Introduction. Taurodontism is an aberration of teeth that lacks the constriction at the level of the CEJ and characterized by elongated pulp chambers and apical displacement of bifurcation or trifurcation of the roots, giving it a rectangular shape. Aim. To summarize the available literature on taurodontism phenomenon in the contexts of paleodontology, evolutionary biology and clinic. Materials and methods. In order to clarify the prevalence of taurodontism in modern dentitions and the critical need for its true diagnosis and management, this review addresses the aetiology, clinical and radiographic features of taurodontism, its association with various syndromes and anomalies, as well as important considerations in various areas of expertise dental treatments of such teeth. Results. Although permanent molar teeth are most commonly affected, this aberation can also be seen in both the permanent and deciduous dentition, unilaterally or bilaterally, and in any combination of teeth or quadrants. Whilst it appears most frequently as an isolated anomaly, its association with several syndromes and abnormalities has also been reported. Discussion. It is apparent that taurodont teeth are presumed characteristic of neanderthal man and are still present as a morphological entity in modern man. The occurrences seem to have a biased racial expression in different populations. It can be seen that taurodontism has until now received insufficient attention from clinicians. No long-term follow-up studies have been published regarding treatment of taurodont teeth. Despite the clinical challenges, taurodontism has received little attention from clinicians.