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Research objectives were to investigate i) linear moisture content (m) - water activity (aw) relations in honeys, ii) quantify variability due to geographical origin, iii) prediction of aw from m using this quantified variability. Bayesian multilevel modeling was used to reach these objectives using thirty literature data sets. The rate of change in aw as function of m (the slope) was identical per origin, whereas actual values of aw at the same m (intercepts) differed. Geographic variation characterized by multilevel modeling (partial pooling) was quantified and compared to single-level modeling with all data pooled (complete pooling) and single-level modeling for each origin (no-pooling). Multilevel modeling results in an overall slope and intercept at the population level but also in individual intercepts per origin, hence variation is characterized at two levels. The obtained multilevel population parameters predicted almost exactly the relation between aw and m of glucose-fructose solutions resembling honey, confirming that aw-m relations in honeys are determined by glucose/fructose but not the actual aw-values themselves. Multilevel modelling, a compromise between over- and underfitting, gives the best prediction of aw of honeys from m including origin variability. The applied procedure is a blueprint to characterize variation in all types of food.

Societal Impact Statement: Sandalwood and other high value tree species are under significant threat from illegal harvest. Illegal logging is an increasing problem contributing to deforestation, biodiversity loss, human rights abuses and funding transnational crime. Successful prosecution of illegal logging is hindered by a lack of methods to provide evidence of the origin of timber. New analytical techniques have been developed to trace timber back to its source. These methods, together with the establishment of sustainable sources of forest resources, can help protect vulnerable species by providing evidence to prosecute illegal harvest and ensure that commercially available forest products come from sustainable sources. Summary: Sandalwood is highly valued for its fragrant oil and has a long history of cultural and economic importance in many regions of the world. Historical overharvest and poor management have depleted natural populations of sandalwood, which are slow to regenerate. The increasing establishment of plantation sandalwood creates an alternative resource for the sandalwood industry while potentially relieving harvesting pressure on natural stands. Due to the high demand for sandalwood, remaining wild populations are still under threat from illegal logging and methods to identify the source of harvested sandalwood are needed. Laws and regulations aimed at preventing illegal harvest and possession of sandalwood have been put in place but cannot be enforced without the forensic tools to independently verify claimed origin or product quality. The high value of sandalwood combined with the difficulties in enforcing illegal logging laws makes these species particularly vulnerable to poaching. There is an immediate need to develop tools that can identify illegally sourced and adulterated sandalwood products. This paper reviews the current and developing scientific tools that can help identify and control illegal activity in sandalwood supply chains and pro

Cuban free trade with foreign markets was proclaimed by Royal Decree in 1818. Havana, the capital of the island since 1589, outstands in this commercial exchange. The main goal of this document is to show that the resulted multicultural context influenced in the variety of cultural traits expressed in the furniture imported or developed in Havana in the 19th century. Evidence of this can be found in various city museums furniture collections, such as the Colonial Art Museum, the Museum Casa de la Obra Pía, the Museum of the City, the Municipal Museum of Guanabacoa, and the Napoleonic Museum. Indicators like style, materials and techniques, as well as the archive information retrieved, allowed us either to determine the geographic origin of certain pieces of furniture, or to elucidate the cultural imprints of a nation in others., El Libre Comercio a Cuba con los mercados de otros países fue promulgado por Real Decreto en 1818. Específicamente La Habana, declarada oficialmente capital de la colonia desde 1589, sobresalió en este intercambio mercantil. El principal objetivo propuesto es demostrar que el contexto multicultural generado influyó también en la pluralidad de procedencias e improntas culturales que se expresaron en el mobiliario adoptado o desarrollado en La Habana en el siglo XIX. La aproximación se realiza desde el análisis de algunas piezas conservadas en museos de la ciudad con importantes colecciones de mobiliario: Museo de Arte Colonial, Casa de la Obra Pía, Museo de la Ciudad, Museo Municipal de Guanabacoa y Museo Napoleónico. El comportamiento de las variables estilo, materiales y técnicas, así como la información de archivo recuperada, permiten proponer procedencia geográfica para determinados muebles, o dilucidar rasgos asociativos con la impronta cultural de algún país en términos de moblaje.

Cuban free trade with foreign markets was proclaimed by Royal Decree in 1818. Havana, the capital of the island since 1589, outstands in this commercial exchange. The main goal of this document is to show that the resulted multicultural context influenced in the variety of cultural traits expressed in the furniture imported or developed in Havana in the 19th century. Evidence of this can be found in various city museums furniture collections, such as the Colonial Art Museum, the Museum Casa de la Obra Pía, the Museum of the City, the Municipal Museum of Guanabacoa, and the Napoleonic Museum. Indicators like style, materials and techniques, as well as the archive information retrieved, allowed us either to determine the geographic origin of certain pieces of furniture, or to elucidate the cultural imprints of a nation in others., El Libre Comercio a Cuba con los mercados de otros países fue promulgado por Real Decreto en 1818. Específicamente La Habana, declarada oficialmente capital de la colonia desde 1589, sobresalió en este intercambio mercantil. El principal objetivo propuesto es demostrar que el contexto multicultural generado influyó también en la pluralidad de procedencias e improntas culturales que se expresaron en el mobiliario adoptado o desarrollado en La Habana en el siglo XIX. La aproximación se realiza desde el análisis de algunas piezas conservadas en museos de la ciudad con importantes colecciones de mobiliario: Museo de Arte Colonial, Casa de la Obra Pía, Museo de la Ciudad, Museo Municipal de Guanabacoa y Museo Napoleónico. El comportamiento de las variables estilo, materiales y técnicas, así como la información de archivo recuperada, permiten proponer procedencia geográfica para determinados muebles, o dilucidar rasgos asociativos con la impronta cultural de algún país en términos de moblaje.

Rhizoctonia solani is one of the major fungal pathogens associated with root rot in alfalfa that severely limits commercial alfalfa production worldwide. Host resistance is considered the most cost-effective and sustainable way to manage diseases caused by this pathogen. This study aimed to determine whether any host resistances to R. solani exist among a wide-ranging alfalfa collection and whether host resistances were associated with a specific geographic origin. We found a large variation in disease responses among the 68 alfalfa varieties, with the range of disease indices of shoots from 23 to 94% and roots from 31 to 98% as well as reductions in dry weight of shoots from 35 to 96% and roots from 2 to 99%. Among these, three varieties (Gannong 9, Trifecta and Common), originating from three different countries, displayed a high level of resistance, with disease indices of shoots and roots as well as reductions in dry weight of shoots and roots being all ≤40%. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis revealed three main groups of disease responses existed among varieties, with five varieties (7%) showing resistance, 15 varieties (22%) being moderately resistant and the remaining ones exhibiting susceptibility. Besides, varieties with a similar disease response were associated with various geographic origins. This study provides valuable resistance sources for breeding programs to develop alfalfa varieties with improved resistance to R. solani, and for facilitating the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying the resistant varieties to this pathogen.

Cuban free trade with foreign markets was proclaimed by Royal Decree in 1818. Havana, the capital of the island since 1589, outstands in this commercial exchange. The main goal of this document is to show that the resulted multicultural context influenced in the variety of cultural traits expressed in the furniture imported or developed in Havana in the 19th century. Evidence of this can be found in various city museums furniture collections, such as the Colonial Art Museum, the Museum Casa de la Obra Pía, the Museum of the City, the Municipal Museum of Guanabacoa, and the Napoleonic Museum. Indicators like style, materials and techniques, as well as the archive information retrieved, allowed us either to determine the geographic origin of certain pieces of furniture, or to elucidate the cultural imprints of a nation in others., El Libre Comercio a Cuba con los mercados de otros países fue promulgado por Real Decreto en 1818. Específicamente La Habana, declarada oficialmente capital de la colonia desde 1589, sobresalió en este intercambio mercantil. El principal objetivo propuesto es demostrar que el contexto multicultural generado influyó también en la pluralidad de procedencias e improntas culturales que se expresaron en el mobiliario adoptado o desarrollado en La Habana en el siglo XIX. La aproximación se realiza desde el análisis de algunas piezas conservadas en museos de la ciudad con importantes colecciones de mobiliario: Museo de Arte Colonial, Casa de la Obra Pía, Museo de la Ciudad, Museo Municipal de Guanabacoa y Museo Napoleónico. El comportamiento de las variables estilo, materiales y técnicas, así como la información de archivo recuperada, permiten proponer procedencia geográfica para determinados muebles, o dilucidar rasgos asociativos con la impronta cultural de algún país en términos de moblaje.

Despite overall improvements in cancer survival due to earlier diagnosis and better treatment, socio-economically disadvantaged people have lower cancer survival than more advantaged people. We aimed to examine differences in cancer survival by area-level socio-economic disadvantage in Victoria, Australia and assess whether these inequalities varied by year of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, time since diagnosis and sex. Cases diagnosed with a first primary cancer in 2001-2015 were identified using the Victorian Cancer Registry and followed to the end of 2016. Five-year net survival and the excess risk of death due to a cancer diagnosis were estimated. People living in more disadvantaged areas had lower five-year survival than residents of less disadvantaged regions for 21 of 29 cancer types: head and neck, oesophagus, stomach, colorectum, anus/anal canal, liver, gallbladder/ biliary tract, pancreas, lung, melanoma, connective/soft tissue, female breast, ovary, prostate, kidney, bladder, brain and central nervous system, unknown primary, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma and leukemia. The observed lower survival in more deprived regions persisted over time, except head and neck cancer, for which the gap in survival has widened. Socio-economic inequalities in survival decreased with increasing age at diagnosis for cancers of connective/soft tissue, bladder and unknown primary. For colorectal cancer, the observed survival disadvantage in lower socio-economic regions was greater for men than for women, while for brain and central nervous system tumours, it was larger for women. Cancer survival is generally lower for residents of more socio-economically disadvantaged areas. Identifying the underlying reasons for these inequalities is important and may help to identify effective interventions to increase survival for underprivileged cancer patients.Copyright © 2020 Afshar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribut

Despite overall improvements in cancer survival due to earlier diagnosis and better treatment, socio-economically disadvantaged people have lower cancer survival than more advantaged people. We aimed to examine differences in cancer survival by area-level socio-economic disadvantage in Victoria, Australia and assess whether these inequalities varied by year of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, time since diagnosis and sex. Cases diagnosed with a first primary cancer in 2001-2015 were identified using the Victorian Cancer Registry and followed to the end of 2016. Five-year net survival and the excess risk of death due to a cancer diagnosis were estimated. People living in more disadvantaged areas had lower five-year survival than residents of less disadvantaged regions for 21 of 29 cancer types: head and neck, oesophagus, stomach, colorectum, anus/anal canal, liver, gallbladder/ biliary tract, pancreas, lung, melanoma, connective/soft tissue, female breast, ovary, prostate, kidney, bladder, brain and central nervous system, unknown primary, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma and leukemia. The observed lower survival in more deprived regions persisted over time, except head and neck cancer, for which the gap in survival has widened. Socio-economic inequalities in survival decreased with increasing age at diagnosis for cancers of connective/soft tissue, bladder and unknown primary. For colorectal cancer, the observed survival disadvantage in lower socio-economic regions was greater for men than for women, while for brain and central nervous system tumours, it was larger for women. Cancer survival is generally lower for residents of more socio-economically disadvantaged areas. Identifying the underlying reasons for these inequalities is important and may help to identify effective interventions to increase survival for underprivileged cancer patients.Copyright © 2020 Afshar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribut

Purpose: Diet and body size may affect the risk of aggressive prostate cancer (APC), but current evidence is inconclusive. Method(s): A case-control study was conducted in men under 75 years of age recruited from urology practices in Victoria, Australia; 1,254 with APC and 818 controls for whom the presence of prostate cancer had been excluded by biopsy. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression estimated odds ratios and confidence intervals for hypothesized risk factors, adjusting for age, family history of prostate cancer, country of birth, socioeconomic status, smoking, and other dietary factors. Result(s): Positive associations with APC (odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals, highest vs. lowest category or quintile) were observed for body mass index (1.34, 1.02-1.78, Ptrend = 0.04), and trouser size (1.54, 1.17-2.04, Ptrend = 0.001). Intakes of milk and all dairy products were inversely associated with APC risk (0.71, 9.53-0.96, Ptrend = 0.05, and 0.64, 0.48-0.87, Ptrend = 0.012, respectively), but there was little evidence of an association with other dietary variables (Ptrend > 0.05). Conclusion(s): We confirmed previous evidence for a positive association between body size and risk of APC, and suggest that consumption of dairy products, and milk more specifically, is inversely associated with risk.Copyright © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Purpose: Diet and body size may affect the risk of aggressive prostate cancer (APC), but current evidence is inconclusive. Method(s): A case-control study was conducted in men under 75 years of age recruited from urology practices in Victoria, Australia; 1,254 with APC and 818 controls for whom the presence of prostate cancer had been excluded by biopsy. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression estimated odds ratios and confidence intervals for hypothesized risk factors, adjusting for age, family history of prostate cancer, country of birth, socioeconomic status, smoking, and other dietary factors. Result(s): Positive associations with APC (odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals, highest vs. lowest category or quintile) were observed for body mass index (1.34, 1.02-1.78, Ptrend = 0.04), and trouser size (1.54, 1.17-2.04, Ptrend = 0.001). Intakes of milk and all dairy products were inversely associated with APC risk (0.71, 9.53-0.96, Ptrend = 0.05, and 0.64, 0.48-0.87, Ptrend = 0.012, respectively), but there was little evidence of an association with other dietary variables (Ptrend > 0.05). Conclusion(s): We confirmed previous evidence for a positive association between body size and risk of APC, and suggest that consumption of dairy products, and milk more specifically, is inversely associated with risk.Copyright © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Predmet istraživanja u okviru ove disertacije bila je karakterizacija odabranih uzorakanajzastupljenijih vrsta monofloralnog meda (meda od bagrema, od lipe i od suncokreta)na osnovu njihovog mineralnog sastava, kao i klasifikacija i diferencijacija premanjihovom botaničkom i geografskom poreklu primenom hemometrijskih tehnika. Ispitanoje ukupno 206 uzoraka pet različitih botaničkih vrsta (162 uzoraka meda od bagrema, 11uzoraka meda od lipe, 23 uzorka meda od suncokreta, 7 uzoraka meda od uljane repice i3 uzorka meda od bosiljka), sakupljenih iz šest različitih regiona Srbije.Ova studija je pružila osnovne informacije o sadržaju dvanaest makro i mikroelemenatai elemenata u tragovima (K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Cd, Cr i Ni) u izvornomsrpskom medu. Sadržaj metala je određen primenom induktivno spregnute plazme -optičke emisione spektrometrije (ICP – OES). Mineralni markeri za deklarisanjeautentičnosti tri glavne vrste monofloralnog meda (bagremovog, lipovog isuncokretovog), u smislu njihovog botaničkog i geografskog porekla, su ustanovljeniprimenom hemometrijskih tehnika - analize glavnih komponenata (PCA) i metodedelimičnih nаjmаnjih kvаdrаtа sa diskriminantnom analizom (PLS-DA). Najvažnijielementi za diskriminaciju između uzoraka poreklom od ove tri botaničke vrste sukalijum, kalcijum i magnezijum. Na klasifikaciju lipovog meda najveći pozitivan uticajima sadržaj kalijuma, dok model za suncokretov med ukazuje na pozitivne vrednostiregresionih koeficijenata za kalcijum i magnezijum, a negativne vrednosti za kalijum. Uskladu sa sastavom zemljišta, model za bagremov med naglašava pozitivan uticaj nikla,kobalta, hroma i kadmijuma, a suprotan uticaj kalijuma, kalcijuma i magnezijuma.Mogućnost diferencijacije meda po regionalnom poreklu proverena je na statističkiznačajnom broju uzoraka meda od bagrema. Dobijeni PCA model je pokazao da prisustvominerala i elemenata u tragovima u ovoj vrsti meda uglavnom zavisi od same biljne vrstei njene specifične tendencije za bi, The subject of the research in this dissertation was the characterization of selectedsamples of the most common types of monofloral honey (acacia, linden and sunflowerhoney) based on their mineral composition, as well as classification and differentiationaccording to their botanical and geographical origin using chemometric techniques. Atotal of 206 samples of five different botanical species were examined (162 acacia honeysamples, 11 linden honey samples, 23 sunflower honey samples, 7 rape honey samplesand 3 basil honey samples), collected from six different regions of Serbia.This study provided basic information on the content of twelve macro and microelementsand trace elements (K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Cd, Cr and Ni) in the genuineSerbian honey. The metal content was determined by inductively coupled plasma - opticalemission spectrometry (ICP - OES). Mineral markers for declaring the authenticity of thethree main types of monofloral honey (acacia, linden and sunflower) in terms of theirbotanical and geographical origin have been established using chemometric techniques –principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square – discriminant analysis(PLS-DA). The most important elements for discrimination between samples originatingfrom these three botanical species are potassium, calcium and magnesium. Potassiumcontent has the most positive effect for the classification of linden honey, while thesunflower honey model indicate positive values of regression coefficients for calcium andmagnesium, and negative values for potassium. In accordance with the soil composition,the model for acacia honey emphasize the positive influence of nickel, cobalt, chromiumand cadmium, and the opposite influence of potassium, calcium and magnesium. Thepossibility of differentiating honey by regional origin was tested on a statisticallysignificant number of acacia honey samples. The obtained PCA model showed that thepresence of minerals and trace elements in this type of

Predmet istraživanja u okviru ove disertacije bila je karakterizacija odabranih uzoraka najzastupljenijih vrsta monofloralnog meda (meda od bagrema, od lipe i od suncokreta) na osnovu njihovog mineralnog sastava, kao i klasifikacija i diferencijacija prema njihovom botaničkom i geografskom poreklu primenom hemometrijskih tehnika. Ispitano je ukupno 206 uzoraka pet različitih botaničkih vrsta (162 uzoraka meda od bagrema, 11 uzoraka meda od lipe, 23 uzorka meda od suncokreta, 7 uzoraka meda od uljane repice i 3 uzorka meda od bosiljka), sakupljenih iz šest različitih regiona Srbije. Ova studija je pružila osnovne informacije o sadržaju dvanaest makro i mikroelemenata i elemenata u tragovima (K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Cd, Cr i Ni) u izvornom srpskom medu. Sadržaj metala je određen primenom induktivno spregnute plazme - optičke emisione spektrometrije (ICP – OES). Mineralni markeri za deklarisanje autentičnosti tri glavne vrste monofloralnog meda (bagremovog, lipovog i suncokretovog), u smislu njihovog botaničkog i geografskog porekla, su ustanovljeni primenom hemometrijskih tehnika - analize glavnih komponenata (PCA) i metode delimičnih nаjmаnjih kvаdrаtа sa diskriminantnom analizom (PLS-DA). Najvažniji elementi za diskriminaciju između uzoraka poreklom od ove tri botaničke vrste su kalijum, kalcijum i magnezijum. Na klasifikaciju lipovog meda najveći pozitivan uticaj ima sadržaj kalijuma, dok model za suncokretov med ukazuje na pozitivne vrednosti regresionih koeficijenata za kalcijum i magnezijum, a negativne vrednosti za kalijum. U skladu sa sastavom zemljišta, model za bagremov med naglašava pozitivan uticaj nikla, kobalta, hroma i kadmijuma, a suprotan uticaj kalijuma, kalcijuma i magnezijuma. Mogućnost diferencijacije meda po regionalnom poreklu proverena je na statistički značajnom broju uzoraka meda od bagrema. Dobijeni PCA model je pokazao da prisustvo minerala i elemenata u tragovima u ovoj vrsti meda uglavnom zavisi od same biljne vrste i njene spe, The subject of the research in this dissertation was the characterization of selected samples of the most common types of monofloral honey (acacia, linden and sunflower honey) based on their mineral composition, as well as classification and differentiation according to their botanical and geographical origin using chemometric techniques. A total of 206 samples of five different botanical species were examined (162 acacia honey samples, 11 linden honey samples, 23 sunflower honey samples, 7 rape honey samples and 3 basil honey samples), collected from six different regions of Serbia. This study provided basic information on the content of twelve macro and microelements and trace elements (K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Cd, Cr and Ni) in the genuine Serbian honey. The metal content was determined by inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP - OES). Mineral markers for declaring the authenticity of the three main types of monofloral honey (acacia, linden and sunflower) in terms of their botanical and geographical origin have been established using chemometric techniques – principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square – discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The most important elements for discrimination between samples originating from these three botanical species are potassium, calcium and magnesium. Potassium content has the most positive effect for the classification of linden honey, while the sunflower honey model indicate positive values of regression coefficients for calcium and magnesium, and negative values for potassium. In accordance with the soil composition, the model for acacia honey emphasize the positive influence of nickel, cobalt, chromium and cadmium, and the opposite influence of potassium, calcium and magnesium. The possibility of differentiating honey by regional origin was tested on a statistically significant number of acacia honey samples. The obtained PCA model showed that the presence of minerals and trace el

Women from disadvantaged socio-economic groups access assisted reproductive technology treatment less than women from more advantaged groups. However, women from disadvantaged groups tend to start families younger, making them less likely to suffer from age-related subfertility and potentially have less need for fertility treatment. Whether socio-economic disparities in access to assisted reproductive technology treatment persist after controlling for the need for treatment, has not been previously explored. This population based study demonstrates that socio-economic disparities in access to assisted reproductive technology treatment persist after adjusting for several confounding factors, including age at first birth (used as a measure of delayed childbearing, hence a proxy for need for fertility treatment), geographic remoteness and Australian jurisdiction. Assisted reproductive technology access progressively decreased as socio-economic quintiles became more disadvantaged, with a 15.8% decrease in access in the most disadvantaged quintile compared with the most advantaged quintile after controlling for confounding factors. The adjusted rate of access to assisted reproductive technology treatment also decreased by 12.3% for women living in regional and remote areas compared with those in major cities. These findings indicate that financial and sociocultural barriers to assisted reproductive technology treatment remain in disadvantaged groups after adjusting for need.Copyright © 2016 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd.

Women from disadvantaged socio-economic groups access assisted reproductive technology treatment less than women from more advantaged groups. However, women from disadvantaged groups tend to start families younger, making them less likely to suffer from age-related subfertility and potentially have less need for fertility treatment. Whether socio-economic disparities in access to assisted reproductive technology treatment persist after controlling for the need for treatment, has not been previously explored. This population based study demonstrates that socio-economic disparities in access to assisted reproductive technology treatment persist after adjusting for several confounding factors, including age at first birth (used as a measure of delayed childbearing, hence a proxy for need for fertility treatment), geographic remoteness and Australian jurisdiction. Assisted reproductive technology access progressively decreased as socio-economic quintiles became more disadvantaged, with a 15.8% decrease in access in the most disadvantaged quintile compared with the most advantaged quintile after controlling for confounding factors. The adjusted rate of access to assisted reproductive technology treatment also decreased by 12.3% for women living in regional and remote areas compared with those in major cities. These findings indicate that financial and sociocultural barriers to assisted reproductive technology treatment remain in disadvantaged groups after adjusting for need.Copyright © 2016 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd.

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world, due to its unique aroma and stimulant properties. Although its health effects are controversial, moderate intake seems to be beneficial. The present work deals with the characterization and quantification of polyphenols and methylxanthines in four Arabica green coffee beans from different geographical origins. The antioxidant activity was also evaluated. Forty-three polyphenols (cinnamic acid, cinnamoyl-amide, 5 cinammoyl-glycosides, and 36 cinnamate esters) were identified using LC-MS. Among these, cinnamate esters of six different chemical groups (including two dimethoxycinnamoylquinic acid isomers, three caffeoyl-feruloylquinic acid isomers, caffeoyl-sinapoylquinic acid, p-coumaroyl-feruloylquinic acid, two caffeoylshikimic acid isomers, and trimethoxycinnamoylshikimic acid) in addition to five isomers of cinnamoyl-glycosides called caffeoyl-2,7-anhydro-3-deoxy-2-octulopyranosic acid (CDOA) are described for the first time in Arabica green coffee beans. Moreover, 38 polyphenols (6-7% w/w) and 2 methylxanthines (1.3% w/w) were quantified by HPLC-DAD. Caffeoylquinic was the most abundant group of compounds (up to 85.5%) followed by dicaffeoylquinic and feruloylquinic acids (up to 8 and 7%, respectively) and the newly identified cinnamoyl-glycosides (CDOA) (up to 2.5%). Caffeine was the main methylxanthine (99.8%), with minimal amounts of theobromine (0.2%). African coffees (from Kenya and Ethiopia) showed higher polyphenolic content than American beans (from Brazil and Colombia), whereas methylxanthine contents varied randomly. Both phenols and methylxanthines contributed to the antioxidant capacity associated with green coffee, with a higher contribution of polyphenols. We conclude that green coffee represents an important source of polyphenols and methylxanthines, with high antioxidant capacity.

Aim: Although propagule pressure and environmental constraints are among the most important factors determining invasion success, studies considering both factors simultaneously are scarce. Moreover, while recent evidence suggests that the environmental requirements of individuals from different geographical ranges may be different, the role of propagule origin in invasions has been largely overlooked. Our aim was to disentangle the relative role of niche requirements, propagule origin and propagule pressure on the distribution of an invasive bird species. Location: Europe, Asia and Africa. Methods: We used species distribution models, niche and deviance partitioning analyses to investigate the relative roles of propagule pressure (international trade), origin of individuals (Asian or African), and environmental constraints in determining the distribution of invasive ring-necked parakeets across 25 European countries. Results: Differences between niches of native Asian and African parakeets were found, with the Asian niche matching the European niche more closely. In the invasive European range, distribution of parakeets was mainly explained by the pure effect of year of first importation (as a proxy of time since first introduction), the pure effect of geographical origin of propagules and the joint effect of environmental suitability and year of first importation, but not by overall propagule pressure. Only when taking into account the fraction of individuals whose native niche fitted better the European conditions - Asian parakeets - was the role of propagule pressure highlighted by models. Main conclusions: While environmental-based predictions calibrated on native ranges can constitute a useful first-screening tool, incorporating information about propagule pressure and especially about the variability in its geographical origin may result in a much more thorough assessment of invasion risk. Trade data reveal as a valuable proxy of propagule origin and pressure

This paper presents an experiment making use of the near-infrared spectrum for distinguishing the wines produced in two close provinces of Abruzzo region of Italy. A collection of 32 wines was considered, 18 of which were produced in the province of Chieti, while the other 14 were from the province of Teramo. A conventional dual-beam spectrophotometer was used for absorption measurements in the 1300-1900 nm spectroscopic range. Principal Component Analysis was used for explorative analysis. Score maps in the PC1-PC2 or PC2-PC3 spaces were obtained, which successfully grouped the wine samples in two distinct clusters, corresponding to Chieti and Teramo provinces, respectively. A modelling of dual-band spectroscopy was also proposed, making use of two LEDs for illumination and a PIN detector instead of the spectrometer. These data were processed using Linear Discriminant Analysis which demonstrated satisfactory classification results

Understanding the biology of the housefly (Musca domestica L.) is crucial for the development of mass-rearing protocols in order to use this insect as a degradation agent for livestock waste. In this study, the biological and genetic differences between different laboratory strains of M. domestica were analysed. Additionally, hybrids were obtained by mixing the strains and their biological parameters were also measured. The three strains of M. domestica presented differences in their biological and morphological parameters, the main differences were: size, egg production and developmental time. The strain A (specimens from Central Europe) had the best qualities to be used in mass-rearing conditions: it produced the largest quantities of eggs (5.77±0.38 eggs per female per day), the individuals were larger (12.62±0.22 mg) and its developmental time was shorter (15.22±0.21 days). However, the strain C (specimens from SW Europe) produced the fewest eggs (3.15±0.42 eggs per female per day) and needed 18.16±0.49 days to develop from larva to adult, whilst the females from strain B (from South America) produced 4.25±0.47 eggs per day and needed 17.11±0.36 days to complete its development. Genetic analysis of the original laboratory strains showed four different mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I haplotypes. Statistical parsimony network analysis showed that the SW Europe and South-American strains shared haplotypes, whereas the Central Europe strain did not. Upon hybridizing the strains, variations in egg production and in developmental time were observed in between hybrids and pure strains, and when mixing Central European and South-American strains only males were obtained.

This paper presents an anthropogenetic study of African descent populations in the region of Nor Yungas, Bolivia. Emphasis is placed on the socio-historical frame, the methodology that was built with communities and participants, and the importance of returning results to the community. Our proposal was to bring a scientific tool that would be a contribution to the historical-cultural reconstruction of ancestral roots undertaken by the Afro-Bolivian communities for the last two decades, in pursuit of a greater visibility as a nation in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Uniparental inheritance of genetic markers (mtDNA and Y chromosome STRs) were determined in order to estimate the geographic origin of the population. The results show that communities studied have a strong African descent, with a minoritary process of interbreeding with Native American and European., Este trabalho apresenta um estudo antropogenético de populações afrodescendentes na região de Nor Yungas, Bolívia. A ênfase é sobre o contexto sócio-histórico, a metodologia que se foi construído com as comunidades e os participantes, bem como a importância do retorno dos resultados. Nossa proposta foi trazer uma ferramenta científica que seria uma contribuição para a reconstrução histórico-cultural das comunidades afro-bolivianas nas últimas duas décadas, em busca de maior visibilidade, como uma nação, no Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia. Foi determinada a herança uni parental de marcadores genéticos (mtDNA e cromossomo Y STRs) com o objetivo de estimar a origem geográfica da população. Os resultados mostram que as comunidades estudadas têm um origem Africano forte, com um processo de mistura de minorias com nativos americanos e europeus., Este trabajo presenta un estudio antropogenético realizado en las poblaciones afrodescendientes de la región de Nor Yungas, Bolivia. Se pone el énfasis en su encuadre sociohistórico, en la metodología de trabajo construida con las comunidades y personas participantes así como en la importancia de la devolución de los resultados. Nuestra propuesta consistió en acercar una herramienta científica que resultara un aporte en el proceso de reconstrucción histórico-cultural emprendido por las comunidades afrobolivianas desde hace dos décadas, en pos de una mayor visibilización como nación en el marco del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. Se determinaron marcadores genéticos de herencia uniparental (ADN mitocondrial y STRs del cromosoma Y) con la finalidad de estimar el origen geográfico de los pobladores afroyungueños. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las comunidades afrodescendientes estudiadas poseen una marcada ascendencia africana, observándose minoritariamente un proceso de mestizaje con pueblos nativos americanos y europeos.

This paper presents an experiment making use of the near-infrared spectrum for distinguishing the wines produced in two close provinces of Abruzzo region of Italy. A collection of 32 wines was considered, 18 of which were produced in the province of Chieti, while the other 14 were from the province of Teramo. A conventional dual-beam spectrophotometer was used for absorption measurements in the 1300-1900 nm spectroscopic range. Principal Component Analysis was used for explorative analysis. Score maps in the PC1-PC2 or PC2-PC3 spaces were obtained, which successfully grouped the wine samples in two distinct clusters, corresponding to Chieti and Teramo provinces, respectively. A modelling of dual-band spectroscopy was also proposed, making use of two LEDs for illumination and a PIN detector instead of the spectrometer. These data were processed using Linear Discriminant Analysis which demonstrated satisfactory classification results

This paper presents an experiment making use of the near-infrared spectrum for distinguishing the wines produced in two close provinces of Abruzzo region of Italy. A collection of 32 wines was considered, 18 of which were produced in the province of Chieti, while the other 14 were from the province of Teramo. A conventional dual-beam spectrophotometer was used for absorption measurements in the 1300-1900 nm spectroscopic range. Principal Component Analysis was used for explorative analysis. Score maps in the PC1-PC2 or PC2-PC3 spaces were obtained, which successfully grouped the wine samples in two distinct clusters, corresponding to Chieti and Teramo provinces, respectively. A modelling of dual-band spectroscopy was also proposed, making use of two LEDs for illumination and a PIN detector instead of the spectrometer. These data were processed using Linear Discriminant Analysis which demonstrated satisfactory classification results

This paper presents an experiment making use of the near-infrared spectrum for distinguishing the wines produced in two close provinces of Abruzzo region of Italy. A collection of 32 wines was considered, 18 of which were produced in the province of Chieti, while the other 14 were from the province of Teramo. A conventional dual-beam spectrophotometer was used for absorption measurements in the 1300-1900 nm spectroscopic range. Principal Component Analysis was used for explorative analysis. Score maps in the PC1-PC2 or PC2-PC3 spaces were obtained, which successfully grouped the wine samples in two distinct clusters, corresponding to Chieti and Teramo provinces, respectively. A modelling of dual-band spectroscopy was also proposed, making use of two LEDs for illumination and a PIN detector instead of the spectrometer. These data were processed using Linear Discriminant Analysis which demonstrated satisfactory classification results

Understanding the biology of the housefly (Musca domestica L.) is crucial for the development of mass-rearing protocols in order to use this insect as a degradation agent for livestock waste. In this study, the biological and genetic differences between different laboratory strains of M. domestica were analysed. Additionally, hybrids were obtained by mixing the strains and their biological parameters were also measured. The three strains of M. domestica presented differences in their biological and morphological parameters, the main differences were: size, egg production and developmental time. The strain A (specimens from Central Europe) had the best qualities to be used in mass-rearing conditions: it produced the largest quantities of eggs (5.77±0.38 eggs per female per day), the individuals were larger (12.62±0.22 mg) and its developmental time was shorter (15.22±0.21 days). However, the strain C (specimens from SW Europe) produced the fewest eggs (3.15±0.42 eggs per female per day) and needed 18.16±0.49 days to develop from larva to adult, whilst the females from strain B (from South America) produced 4.25±0.47 eggs per day and needed 17.11±0.36 days to complete its development. Genetic analysis of the original laboratory strains showed four different mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I haplotypes. Statistical parsimony network analysis showed that the SW Europe and South-American strains shared haplotypes, whereas the Central Europe strain did not. Upon hybridizing the strains, variations in egg production and in developmental time were observed in between hybrids and pure strains, and when mixing Central European and South-American strains only males were obtained.

This paper presents an anthropogenetic study of African descent populations in the region of Nor Yungas, Bolivia. Emphasis is placed on the socio-historical frame, the methodology that was built with communities and participants, and the importance of returning results to the community. Our proposal was to bring a scientific tool that would be a contribution to the historical-cultural reconstruction of ancestral roots undertaken by the Afro-Bolivian communities for the last two decades, in pursuit of a greater visibility as a nation in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Uniparental inheritance of genetic markers (mtDNA and Y chromosome STRs) were determined in order to estimate the geographic origin of the population. The results show that communities studied have a strong African descent, with a minoritary process of interbreeding with Native American and European., Este trabalho apresenta um estudo antropogenético de populações afrodescendentes na região de Nor Yungas, Bolívia. A ênfase é sobre o contexto sócio-histórico, a metodologia que se foi construído com as comunidades e os participantes, bem como a importância do retorno dos resultados. Nossa proposta foi trazer uma ferramenta científica que seria uma contribuição para a reconstrução histórico-cultural das comunidades afro-bolivianas nas últimas duas décadas, em busca de maior visibilidade, como uma nação, no Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia. Foi determinada a herança uni parental de marcadores genéticos (mtDNA e cromossomo Y STRs) com o objetivo de estimar a origem geográfica da população. Os resultados mostram que as comunidades estudadas têm um origem Africano forte, com um processo de mistura de minorias com nativos americanos e europeus., Este trabajo presenta un estudio antropogenético realizado en las poblaciones afrodescendientes de la región de Nor Yungas, Bolivia. Se pone el énfasis en su encuadre sociohistórico, en la metodología de trabajo construida con las comunidades y personas participantes así como en la importancia de la devolución de los resultados. Nuestra propuesta consistió en acercar una herramienta científica que resultara un aporte en el proceso de reconstrucción histórico-cultural emprendido por las comunidades afrobolivianas desde hace dos décadas, en pos de una mayor visibilización como nación en el marco del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. Se determinaron marcadores genéticos de herencia uniparental (ADN mitocondrial y STRs del cromosoma Y) con la finalidad de estimar el origen geográfico de los pobladores afroyungueños. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las comunidades afrodescendientes estudiadas poseen una marcada ascendencia africana, observándose minoritariamente un proceso de mestizaje con pueblos nativos americanos y europeos.

Along the line of a broad research on presidential institution in Argentina, geographic origins of presidents between 1916 and 2011 are identified, and effects of development standards of birthplaces of presidential candidates on their chances to reach presidency and their attitudes towards representative democracy in the studied period are analyzed. Candidates coming from small cities had the best chances to reach presidency; those coming from rural areas or villages were the most left out. The enhancement of representative democracy increased chances for candidates coming from the largest cities. Antidemocratic sympathyes prevailed among candidates coming from rural areas, villages and small cities; leaning to representative democracy prevailed among those coming from largest cities. Each institutional scenario of this period seems to generate it’s own emergent., En el marco de una línea de investigación de mayor alcance sobre la institución presidencial argentina se identifica la procedencia geográfica de los presidentes del período 1916-2013; y se analizan los efectos del grado de desarrollo de los lugares de origen de los aspirantes a la presidencia sobre sus posibilidades de acceso al gobierno y sobre su disposición hacia la democracia. Los que provenían de pequeñas ciudades tuvieron las mejores posibilidades de acceso al gobierno durante el periodo; los de zonas rurales o pueblos fueron los más relegados. La profundización de la democracia favoreció las posibilidades de los que provenían de los lugares más poblados. Entre los que provenían de zonas rurales o ciudades pequeñas prevalecía la identificación con proyectos antidemocráticos; entre los de las grandes ciudades, la inclinación hacia la democracia. Cada uno de los diversos escenarios institucionales que se alternaban parece haber generado sus propios emergentes.

Along the line of a broad research on presidential institution in Argentina, geographic origins of presidents between 1916 and 2011 are identified, and effects of development standards of birthplaces of presidential candidates on their chances to reach presidency and their attitudes towards representative democracy in the studied period are analyzed. Candidates coming from small cities had the best chances to reach presidency; those coming from rural areas or villages were the most left out. The enhancement of representative democracy increased chances for candidates coming from the largest cities. Antidemocratic sympathyes prevailed among candidates coming from rural areas, villages and small cities; leaning to representative democracy prevailed among those coming from largest cities. Each institutional scenario of this period seems to generate it’s own emergent., En el marco de una línea de investigación de mayor alcance sobre la institución presidencial argentina se identifica la procedencia geográfica de los presidentes del período 1916-2013; y se analizan los efectos del grado de desarrollo de los lugares de origen de los aspirantes a la presidencia sobre sus posibilidades de acceso al gobierno y sobre su disposición hacia la democracia. Los que provenían de pequeñas ciudades tuvieron las mejores posibilidades de acceso al gobierno durante el periodo; los de zonas rurales o pueblos fueron los más relegados. La profundización de la democracia favoreció las posibilidades de los que provenían de los lugares más poblados. Entre los que provenían de zonas rurales o ciudades pequeñas prevalecía la identificación con proyectos antidemocráticos; entre los de las grandes ciudades, la inclinación hacia la democracia. Cada uno de los diversos escenarios institucionales que se alternaban parece haber generado sus propios emergentes.

Ipomoea purpurea (common morning glory) is an annual vine native to Mexico that is well known for its large, showy flowers. Humans have spread morning glories worldwide, owing to the horticultural appeal of morning glory flowers. Ipomoea purpurea is an opportunistic colonizer of disturbed habitats including roadside and agricultural settings, and it is now regarded as a noxious weed in the Southeastern US. Naturalized populations in the Southeastern United States are highly polymorphic for a number of flower color morphs, unlike native Mexican populations that are typically monomorphic for the purple color morph. Although I. purpurea was introduced into the United States from Mexico, little is known about the specific geographic origins of US populations relative to the Mexican source. We use resequencing data from 11 loci and 30 I. purpurea accessions collected from the native range of the species in Central and Southern Mexico and 8 accessions from the Southeastern United States to infer likely geographic origins in Mexico. Based on genetic assignment analysis, haplotype composition, and the degree of shared polymorphism, I. purpurea samples from the Southeastern United States are genetically most similar to samples from the Valley of Mexico and Veracruz State. This supports earlier speculation that I. purpurea in the Southeastern United States was likely to have been introduced by European colonists from sources in Central Mexico.

[ES] El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido caracterizar la fracción volátil de mieles colombianas recolectadas en diferentes zonas geográficas (Andina, Valle interandino, Caribe y Llanos) y evaluar la influencia de su procedencia en la fracción volátil de las mismas. Se han identificado (por GC-MS) un total 27 compuestos volátiles pertenecientes a diferentes familias químicas: 7: alcoholes, 5 aldehídos, 3 hidrocarburos, 4 cetonas, 1 éster, 2 furanos, 1 nitrilo, 1 compuesto sulfurado y 3 terpenos. El perfil de compuestos volátiles ha permitido distinguir mieles en función de la zona geográfica a la que pertenecen, observándose diferencias significativas entre las distintas zonas para 13 de los 27 compuestos identificados. La zona Andina y la del Valle interandino fueron muy semejantes desde el punto de vista del perfil volátil, la única excepción fue el compuesto Linalool oxide, más abundante en el Valle interandino. A su vez, el perfil volátil de ambas zonas andinas (Andina y Valle interandino) también fue similar al del Caribe, aunque destacó en esta última un mayor contenido de 2-Butanol, Toluene y especialmente de Benzaldehyde. La zona de Llanos presentó concentraciones más altas para la mayoría de compuestos analizados, aunque algunos compuestos como 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone y 2-Methyl-propanenitrile no se detectaron en ella. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la determinación de la fracción volátil de las mieles colombianas podría ser una herramienta útil para diferenciarlas según su zona de recolección., [CA] L'objectiu d'esta investigació ha sigut caracteritzar la fracció volàtil de mels colombianes procedents de diferents zones geogràfiques (Andina, Vall transandina, Carib i Plans) i avaluar la influència en la dita fracció en la zona de recol·lecció de les mateixes. S'han identificat (per GC-MS) un total 27 compostos volàtils pertanyents a diferents famílies químiques: 7: alcohols, 5 aldehids, 3 hidrocarburs, 4 cetones, 1 ester, 2 furans, 1 nitril, 1 compost sulfurat i 3 terpens. El perfil de compostos volàtils ha permés distingir mels en funció de la zona geogràfica a què pertanyen, observant-se diferències significatives entre les diferents zones per a 13 dels 27 compostos identificats. La zona "Andina" i la de la "Vall andina" van ser molt semblants des del punt de vista del perfil volàtil, l'única excepció va ser el compost Linalool oxide, més abundant en la "Vall andina". Al seu torn, el perfil volàtil d'ambdós zones andines ("Andina" i "Vall andina") també va ser semblant al del "Carib", encara que destaca en esta última un major contingut de 2-Butanol, Toluene i especialment de Benzaldehyde. La zona de "Plans" presenta concentracions més altes per a la majoria de compostos analitzats, encara que alguns compostos com 3- Hydroxy-2-butanone i 2-Methyl-propanenitrile no es van detectar en ella. Els resultats obtinguts suggereixen que la fracció volàtil de les mels colombianes podria ser una ferramenta útil per a diferenciar-les segons la seua zona de recol·lecció., [EN] The aim of this study was to characterize the volatile fraction of Colombian honeys that came from different geographical areas (Andina, Valle interandino, Caribe y Llanos) and to evaluate the influence of this origin in their volatile fraction. 27 total volatile compounds belonging to different chemical families (7: alcohols, 5 aldehydes, 3 hydrocarbons, 4 ketones, 1 ester, 2 furans, 1 nitrile, 1 sulfur compounds and 3 terpenes) were identified. The profile of volatile compounds allowed distinguishing the honeys depending on the geographical origin and a significant difference between the different areas was found for 13 of the 27 compounds identified. The area "Andina" and the "Valle interandino" were very similar from the point of view of the volatile profile. The only exception was the Linalool oxide, which was more abundant in Valle internadino. Moreover, the volatile profile of both Andina areas (Andina y Valle interandino) was also similar to the Caribe area, although the latter had higher content of 2-Butanol, Toluene and specially Benzaldehyde. The Llanos area showed higher levels for most compounds tested, although some compounds as 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone and 2-Methyl-propanenitrile were not detected in it. The results suggest that the evaluation of the volatile fraction of Colombian honeys could be a useful tool to differentiate them by harvest area.

[ES] El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido caracterizar la fracción volátil de mieles colombianas recolectadas en diferentes zonas geográficas (Andina, Valle interandino, Caribe y Llanos) y evaluar la influencia de su procedencia en la fracción volátil de las mismas. Se han identificado (por GC-MS) un total 27 compuestos volátiles pertenecientes a diferentes familias químicas: 7: alcoholes, 5 aldehídos, 3 hidrocarburos, 4 cetonas, 1 éster, 2 furanos, 1 nitrilo, 1 compuesto sulfurado y 3 terpenos. El perfil de compuestos volátiles ha permitido distinguir mieles en función de la zona geográfica a la que pertenecen, observándose diferencias significativas entre las distintas zonas para 13 de los 27 compuestos identificados. La zona Andina y la del Valle interandino fueron muy semejantes desde el punto de vista del perfil volátil, la única excepción fue el compuesto Linalool oxide, más abundante en el Valle interandino. A su vez, el perfil volátil de ambas zonas andinas (Andina y Valle interandino) también fue similar al del Caribe, aunque destacó en esta última un mayor contenido de 2-Butanol, Toluene y especialmente de Benzaldehyde. La zona de Llanos presentó concentraciones más altas para la mayoría de compuestos analizados, aunque algunos compuestos como 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone y 2-Methyl-propanenitrile no se detectaron en ella. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la determinación de la fracción volátil de las mieles colombianas podría ser una herramienta útil para diferenciarlas según su zona de recolección., [CA] L'objectiu d'esta investigació ha sigut caracteritzar la fracció volàtil de mels colombianes procedents de diferents zones geogràfiques (Andina, Vall transandina, Carib i Plans) i avaluar la influència en la dita fracció en la zona de recol·lecció de les mateixes. S'han identificat (per GC-MS) un total 27 compostos volàtils pertanyents a diferents famílies químiques: 7: alcohols, 5 aldehids, 3 hidrocarburs, 4 cetones, 1 ester, 2 furans, 1 nitril, 1 compost sulfurat i 3 terpens. El perfil de compostos volàtils ha permés distingir mels en funció de la zona geogràfica a què pertanyen, observant-se diferències significatives entre les diferents zones per a 13 dels 27 compostos identificats. La zona "Andina" i la de la "Vall andina" van ser molt semblants des del punt de vista del perfil volàtil, l'única excepció va ser el compost Linalool oxide, més abundant en la "Vall andina". Al seu torn, el perfil volàtil d'ambdós zones andines ("Andina" i "Vall andina") també va ser semblant al del "Carib", encara que destaca en esta última un major contingut de 2-Butanol, Toluene i especialment de Benzaldehyde. La zona de "Plans" presenta concentracions més altes per a la majoria de compostos analitzats, encara que alguns compostos com 3- Hydroxy-2-butanone i 2-Methyl-propanenitrile no es van detectar en ella. Els resultats obtinguts suggereixen que la fracció volàtil de les mels colombianes podria ser una ferramenta útil per a diferenciar-les segons la seua zona de recol·lecció., [EN] The aim of this study was to characterize the volatile fraction of Colombian honeys that came from different geographical areas (Andina, Valle interandino, Caribe y Llanos) and to evaluate the influence of this origin in their volatile fraction. 27 total volatile compounds belonging to different chemical families (7: alcohols, 5 aldehydes, 3 hydrocarbons, 4 ketones, 1 ester, 2 furans, 1 nitrile, 1 sulfur compounds and 3 terpenes) were identified. The profile of volatile compounds allowed distinguishing the honeys depending on the geographical origin and a significant difference between the different areas was found for 13 of the 27 compounds identified. The area "Andina" and the "Valle interandino" were very similar from the point of view of the volatile profile. The only exception was the Linalool oxide, which was more abundant in Valle internadino. Moreover, the volatile profile of both Andina areas (Andina y Valle interandino) was also similar to the Caribe area, although the latter had higher content of 2-Butanol, Toluene and specially Benzaldehyde. The Llanos area showed higher levels for most compounds tested, although some compounds as 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone and 2-Methyl-propanenitrile were not detected in it. The results suggest that the evaluation of the volatile fraction of Colombian honeys could be a useful tool to differentiate them by harvest area.

[ES] El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido caracterizar la fracción volátil de mieles colombianas recolectadas en diferentes zonas geográficas (Andina, Valle interandino, Caribe y Llanos) y evaluar la influencia de su procedencia en la fracción volátil de las mismas. Se han identificado (por GC-MS) un total 27 compuestos volátiles pertenecientes a diferentes familias químicas: 7: alcoholes, 5 aldehídos, 3 hidrocarburos, 4 cetonas, 1 éster, 2 furanos, 1 nitrilo, 1 compuesto sulfurado y 3 terpenos. El perfil de compuestos volátiles ha permitido distinguir mieles en función de la zona geográfica a la que pertenecen, observándose diferencias significativas entre las distintas zonas para 13 de los 27 compuestos identificados. La zona Andina y la del Valle interandino fueron muy semejantes desde el punto de vista del perfil volátil, la única excepción fue el compuesto Linalool oxide, más abundante en el Valle interandino. A su vez, el perfil volátil de ambas zonas andinas (Andina y Valle interandino) también fue similar al del Caribe, aunque destacó en esta última un mayor contenido de 2-Butanol, Toluene y especialmente de Benzaldehyde. La zona de Llanos presentó concentraciones más altas para la mayoría de compuestos analizados, aunque algunos compuestos como 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone y 2-Methyl-propanenitrile no se detectaron en ella. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la determinación de la fracción volátil de las mieles colombianas podría ser una herramienta útil para diferenciarlas según su zona de recolección., [CA] L'objectiu d'esta investigació ha sigut caracteritzar la fracció volàtil de mels colombianes procedents de diferents zones geogràfiques (Andina, Vall transandina, Carib i Plans) i avaluar la influència en la dita fracció en la zona de recol·lecció de les mateixes. S'han identificat (per GC-MS) un total 27 compostos volàtils pertanyents a diferents famílies químiques: 7: alcohols, 5 aldehids, 3 hidrocarburs, 4 cetones, 1 ester, 2 furans, 1 nitril, 1 compost sulfurat i 3 terpens. El perfil de compostos volàtils ha permés distingir mels en funció de la zona geogràfica a què pertanyen, observant-se diferències significatives entre les diferents zones per a 13 dels 27 compostos identificats. La zona "Andina" i la de la "Vall andina" van ser molt semblants des del punt de vista del perfil volàtil, l'única excepció va ser el compost Linalool oxide, més abundant en la "Vall andina". Al seu torn, el perfil volàtil d'ambdós zones andines ("Andina" i "Vall andina") també va ser semblant al del "Carib", encara que destaca en esta última un major contingut de 2-Butanol, Toluene i especialment de Benzaldehyde. La zona de "Plans" presenta concentracions més altes per a la majoria de compostos analitzats, encara que alguns compostos com 3- Hydroxy-2-butanone i 2-Methyl-propanenitrile no es van detectar en ella. Els resultats obtinguts suggereixen que la fracció volàtil de les mels colombianes podria ser una ferramenta útil per a diferenciar-les segons la seua zona de recol·lecció., [EN] The aim of this study was to characterize the volatile fraction of Colombian honeys that came from different geographical areas (Andina, Valle interandino, Caribe y Llanos) and to evaluate the influence of this origin in their volatile fraction. 27 total volatile compounds belonging to different chemical families (7: alcohols, 5 aldehydes, 3 hydrocarbons, 4 ketones, 1 ester, 2 furans, 1 nitrile, 1 sulfur compounds and 3 terpenes) were identified. The profile of volatile compounds allowed distinguishing the honeys depending on the geographical origin and a significant difference between the different areas was found for 13 of the 27 compounds identified. The area "Andina" and the "Valle interandino" were very similar from the point of view of the volatile profile. The only exception was the Linalool oxide, which was more abundant in Valle internadino. Moreover, the volatile profile of both Andina areas (Andina y Valle interandino) was also similar to the Caribe area, although the latter had higher content of 2-Butanol, Toluene and specially Benzaldehyde. The Llanos area showed higher levels for most compounds tested, although some compounds as 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone and 2-Methyl-propanenitrile were not detected in it. The results suggest that the evaluation of the volatile fraction of Colombian honeys could be a useful tool to differentiate them by harvest area.

[ES] El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido caracterizar la fracción volátil de mieles colombianas recolectadas en diferentes zonas geográficas (Andina, Valle interandino, Caribe y Llanos) y evaluar la influencia de su procedencia en la fracción volátil de las mismas. Se han identificado (por GC-MS) un total 27 compuestos volátiles pertenecientes a diferentes familias químicas: 7: alcoholes, 5 aldehídos, 3 hidrocarburos, 4 cetonas, 1 éster, 2 furanos, 1 nitrilo, 1 compuesto sulfurado y 3 terpenos. El perfil de compuestos volátiles ha permitido distinguir mieles en función de la zona geográfica a la que pertenecen, observándose diferencias significativas entre las distintas zonas para 13 de los 27 compuestos identificados. La zona Andina y la del Valle interandino fueron muy semejantes desde el punto de vista del perfil volátil, la única excepción fue el compuesto Linalool oxide, más abundante en el Valle interandino. A su vez, el perfil volátil de ambas zonas andinas (Andina y Valle interandino) también fue similar al del Caribe, aunque destacó en esta última un mayor contenido de 2-Butanol, Toluene y especialmente de Benzaldehyde. La zona de Llanos presentó concentraciones más altas para la mayoría de compuestos analizados, aunque algunos compuestos como 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone y 2-Methyl-propanenitrile no se detectaron en ella. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la determinación de la fracción volátil de las mieles colombianas podría ser una herramienta útil para diferenciarlas según su zona de recolección., [CA] L'objectiu d'esta investigació ha sigut caracteritzar la fracció volàtil de mels colombianes procedents de diferents zones geogràfiques (Andina, Vall transandina, Carib i Plans) i avaluar la influència en la dita fracció en la zona de recol·lecció de les mateixes. S'han identificat (per GC-MS) un total 27 compostos volàtils pertanyents a diferents famílies químiques: 7: alcohols, 5 aldehids, 3 hidrocarburs, 4 cetones, 1 ester, 2 furans, 1 nitril, 1 compost sulfurat i 3 terpens. El perfil de compostos volàtils ha permés distingir mels en funció de la zona geogràfica a què pertanyen, observant-se diferències significatives entre les diferents zones per a 13 dels 27 compostos identificats. La zona "Andina" i la de la "Vall andina" van ser molt semblants des del punt de vista del perfil volàtil, l'única excepció va ser el compost Linalool oxide, més abundant en la "Vall andina". Al seu torn, el perfil volàtil d'ambdós zones andines ("Andina" i "Vall andina") també va ser semblant al del "Carib", encara que destaca en esta última un major contingut de 2-Butanol, Toluene i especialment de Benzaldehyde. La zona de "Plans" presenta concentracions més altes per a la majoria de compostos analitzats, encara que alguns compostos com 3- Hydroxy-2-butanone i 2-Methyl-propanenitrile no es van detectar en ella. Els resultats obtinguts suggereixen que la fracció volàtil de les mels colombianes podria ser una ferramenta útil per a diferenciar-les segons la seua zona de recol·lecció., [EN] The aim of this study was to characterize the volatile fraction of Colombian honeys that came from different geographical areas (Andina, Valle interandino, Caribe y Llanos) and to evaluate the influence of this origin in their volatile fraction. 27 total volatile compounds belonging to different chemical families (7: alcohols, 5 aldehydes, 3 hydrocarbons, 4 ketones, 1 ester, 2 furans, 1 nitrile, 1 sulfur compounds and 3 terpenes) were identified. The profile of volatile compounds allowed distinguishing the honeys depending on the geographical origin and a significant difference between the different areas was found for 13 of the 27 compounds identified. The area "Andina" and the "Valle interandino" were very similar from the point of view of the volatile profile. The only exception was the Linalool oxide, which was more abundant in Valle internadino. Moreover, the volatile profile of both Andina areas (Andina y Valle interandino) was also similar to the Caribe area, although the latter had higher content of 2-Butanol, Toluene and specially Benzaldehyde. The Llanos area showed higher levels for most compounds tested, although some compounds as 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone and 2-Methyl-propanenitrile were not detected in it. The results suggest that the evaluation of the volatile fraction of Colombian honeys could be a useful tool to differentiate them by harvest area.

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is a species complex that includes the causative agents of Lyme borreliosis (LB). Classification of the complex was greatly influenced by the method of multilocus sequence typing (MLST), proposed in 2008 and analyzing the spatial distribution of sequence types (STs). Despite the fact that Russia is the largest natural focus of LB to date, it is represented by only 3 strains of the 1323 strains deposited in the MLST database. In this paper, we identified STs for 24 B. burgdorferi s.l. strains isolated from ticks from almost all regions of Russia, 16 of which have not been described so far. It has been shown that the Russian isolates of B. afzelii are of Asian origin and are characterized by a lack of territorial mixing of STs. In contrast, B. garinii and B. bavariensis showed ST mixing between different localities. Comparison of MLST data with the results of sequence analysis of rrf-rrl intergenic spacer led to the conclusion that the previously described genomic groups of B. garinii correspond to the genospecies according to the new classification: 20047 corresponds to B. garinii, and NT29 corresponds to B. bavariensis. The genomic group, ChY13p, characterized by an unusual PCR-RFLP profile, belongs to the species B. garinii (prototype strain 20047). Thus, the use of a reliable method to study the phylogeny and evolution of Borrelia based on MLST, helps to clarify the existing classification. The standardized research procedure and database created could become the basis for a global scientific cooperation in LB research. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH.

In order to characterize how disturbances to microbial communities are propagated over temporal and spatial scales in aquatic environments, the dynamics of bacterial assemblages throughout a subtropical coastal embayment were investigated via SSU rRNA gene analyses over an 8-month period, which encompassed a large storm event. During non-perturbed conditions, sampling sites clustered into three groups based on their microbial community composition: an offshore oceanic group, a freshwater group, and a distinct and persistent coastal group. Significant differences in measured environmental parameters or in the bacterial community due to the storm event were found only within the coastal cluster of sampling sites, and only at 5 of 12 locations; three of these sites showed a significant response in both environmental and bacterial community characteristics. These responses were most pronounced at sites close to the shoreline. During the storm event, otherwise common bacterioplankton community members such as marine Synechococcus sp. and members of the SAR11 clade of Alphaproteobacteria decreased in relative abundance in the affected coastal zone, whereas several lineages of Gammaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and members of the Roseobacter clade of Alphaproteobacteria increased. The complex spatial patterns in both environmental conditions and microbial community structure related to freshwater runoff and wind convection during the perturbation event leads us to conclude that spatial heterogeneity was an important factor influencing both the dynamics and the resistance of the bacterioplankton communities to disturbances throughout this complex subtropical coastal system. This heterogeneity may play a role in facilitating a rapid rebound of regions harboring distinctly coastal bacterioplankton communities to their pre-disturbed taxonomic composition.

Ipomoea purpurea (common morning glory) is an annual vine native to Mexico that is well known for its large, showy flowers. Humans have spread morning glories worldwide, owing to the horticultural appeal of morning glory flowers. Ipomoea purpurea is an opportunistic colonizer of disturbed habitats including roadside and agricultural settings, and it is now regarded as a noxious weed in the Southeastern US. Naturalized populations in the Southeastern United States are highly polymorphic for a number of flower color morphs, unlike native Mexican populations that are typically monomorphic for the purple color morph. Although I. purpurea was introduced into the United States from Mexico, little is known about the specific geographic origins of US populations relative to the Mexican source. We use resequencing data from 11 loci and 30 I. purpurea accessions collected from the native range of the species in Central and Southern Mexico and 8 accessions from the Southeastern United States to infer likely geographic origins in Mexico. Based on genetic assignment analysis, haplotype composition, and the degree of shared polymorphism, I. purpurea samples from the Southeastern United States are genetically most similar to samples from the Valley of Mexico and Veracruz State. This supports earlier speculation that I. purpurea in the Southeastern United States was likely to have been introduced by European colonists from sources in Central Mexico.

In order to characterize how disturbances to microbial communities are propagated over temporal and spatial scales in aquatic environments, the dynamics of bacterial assemblages throughout a subtropical coastal embayment were investigated via SSU rRNA gene analyses over an 8-month period, which encompassed a large storm event. During non-perturbed conditions, sampling sites clustered into three groups based on their microbial community composition: an offshore oceanic group, a freshwater group, and a distinct and persistent coastal group. Significant differences in measured environmental parameters or in the bacterial community due to the storm event were found only within the coastal cluster of sampling sites, and only at 5 of 12 locations; three of these sites showed a significant response in both environmental and bacterial community characteristics. These responses were most pronounced at sites close to the shoreline. During the storm event, otherwise common bacterioplankton community members such as marine Synechococcus sp. and members of the SAR11 clade of Alphaproteobacteria decreased in relative abundance in the affected coastal zone, whereas several lineages of Gammaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and members of the Roseobacter clade of Alphaproteobacteria increased. The complex spatial patterns in both environmental conditions and microbial community structure related to freshwater runoff and wind convection during the perturbation event leads us to conclude that spatial heterogeneity was an important factor influencing both the dynamics and the resistance of the bacterioplankton communities to disturbances throughout this complex subtropical coastal system. This heterogeneity may play a role in facilitating a rapid rebound of regions harboring distinctly coastal bacterioplankton communities to their pre-disturbed taxonomic composition.

Many cultivars of cabbage are grown in Serbia, but two local cultivars, 'Futoski' and 'Srpski melez', predominate the cabbage production in Central Serbia and the Vojvodina Province. Their advantage over the introduced cultivars is that they are better suited to the local taste and methods of use (pickling of whole heads or sauerkraut, preparation of traditional local dishes and fresh consumption). It should be noted that local cabbage populations are widely grown in remote parts of Serbia. A recently completed SEED-Net Project was aimed at collecting local cabbage populations on the territory of Serbia. Populations were collected in the locations of Boljevac, Curug, Deronje, Donji Katun (Varvarin), Futog, Taras (Elemir), Leskovac. The sources of collected materials were mostly local markets, home gardens and home stores in isolated villages, where old farmers still maintain land races of various brassicas in small quantities and for domestic use. These cabbages have juicier and thinner leaves, which predisposes their heads for fine grating and also makes them pliable and easy to roll up during food preparation. It is characteristics like these that give the local populations an advantage over hybrids. The climatic and soil characteristics in the typical and traditional production area favor the production of late cabbage cultivars. Fresh cabbage from Vojvodina production area is a good raw material for fresh use and biological fermentation. The winter cabbage is suitable for biofermentation and long storage in the form of sauerkraut. The fermented 'Futoski' cabbage has been certified at one point as a product with geographic origin.

The DNA molecular analyses together with ampelography, ampelometry, and biochemistry are essentiaor grapevine identification and investigation of genetic differences among the Vitis vinifera L. cultivars and clones. Ten Malvasia cultivars (i.e., Istrian Malvasia; M. delle Lipari; M. bianca di Candia; M. di Candia Aromatica; M. del Lazio; M. bianca lunga, also known as Malvasia del Chianti; M. nera di Brindisi/Lecce; M. di Casorzo; M. di Schierano, and M. nera di Bolzano) were analyzed using molecular approaches to study the genetic inter-varietal variability. Thirty Istrian Malvasia genotypes (i.e., 8 Italian clones, such as ISV 1, ISV F6, VCR 4, VCR 113, VCR 114, VCR 115, ERSA 120, ERSA 121, and 22 autochthonous grapevine accessions grown in Istrian Peninsula, Croatia) were investigated to evaluate the morphological and genetic intra-varietal variability. DNA analysis allowed discrimination of all Malvasia genotypes at molecular level using AFLP, SAMPL, and M-AFLP markers. Italian clones and autochthonous Croatian accessions of Istrian Malvasia were grouped according to their different geographic origins. These results showed the great genetic variability of Malvasia genotypes suggesting the need for the preservation of autochthonous grapevine biotypes found on different areas to approve the correct choice and selection of the grape multiplication materials

[ES] En este trabajo se pretende determinar la importancia del origen geográfico en el consumo de productos agroalimentarios, analizando la preferencia entre alimentos autóctonos y foráneos. El mapa de posicionamiento de los productos agroalimentarios según su origen geográfico, refleja que los de la Comunidad Valenciana y el resto de España, se perciben similares. En cambio, los productos agroalimentarios de Francia y Marruecos destacan por innovación, y precio bajo, respectivamente. También se cuantifica la existencia de dos segmentos en el mercado agroalimentario, el ¿Etnocentrista¿ que representa un 60%, y el ¿No Etnocentrista¿., [EN] In this paper pretend determine the importance of the geographic origin in the agri-food product consumption, analysing the preference between native and foreign foods. The map of positioning of agri-food products according geographic origin, reflects that the Comunidad Valenciana and the rest of Spain, perceive similars. However, agri-food products of France and Morocco emphasize by innovation, and low price, respectively. Also, quantifies the existence of two segments in the agrifood market, the ¿Ethnocentrist¿ that a 60% represent, and the ¿Non Ethnocentrist¿.

[ES] En este trabajo se pretende determinar la importancia del origen geográfico en el consumo de productos agroalimentarios, analizando la preferencia entre alimentos autóctonos y foráneos. El mapa de posicionamiento de los productos agroalimentarios según su origen geográfico, refleja que los de la Comunidad Valenciana y el resto de España, se perciben similares. En cambio, los productos agroalimentarios de Francia y Marruecos destacan por innovación, y precio bajo, respectivamente. También se cuantifica la existencia de dos segmentos en el mercado agroalimentario, el ¿Etnocentrista¿ que representa un 60%, y el ¿No Etnocentrista¿., [EN] In this paper pretend determine the importance of the geographic origin in the agri-food product consumption, analysing the preference between native and foreign foods. The map of positioning of agri-food products according geographic origin, reflects that the Comunidad Valenciana and the rest of Spain, perceive similars. However, agri-food products of France and Morocco emphasize by innovation, and low price, respectively. Also, quantifies the existence of two segments in the agrifood market, the ¿Ethnocentrist¿ that a 60% represent, and the ¿Non Ethnocentrist¿.

Background: To describe the characteristics (therapeutic, physical and behavioural) associated with achievement of tight blood pressure (BP) control and its prevalence in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. Methods: Cross-sectional observational cohort study. 673 hypertensive patients with T2DM, treated with one or more antihypertensive drugs. Sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory variables compared between patients achieving BP targets (goal-achievers [GAs]) and non-goal-achievers (non-GAs). Results: Only 111 patients (16%) achieved BP goals. Markers-factors connected with failure of BP control in non-GAs were: sub-Saharan African ethno-geographical origin, high alcohol consumption and low educational level. Total cholesterol was significantly lower and glycaemic control significantly better in GAs. In addition, prevalence of micro- or macro-albuminuria was clearly lower in GAs. As regards cardiovascular drugs, statins were used to a greater extent by the GAs. Finally, GAs and non-GAs had the same pattern of micro- and macro-vascular diabetic diseases, as well as similar estimated 10-year absolute cardiovascular risk scores. Conclusions: This cross-sectional study characterized variables associated with an unmet need in drug-treatment of hypertension in T2DM. One might surmise that using higher dosage and/or number of antihypertensive agents will be required in most T2DM patients in order to reach targets, including new antihypertensive agents. © 2010 Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Young white wines, of the Albariño variety, from different areas of Denomination of Origin Rías Baixas in Galicia (northwest Spain) were evaluated using sensory descriptive analyses by a panel of professional wine tasters. In the first phase of analysis, the wine tasters identified 37 aromatic descriptors in five sessions. The descriptors were then reduced to 17 using statistical methods. In the second phase, the wine tasters identified and rated the intensity of these descriptors for each wine evaluated. Characteristic aromatic descriptors were found in Albariño wines from each particular area. Seven sensory attributes were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the wines (Ripe Fruit, Lactic, Pineapple, Banana, Pear, Citrus fruit and Floral). Principal component analysis of the sensory data permitted differentiation between Albarino wines from different geographic areas in Rías Baixas. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA technique was used to trace the geographic origin of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel populations in Australia from unknown geographic sources internationally. Haplotype (or clonal) diversity was high, with 474 unique haplotypes found from 616 individuals genotyped. Gene diversity estimates (0.10–0.28) and percent polymorphic loci (38.1–88.1%) were moderate to high for most populations. This resulted in genetic distance estimates that ranged from 0.04 to 0.26 and were significantly different for most pairwise population combinations. G ST values for all populations were also moderate (0.04–0.54) and again were significantly different for most pairwise population comparisons. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that the majority of variation was apportioned among individuals within populations regardless of the level at which they were grouped. Gene flow (Nm) was mostly low for all pairwise populations comparisons with an average Nm = 1.8. A non-significant negative correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance was found for worldwide populations. In contrast, within Australian populations a significant positive correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance was detected. Genetic relationships explored using unweighted pair group method analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling indicated a mixed pattern of genetic similarities among all populations. Multiple introductions, from a wide range of international source populations, have obscured the ability to accurately determine the geographic origin of L. bostrychophila in Australia.

The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA technique was used to trace the geographic origin of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel populations in Australia from unknown geographic sources internationally. Haplotype (or clonal) diversity was high, with 474 unique haplotypes found from 616 individuals genotyped. Gene diversity estimates (0.10–0.28) and percent polymorphic loci (38.1–88.1%) were moderate to high for most populations. This resulted in genetic distance estimates that ranged from 0.04 to 0.26 and were significantly different for most pairwise population combinations. G ST values for all populations were also moderate (0.04–0.54) and again were significantly different for most pairwise population comparisons. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that the majority of variation was apportioned among individuals within populations regardless of the level at which they were grouped. Gene flow (Nm) was mostly low for all pairwise populations comparisons with an average Nm = 1.8. A non-significant negative correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance was found for worldwide populations. In contrast, within Australian populations a significant positive correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance was detected. Genetic relationships explored using unweighted pair group method analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling indicated a mixed pattern of genetic similarities among all populations. Multiple introductions, from a wide range of international source populations, have obscured the ability to accurately determine the geographic origin of L. bostrychophila in Australia.

Dry matter yield and quality are the two main and increasing goals of lucerne breeding. Genotype variability is almost as important in lucerne selection as the breeding methods used in the process. In 2002, a trial with 15 cultivars was established to study the variability of yield and quality in lucerne genotypes of different geographic origin. Two of the cultivars are from Serbia, five from Greece, five from Bolivia, one from Ukraine and three from Estonia. They are biologically divergent (12 of the cultivars are Medicago saliva ssp. saliva and three Medicago saliva ssp. varia. Forage and dry matter yields ranged from 33.6 t ha(-1) to 78.4 t ha(-1) and from 8.0 t ha(-1) to 20.4 t ha(-1) respectively. Regrowth after cutting and plant height ranged between 15.1 and 34.7 cm and 36.4 and 71.2 cm, respectively. Leaf contribution to yield varied significantly among the M saliva genotypes and did not depend on geographic origin. The largest contribution of leaves and hence best quality were found in the cultivars Pella and Bolivia 2000.

The influence of chickpea and durum wheat, as crops widely used in rotations in the Mediterranean Basin, on the reproductive fitness of five Meloidogyne artiellia populations from Italy, Spain and Syria, was investigated under controlled conditions. The reproductive fitness of the M. artiellia populations, determined as the number of eggs per mature egg mass, was significantly greater in durum wheat cv. Simeto than in chickpea cv. UC 27 for all five nematode populations. Similarly, both in chickpea and durum wheat the reproductive fitness differed among nematode populations, with populations of M. artiellia from Castel del Monte (southern Italy) and CL5 (northern Spain) producing the greatest number of eggs per egg mass. The fewest number of eggs per egg mass of M. artiellia occurred for populations from Alhama 6 (southern Spain) and Tel-Hadya (northern Syria).