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The performance of superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities used for particle accelerators depends on two characteristic material parameters: field of first flux entry H-entry and pinning strength. The former sets the limit for the maximum achievable accelerating gradient, while the latter determines how efficiently flux can be expelled related to the maximum achievable quality factor. In this paper, a method based on muon spin rotation (mu SR) is developed to probe these parameters on samples. It combines measurements from two different spectrometers, one being specifically built for these studies and samples of different geometries. It is found that annealing at 1400 degrees C virtually eliminates all pinning. Such an annealed substrate is ideally suited to measure H-entry of layered superconductors, which might enable accelerating gradients beyond bulk niobium technology.

The performance of superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities used for particle accelerators depends on two characteristic material parameters: field of first flux entry H-entry and pinning strength. The former sets the limit for the maximum achievable accelerating gradient, while the latter determines how efficiently flux can be expelled related to the maximum achievable quality factor. In this paper, a method based on muon spin rotation (mu SR) is developed to probe these parameters on samples. It combines measurements from two different spectrometers, one being specifically built for these studies and samples of different geometries. It is found that annealing at 1400 degrees C virtually eliminates all pinning. Such an annealed substrate is ideally suited to measure H-entry of layered superconductors, which might enable accelerating gradients beyond bulk niobium technology.

Heme degradation by heme oxygenase enzymes is important for maintaining iron homeostasis and prevention of oxidative stress. Previous studies have reported that heme degradation proceeds through three consecutive steps of O2 activation: the regiospecific self-hydroxylation of heme, the conversion of hydroxyheme to verdoheme and CO, and the cleavage of the verdoheme macrocycle to release biliverdin and free ferrous iron. Our results indicate that in the second step of heme degradation, not only verdoheme is generated but ring opening and biliverdin production also occur. We have performed QM-cluster and QM/MM calculations, which show that calculations with H2O as the axial ligand of Fe give the lowest barrier. In the QM-cluster calculation, the reaction is exothermic by -85 kcal mol-1 and the rate-limiting barrier is 5 kcal mol-1, whereas the corresponding QM/MM calculations give a slightly lower barrier of 3 kcal mol-1, owing to strong hydrogen bonds and the protein environment.