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Due to the ongoing development of urban infrastructure and higher living standards, waste glass has become a significant component of municipal solid waste that cannot be disregarded. To address this issue, researchers have been looking for sustainable solutions to establish Circular Economy best practices for the full value chain of products made of glass, particularly for waste from high-quality glass sheets. Unfortunately, most of this waste is either dumped in landfills or recycled in an open-loop manner, due to its diverse composition and low volume. However, with the advent of Industry 4.0 and 5.0 technologies, including machine-to-machine communication, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, collaborative robots, dynamic life cycle assessment, and advanced remanufacturing techniques, it could now become possible to characterize and recover end-of-life high-quality glass sheets like chemically strengthened glasses, e.g. used in smartphone screens, real time in smart factories for use in other high-tech applications. Such smart factories can economically produce on-demand batch-size 1 products, marking a fundamental transition from conventional recycling methods to a sustainable solution. This paper delves into the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies in glass recycling research and the potential contributions of Industry 5.0, addressing its societal implications. It also introduces an intelligent method to assess and optimize the lifespan of smartphone screen glass, suggesting potential reuse or remanufacturing solutions.

This study investigates the recycling behavior of Croatian citizens and identifies the determinants of individual recycling intention. It also addresses whether the existing deposit refund system for glass bottles in Croatia can be replaced by an expanded system that includes the return and reuse of almost all types of glass containers. A total of 427 Croatian citizens participated in the survey. Quantitative data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling. In addition to the survey, a focus group was conducted with the relevant experts. The results confirmed the assumption about the pro-environmental orientation in Croatia. Citizens have a positive attitude towards the expanded deposit refund system in waste glass disposal and intend to implement it. The most significant predictor of their intention is their attitude towards the expanded deposit refund system, followed by familiarity with recycling. A person’s recycling intention is mainly determined by familiarity with recycling and perceived behavioral control. In the qualitative study, Croatian experts were generally positive about an expanded deposit refund system for glass containers but warned that implementation would not be without certain obstacles. The added value of the study is the creation of new knowledge for the design of local and national policies that can promote individuals’ environmentally friendly behavior and improve the glass waste disposal system in Croatia.

Extraction of hazardous metals from dumped crystal glass waste was investigated for site decontamination and resource recovery. Mechanically activated glass waste was leached with biodegradable chelating agents of ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), where the concentration and reaction time were determined by using Box-Wilson experimental design. Hazardous metals of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb) and cadmium (Cd) with concentrations higher than regulatory limits were extracted wherein the extraction yield was found to vary Pb > Sb > As > Cd. Extraction was influenced more by type and concentration of chelator rather than by reaction time. A maximum of 64% of Pb could be extracted by EDDS while 42% using NTA. It is found that increase of chelator concentrations from 0.05 M to 1 M did not show improved metal extraction and the extraction improved with reaction time until 13 h. This study provides sustainable alternative for treating hazardous glass waste by mechanical activation followed by extraction using biodegradable chelator, instead of acid leaching.

The present work deals with systematic grinding investigation and determination of grindability of container glass bottles. The systematic grinding tests were carried out in three different kinds of ball mills (a drum mill, a vibrating mill, and a planetary mill) with different energy intensities (low, medium, and high intensity) in dry conditions. In addition, the specific grinding work and specific surface area were determined in every case. The grindability test was performed by the Universal Hardgrove Mill, moreover, the Bond-Work Index was calculated from the Hardgrove Grindability Index. In this research work, the focus was on analysing the grindability of container glass bottles and the goal was energy-efficient milling of glass waste to produce glass foam powder for further utilization (for example glass foam) in a sustainable way. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the optimal milling apparatus for container glass grinding is the drum mill. The reason why is that it has a low specific grinding work (151.52 kWh/t) in comparison with the other two types of mills (3488.37 kWh/t for the planetary mill and 1106.38 kWh/t for the vibrating mill) resulting in a relatively high specific surface area (11314 cm2/g). In the case of grinding industrial quantities of glass waste, the drum mill has a much higher capacity compared to the vibrating mill and the planetary mill., Ovaj rad bavi se sustavnim ispitivanjem mljevenja i određivanjem mogućnosti mljevenja staklenih boca. Sustavna ispitivanja mljevenja provedena su u trima različitim vrstama kugličnih mlinova (bubnjasti mlin, vibracijski mlin i planetarni mlin) različitih energetskih zahtjeva (niskoga, srednjega i visokoga intenziteta) u suhim uvjetima. Osim toga, kod svakoga ispitivanja određena je specifična energija mljevenja i specifična površina. Ispitivanje meljivosti provedeno je pomoću mlina Universal Hardgrove, a Bondov radni indeks izračunan je iz indeksa meljivosti po Hardgroveovoj metodi. U ovome istraživačkom radu fokus je bio na analizi meljivosti staklenih boca, a cilj je bio energetski učinkovito mljevenje staklenoga otpada kako bi se proizveo prah staklene pjene za daljnju uporabu (npr. staklena pjena) na održiv način. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti da je optimalni mlin za mljevenje staklenih posuda bubnjasti mlin zbog toga što ima nisku specifičnu energiju mljevenja (151,52 kWh/t) u usporedbi s drugim dvjema vrstama mlinova (3488,37 kWh/t planetarnoga mlina i 1106,38 kWh/t vibrirajućega mlina), što rezultira relativno visokom specifičnom površinom (11 314 cm2/g). U slučaju mljevenja industrijskih količina staklenoga otpada bubnjasti mlin ima znatno veći kapacitet u odnosu na vibracijski i planetarni mlin.

This paper presents the casting of volumetric glass components from glass waste as an alternative glass-recycling approach. The approach is characterized by its flexibility to accommodate a variety of compositions and ability to yield volumetric (solid or thick-walled) glass products that can tolerate higher contamination rates without a significant compromise to their properties. The novelty of the proposed glass-to-glass recycling method lies in the “as-received” recycling of glass waste, using relatively low forming temperatures (750–1200 °C). This reduces both the need for expensive, labour-intensive and logistically complex purifying, segregation and treatment (e.g. removal of coatings) techniques, and the required energy and CO2 emissions for product forming. Aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the potential but also of the technical and supply-chain challenges and limitations that still need to be tackled, in order to introduce this recycling approach to the market. Addressing the supply-chain barriers of glass recycling, the principal challenges linked to the collection and separation of glass waste and the established quality standards for the prevailing glass production technologies are identified, in order to argue upon the potential of this new recycling approach. In continuation, addressing the technical challenges that are mainly linked to contamination, an overview is provided of the main experimental findings on the influence of cullet contaminants and casting parameters on the generation of defects, and how these affect the mechanical properties. The experiments study a broad variety of glass compositions, including soda-lime, borosilicate, aluminosilicate and lead/barium glasses, and different levels of cullet contamination, of embedded (e.g. frit, wire) or external (e.g. stones, glass ceramics) character. Based on the cullet characteristics and imposed firing schedules, different glass quality grades arise and critical def, Structural Design & Mechanics

Waste glass can be transformed into a foam by addition of suitable substance (foaming agent) which generated gaseous products by decomposition or reaction at temperatures above its softening temperature (corresponding to a viscosity of 106.6 Pas). This paper provides a concise overview of the latest research in the field of improving the glass foam production process. Some of the possibilities for reducing the environmental impact of glass foam production are also presented. Some of the new production techniques, new foaming agents as well as the possibility of including other solid waste in the composition of glass foams are presented. At the end, the glass foam produced in the Laboratory for glass and ceramics, Institute for Technology of Nuclear and other Mineral Raw Materials, was shown.

Landfilling of mine and industrial waste streams leads to environmental and economic issues. Sustainable management methods through valorization in manufacturing green construction materials are a current research interest. Here, a promising process for recycling mine tailings, such as phosphate sludge, is proposed. A mixture of phosphate sludge, kaolin clay (Al source), and glass waste (Si source) was prepared. Three fluxing agents were tested at 1000 °C (NaOH, Na2CO3, Na2SO4). Na2CO3 was selected as the most cost-effective. The precursors were alkaline activated with NaOH solution (2, 6, and 8 M). At 28 days of curing (20 h room temperature + 6 h 85 °C + room temperature), the best compressive strength (of more than 45 MPa) was obtained with 8 M NaOH. The reaction products, characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and MAS NMR, show that the main reaction products is a gel N–A–S–H/(N,C)–A–S–H together with some unreacted crystalline phases formed during the fusion.

Landfilling of mine and industrial waste streams leads to environmental and economic issues. Sustainable management methods through valorization in manufacturing green construction materials are a current research interest. Here, a promising process for recycling mine tailings, such as phosphate sludge, is proposed. A mixture of phosphate sludge, kaolin clay (Al source), and glass waste (Si source) was prepared. Three fluxing agents were tested at 1000 °C (NaOH, NaCO, NaSO). NaCO was selected as the most cost-effective. The precursors were alkaline activated with NaOH solution (2, 6, and 8 M). At 28 days of curing (20 h room temperature + 6 h 85 °C + room temperature), the best compressive strength (of more than 45 MPa) was obtained with 8 M NaOH. The reaction products, characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and MAS NMR, show that the main reaction products is a gel N–A–S–H/(N,C)–A–S–H together with some unreacted crystalline phases formed during the fusion.

The solid-state sintering technique was used to successfully manufacture low-cost foam glass-ceramic utilising ark clamshell and cullet glass waste. The foam glass-ceramic has a composition of xACS-(100-x)SLS, where x = 1, 3, 6, and 9 wt%, and is classified as FGC1, FGC2, FGC3, and FGC4 as the ark clamshell content increases. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) findings reveal that when the ark clamshell composition increases, two main crystals with the appearance of Csingle bondO and Casingle bondOsingle bondSi bands grow as wollastonite (CaSiO3) and cristobalite (SiO2) phases. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) micrograph was used to confirm the porosity microstructure of the foam glass-ceramic aggregates. The sample with the greatest expansion (83.98%) yielded the lowest apparent density (0.699 g/cm3). The compressive strength measurement of the foam glass-ceramic aggregates was measured using GCF2 with 3 wt% of ACS. For a sample containing 3 wt% ACS, the maximum compressive strength value was 1.14 MPa, with an average total porosity of about 58.34%, and it has the potential to be employed in the construction sector.

Broken glass is one of the common household problems. Glass is extremely fragile and can be easily broken down. Once a glass breaks, its shards will end up in the dump side, trash, or streams. 10.2 million tons of glass wastes are collected per year according to Waste 360. The lack of construction materials, especially sand, should also be addressed. This waste can also be harmful. This study focuses on making a machine that can recycle glass waste into constructional sand, that is, a glass-crushing machine. Recycling glass waste as an alternative to constructional sand will lessen the solid waste problem, decrease the market price of constructional sand, and increase its compressing strength. This study utilized quantitative research methods of the study. Purposive sampling included two groups of respondents composed of 10 mechanical engineers and 10 electrical engineers. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire. Part 1 of the questionnaire included the profile of the respondents in terms of name, age, and position. Part 2 of the questionnaire consisted of criteria in assessing the acceptability of a glass-crushing machine in terms of usefulness, efficiency, safety, and competitiveness. Part 3 of the questionnaire consisted of suggestions formulated by the respondents to test the acceptability of the machine. The researchers decided to use a 775 torque motor as the main component of the crushing machine. The researchers can make the machine much more efficient and innovative by using cheap materials. The first construction of the glass-crushing machine ended with a failure due to time management and lack of financial support to purchase the materials will be used to buy materials After the first trial, the researchers made an extensive reading and research to study onhow the machine will build properly. Using the recommendations and suggestions of the respondents, in the study, the researchers came up with a good plan. The researchers ended with a much

Glass waste dumps from crystal glass production is an health issue due to the occurrence of antimony, arsenic, cadmium and lead in crystal glass. Recovery of those elements could both decrease pollution and recycle metals in the circular economy. Pyrometallurgy is a potential recovery method, yet limited by high energy consumption. Here we tested a lower-energy alternative in which glass is mechanically activated in a ball mill and leached with nitric acid. Results show that mechanical activation destabilised the glass structure and resulted in 78% lead extraction during leaching at 95 °C. Temperature had the most signifcant efect on extraction, whereas acid concentration, from 0.5 to 3 M, and leaching time, from 0.5 to 12 h, had insignifcant efects. In each experiment, 75% of the fnal extracted amount was achieved within 30 min. The study demonstrates potential for lead extraction from glass waste at lower acid concentration, shorter leaching time and lower temperature, of 95 °C, than traditional pyrometallurgical extraction, typically operating at 1100 °C.

Glass can be recycled an infinite number of times. However, the reverse logistics of bottles, flasks, packaging and others is not always economically feasible, and landfill disposal is widespread in Brazil. The reuse of glass waste is an alternative to recycling, hence the objective of this study was to evaluate the production conditions of soil-cement-glass bricks. The use of glass waste occurred in two ways, one with a cement substitute (glass powder) and another with a soil substitute (crushed glass), in the manufacturing of soil-cement bricks. The results indicated that the glass powder was ineffective in replacing cement. On the other hand, the incorporation of crushed glass significantly improved the mechanical resistance in the specimens. The soil-cement-glass bricks (mass composed of 45% soil, 45% ground glass and 10% cement) molded in conventional and alternative forms showed resistance to the compression established by standards at 14 and 7 days, respectively. This study demonstrated that bricks produced with crushed glass have advantages from the environmental and technical points of view, contributing to the sustainability of the industrial and civil construction sectors.

Making cities resilient and sustainable is only possible if the energy consumption of buildings is reduced. Retrofitting is one of the main tools of the environmental policies developed in cold and temperate climates, leading to the replacement of products considered inefficient. This is particularly the case for glazing, which is a key element in the energy system of a building. However, most of the glass waste generated by renovation is landfilled while the development of a circular economy in the glass industry seems today highly challenging. This paper studies barriers and opportunities to increase the recycling and repair of insulating glass units. To do so, we follow three approaches: a literature review, a series of interviews and a case study of a glazed office district in Brussels. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the main issues relating to the management of glass waste in the building sector and underlines the importance of economic instruments to support the spread of sorting and recycling practices. The need to rethink the systems for assembling insulating glass units with a view to facilitating the sorting of their components also appears as a necessary and stimulating path., SCOPUS: cp.p, iiTSE, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This paper reports results of research into the application of pharmaceutical glass waste, which is a mixture of medical ampoules, in the production of ceramic tiles. Disposal of such waste reduces the negative impact on the environment and contributes to saving mineral raw materials. At the same time, environmentally safe handling of ampoule forms of pharmaceutical glass waste at the disposal stage implies the removal of drugs’ residues from them.The appropriateness of using glass ampoules cleaned from drug residues as a fluxing component of engobe coatings for glazed ceramic granite is experimentally and theoretically substantiated.Comparative analysis of the charge composition of engobes of various manufacturers and of different chemical compositions of fluxing materials, which are components of these engobes, was carried out. The chemical composition of pharmaceutical glass waste was found to suggest the similarity of the basic properties of melts of these wastes and engobe glass frit.The paper considers the dependence of viscosity of the melts of engobe glass frits on the temperature. It was found that by the estimated values of viscosity of melts and experimentally determined characteristics of fusibility, glass waste can serve as substitutes for expensive engobe frits, when used with other traditional components of engobes.The chemical composition of the waste and of the basic engobe frit was determined by the method of X-ray spectrometry. Fusibility characteristics were explored using the thermoscope MISURA. Temperature coefficient of linear expansion of glass materials was determined with the use of the dilatometer LIL402PC.The research into the development of engobe coatings using pharmaceutical glass waste for the technology of glazed ceramic granite at firing temperature of 1185 °C was carried out. The rational charge composition of glazed engobe with a whiteness of 76 % was determined, which contains 30 % by weight of glass waste. The engobe tiles with, Представлены результаты исследований применения фармацевтических отходов из стекла, состоящих из смеси использованных медицинских ампул, в производстве керамической плитки. Утилизация таких отходов уменьшает негативное влияние на окружающую среду и способствует сохранению минерального сырья. При этом экологически безопасное обращение с ампульными формами фармацевтических отходов из стекла на стадии утилизации предусматривает изъятие из них остатков лекарственных препаратов.Экспериментально и теоретически обосновывается целесообразность использования очищенных от остатков лекарственного препарата стеклянных ампул в качестве флюсующих компонентов ангобных покрытий для глазурованного керамогранита.Проведен сравнительный анализ шихтового состава ангобов различных производителей и химических составов флюсующих материалов, являющихся компонентами данных ангобов. Определено, что химический состав фармацевтических стеклоотходов позволяет предположить сходство основных свойств расплавов этих отходов и ангобных стеклофритт.Рассмотрена зависимость вязкости расплавов ангобных стеклофритт от температуры. Установлено, что по расчетным значениям вязкости расплавов и экспериментально определенным характеристикам плавкости стеклоотходы могут служить заменителями ценных ангобных фритт при их использовании с другими традиционными компонентами ангобов.Методом рентгеновской спектрометрии определены химический состав отходов и базовой ангобной фритты. С помощью термомикроскопа MISURA исследованы характеристики плавкости. Дилатометром DIL402РС определен температурный коэффициент линейного расширения стекломатериалов.Проведены исследования по разработке ангобных покрытий с использованием фармацевтических отходов из стекла для технологии глазурованного керамогранита с температурой обжига 1185 °С. Определен рациональный шихтовый состав глянцевого ангоба с белизной 76 %, содержащий 30 мас. % стеклоотходов. Получена ангобированная плитка с водопоглощением 0,3-0,4 % и пределом прочности при изг, Представлені результати досліджень застосування фармацевтичних відходів зі скла, що являють собою суміш використаних медичних ампул, у виробництві керамічної плитки. Утилізація таких відходів зменшує негативний вплив на довкілля та сприяє збереженню мінеральної сировини. При цьому екологічно безпечне поводження з ампульними формами фармацевтичних відходів зі скла на стадії утилізації передбачає вилучення з них залишків лікарських препаратів.Експериментально та теоретично обґрунтовується доцільність використання очищених від залишків лікарського препарату скляних ампул у якості флюсуючого компоненту ангобних покриттів для глазурованого керамограніту.Проведено порівняльний аналіз шихтового складу ангобів різних виробників та хімічних складів флюсуючих матеріалів, що є компонентами даних ангобів. Визначено, що хімічний склад фармацевтичних скловідходів дозволяє припустити схожість основних властивостей розплавів цих відходів та ангобних склофритт.Розглянуто залежність в’язкості розплавів ангобних склофритт від температури. Встановлено, що за розрахунковими значеннями в’язкості розплавів та експериментально визначеними характеристиками плавкості скловідходи можуть служити замінниками коштовних ангобних фритт при їх використанні з іншими традиційними компонентами ангобів.Методом рентгенівської спектрометрії визначено хімічний склад відходів та базової ангобної фритти. За допомогою термомікроскопа MISURA досліджено характеристики плавкості. Визначено дилатометром DIL402РС температурний коефіцієнт лінійного розширення скломатеріалівПроведено дослідження по розробці ангобних покриттів з використанням фармацевтичних відходів зі скла для технології глазурованого керамограніту з температурою випалу 1185 °С. Визначено раціональний шихтовий склад глянцевого ангобу з білизною 76 %, що містить 30 мас. % скловідходів. Отримана ангобована плитка з водопоглинанням 0,3–0,4 % і границею міцності при згині 52–54 МПа

El estudio analiza la viabilidad de incorporar residuos de vidrio, procedentes de residuos de demolición y construcción, en compuestos de yeso promoviendo una economía circular en el sector de la construcción de edificios. Los compuestos se formularon con distintos porcentajes y tamaños de partícula del residuo de vidrio, y se ensayaron en el laboratorio. Todos los compuestos cumplen con los requisitos mínimos establecidos por la legislación. Por tanto, los compuestos pueden utilizarse en la fabricación de elementos de yeso prefabricados o como recubrimiento interior que requiera propiedades superficiales especiales de dureza, comportamiento mejorado ante el agua, y resistencia mecánica. ----------ABSTRACT---------- The design of greener materials is of great interest to develop eco-efficient construction systems, causing less environmental impact and following circular economy criteria. Accordingly, the current study aimed to analyze the viability to incorporate glass waste—from construction and demolition—in gypsum composites, promoting a circular economy in the building construction sector. Gypsum-based composites were formulated using different percentages and particle sizes of glass waste, and samples were prepared. These samples were tested in the laboratory, and the following characteristics were determined: dry density, surface hardness, mechanical strength, water absorption by capillarity, and thermal conductivity. Analysis comparing these composites to reference gypsum without additions showed that it is viable to prepare gypsum composites with the addition of glass waste to reduce water absorption by capillarity, improve mechanical strength, and increase surface hardness. All composites comply with the minimum requirements set by regulations. Therefore, these composites can be applied in the manufacturing of gypsum prefabricated elements or as interior coatings requiring special surface hardness, improved water behavior, and mechanical strength properties

Around former glass factories in south eastern Sweden, there are dozens of dumps whose radioactivity and physico-chemical properties were not investigated previously. Thus, radiometric and physico-chemical characteristics of waste at Madesjö glass dump were studied to evaluate pre-recycling storage requirements and potential radiological and environmental risks. The material was sieved, hand-sorted, leached and scanned with X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). External dose rates and activity concentrations of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials from 238U, 232Th series and 40K were also measured coupled with a radiological risk assessment. Results showed that the waste was 95% glass and dominated by fine fractions (< 11.3 mm) at 43.6%. The fine fraction had pH 7.8, 2.6% moisture content, 123 mg kg-1 Total Dissolved Solids, 37.2 mg kg-1 Dissolved Organic Carbon and 10.5 mg kg-1 fluorides. Compared with Swedish EPA guidelines, the elements As, Cd, Pb and Zn were in hazardous concentrations while Pb leached more than the limits for inert and non-hazardous wastes. With 40K activity concentration up to 3000 Bq kg-1, enhanced external dose rates of 40K were established (0.20 mSv h-1) although no radiological risk was found since both External Hazard Index (Hex) and Gamma Index (Iγ) were < 1. The glass dump needs remediation and storage of the waste materials under a safe hazardous waste class ‘Bank Account’ storage cell as a secondary resource for potential future recycling.

[EN] Spent fluorescent lamps glass (SFLG) waste, manually and mechanically processed in a lamps waste treatment plant, was used to partially replace up to 50 wt% Portland cement (PC). Both waste types exhibited similar pozzolanic activity. The mortars containing up to 35 wt% SFLG met the specifications for other pozzolanic materials (e.g. fly ash) and, after 90 curing days, their compressive strength values were sim- ilar to or higher than those of the 100% PC sample (58.8 MPa). Our results provide an alternative reutilization process for this hazardous waste to reuse SFLG as-received (no washing to reduce mercury) and contributes to less PC use

Glass production has historically occurred at around 50 glassworks in Sweden, in a region known as the Kingdom of Crystals (Glasriket). Today, most of these sites are no longer active and left behind is glass waste of different forms (both as fragments of finished glass as well as unrefined glass melts). Consequently, increased concentrations of different metals, especially arsenic, lead and cadmium, have been found around the sites, both in soil as well as in ground and surface water. Between 2016 and 2019, the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) assigned Golder Associates AB (Golder) to evaluate the environmental risks at three different glassworks: Flerohopp, Åryd and Alsterbro. The results, based on humidity cell tests (HCT) conducted on glass samples from each site, showed that glass itself leached to a surprisingly high extent. Based on this, the aim of this master thesis has been to explain trends in glass leaching by a thorough literature review and through the analysis of HCT data of glass samples. Additionally, the speciation of different metals in the leachate was investigated based on geochemical modelling using PHREEQC. Results from the literature review show that one of the possible mechanisms for the leaching of glass in contact with water is ion exchange, which occurs at the surface of the glass, namely between glass components and H+ ions in water. Additionally, the literature also argues that glass with higher silica content form a more resilient structure, in contrast to glass which contains a large amount of modifiers, such as Na and Ca. Researchers speculate that adding such modifiers to the glass mass opens up the structure, making it more vulnerable upon contact with water. Looking at the total concentration of elements from the three glassworks, the results show a variation in silica content in relation to other elements. In line with this hypothesis, the sample from Åryd, which contained a higher proportion of modifiers, showed a high leaching, Produktion av glas har historiskt skett på cirka 50 glasbruk i Sverige i ett område som kallas Glasriket. I dag är produktionen vid majoriteten av dessa glasbruk avvecklad och kvar på platserna finns glasavfall i olika former, både som skärvor av färdigt glas och som ej färdigställd glasmassa. Som en konsekvens av detta har förhöjda halter av olika metaller, särskilt arsenik, bly och kadmium, påträffats i jorden såväl som i grund- och ytvattnet kring glasbruken. Mellan åren 2016 och 2019 gav Sveriges geologiska undersökning (SGU) i uppdrag till Golder Associates AB (Golder) att uträtta huvudstudier och bedömma risker vid tre olika glasbruk, Flerohopp, Åryd och Alsterbro. Resultaten, baserade på fuktkammarförsök på glassavfall, påvisade att glas lakade till en överraskande hög utsträckning. Detta resultat lade grunden till detta examensarbete med frågeställningar i syfte att förklara lakning av glas baserat på en genomgående litteraturstudie samt analys av resultat från fuktkammarförsöken. Vidare har även geokemisk modellering med programmet PHREEQC gjorts för att identifiera olika specifieringar av metaller som kan förväntas påträffas i lakvätskan. Resultat från litteraturstudien visar att en möjlig process som kan förklara lakning av glas vid kontakt med vatten är jonbyte mellan glasets beståndsdelar och H+-jonerna i vattnet. Tidigare studier påvisar att ett högre kiselinnehåll i glaset skapar en mer motståndskraftig struktur än glas som innehåller en förhållandevis hög andel modifierare, såom Na och Ca. Forskare spekularar kring huruvida tillsatsen av modifierare till glasmassan bidrar till att öppna upp glasstrukturen och som en konsekvens av detta göra strukturen mer sårbar. Vid analys av prover tagna vid de tre olika glasbruken påvisade resultaten ett varierat kiselinnehåll i förhållande till övriga ämnen. I linje med denna hypotes påvisade provet från Åryd den högsta andelen modifierare och samtidigt även den högsta lakningen av Na såväl som Si. Vidare påvisar

The design of bioactive glass materials which is strictly related to glass technology is one of the main achievements in glass production. The attention towards the preparation of glass and glass-ceramics materials for applications in dentistry has increased. The CaO-SiO2-CaF2-P2O5-Al2O3 glass system has been studied by other researchers where the material produced has high mechanical strength as compared to other bioactive glass and glass-ceramics. Although this glass and glass-ceramics are well established for dental application, its effect on using waste materials such as clam shell (CS) and soda lime silica (SLS) glass for use in the dental field has not been extensively studied. Thus, in this study, Alumino-Silicate-Fluoride (ASF) glass and glass- ceramics were fabricated and synthesised using CS and SLS glass as a source of CaO and SiO2, respectively. A series of ASF glass samples were prepared by using the conventional melt-quench technique. The thermal, chemical, physical, structural and mechanical properties of precursor glass and glass-ceramics were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX), average density, molar volume, linear shrinkage, x-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Vickers hardness (Hv) measurement. The density of the un-sintered pellets was found to increase with increasing of CS powder in the glass samples. Moreover, the density and linear shrinkage of glass-ceramic samples also increased with the increasing of sintering temperature. However, these measurements have slightly decreased at 1100 ℃ and 1200 ℃. The introduction of CaO-SiO2-CaF2-P2O5-Al2O3 containing materials, as well as the specific regime of sintering of the glass, gave glass-ceramics materials with crystalline phases of the hexagonal Ca5(PO4)3F (fluorapatite), orthorhombic Al5SiO9.5 (mullite) and anorthic (Ca(Al2Si2O8)) (anorthite) cry

An old glass dumpsite in southern Sweden was mapped and investigated to locate glass abundance zones (“hotspots”) and understand physicochemical parametres of the waste. Global Positioning System (GPS) was used for mapping the site while a geophysical method of Electrical Resistivity was used for detecting glass hotspots in the dump. Test pits were excavated and samples taken, after which hand sorting, sieving and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) scanning of the waste were used for physicochemical properties. Geophysical mapping was found to be a feasible nondestructive tool in locating glass hotspots. In terms of composition, glass was found to be the most abundant fraction at 90% average from all 4 sampling points. From particle size distribution, particles > 11.3 mm were more abundant (75% average) than particles < 11.3 mm. XRF scanning yielded As, Cd and Pb concentrations of 3,700 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 5,300 mg/kg, respectively. In conclusion, it is possible to locate glass hotspots and excavate them carefully in readiness for metal extraction while avoiding the need for complicated sorting post-excavation.

This study addresses the reactivity and risks of metals (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, As and Sb) at a Swedish site with large glass waste deposits. Old glassworks sites typically have high total metal concentrations, but as the metals are mainly bound within the glass waste and considered relatively inert, environmental investigations at these kinds of sites are limited. In this study, soil and landfill samples were subjected to a sequential chemical extraction procedure. Data from batch leaching tests and groundwater upstream and downstream of the waste deposits were also interpreted. The sequential extraction revealed that metals in <2 mm soil/waste samples were largely associated with geochemically active fractions, indicating that metals are released from pristine glass and subsequently largely retained in the surrounding soil and/or on secondary mineral coatings on fine glass particles. From the approximately 12,000 m(3) of coarse glass waste at the site, almost 4000 kg of Pb is estimated to have been lost through corrosion, which, however, corresponds to only a small portion of the total amount of Pb in the waste. Metal sorption within the waste deposits or in underlying soil layers is supported by fairly low metal concentrations in groundwater. However, elevated concentrations in downstream groundwater and in leachates of batch leaching tests were observed for several metals, indicating on-going leaching. Taken together, the high metal concentrations in geochemically active forms and the high amounts of as yet uncorroded metal-rich glass, indicate considerable risks to human health and the environment.

Technetium (99Tc) immobilization by doping into iron oxide mineral phases may alleviate the problems with Tc volatility during vitrification of nuclear waste. Because reduced Tc, Tc(IV), substitutes for Fe(III) in the crystal structure by a process of Tc reduction from Tc(VII) to Tc(IV) followed by co-precipitation of Fe oxide minerals, two Tc-incorporated Fe minerals (Tc-goethite and Tc-magnetite/maghemite) were prepared and tested for Tc retention in glass melt samples at temperatures between 600 and 1000 °C. After being cooled, the solid glass specimens prepared at different temperatures at 600, 800, and 1000 °C were analyzed for Tc oxidation state using Tc K-edge XANES. In most samples, Tc was partially (<60%) oxidized from Tc(IV) to Tc(VII) as the melt temperature increased up to 600 °C. However, most of Tc(IV) was completely (>95%) oxidized to Tc(VII) at temperature above 800 °C. Tc retention in glass melt samples prepared using Tc-incorporated Fe minerals were slightly higher (∼10%) than in glass prepared using KTcO4 because of limited and delayed Tc volatilization.

This study investigates metal contamination patterns and exposure to Sb, As, Ba, Cd and Pb via intake of drinking water in a region in southeastern Sweden where the production of artistic glass has resulted in a large number of contaminated sites. Despite high total concentrations of metals in soil and groundwater at the glassworks sites properties, all drinking water samples from households with private wells, located at a 30-640 m distance from a glassworks site, were below drinking water criteria from the WHO for Sb, As, Ba and Cd. A few drinking water samples showed concentrations of Pb above the WHO guideline, but As was the only element found in concentrations that could result in human exposure near toxicological reference values. An efficient retention of metals in the natural soil close to the source areas, which results in a moderate impact on local drinking water, is implied. Firstly, by the lack of significant difference in metal concentrations when comparing households located upstream and downstream of the main waste deposits, and secondly, by the lack of correlation between the metal concentration in drinking water and distance to the nearest glassworks site. However, elevated Pb and Cd concentrations in drinking water around glassworks sites when compared to regional groundwater indicate that diffuse contamination of the soils found outside the glassworks properties, and not only the glass waste landfills, may have a significant impact on groundwater quality. We further demonstrate that different mobilization patterns apply to different metals. Regarding the need to use reliable data to assess drinking water contamination and human exposure, we finally show that the conservative modelling approaches that are frequently used in routine risk assessments may result in exposure estimates many times higher than those based on measured concentrations in the drinking water that is actually being used for consumption., QC 20160902

The mandatory use of fluorescent lamps as part of a Brazilian energy-saving program generates a huge number of spent fluorescent lamps (SFLs). After operational life, SFLs cannot be disposed of as common garbage owing to mercury and lead contamination. Recycling methods separate contaminated glass tubes and promote cleaning for reuse. In this work, glass from decontaminated SFLs was incorporated into clay ceramics, not only as an environmental solution for such glass wastes and clay mining reduction but also due to technical and economical advantages. Up to 30 wt.% of incorporation, a significant improvement in fired ceramic flexural strength and a decrease in water absorption was observed. A prospective analysis showed clay ceramic incorporation as an environmentally correct and technical alternative for recycling the enormous amount of SFLs disposed of in Brazil. This could also be a solution for other world clay ceramic producers, such as US, China and some European countries. (Authors.), The mandatory use of fluorescent lamps as part of a Brazilian energy-saving program generates a huge number of spent fluorescent lamps (SFLs). After operational life, SFLs cannot be disposed of as common garbage owing to mercury and lead contamination. Recycling methods separate contaminated glass tubes and promote cleaning for reuse. In this work, glass from decontaminated SFLs was incorporated into clay ceramics, not only as an environmental solution for such glass wastes and clay mining reduction but also due to technical and economical advantages. Up to 30 wt.% of incorporation, a significant improvement in fired ceramic flexural strength and a decrease in water absorption was observed. A prospective analysis showed clay ceramic incorporation as an environmentally correct and technical alternative for recycling the enormous amount of SFLs disposed of in Brazil. This could also be a solution for other world clay ceramic producers, such as US, China and some European countries. (Authors.)

Every year there are several hundred tons of waste glass produced in Latvia. Glass can be re-used as a fine raw material and it presents a possibility to save natural, non-renewable materials. The use of glass powder in concrete production can make the construction industry more environmentally friendly. This paper examines the possibility of using glass powder as cement replacement in a new type of concrete. In the experiment, cement was partially (20% and 40%) replaced with glass powder. The long-term deformation (creep) of this new concrete was monitored. Three different concrete mixtures were batched. Specimens of 20% and 40% cement replacement were compared with the specimens made of standard concrete. The samples were tested in two extreme conditions: in one case they were kept in 100% humidity ensured by preventing the desiccation of the concrete, and in the other case samples were air-dried by preventing them from becoming wet. Compression strength and modulus of elasticity of 7 and 28 days old cubic samples was determined.

Staklenim otpadom koji nastaje u različitim oblastima čovekove delatnosti mora se upravljati na bezbedan način po životnu sredinu. Sa aspekta zaštite životne sredine reciklaža je jedan od najprihvatljivijih postupaka za upravljanje ovim otpadnim materijalom. U radu se sveobuhvatno razmatra mogućnost upotrebe otpadnog stakla za istu ili sličnu namenu. Dat je prikaz osnovnih elemenata na koje je neophodno obratiti pažnju prilikom selekcije otpadnog stakla, kao i u kojem se odnosu ovaj otpadni materijal može dodavati primarnoj sirovini pri procesu proizvodnje stakla. Navedene su prednosti reciklaže otpadnog stakla sa ekološkog, energetskog i ekonomskog aspekta. Pri upravljanju otpadnim staklom potrebno je uspostaviti integrisan sistem sa jasno definisanim ciljem. Potrebno je uspostaviti separativni sistem sakupljanja ovog otpadnog materijala, jer se na taj način ubrzava proces reciklaže, a ujedno snižava cena pripreme i obrade ove sekundarne sirovine., Glass waste generated in different areas of human activity must be operated safely for the environment. From the aspect of environmental protection recycling is one of the most acceptable procedures for the management of this waste material. This paper considers the possibility of a comprehensive use of waste glass for the same or similar purpose. This work presents the basic elements that need to be observed during the selection of waste glass, as well as ratio of this waste material and the primary raw material in glass manufacturing process in which this waste can be added to. This work also shows the benefits of recycling waste glass from the environmental, energy and economic aspects. During the management of waste glass it is necessary to establish an integrated system with clearly defined goal. It is necessary to establish separate system of collection of waste materials, because this way speeds up the process of recycling, and also lowers the cost of preparation and processing of secondary raw materials.

Object Factory: The Art of Industrial Ceramics is the first major U.S. museum exhibition to survey contemporary innovation in industrial ceramic production and the renaissance of ceramics in art and design today. The exhibition explores how artists and designers are reviving interest in ceramics through collaborations with industry that enhance and sometimes subvert the industrial process. Object Factory presents works created for leading manufacturers as well as artworks by independent artists and designers. Both non-functional and functional works are highlighted, as are important technological advances in ceramic material that allow for its use in electronic appliances, cutting implements, and other surprising products. The exhibition is curated by acclaimed ceramic artist and designer Marek Cecula and is accompanied by a 120-page, fully illustrated catalogue published and distributed by the Museum of Arts and Design.

Invited international guest artist, conference speaker and advisory board member. Work retained for inclusion in Turkish National Cultural Collection.

Object Factory: The Art of Industrial Ceramics is the first major U.S. museum exhibition to survey contemporary innovation in industrial ceramic production and the renaissance of ceramics in art and design today. The exhibition explores how artists and designers are reviving interest in ceramics through collaborations with industry that enhance and sometimes subvert the industrial process. Object Factory presents works created for leading manufacturers as well as artworks by independent artists and designers. Both non-functional and functional works are highlighted, as are important technological advances in ceramic material that allow for its use in electronic appliances, cutting implements, and other surprising products. The exhibition was curated by acclaimed ceramic artist and designer Marek Cecula and is accompanied by a 120-page, fully illustrated catalogue published and distributed by the Gardiner Museum, Toronto.

筑波大学博士 (デザイン学) 学位論文・平成18年11月30日授与 (甲第4179号), 付: 作品集, 標題紙に「2006.10」と記載あり

Содержатся обоснования и предложения по технологии и организации в Крыму системы сбора и переработки отходов и боя стекла в пеностекло. Показаны преимущества и разработанные технологии использования пеностекла для наружного утепления и отделки строящихся и реконструируемых гражданских зданий. Помимо утилизации отходов стекла, эффект заключается и в энергосбережении при эксплуатации реконструируемых объектов, что также положительно влияет на экологическую ситуацию., Article contains the rationale and some options about technology and organization of collecting and processing waste and glass breakage in foam glass in Crimea. Showed the advantages and the developed technologies of using foam glass for external thermal insulation and decoration of built and reconstructed buildings. In addition to recycling glass waste, the effect is also containing in energy saving during reconstruction buildings, which also has a positive effect on the ecological situation.

[EN] Manufacturing waste has been quickly increasing over time as a result of the fast‑rising population as well as the consumption of foods that are thrown away dishonestly, resulting in environmental contamination. As a result, it has been suggested that industrial waste disposal may be considerably reduced if it could be integrated into cement concrete manufacturing. The aim of this study is to analyze the properties of concrete employing waste glass (WG) as a binding material in proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% by weight of cement. The fresh property was assessed using a slump cone test, while mechanical performance was assessed using flexural, compressive, splitting tensile, and pull‑out strength after 7, 28, and 56 days. Furthermore, microstructure analysis was studied by scan elec‑ tronic microscopic (SEM), Fourier‑transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermo‑gravimetric analysis (TGA) test. The results reveal that the addition of discarded glass reduces the workability of concrete. Furthermore, mechanical performance was increased up to a 20% substitution of waste glass and then gradually declined. Waste glass can be employed as a micro filler or pozzolanic material without affecting the mechanical performance of concrete, accord‑ ing to microstructure research.

Biodiesel as a fuel has been shown to positively impact the environment; replacing or reducing the dependence on fossil fuels while providing a viable alternative. The use of waste oils, such as non-edible or used oils, can reduce competition with food, loss of resources, and the resulting higher prices. In this study, biodiesel was obtained by a transesterification reaction using used cooking oil from fast-food restaurants as the feedstock and catalysts from waste glass and animal bones as the silica and calcium oxide sources, respectively. Utilizing waste or non-edible oils for the production of biodiesel can lessen the competition with food sources while achieving environmental and ethical biofuel standards. Additionally, employing readily available waste oils and catalysts prepared from waste material is an economical and low-cost process compared to the use of conventional expensive feedstock and catalyst. The catalyst characterization for the prepared CaO–SiO2 catalyst was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The reaction was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) by varying three parameters: methanol-to-oil ratio, catalyst weight fraction (wt%), and reaction time. The highest biodiesel yield obtained using Design Expert software was 92.3419% at the optimum conditions of a 14.83:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 3.11 wt% catalyst, and 143 min reaction time. This proved that waste cooking oil with CaO–SiO2 catalyst could be used in the transesterification process to produce a high yield of biodiesel, which was shown in the results obtained from the experimental runs.

This abstract presents a Master’s Thesis in Industrial Design Engineering conducted on behalf of Project Vita, a non-profit organisation working in Morrumbene, Mozambique. The aim of the project was to develop an implementable waste sorting system that would align with the customs of the community and serve as a foundation for a more advanced solid waste management system. Using a combination of human centred design, design for sustainable behaviour, frugal innovation and holistic design thinking, the project used various methods such as co-creation workshops and live prototyping. Eight weeks were spent in Morrumbene, where solid waste management is a concern due to underdeveloped infrastructure. The main findings from the user study revealed a lack of trust among the people regarding waste management and there were concerns about health risks associated with non-combustible waste, especially glass. However, the people in the community expressed openness to participate in a waste sorting system, especially if it is beneficial for them. Based on findings, it was recommended to initially focus on one single waste category and gradually expand the system. The project resulted in a system plan for glass waste management, considering a short term, midterm and long-term perspective. In the short term, information would be spread to encourage residents to bring glass waste to a bin in a central location. The glass would be used in construction projects conducted by Project Vita. For the mid-term implementation, fundings would be sought for new bin locations. Construction companies would use the collected glass waste as filaments. The long-term implementation would include colour sorting bins and involve stakeholders like glass producers for glass collection and recycling., Denna sammanfattning beskriver en masteruppsats inom Teknisk Design utförd för Project Vita, en ideell organisation i Morrumbene, Moçambique. Målet var att utveckla ett genomförbart avfallssorteringssystem som anpassar sig till samhällets vanor och fungerar som grund för ett mer avancerat avfallshanteringssystem. Projektet använde metoder som människocentrerad design, design för hållbart beteende, frugal innovation och holistisk designtänkande, inklusive Co-Creation workshops och Live prototyping. Åtta veckor spenderades i Morrumbene, där underutvecklad infrastruktur skapar utmaningar för avfallshantering. Resultaten från användarstudien visade bristande förtroende för avfallshantering och oro för hälsorisker, särskilt kopplat till icke-brännbart avfall som glas. Trots detta visade samhället öppenhet för att delta i ett avfallssorteringssystem, särskilt om det gynnade dem. Rekommendationen var att initialt fokusera på en avfallskategori och gradvis utvidga systemet. Projektet resulterade i en systemplan för hantering av glasavfall med ett kort-, mellan- och långsiktigt perspektiv. Kortsiktigt skulle information spridas för att uppmuntra invånarna att lämna glasavfall vid en soptunna placerad på en central plats. Glaset skulle användas i byggprojekt utförda av Project Vita. På medellång sikt skulle finansiering sökas för nya soptunneplatser och byggföretag skulle använda insamlat glasavfall som material. Långsiktigt skulle färgsorterande soptunnor införas och intressenter som glas producenter skulle involveras i glasinsamling och återvinning.

This study investigates the potential for Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) to detect buried glass ‘hotspots’ in a glass waste dump based on results from an open glass dump investigated initially. This detection potential is vital for excavation and later use of buried materials as secondary resources. After ERT, test pits (TPs) were excavated around suspected glass hotspots and physico-chemical characterisation of the materials was done. Hotspots were successfully identified as regions of high resistivity (>8000 Ωm) and were thus confirmed by TPs which indicated mean glass composition of 87.2% among samples (up to 99% in some). However, high discrepancies in material resistivities increased the risk for introduction of artefacts, thus increasing the degree of uncertainty with depth, whereas similarities in resistivity between granite bedrock and crystal glass presented data misinterpretation risks. Nevertheless, suitable survey design, careful field procedures and caution exercised by basing data interpretations primarily on TP excavation observations generated good results particularly for near-surface materials, which is useful since glass waste dumps are inherently shallow. Thus, ERT could be a useful technique for obtaining more homogeneous excavated glass and other materials for use as secondary resources in metal extraction and other waste recycling techniques while eliminating complicated and often costly waste sorting needs.

The construction industry and more particularly cement manufacture industry are European Green Deal strategic priorities for the circularity of Europe¿s construction and demolition waste (CDW) stream with a view to reducing CO2 emissions. The industry is engaged in a number of strategies to that end, one of which is to manufacture new low-carbon, lower clinker/cement ratio cements by replacing portland clinker with inorganic fractions of CDW featuring hydraulic or pozzolanic properties. Against the backdrop of that global challenge, the present study explores the cementitious potential of the limestone and siliceous concrete fines and shatterproof building glass found in CDW as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in new blended cements. The research was conducted in two stages: generation of new laboratory-scale knowledge; and industrial validation of the viability of using the highest volume waste streams. The laboratory-scale findings revealed that the presence of the filler effect and pozzolanicity in micronised inorganic fractions of concrete and building glass waste induces the neoformation of hydrated phases and C-S-H gel. Those two developments improve the short- and long-term physical and mechanical properties of the new blended cements at optimal replacement ratios of 5¿7%. The order of material effectiveness in shortening setting times, increasing the heat of hydration and maintaining mechanical strength was observed to be as follows: limestone concrete > siliceous concrete > glass waste. Laboratory analysis was followed by a pilot study consisting in the manufacture of 184 t of blended cement in which 5% of the clinker was replaced by recycled concrete. Higher product performance than the commercial reference cement confirmed the industrial, technical, economic and environmental viability of the new product, estimated to hold potential for CO2 emissions abatement on the order of 41 kg CO2 eq./t of cement, which could translate into 80 Mt CO2 eq./y

Waste reuse is considered an excellent alternative for sustainable development. For the World Commission on Environment and Development in Our Common Future, sustainability is "one that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs." One way to provide a sustainable solution for glass would be the reuse of glass waste in the production of concrete. Glass residues when suitably crushed and sieved, to assume appropriate granulometry, may exhibit characteristics similar to natural aggregates. The use of glass waste when used in concrete manufacturing reduces production costs. The main objective of the research was to replace, as much as possible, in percentage, the quantity of sand and gravel aggregates by glass waste with the same granulometry, as a way to reduce costs, reduce the use of raw materials and reduce the quantity of wastes that were inadequately disposed of in landfills. Samples of glass waste were collected in the construction industry itself, in works and glassware companies that work with cutting and delivery of the product. Comparisons were made between concretes produced with natural and concrete aggregates produced with the substitution of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of the fine aggregate, all of which glass was used as a substitute. The comparative analyzes were the mechanical properties of compression strength and diametral compression traction at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 90 days.

Physico-chemical characteristics of waste, particularly fine fraction (FF), from an old crystal glass waste dump in Sweden were studied to assess recycling or disposal alternatives. Hand-sorting of the waste indicated glass content of 44.1% while sieving established the FF as a more soil-like mix of glass and other materials constituting 33.3% of all excavated waste. The FF was around neutral pH with 24.4% moisture content, low values of Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Organic Carbon and fluorides, but hazardous concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Zn according to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. While the FF leached metals in low concentrations at neutral pH, it leached considerably during digestion with nitric acid, implying leaching risks at low pH. Thus, the waste requires safe storage in hazardous waste class ‘bank account’ storage cells to avoid environmental contamination as metal recovery and other recycling strategies for the glass waste are being developed. The study could fill the information gap regarding preservation of potential resources in the on-going, fast-paced excavation and re-landfilling of heavy metal contaminated materials in the region.

Concrete is a key construction material that contributes significantly to environmental concerns. Cement production is responsible for 12-15% of all industrial energy consumption and 5-7% of global CO2 emissions. The escalating demand for construction materials and the environmental impact of cement clinker production highlight the necessity for the construction industry to reduce its reliance on traditional concrete. These figures have prompted the exploration of sustainable alternative materials, such as geopolymer concrete (GPC), which is distinguished for its use of aluminosilicate precursor materials instead of cement as a binder. GPC offers mechanical and durability advantages while also reducing carbon emissions. Incorporating industrial byproducts or waste materials such as fly ash and slag further enhances sustainability. Glass is a substantial waste stream that presents an opportunity for improvement, with recycling rates at 59% in 2020-21. This research focuses on waste glass powder (WGP) and waste glass cullet (WGC) in GPC, addressing the challenges of glass waste disposal and minimising the carbon footprint associated with cement production. [...], Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy, School of Eng & Built Env, Griffith Sciences

Dense urbanization increases the demand on the building sector who is responsible, on the one hand for producing large amounts of landfilled glass waste, and on the other for consuming the earth’s natural resources and release additional CO2 emissions, for the manufacture of new architectural glass. These unfavorable conditions together with the already apparent effects of climate change, demand resourceful solutions for adaptive and resilient cities, that utilize current waste and require low maintenance and low costs, to be implemented universally. This, can only be ensured by letting nature to take over. Unexploited urban facades have a key role to provide this new ground that can be colonized by microorganisms, creating a microclimate by forming an outer green layer growing on its own. Aiming this, materials covering our urban facades need to be transformed to porous hosts by retaining rainwater and providing the right environment for bio-growth to take place. This research aims to discover new ways that unutilized glass waste can be upcycled into bioreceptive applications, that form a promising set of criteria. By shedding light firstly on the specific material properties needed, the method of glass foaming is chosen to be investigated, as the means to provide an open porous network that can incorporate large amounts of waste into its recipe. An experimental approach has been designed to explore the parameters related to the mixture, manufacturing process affecting the glass foam’s microstructure and potential biofilm formation by producing a total of 22 samples in the Glass lab in Stevin lab, TU Delft. These specimens were not foamed at once, but gradually being tested first of all, microscopically, to reveal the porosity network and secondly, with a series of quick tests related to their hydraulic performance, providing feedback for the next batch of samples regarding the most promising recipes to be further explored. All the sample, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Building Technology | Sustainable Design

Although in theory glass can be endlessly remelted without loss in quality, in practice only a small percentage gets recycled, mainly by the packaging industry. Most of the discarded glass fails to pass the high quality standards of the prevailing glass industry -due to coatings, adhesives, other contaminants or incompatibility of the recipe- and ends up in the landfill. However, employing discarded glass in cast components for building applications can be a way to reintroduce this waste to the supply chain. Such components can tolerate a higher percentage of inclusions, without necessarily compromising their mechanical or aesthetical properties. This paper explores the potential but also the limitations of recycling glass in order to obtain load-bearing components. First, an overview is provided regarding which types of glass reach the recycling plants and the which not, arguing on the reasons behind this selection. Afterwards, a series of experiments is presented, exploring the possibilities of recycling everyday glass waste, from beer bottles and Pyrex® trays to mobile phone screens. Each type of glass waste is initially cast separately to define its flow capability and risk of crystallization. The above information is linked to the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses of the samples prior to recycling. Then, the possibility to mix different glass recipes without fracturing is evaluated. The results point out the types of glass with potential in structural applications, and the overall feasibility of the concept., Applied Mechanics, Structural Design & Mechanics, OLD Structural Design

Although in theory glass can be endlessly re-melted without loss in quality, in practice only a small percentage gets recycled, mainly by the packaging industry. Most of the discarded glass fails to pass the high quality standards of the prevailing glass industry – due to coatings, adhesives, other contaminants or incompatibility of the recipe – and ends up in landfill. However, using discarded glass in cast components for building applications can be a good way to reintroduce this waste to the supply chain. Such components can tolerate a higher percentage of inclusions, without necessarily compromising their mechanical or aesthetical properties. This paper explores the potential but also the limitations of recycling glass in order to obtain load-bearing components. First, an overview is provided regarding which types of glass reach the recycling plants and which not, arguing on the reasons behind this selection. Afterwards, a series of experiments is presented, exploring the possibilities of recycling everyday glass waste, from beer bottles and Pyrex trays to mobile phone screens. Each type of glass waste is cast at different temperatures and firing/cooling rates to define its flow capability and risk of crystallization. The above information is linked to the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses of the samples prior to recycling. The results point out the types of glass with potential in structural applications, and the overall feasibility of the concept. This paper is an extension of previously reported work by Bristogianni et al. 2018., Applied Mechanics, Structural Design & Mechanics, OLD Structural Design

Today, lightweight concretes with lightweight expanded aggregates (expanded clay, agloporite) are most commonly used. This paper deals with the production of lightweight concretes lightweighted with foamed glass-based aggregates. Foamed glass is a lightweight material characterised by a very good ratio of thermal insulation and mechanical properties. Foamed glass is made of approximately 90% recycled glass waste (mostly mixed), which cannot be used in any other way, as well as water glass and glycerine. When concrete is lightened with foamed glass, these concretes achieve unique properties while conserving primary aggregate resources, avoiding landfilling of glass waste and efficiently using the waste material to produce lightweight concrete with higher added value. The paper discusses the possibilities of developing lightweight structural concretes using glass foam based aggregates to achieve higher strength classes while reducing the weight and thermal conductivity of the concrete. As part of the research work, new types of lightweight concrete with a bulk density in the range of 1750 - 1930 kg/m3 and a thermal conductivity from 0.699 to 0.950 W / (m.K) were developed., TDnes se nejčastěji používají lehké betony s lehkým expandovaným kamenivem (keramzit, agloporit). Tento příspěvek se zabývá výrobou lehkých betonů lehčených kamenivem na bázi pěnového skla. Pěnové sklo je lehký materiál vyznačující se velmi dobrým poměrem tepelně izolačních a mechanických vlastností. Pěnové sklo je vyrobeno z cca 90 % recyklovaného skleněného odpadu (většinou smíšeného), který nelze jinak využít, stejně jako vodní sklo a glycerin. Když je beton vylehčován pěnovým sklem, dosahují tyto betony jedinečných vlastností a zároveň šetří primární zdroje kameniva, zabraňují skládkování skleněného odpadu a efektivně využívají odpadní materiál k výrobě lehkého betonu s vyšší přidanou hodnotou. Článek pojednává o možnostech vývoje lehkých konstrukčních betonů s použitím kameniva na bázi pěnového skla pro dosažení vyšších pevnostních tříd při snížení hmotnosti a tepelné vodivosti betonu. V rámci výzkumných prací byly vyvinuty nové typy lehkých betonů s objemovou hmotností v rozmezí 1750 – 1930 kg/m3 a tepelnou vodivostí od 0,699 do 0,950 W/(m·K).

Today, lightweight concretes with lightweight expanded aggregates (expanded clay, agloporite) are most commonly used. This paper deals with the production of lightweight concretes lightweighted with foamed glass-based aggregates. Foamed glass is a lightweight material characterised by a very good ratio of thermal insulation and mechanical properties. Foamed glass is made of approximately 90% recycled glass waste (mostly mixed), which cannot be used in any other way, as well as water glass and glycerine. When concrete is lightened with foamed glass, these concretes achieve unique properties while conserving primary aggregate resources, avoiding landfilling of glass waste and efficiently using the waste material to produce lightweight concrete with higher added value. The paper discusses the possibilities of developing lightweight structural concretes using glass foam based aggregates to achieve higher strength classes while reducing the weight and thermal conductivity of the concrete. As part of the research work, new types of lightweight concrete with a bulk density in the range of 1750 - 1930 kg/m3 and a thermal conductivity from 0.699 to 0.950 W / (m.K) were developed., TDnes se nejčastěji používají lehké betony s lehkým expandovaným kamenivem (keramzit, agloporit). Tento příspěvek se zabývá výrobou lehkých betonů lehčených kamenivem na bázi pěnového skla. Pěnové sklo je lehký materiál vyznačující se velmi dobrým poměrem tepelně izolačních a mechanických vlastností. Pěnové sklo je vyrobeno z cca 90 % recyklovaného skleněného odpadu (většinou smíšeného), který nelze jinak využít, stejně jako vodní sklo a glycerin. Když je beton vylehčován pěnovým sklem, dosahují tyto betony jedinečných vlastností a zároveň šetří primární zdroje kameniva, zabraňují skládkování skleněného odpadu a efektivně využívají odpadní materiál k výrobě lehkého betonu s vyšší přidanou hodnotou. Článek pojednává o možnostech vývoje lehkých konstrukčních betonů s použitím kameniva na bázi pěnového skla pro dosažení vyšších pevnostních tříd při snížení hmotnosti a tepelné vodivosti betonu. V rámci výzkumných prací byly vyvinuty nové typy lehkých betonů s objemovou hmotností v rozmezí 1750 – 1930 kg/m3 a tepelnou vodivostí od 0,699 do 0,950 W/(m·K).

Today, lightweight concretes with lightweight expanded aggregates (expanded clay, agloporite) are most commonly used. This paper deals with the production of lightweight concretes lightweighted with foamed glass-based aggregates. Foamed glass is a lightweight material characterised by a very good ratio of thermal insulation and mechanical properties. Foamed glass is made of approximately 90% recycled glass waste (mostly mixed), which cannot be used in any other way, as well as water glass and glycerine. When concrete is lightened with foamed glass, these concretes achieve unique properties while conserving primary aggregate resources, avoiding landfilling of glass waste and efficiently using the waste material to produce lightweight concrete with higher added value. The paper discusses the possibilities of developing lightweight structural concretes using glass foam based aggregates to achieve higher strength classes while reducing the weight and thermal conductivity of the concrete. As part of the research work, new types of lightweight concrete with a bulk density in the range of 1750 - 1930 kg/m3 and a thermal conductivity from 0.699 to 0.950 W / (m.K) were developed., TDnes se nejčastěji používají lehké betony s lehkým expandovaným kamenivem (keramzit, agloporit). Tento příspěvek se zabývá výrobou lehkých betonů lehčených kamenivem na bázi pěnového skla. Pěnové sklo je lehký materiál vyznačující se velmi dobrým poměrem tepelně izolačních a mechanických vlastností. Pěnové sklo je vyrobeno z cca 90 % recyklovaného skleněného odpadu (většinou smíšeného), který nelze jinak využít, stejně jako vodní sklo a glycerin. Když je beton vylehčován pěnovým sklem, dosahují tyto betony jedinečných vlastností a zároveň šetří primární zdroje kameniva, zabraňují skládkování skleněného odpadu a efektivně využívají odpadní materiál k výrobě lehkého betonu s vyšší přidanou hodnotou. Článek pojednává o možnostech vývoje lehkých konstrukčních betonů s použitím kameniva na bázi pěnového skla pro dosažení vyšších pevnostních tříd při snížení hmotnosti a tepelné vodivosti betonu. V rámci výzkumných prací byly vyvinuty nové typy lehkých betonů s objemovou hmotností v rozmezí 1750 – 1930 kg/m3 a tepelnou vodivostí od 0,699 do 0,950 W/(m·K).

The development of alternative materials for the construction industry, based on different types of waste, is gaining significant importance in recent years. This is mostly due to the need to increase sustainability of this heavily polluting activity, thus mitigating the dependence on, for instance, Portland cement. The present paper is related to the development of an alkaline activated cement (AAC) exclusively fabricated from industrial by-products (both precursor and activator). Coal combustion fly ash, a common residue from thermoelectric powerplants, and glass waste, from the manufacture of ophthalmic lenses, were used as precursors. These precursors were activated with a recycled alkaline solution, resulting from the cleaning of aluminium extrusion dies, instead of the more common commercial reagents usually applied for this type of binder. Several pastes were studied, combining the precursor and alkaline solution in different proportions. When the most-performing cements were defined, they were used to stabilise a cohesive soil. The experimental procedure and subsequent analysis were designed based on a Response Surface Methodology model, considering the Activator/Solids and Soil/Precursor ratios as the most relevant variables of the stabilisation process. It was observed that, depending on the type of alkaline cement used, there was an optimum precursor and activator contents to optimise the mechanical properties of the stabilised soil. The reliability of this prediction was especially dependent on the type of precursors and, also, on their respective dissolution process right before the homogenization with the soil, under the working conditions available.