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1. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

Author: Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H.S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle, Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, Götherström, Anders, Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H.S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle, Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, and Götherström, Anders
Abstract: We investigate a 2,000-year genetic transect through Scandinavia spanning the Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and genotypes from 16,638 modern individuals. We find regional variation in the timing and magnitude of gene flow from three sources: the eastern Baltic, the British-Irish Isles, and southern Europe. British-Irish ancestry was widespread in Scandinavia from the Viking period, whereas eastern Baltic ancestry is more localized to Gotland and central Sweden. In some regions, a drop in current levels of external ancestry suggests that ancient immigrants contributed proportionately less to the modern Scandinavian gene pool than indicated by the ancestry of genomes from the Viking and Medieval periods. Finally, we show that a north-south genetic cline that characterizes modern Scandinavians is mainly due to the differential levels of Uralic ancestry and that this cline existed in the Viking Age and possibly earlier.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

2. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

Author: Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H.S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle, Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, Götherström, Anders, Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H.S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle, Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, and Götherström, Anders
Abstract: We investigate a 2,000-year genetic transect through Scandinavia spanning the Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and genotypes from 16,638 modern individuals. We find regional variation in the timing and magnitude of gene flow from three sources: the eastern Baltic, the British-Irish Isles, and southern Europe. British-Irish ancestry was widespread in Scandinavia from the Viking period, whereas eastern Baltic ancestry is more localized to Gotland and central Sweden. In some regions, a drop in current levels of external ancestry suggests that ancient immigrants contributed proportionately less to the modern Scandinavian gene pool than indicated by the ancestry of genomes from the Viking and Medieval periods. Finally, we show that a north-south genetic cline that characterizes modern Scandinavians is mainly due to the differential levels of Uralic ancestry and that this cline existed in the Viking Age and possibly earlier.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

3. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

Author: Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Kempe Lagerholm, Vendela, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle R., Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, Götherström, Anders, Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Kempe Lagerholm, Vendela, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle R., Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, and Götherström, Anders
Abstract: We investigate a 2,000-year genetic transect through Scandinavia spanning the Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and genotypes from 16,638 modern individuals. We find regional variation in the timing and magnitude of gene flow from three sources: the eastern Baltic, the British-Irish Isles, and southern Europe. British-Irish ancestry was widespread in Scandinavia from the Viking period, whereas eastern Baltic ancestry is more localized to Gotland and central Sweden. In some regions, a drop in current levels of external ancestry suggests that ancient immigrants contributed proportionately less to the modern Scandinavian gene pool than indicated by the ancestry of genomes from the Viking and Medieval periods. Finally, we show that a north-south genetic cline that characterizes modern Scandinavians is mainly due to the differential levels of Uralic ancestry and that this cline existed in the Viking Age and possibly earlier., gene flow, Scandinavian genetic structure, Viking, migration period, human population genomics
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

4. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

Author: Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H.S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle, Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, Götherström, Anders, Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H.S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle, Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, and Götherström, Anders
Abstract: We investigate a 2,000-year genetic transect through Scandinavia spanning the Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and genotypes from 16,638 modern individuals. We find regional variation in the timing and magnitude of gene flow from three sources: the eastern Baltic, the British-Irish Isles, and southern Europe. British-Irish ancestry was widespread in Scandinavia from the Viking period, whereas eastern Baltic ancestry is more localized to Gotland and central Sweden. In some regions, a drop in current levels of external ancestry suggests that ancient immigrants contributed proportionately less to the modern Scandinavian gene pool than indicated by the ancestry of genomes from the Viking and Medieval periods. Finally, we show that a north-south genetic cline that characterizes modern Scandinavians is mainly due to the differential levels of Uralic ancestry and that this cline existed in the Viking Age and possibly earlier.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

Author: Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H.S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle, Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, Götherström, Anders, Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H.S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle, Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, and Götherström, Anders
Abstract: We investigate a 2,000-year genetic transect through Scandinavia spanning the Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and genotypes from 16,638 modern individuals. We find regional variation in the timing and magnitude of gene flow from three sources: the eastern Baltic, the British-Irish Isles, and southern Europe. British-Irish ancestry was widespread in Scandinavia from the Viking period, whereas eastern Baltic ancestry is more localized to Gotland and central Sweden. In some regions, a drop in current levels of external ancestry suggests that ancient immigrants contributed proportionately less to the modern Scandinavian gene pool than indicated by the ancestry of genomes from the Viking and Medieval periods. Finally, we show that a north-south genetic cline that characterizes modern Scandinavians is mainly due to the differential levels of Uralic ancestry and that this cline existed in the Viking Age and possibly earlier.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

Author: Especialidades médico-quirúrgicas, Medikuntza eta kirurgia espezialitateak, Rodríguez Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Ebenesersdottir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle R., Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayca, Pérez Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Liden, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewinska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Stora, Jan, Stefansson, Kari, Helgason, Agnar, Götherström, Anders, Especialidades médico-quirúrgicas, Medikuntza eta kirurgia espezialitateak, Rodríguez Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Ebenesersdottir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle R., Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayca, Pérez Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Liden, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewinska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Stora, Jan, Stefansson, Kari, Helgason, Agnar, and Götherström, Anders
Abstract: Scandinavia spanning the Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and genotypes from 16,638 modern individuals. We find regional variation in the timing and magnitude of gene flow from three sources: the eastern Baltic, the British-Irish Isles, and southern Europe. British-Irish ancestry was widespread in Scandinavia from the Viking period, whereas eastern Baltic ancestry is more localized to Gotland and central Sweden. In some regions, a drop in current levels of external ancestry suggests that ancient immigrants contributed proportionately less to the modern Scandinavian gene pool than indicated by the ancestry of genomes from the Viking and Medieval periods. Finally, we show that a north-south genetic cline that characterizes modern Scandinavians is mainly due to the differential levels of Uralic ancestry and that this cline existed in the Viking Age and possibly earlier.
Published: 2023

7. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

Author: Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle R., Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, Götherström, Anders, Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle R., Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, and Götherström, Anders
Abstract: We investigate a 2,000-year genetic transect through Scandinavia spanning the Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and genotypes from 16,638 modern individuals. We find regional variation in the timing and magnitude of gene flow from three sources: the eastern Baltic, the British-Irish Isles, and southern Europe. British-Irish ancestry was widespread in Scandinavia from the Viking period, whereas eastern Baltic ancestry is more localized to Gotland and central Sweden. In some regions, a drop in current levels of external ancestry suggests that ancient immigrants contributed proportionately less to the modern Scandinavian gene pool than indicated by the ancestry of genomes from the Viking and Medieval periods. Finally, we show that a north-south genetic cline that characterizes modern Scandinavians is mainly due to the differential levels of Uralic ancestry and that this cline existed in the Viking Age and possibly earlier.
Published: 2023

8. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

Author: Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H.S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle, Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, Götherström, Anders, Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H.S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle, Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, and Götherström, Anders
Abstract: We investigate a 2,000-year genetic transect through Scandinavia spanning the Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and genotypes from 16,638 modern individuals. We find regional variation in the timing and magnitude of gene flow from three sources: the eastern Baltic, the British-Irish Isles, and southern Europe. British-Irish ancestry was widespread in Scandinavia from the Viking period, whereas eastern Baltic ancestry is more localized to Gotland and central Sweden. In some regions, a drop in current levels of external ancestry suggests that ancient immigrants contributed proportionately less to the modern Scandinavian gene pool than indicated by the ancestry of genomes from the Viking and Medieval periods. Finally, we show that a north-south genetic cline that characterizes modern Scandinavians is mainly due to the differential levels of Uralic ancestry and that this cline existed in the Viking Age and possibly earlier.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

9. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

Author: Rodriguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Ebenesersdottir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Veronica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle R., Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayca, Perez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Liden, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewinska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Stora, Jan, Stefansson, Kari, Helgason, Agnar, Götherström, Anders, Rodriguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Ebenesersdottir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Veronica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle R., Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayca, Perez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Liden, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewinska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Stora, Jan, Stefansson, Kari, Helgason, Agnar, and Götherström, Anders
Abstract: We investigate a 2,000-year genetic transect through Scandinavia spanning the Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and genotypes from 16,638 modern individuals. We find regional variation in the timing and magnitude of gene flow from three sources: the eastern Baltic, the British-Irish Isles, and southern Europe. British-Irish ancestry was widespread in Scandinavia from the Viking period, whereas eastern Baltic ancestry is more localized to Gotland and central Sweden. In some regions, a drop in current levels of external ancestry suggests that ancient immigrants contributed proportionately less to the modern Scandinavian gene pool than indicated by the ancestry of genomes from the Viking and Medieval periods. Finally, we show that a north-south genetic cline that characterizes modern Scandinavians is mainly due to the differential levels of Uralic ancestry and that this cline existed in the Viking Age and possibly earlier.
Published: 2023
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10. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

Author: Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle R., Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, Götherström, Anders, Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kjellström, Anna, Papmehl-Dufay, Ludvig, Alfsdotter, Clara, Berglund, Birgitta, Alrawi, Loey, Kashuba, Natalija, Sobrado, Verónica, Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Munters, Arielle R., Bernhardsson, Carolina, Skar, Birgitte, Christophersen, Axel, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Daskalaki, Eva, Omrak, Ayça, Pérez-Ramallo, Patxi, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Gunnarsson, Fredrik, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Lidén, Kerstin, Jakobsson, Mattias, Einarsson, Lars, Victor, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Zachrisson, Torun, Storå, Jan, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, and Götherström, Anders
Abstract: We investigate a 2,000-year genetic transect through Scandinavia spanning the Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and genotypes from 16,638 modern individuals. We find regional variation in the timing and magnitude of gene flow from three sources: the eastern Baltic, the British-Irish Isles, and southern Europe. British-Irish ancestry was widespread in Scandinavia from the Viking period, whereas eastern Baltic ancestry is more localized to Gotland and central Sweden. In some regions, a drop in current levels of external ancestry suggests that ancient immigrants contributed proportionately less to the modern Scandinavian gene pool than indicated by the ancestry of genomes from the Viking and Medieval periods. Finally, we show that a north-south genetic cline that characterizes modern Scandinavians is mainly due to the differential levels of Uralic ancestry and that this cline existed in the Viking Age and possibly earlier.
Published: 2023

11. The population genomic legacy of the second plague pandemic

Author: Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Ebenesersdottir, S. Sunna, Lundström, Inge K. C., Turner-Walker, Gordon, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Luisi, Pierre, Margaryan, Ashot, Martin, Michael D., Ellegaard, Martin Rene, Magnusson, Olafur P., Sigurosson, Asgeir, Snorradottir, Steinunn, Magnusdottir, Droplaug N., Laffoon, Jason E., van Dorp, Lucy, Liu, Xiaodong, Moltke, Ida, Avila-Arcos, Maria C., Schraiber, Joshua G., Rasmussen, Simon, Juan, David, Gelabert, Pere, de-Dios, Toni, Fotakis, Anna K., Iraeta-Orbegozo, Miren, Vågene, Åshild J., Denham, Sean Dexter, Christophersen, Axel, Stenøien, Hans K., Vieira, Filipe G., Liu, Shanlin, Günther, Torsten, Kivisild, Toomas, Moseng, Ole Georg, Skar, Birgitte, Cheung, Christina, Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela, Wales, Nathan, Schroeder, Hannes, Campos, Paula F., Guomundsdottir, Valdis B., Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Peterson, Bent, Halgunset, Jostein, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Willerslev, Eske, Balloux, Francois, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Nielsen, Rasmus, Stefansson, Kari, Holgason, Agnar, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Ebenesersdottir, S. Sunna, Lundström, Inge K. C., Turner-Walker, Gordon, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Luisi, Pierre, Margaryan, Ashot, Martin, Michael D., Ellegaard, Martin Rene, Magnusson, Olafur P., Sigurosson, Asgeir, Snorradottir, Steinunn, Magnusdottir, Droplaug N., Laffoon, Jason E., van Dorp, Lucy, Liu, Xiaodong, Moltke, Ida, Avila-Arcos, Maria C., Schraiber, Joshua G., Rasmussen, Simon, Juan, David, Gelabert, Pere, de-Dios, Toni, Fotakis, Anna K., Iraeta-Orbegozo, Miren, Vågene, Åshild J., Denham, Sean Dexter, Christophersen, Axel, Stenøien, Hans K., Vieira, Filipe G., Liu, Shanlin, Günther, Torsten, Kivisild, Toomas, Moseng, Ole Georg, Skar, Birgitte, Cheung, Christina, Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela, Wales, Nathan, Schroeder, Hannes, Campos, Paula F., Guomundsdottir, Valdis B., Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Peterson, Bent, Halgunset, Jostein, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Willerslev, Eske, Balloux, Francois, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Nielsen, Rasmus, Stefansson, Kari, Holgason, Agnar, and Gilbert, M. Thomas P.
Abstract: Human populations have been shaped by catastrophes that may have left long-lasting signatures in their genomes. One notable example is the second plague pandemic that entered Europe in ca. 1,347 CE and repeatedly returned for over 300 years, with typical village and town mortality estimated at 10%–40%.1 It is assumed that this high mortality affected the gene pools of these populations. First, local population crashes reduced genetic diversity. Second, a change in frequency is expected for sequence variants that may have affected survival or susceptibility to the etiologic agent (Yersinia pestis).2 Third, mass mortality might alter the local gene pools through its impact on subsequent migration patterns. We explored these factors using the Norwegian city of Trondheim as a model, by sequencing 54 genomes spanning three time periods: (1) prior to the plague striking Trondheim in 1,349 CE, (2) the 17th–19th century, and (3) the present. We find that the pandemic period shaped the gene pool by reducing long distance immigration, in particular from the British Isles, and inducing a bottleneck that reduced genetic diversity. Although we also observe an excess of large FST values at multiple loci in the genome, these are shaped by reference biases introduced by mapping our relatively low genome coverage degraded DNA to the reference genome. This implies that attempts to detect selection using ancient DNA (aDNA) datasets that vary by read length and depth of sequencing coverage may be particularly challenging until methods have been developed to account for the impact of differential reference bias on test statistics.
Published: 2022
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12. The population genomic legacy of the second plague pandemic

Author: Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Ebenesersdottir, S. Sunna, Lundström, Inge K. C., Turner-Walker, Gordon, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Luisi, Pierre, Margaryan, Ashot, Martin, Michael D., Ellegaard, Martin Rene, Magnusson, Olafur P., Sigurosson, Asgeir, Snorradottir, Steinunn, Magnusdottir, Droplaug N., Laffoon, Jason E., van Dorp, Lucy, Liu, Xiaodong, Moltke, Ida, Avila-Arcos, Maria C., Schraiber, Joshua G., Rasmussen, Simon, Juan, David, Gelabert, Pere, de-Dios, Toni, Fotakis, Anna K., Iraeta-Orbegozo, Miren, Vågene, Åshild J., Denham, Sean Dexter, Christophersen, Axel, Stenøien, Hans K., Vieira, Filipe G., Liu, Shanlin, Günther, Torsten, Kivisild, Toomas, Moseng, Ole Georg, Skar, Birgitte, Cheung, Christina, Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela, Wales, Nathan, Schroeder, Hannes, Campos, Paula F., Guomundsdottir, Valdis B., Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Peterson, Bent, Halgunset, Jostein, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Willerslev, Eske, Balloux, Francois, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Nielsen, Rasmus, Stefansson, Kari, Holgason, Agnar, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Ebenesersdottir, S. Sunna, Lundström, Inge K. C., Turner-Walker, Gordon, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Luisi, Pierre, Margaryan, Ashot, Martin, Michael D., Ellegaard, Martin Rene, Magnusson, Olafur P., Sigurosson, Asgeir, Snorradottir, Steinunn, Magnusdottir, Droplaug N., Laffoon, Jason E., van Dorp, Lucy, Liu, Xiaodong, Moltke, Ida, Avila-Arcos, Maria C., Schraiber, Joshua G., Rasmussen, Simon, Juan, David, Gelabert, Pere, de-Dios, Toni, Fotakis, Anna K., Iraeta-Orbegozo, Miren, Vågene, Åshild J., Denham, Sean Dexter, Christophersen, Axel, Stenøien, Hans K., Vieira, Filipe G., Liu, Shanlin, Günther, Torsten, Kivisild, Toomas, Moseng, Ole Georg, Skar, Birgitte, Cheung, Christina, Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela, Wales, Nathan, Schroeder, Hannes, Campos, Paula F., Guomundsdottir, Valdis B., Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Peterson, Bent, Halgunset, Jostein, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Willerslev, Eske, Balloux, Francois, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Nielsen, Rasmus, Stefansson, Kari, Holgason, Agnar, and Gilbert, M. Thomas P.
Abstract: Human populations have been shaped by catastrophes that may have left long-lasting signatures in their genomes. One notable example is the second plague pandemic that entered Europe in ca. 1,347 CE and repeatedly returned for over 300 years, with typical village and town mortality estimated at 10%–40%.1 It is assumed that this high mortality affected the gene pools of these populations. First, local population crashes reduced genetic diversity. Second, a change in frequency is expected for sequence variants that may have affected survival or susceptibility to the etiologic agent (Yersinia pestis).2 Third, mass mortality might alter the local gene pools through its impact on subsequent migration patterns. We explored these factors using the Norwegian city of Trondheim as a model, by sequencing 54 genomes spanning three time periods: (1) prior to the plague striking Trondheim in 1,349 CE, (2) the 17th–19th century, and (3) the present. We find that the pandemic period shaped the gene pool by reducing long distance immigration, in particular from the British Isles, and inducing a bottleneck that reduced genetic diversity. Although we also observe an excess of large FST values at multiple loci in the genome, these are shaped by reference biases introduced by mapping our relatively low genome coverage degraded DNA to the reference genome. This implies that attempts to detect selection using ancient DNA (aDNA) datasets that vary by read length and depth of sequencing coverage may be particularly challenging until methods have been developed to account for the impact of differential reference bias on test statistics.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

13. The population genomic legacy of the second plague pandemic

Author: Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Ebenesersdottir, S. Sunna, Lundström, Inge K. C., Turner-Walker, Gordon, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Luisi, Pierre, Margaryan, Ashot, Martin, Michael D., Ellegaard, Martin Rene, Magnusson, Olafur P., Sigurosson, Asgeir, Snorradottir, Steinunn, Magnusdottir, Droplaug N., Laffoon, Jason E., van Dorp, Lucy, Liu, Xiaodong, Moltke, Ida, Avila-Arcos, Maria C., Schraiber, Joshua G., Rasmussen, Simon, Juan, David, Gelabert, Pere, de-Dios, Toni, Fotakis, Anna K., Iraeta-Orbegozo, Miren, Vågene, Åshild J., Denham, Sean Dexter, Christophersen, Axel, Stenøien, Hans K., Vieira, Filipe G., Liu, Shanlin, Günther, Torsten, Kivisild, Toomas, Moseng, Ole Georg, Skar, Birgitte, Cheung, Christina, Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela, Wales, Nathan, Schroeder, Hannes, Campos, Paula F., Guomundsdottir, Valdis B., Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Peterson, Bent, Halgunset, Jostein, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Willerslev, Eske, Balloux, Francois, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Nielsen, Rasmus, Stefansson, Kari, Holgason, Agnar, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Ebenesersdottir, S. Sunna, Lundström, Inge K. C., Turner-Walker, Gordon, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Luisi, Pierre, Margaryan, Ashot, Martin, Michael D., Ellegaard, Martin Rene, Magnusson, Olafur P., Sigurosson, Asgeir, Snorradottir, Steinunn, Magnusdottir, Droplaug N., Laffoon, Jason E., van Dorp, Lucy, Liu, Xiaodong, Moltke, Ida, Avila-Arcos, Maria C., Schraiber, Joshua G., Rasmussen, Simon, Juan, David, Gelabert, Pere, de-Dios, Toni, Fotakis, Anna K., Iraeta-Orbegozo, Miren, Vågene, Åshild J., Denham, Sean Dexter, Christophersen, Axel, Stenøien, Hans K., Vieira, Filipe G., Liu, Shanlin, Günther, Torsten, Kivisild, Toomas, Moseng, Ole Georg, Skar, Birgitte, Cheung, Christina, Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela, Wales, Nathan, Schroeder, Hannes, Campos, Paula F., Guomundsdottir, Valdis B., Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Peterson, Bent, Halgunset, Jostein, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Willerslev, Eske, Balloux, Francois, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Nielsen, Rasmus, Stefansson, Kari, Holgason, Agnar, and Gilbert, M. Thomas P.
Abstract: Human populations have been shaped by catastrophes that may have left long-lasting signatures in their genomes. One notable example is the second plague pandemic that entered Europe in ca. 1,347 CE and repeatedly returned for over 300 years, with typical village and town mortality estimated at 10%–40%.1 It is assumed that this high mortality affected the gene pools of these populations. First, local population crashes reduced genetic diversity. Second, a change in frequency is expected for sequence variants that may have affected survival or susceptibility to the etiologic agent (Yersinia pestis).2 Third, mass mortality might alter the local gene pools through its impact on subsequent migration patterns. We explored these factors using the Norwegian city of Trondheim as a model, by sequencing 54 genomes spanning three time periods: (1) prior to the plague striking Trondheim in 1,349 CE, (2) the 17th–19th century, and (3) the present. We find that the pandemic period shaped the gene pool by reducing long distance immigration, in particular from the British Isles, and inducing a bottleneck that reduced genetic diversity. Although we also observe an excess of large FST values at multiple loci in the genome, these are shaped by reference biases introduced by mapping our relatively low genome coverage degraded DNA to the reference genome. This implies that attempts to detect selection using ancient DNA (aDNA) datasets that vary by read length and depth of sequencing coverage may be particularly challenging until methods have been developed to account for the impact of differential reference bias on test statistics.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

14. The population genomic legacy of the second plague pandemic

Author: Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Ebenesersdottir, S. Sunna, Lundström, Inge K. C., Turner-Walker, Gordon, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Luisi, Pierre, Margaryan, Ashot, Martin, Michael D., Ellegaard, Martin Rene, Magnusson, Olafur P., Sigurosson, Asgeir, Snorradottir, Steinunn, Magnusdottir, Droplaug N., Laffoon, Jason E., van Dorp, Lucy, Liu, Xiaodong, Moltke, Ida, Avila-Arcos, Maria C., Schraiber, Joshua G., Rasmussen, Simon, Juan, David, Gelabert, Pere, de-Dios, Toni, Fotakis, Anna K., Iraeta-Orbegozo, Miren, Vågene, Åshild J., Denham, Sean Dexter, Christophersen, Axel, Stenøien, Hans K., Vieira, Filipe G., Liu, Shanlin, Günther, Torsten, Kivisild, Toomas, Moseng, Ole Georg, Skar, Birgitte, Cheung, Christina, Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela, Wales, Nathan, Schroeder, Hannes, Campos, Paula F., Guomundsdottir, Valdis B., Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Peterson, Bent, Halgunset, Jostein, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Willerslev, Eske, Balloux, Francois, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Nielsen, Rasmus, Stefansson, Kari, Holgason, Agnar, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Ebenesersdottir, S. Sunna, Lundström, Inge K. C., Turner-Walker, Gordon, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Luisi, Pierre, Margaryan, Ashot, Martin, Michael D., Ellegaard, Martin Rene, Magnusson, Olafur P., Sigurosson, Asgeir, Snorradottir, Steinunn, Magnusdottir, Droplaug N., Laffoon, Jason E., van Dorp, Lucy, Liu, Xiaodong, Moltke, Ida, Avila-Arcos, Maria C., Schraiber, Joshua G., Rasmussen, Simon, Juan, David, Gelabert, Pere, de-Dios, Toni, Fotakis, Anna K., Iraeta-Orbegozo, Miren, Vågene, Åshild J., Denham, Sean Dexter, Christophersen, Axel, Stenøien, Hans K., Vieira, Filipe G., Liu, Shanlin, Günther, Torsten, Kivisild, Toomas, Moseng, Ole Georg, Skar, Birgitte, Cheung, Christina, Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela, Wales, Nathan, Schroeder, Hannes, Campos, Paula F., Guomundsdottir, Valdis B., Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Peterson, Bent, Halgunset, Jostein, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Willerslev, Eske, Balloux, Francois, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Nielsen, Rasmus, Stefansson, Kari, Holgason, Agnar, and Gilbert, M. Thomas P.
Abstract: Human populations have been shaped by catastrophes that may have left long-lasting signatures in their genomes. One notable example is the second plague pandemic that entered Europe in ca. 1,347 CE and repeatedly returned for over 300 years, with typical village and town mortality estimated at 10%–40%.1 It is assumed that this high mortality affected the gene pools of these populations. First, local population crashes reduced genetic diversity. Second, a change in frequency is expected for sequence variants that may have affected survival or susceptibility to the etiologic agent (Yersinia pestis).2 Third, mass mortality might alter the local gene pools through its impact on subsequent migration patterns. We explored these factors using the Norwegian city of Trondheim as a model, by sequencing 54 genomes spanning three time periods: (1) prior to the plague striking Trondheim in 1,349 CE, (2) the 17th–19th century, and (3) the present. We find that the pandemic period shaped the gene pool by reducing long distance immigration, in particular from the British Isles, and inducing a bottleneck that reduced genetic diversity. Although we also observe an excess of large FST values at multiple loci in the genome, these are shaped by reference biases introduced by mapping our relatively low genome coverage degraded DNA to the reference genome. This implies that attempts to detect selection using ancient DNA (aDNA) datasets that vary by read length and depth of sequencing coverage may be particularly challenging until methods have been developed to account for the impact of differential reference bias on test statistics.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

15. The population genomic legacy of the second plague pandemic

Author: Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Ebenesersdottir, S. Sunna, Lundström, Inge K. C., Turner-Walker, Gordon, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Luisi, Pierre, Margaryan, Ashot, Martin, Michael D., Ellegaard, Martin Rene, Magnusson, Olafur P., Sigurosson, Asgeir, Snorradottir, Steinunn, Magnusdottir, Droplaug N., Laffoon, Jason E., van Dorp, Lucy, Liu, Xiaodong, Moltke, Ida, Avila-Arcos, Maria C., Schraiber, Joshua G., Rasmussen, Simon, Juan, David, Gelabert, Pere, de-Dios, Toni, Fotakis, Anna K., Iraeta-Orbegozo, Miren, Vågene, Åshild J., Denham, Sean Dexter, Christophersen, Axel, Stenøien, Hans K., Vieira, Filipe G., Liu, Shanlin, Günther, Torsten, Kivisild, Toomas, Moseng, Ole Georg, Skar, Birgitte, Cheung, Christina, Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela, Wales, Nathan, Schroeder, Hannes, Campos, Paula F., Guomundsdottir, Valdis B., Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Peterson, Bent, Halgunset, Jostein, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Willerslev, Eske, Balloux, Francois, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Nielsen, Rasmus, Stefansson, Kari, Holgason, Agnar, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Ebenesersdottir, S. Sunna, Lundström, Inge K. C., Turner-Walker, Gordon, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Luisi, Pierre, Margaryan, Ashot, Martin, Michael D., Ellegaard, Martin Rene, Magnusson, Olafur P., Sigurosson, Asgeir, Snorradottir, Steinunn, Magnusdottir, Droplaug N., Laffoon, Jason E., van Dorp, Lucy, Liu, Xiaodong, Moltke, Ida, Avila-Arcos, Maria C., Schraiber, Joshua G., Rasmussen, Simon, Juan, David, Gelabert, Pere, de-Dios, Toni, Fotakis, Anna K., Iraeta-Orbegozo, Miren, Vågene, Åshild J., Denham, Sean Dexter, Christophersen, Axel, Stenøien, Hans K., Vieira, Filipe G., Liu, Shanlin, Günther, Torsten, Kivisild, Toomas, Moseng, Ole Georg, Skar, Birgitte, Cheung, Christina, Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela, Wales, Nathan, Schroeder, Hannes, Campos, Paula F., Guomundsdottir, Valdis B., Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Peterson, Bent, Halgunset, Jostein, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Willerslev, Eske, Balloux, Francois, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Nielsen, Rasmus, Stefansson, Kari, Holgason, Agnar, and Gilbert, M. Thomas P.
Abstract: Human populations have been shaped by catastrophes that may have left long-lasting signatures in their genomes. One notable example is the second plague pandemic that entered Europe in ca. 1,347 CE and repeatedly returned for over 300 years, with typical village and town mortality estimated at 10%–40%.1 It is assumed that this high mortality affected the gene pools of these populations. First, local population crashes reduced genetic diversity. Second, a change in frequency is expected for sequence variants that may have affected survival or susceptibility to the etiologic agent (Yersinia pestis).2 Third, mass mortality might alter the local gene pools through its impact on subsequent migration patterns. We explored these factors using the Norwegian city of Trondheim as a model, by sequencing 54 genomes spanning three time periods: (1) prior to the plague striking Trondheim in 1,349 CE, (2) the 17th–19th century, and (3) the present. We find that the pandemic period shaped the gene pool by reducing long distance immigration, in particular from the British Isles, and inducing a bottleneck that reduced genetic diversity. Although we also observe an excess of large FST values at multiple loci in the genome, these are shaped by reference biases introduced by mapping our relatively low genome coverage degraded DNA to the reference genome. This implies that attempts to detect selection using ancient DNA (aDNA) datasets that vary by read length and depth of sequencing coverage may be particularly challenging until methods have been developed to account for the impact of differential reference bias on test statistics.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

16. The population genomic legacy of the second plague pandemic

Author: Carlsberg Foundation, Danish National Research Foundation, Lundbeck Foundation, European Research Council, Research Council of Norway, Science Foundation Ireland, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Ebenesersdóttir, Sigríður Sunna, Lundstrøm, Inge K.C., Turner-Walker, Gordon, Moore, Kristjan H.S., Luisi, Pierre, Margaryan, Ashot, Martin, Michael D., Ellegaard, Martin Rene, Magnusson, Olafur þ., Sigurðsson, Ásgeir, Snorradóttir, Steinunn, Magnúsdóttir, Droplaug N., Laffoon, Jason, van Dorp, Lucy, Liu, Xiaodong, Moltke, Ida, Ávila-Arcos, María C., Schraiber, Joshua G., Rasmussen,Simon, Juan, David, Gelabert, Pere, De-Dios, Toni, Fotakis, Anna K., Iraeta-Orbegozo, Miren, Vågene, Åshild J., Dexter Denham, Sean, Christophersen, Axel, Stenøien, Hans K., Vieira, Filipe Garrett, Liu, Shanlin, Günther, Torsten, Kivisild, Toomas, Moseng, Ole Georg, Skar, Birgitte, Cheung, Christina, Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela, Wales, Nathan, Schroeder, Hannes, Campos, Paula F., Guðmundsdóttir, Valdís B., Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Petersen, Bent, Halgunset, Jostein, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Willerslev, Eske, Balloux, François, Marqués-Bonet, Tomàs, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Nielsen, Rasmus, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Carlsberg Foundation, Danish National Research Foundation, Lundbeck Foundation, European Research Council, Research Council of Norway, Science Foundation Ireland, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Ebenesersdóttir, Sigríður Sunna, Lundstrøm, Inge K.C., Turner-Walker, Gordon, Moore, Kristjan H.S., Luisi, Pierre, Margaryan, Ashot, Martin, Michael D., Ellegaard, Martin Rene, Magnusson, Olafur þ., Sigurðsson, Ásgeir, Snorradóttir, Steinunn, Magnúsdóttir, Droplaug N., Laffoon, Jason, van Dorp, Lucy, Liu, Xiaodong, Moltke, Ida, Ávila-Arcos, María C., Schraiber, Joshua G., Rasmussen,Simon, Juan, David, Gelabert, Pere, De-Dios, Toni, Fotakis, Anna K., Iraeta-Orbegozo, Miren, Vågene, Åshild J., Dexter Denham, Sean, Christophersen, Axel, Stenøien, Hans K., Vieira, Filipe Garrett, Liu, Shanlin, Günther, Torsten, Kivisild, Toomas, Moseng, Ole Georg, Skar, Birgitte, Cheung, Christina, Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela, Wales, Nathan, Schroeder, Hannes, Campos, Paula F., Guðmundsdóttir, Valdís B., Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Petersen, Bent, Halgunset, Jostein, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Willerslev, Eske, Balloux, François, Marqués-Bonet, Tomàs, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Nielsen, Rasmus, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, and Gilbert, M. Thomas P.
Abstract: Human populations have been shaped by catastrophes that may have left long-lasting signatures in their genomes. One notable example is the second plague pandemic that entered Europe in ca. 1,347 CE and repeatedly returned for over 300 years, with typical village and town mortality estimated at 10%–40%.1 It is assumed that this high mortality affected the gene pools of these populations. First, local population crashes reduced genetic diversity. Second, a change in frequency is expected for sequence variants that may have affected survival or susceptibility to the etiologic agent (Yersinia pestis).2 Third, mass mortality might alter the local gene pools through its impact on subsequent migration patterns. We explored these factors using the Norwegian city of Trondheim as a model, by sequencing 54 genomes spanning three time periods: (1) prior to the plague striking Trondheim in 1,349 CE, (2) the 17th–19th century, and (3) the present. We find that the pandemic period shaped the gene pool by reducing long distance immigration, in particular from the British Isles, and inducing a bottleneck that reduced genetic diversity. Although we also observe an excess of large FST values at multiple loci in the genome, these are shaped by reference biases introduced by mapping our relatively low genome coverage degraded DNA to the reference genome. This implies that attempts to detect selection using ancient DNA (aDNA) datasets that vary by read length and depth of sequencing coverage may be particularly challenging until methods have been developed to account for the impact of differential reference bias on test statistics.
Published: 2022

17. The population genomic legacy of the second plague pandemic

Author: Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Lundstrøm, Inge K. C., Turner-Walker, Gordon, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Luisi, Pierre, Margaryan, Ashot, Martin, Michael D., Ellegaard, Martin Rene, Magnússon, Ólafur, Sigurðsson, Ásgeir, Snorradóttir, Steinunn, Magnúsdóttir, Droplaug N., Laffoon, Jason E., van Dorp, Lucy, Liu, Xiaodong, Moltke, Ida, Ávila-Arcos, María C., Schraiber, Joshua G., Rasmussen, Simon, Juan, David, Gelabert, Pere, de-Dios, Toni, Fotakis, Anna K., Iraeta-Orbegozo, Miren, Vågene, Åshild J., Denham, Sean Dexter, Christophersen, Axel, Stenøien, Hans K., Vieira, Filipe G., Liu, Shanlin, Günther, Torsten, Kivisild, Toomas, Moseng, Ole Georg, Skar, Birgitte, Cheung, Christina, Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela, Wales, Nathan, Schroeder, Hannes, Campos, Paula F., Guðmundsdóttir, Valdís B., Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Petersen, Bent, Halgunset, Jostein, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Willerslev, Eske, Balloux, Francois, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Nielsen, Rasmus, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Lundstrøm, Inge K. C., Turner-Walker, Gordon, Moore, Kristjan H. S., Luisi, Pierre, Margaryan, Ashot, Martin, Michael D., Ellegaard, Martin Rene, Magnússon, Ólafur, Sigurðsson, Ásgeir, Snorradóttir, Steinunn, Magnúsdóttir, Droplaug N., Laffoon, Jason E., van Dorp, Lucy, Liu, Xiaodong, Moltke, Ida, Ávila-Arcos, María C., Schraiber, Joshua G., Rasmussen, Simon, Juan, David, Gelabert, Pere, de-Dios, Toni, Fotakis, Anna K., Iraeta-Orbegozo, Miren, Vågene, Åshild J., Denham, Sean Dexter, Christophersen, Axel, Stenøien, Hans K., Vieira, Filipe G., Liu, Shanlin, Günther, Torsten, Kivisild, Toomas, Moseng, Ole Georg, Skar, Birgitte, Cheung, Christina, Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela, Wales, Nathan, Schroeder, Hannes, Campos, Paula F., Guðmundsdóttir, Valdís B., Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Petersen, Bent, Halgunset, Jostein, Gilbert, Edmund, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Hovig, Eivind, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Willerslev, Eske, Balloux, Francois, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Nielsen, Rasmus, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, and Gilbert, M. Thomas P.
Abstract: Human populations have been shaped by catastrophes that may have left long-lasting signatures in their genomes. One notable example is the second plague pandemic that entered Europe in ca. 1,347 CE and repeatedly returned for over 300 years, with typical village and town mortality estimated at 10%–40%.1 It is assumed that this high mortality affected the gene pools of these populations. First, local population crashes reduced genetic diversity. Second, a change in frequency is expected for sequence variants that may have affected survival or susceptibility to the etiologic agent (Yersinia pestis).2 Third, mass mortality might alter the local gene pools through its impact on subsequent migration patterns. We explored these factors using the Norwegian city of Trondheim as a model, by sequencing 54 genomes spanning three time periods: (1) prior to the plague striking Trondheim in 1,349 CE, (2) the 17th–19th century, and (3) the present. We find that the pandemic period shaped the gene pool by reducing long distance immigration, in particular from the British Isles, and inducing a bottleneck that reduced genetic diversity. Although we also observe an excess of large FST values at multiple loci in the genome, these are shaped by reference biases introduced by mapping our relatively low genome coverage degraded DNA to the reference genome. This implies that attempts to detect selection using ancient DNA (aDNA) datasets that vary by read length and depth of sequencing coverage may be particularly challenging until methods have been developed to account for the impact of differential reference bias on test statistics.
Published: 2022

18. Ancient genomes from Iceland reveal the making of a human population

Author: Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Sandoval Velasco, Marcela, Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen D., Jagadeesan, Anuradha, Guðmundsdóttir, Valdís B., Thordardóttir, Elisabet L., Einarsdóttir, Margret S., Moore, Kristjan H. S., Sigurðsson, Ásgeir, Magnusdóttir, Droplaug N., Jonsson, Hákon, Snorradóttir, Steinunn, Hovig, Eivind, Møller, Pål, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Gilbert, Edmund, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Walser, Joew., III, Kristjánsdóttir, Steinunn, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Árnadóttir, Lilja, Magnússon, Ólafur Þ., Gilbert, Tom, Stefánsson, Kári, Helgason, Agnar, Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna, Sandoval Velasco, Marcela, Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen D., Jagadeesan, Anuradha, Guðmundsdóttir, Valdís B., Thordardóttir, Elisabet L., Einarsdóttir, Margret S., Moore, Kristjan H. S., Sigurðsson, Ásgeir, Magnusdóttir, Droplaug N., Jonsson, Hákon, Snorradóttir, Steinunn, Hovig, Eivind, Møller, Pål, Kockum, Ingrid, Olsson, Tomas, Alfredsson, Lars, Hansen, Thomas F., Werge, Thomas, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Gilbert, Edmund, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Walser, Joew., III, Kristjánsdóttir, Steinunn, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Árnadóttir, Lilja, Magnússon, Ólafur Þ., Gilbert, Tom, Stefánsson, Kári, and Helgason, Agnar
Published: 2018

19. Neue Arbeiten über die Geographie Irlands

Author: Gilbert, Edmund Williams and Gilbert, Edmund Williams

20. Local history cards for the Gilbert family

Author: Gilbert, John A.; Gilbert, Azuba; Gilbert, Belle J.; Gilbert, Betsey; Gilbert, Charlotte; Gilbert, D.; Gilbert, Daniel, 1827-; Gilbert, D. E.; Gilbert, Edmund, 1801-; Gilbert, Elizabeth; Gilbert, E. W.; Gilbert, Goldsmith Coffeen, 1795-1844; Gilbert, Horatio, 1825-; Gilbert, Jane, -1879; Gilbert, Jo, -1872; Gilbert, Jedithan; Gilbert, John A., 1791-; Gilbert, John Alsop, 1799-; Gilbert, John Volney; Gilbert, June, 1803-; Gilbert, Julia, 1833-; Gilbert, Lydia, -1859; Gilbert, Mary; Gilbert, Mary J., 1827-; Gilbert, William; Gilbert, Othonial, -1804; Gilbert, Othonial, Jr.; Gilbert, Polly; Gilbert, Rachel Jewell, 1803-; Gilbert, Robert, 1858-; Gilbert, Samuel; Gilbert, Sewell, 1765-1843; Gilbert, Sewel; Gilbert, Sophia; Gilbert, Thomas H., 1834-; Gilbert, William, 1789-1857; Gilbert, William; Gilbert, Elizabeth, 1829-; Gilbert, Alcana, 1862-; Gilbert, Alsop, Bennett, Elaine C., Gilbert, John A.; Gilbert, Azuba; Gilbert, Belle J.; Gilbert, Betsey; Gilbert, Charlotte; Gilbert, D.; Gilbert, Daniel, 1827-; Gilbert, D. E.; Gilbert, Edmund, 1801-; Gilbert, Elizabeth; Gilbert, E. W.; Gilbert, Goldsmith Coffeen, 1795-1844; Gilbert, Horatio, 1825-; Gilbert, Jane, -1879; Gilbert, Jo, -1872; Gilbert, Jedithan; Gilbert, John A., 1791-; Gilbert, John Alsop, 1799-; Gilbert, John Volney; Gilbert, June, 1803-; Gilbert, Julia, 1833-; Gilbert, Lydia, -1859; Gilbert, Mary; Gilbert, Mary J., 1827-; Gilbert, William; Gilbert, Othonial, -1804; Gilbert, Othonial, Jr.; Gilbert, Polly; Gilbert, Rachel Jewell, 1803-; Gilbert, Robert, 1858-; Gilbert, Samuel; Gilbert, Sewell, 1765-1843; Gilbert, Sewel; Gilbert, Sophia; Gilbert, Thomas H., 1834-; Gilbert, William, 1789-1857; Gilbert, William; Gilbert, Elizabeth, 1829-; Gilbert, Alcana, 1862-; Gilbert, Alsop, and Bennett, Elaine C.
Abstract: This archival material has been provided for educational purposes. Ball State University Libraries recognizes that some historic items may include offensive content. Our statement regarding objectionable content is available at: https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/about

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20 results on '"Gilbert, Edmund"'

1. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

2. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

3. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

4. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

5. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

6. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

7. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

8. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

9. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

10. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present

11. The population genomic legacy of the second plague pandemic

12. The population genomic legacy of the second plague pandemic

13. The population genomic legacy of the second plague pandemic

14. The population genomic legacy of the second plague pandemic

15. The population genomic legacy of the second plague pandemic

16. The population genomic legacy of the second plague pandemic

17. The population genomic legacy of the second plague pandemic

18. Ancient genomes from Iceland reveal the making of a human population

19. Neue Arbeiten über die Geographie Irlands

20. Local history cards for the Gilbert family

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