftet med examensarbetet har varit att besvara ett antal frågeställningar om flygplansavisningens miljöpåverkan. Frågeställningar som behandlar hur flygplansavisningens miljöpåverkan kan uppskattas/mätas samt reduceras. Den miljöpåverkan flygplansavisningen ger upphov till består främst av den syreförbrukning som orsakas vid nedbrytningen av den använda, glykolbaserade avisningsvätskan. Hur stor denna miljöbelastning blir beror till stor del av var nedbrytningen äger rum. I känsliga ekosystem ger syreförbrukningen upphov till syrefattiga miljöer vilket många organismer missgynnas av. För att reducera de negativa effekter som använd avisningsvätska kan ge upphov till sker på alla svenska reguljära flygplatser ett tillvaratagande av den använda avisningsvätskan. Uppsamlingsmetoderna som används kan uppdelas i två huvudprinciper. Den ena är att området där avisning sker begränsas hydrologiskt och den andra metoden är uppsamling med ”vakuum-sugbil”. Den hydrologiska avgränsningen kan göras för ett mindre område och benämns då som en stationär avisningsyta. Examensarbetet utreder vilka uppsamlingsmetoder för avisningsvätska som används på 16 av de svenska flygplatserna med mest avisningsaktivitet. Vid de undersökta flygplatserna används ”vakuum-sugbil” på alla utom en. På sex av flygplatserna används stationära avisningsplatser och större avgränsade områden för uppsamling finns vid fem flygplatser. Ingen signifikant skillnad i effektivitet (uppsamlingsgrad) kunde påvisas mellan de olika uppsamlingsmetoderna. Anledningen till detta kan ligga i att mätmetoderna skiljer sig mellan de olika flygplatserna och att det är mycket svårt att mäta eller uppskatta effektiviteten. Examensarbetet utreder även vilka mätmetoder som används, deras svagheter samt alternativ till dessa. Förslag ges även till allmänna åtgärder för att minimera flygplansavisningens miljöpåverkan ur såväl utsläppssynpunkt som för resursåtgång. En fallstudie av Stockholm-Bromma flygplats ger en be

Ice accretion on the wings of fixed-wing aircraft and on the rotors of rotor-wing aircraft can have disastrous results. The ice that forms on a wing structure especially along the leading edge modifies the wing aerodynamics resulting in decreased lift. In the extreme this can lead to stall and loss of control of the aircraft and potentially a crash. Ice building up elsewhere on the wing rotor or airframe can add weight to the aircraft. Several techniques and flight protocols have been developed and are widely used to prevent aircraft from becoming ice covered both in flight and on the ground., The original document contains color images.