Search

Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a dioecious shrub commonly used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and environmental industry as a source of oil, minerals and vitamins. In this study, we analyzed the transposable elements and satellites in its genome.We carried out Illumina DNA sequencing and reconstructed the main repetitive DNA sequences. For data analysis, we developed a new bioinformatics approach for advanced satellite DNA analysis and showed that about 25% of the genome consists of satellite DNA and about 24% is formed of transposable elements, dominated by Ty3/Gypsy and Ty1/Copia LTR retrotransposons. FISH mapping revealed X chromosome-accumulated, Y chromosome-specific or both sex chromosomes-accumulated satellites but most satellites were found on autosomes. Transposable elements were located mostly in the subtelomeres of all chromosomes. The 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA were localized on one autosomal locus each. Although we demonstrated the small size of the Y chromosome of the seabuckthorn and accumulated satellite DNA there, we were unable to estimate the age and extent of the Y chromosome degeneration. Analysis of dioecious relatives such as Shepherdia would shed more light on the evolution of these sex chromosomes., Rakytník (Hippophae rhamnoides) je dvoudomý keř bežně používán ve farmaceutickém, kosmetickém a enviromentálním průmyslu jako zdroj oleje, minerálů a vitamínů. V této studii jsme analyzovali transpozony a satelity v jeho genomu. Vykonali jsme Illumina sekvenování a rekonstruovali jsme hlavní repetitivní DNA sekvence. Pro analýzu dat jsme vyvinuli nový bioinformatický přístup pro pokročilou analýzu satelitní DNA a ukázali jsme, že okolo 25% genomu tvoří satelitní DNA a asi 24% je tvořených transpozony, u kterých dominují Ty3/Gypsy a Ty1/Copia LTR retrotranspozony. FISH mapování odhalilo satelit akumulovaný na X chromozomu, Y specifický satelit a satelit akumulovaný na obou pohlavních chromozomech, přičemž většina satelitů byla nalzena na autosomech. Transpozibilní elementy byly umístněny většinou v subtelomerách všech chromozomů. 5S rDNA a 45S rDNA byly lokalizovány každá na jednom autosomálním lokusu. Přestože jsme demonstrovali malou velikost Y chromozomu a na něm akumulovanou satelitní DNA, nebyli jsme schopni odhadnou věk a rozsah degenerace Y chromozomu. Analýza dvoudomých příbuzných jako je např. Shepherdia by lépe objasnila evoluci pohlavních chromosomů.

Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a dioecious shrub commonly used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and environmental industry as a source of oil, minerals and vitamins. In this study, we analyzed the transposable elements and satellites in its genome.We carried out Illumina DNA sequencing and reconstructed the main repetitive DNA sequences. For data analysis, we developed a new bioinformatics approach for advanced satellite DNA analysis and showed that about 25% of the genome consists of satellite DNA and about 24% is formed of transposable elements, dominated by Ty3/Gypsy and Ty1/Copia LTR retrotransposons. FISH mapping revealed X chromosome-accumulated, Y chromosome-specific or both sex chromosomes-accumulated satellites but most satellites were found on autosomes. Transposable elements were located mostly in the subtelomeres of all chromosomes. The 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA were localized on one autosomal locus each. Although we demonstrated the small size of the Y chromosome of the seabuckthorn and accumulated satellite DNA there, we were unable to estimate the age and extent of the Y chromosome degeneration. Analysis of dioecious relatives such as Shepherdia would shed more light on the evolution of these sex chromosomes., Rakytník (Hippophae rhamnoides) je dvoudomý keř bežně používán ve farmaceutickém, kosmetickém a enviromentálním průmyslu jako zdroj oleje, minerálů a vitamínů. V této studii jsme analyzovali transpozony a satelity v jeho genomu. Vykonali jsme Illumina sekvenování a rekonstruovali jsme hlavní repetitivní DNA sekvence. Pro analýzu dat jsme vyvinuli nový bioinformatický přístup pro pokročilou analýzu satelitní DNA a ukázali jsme, že okolo 25% genomu tvoří satelitní DNA a asi 24% je tvořených transpozony, u kterých dominují Ty3/Gypsy a Ty1/Copia LTR retrotranspozony. FISH mapování odhalilo satelit akumulovaný na X chromozomu, Y specifický satelit a satelit akumulovaný na obou pohlavních chromozomech, přičemž většina satelitů byla nalzena na autosomech. Transpozibilní elementy byly umístněny většinou v subtelomerách všech chromozomů. 5S rDNA a 45S rDNA byly lokalizovány každá na jednom autosomálním lokusu. Přestože jsme demonstrovali malou velikost Y chromozomu a na něm akumulovanou satelitní DNA, nebyli jsme schopni odhadnou věk a rozsah degenerace Y chromozomu. Analýza dvoudomých příbuzných jako je např. Shepherdia by lépe objasnila evoluci pohlavních chromosomů.

Genomic resources have recently been developed for a number of species of Fagaceae, with the purpose of identifying the genetic factors underlying the adaptation of these long-lived, biologically predominant, commercially and ecologically important species to their environment. The sequencing of genomes of the size of the oak genome (740 Mb/C) is now becoming both possible and affordable due to breakthroughs in sequencing technology. However, an understanding of the composition and structure of the oak genome is required before launching a sequencing initiative. We constructed random (Rd) and hypomethylated (Hp) genomic libraries for pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) and carried out a sample sequencing of 2.33 and 2.36 Mb of shotgun DNA from the Rd and Hp libraries, respectively, to provide a first insight into the repetitive element and gene content of the oak genome. We found striking similarities between Rd sequences and previously analyzed BAC end sequences of pedunculate oak, with a similar percentage of known repeat elements (5.56%), an almost identical simple sequence repeat density (i.e., 29 SSRs per 100 kb), an identical profile of SSR motifs (in descending order of frequency—dinucleotide, pentanucleotide, trinucleotide, tetranucleotide, and hexanucleotide motifs). Conversely, the Hp fraction was, as expected, enriched in nuclear genes (2.44-fold enrichment). This enrichment was associated with a lower frequency of retrotransposons than for Rd sequences. We also identified twice as many SSR motifs in the Rd library as in the Hp library. This work provides useful information before opening a new chapter in oak genome sequencing.

Sexual polyploids were induced in diploid (2n = 2x = 24) interspecific F1 hybrids of Longiflorum × Asiatic (LA) and Oriental × Asiatic (OA) Lilium hybrids by backcrossing to Asiatic (AA) parents as well as by sib-mating of the F1 LA hybrids. A majority of the BC1 progenies were triploid and the progenies from sib-mating were tetraploid or near tetraploids. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) technique was applied to assess the intergenomic recombination in the BC1 populations of LA and OA hybrids obtained after unilateral sexual polyploidization. A total of 63 LA (LA × AA and AA × LA) and 53 OA hybrids were analysed. LA hybrids were originated through the functioning of 2n gametes either as 2n eggs or 2n pollen while those of OA hybrids originated through functional 2n pollen of diploid OA genotype. In both type of crosses, a majority of the progenies had originated through First Division Restitution (FDR) mechanism of functional 2n gamete either with or without a cross over. However, there were nine LA- and four OA-genotypes where Indeterminate Meiotic Restitution (IMR) was the mechanism of 2n gamete formation. Based on GISH, total amount of introgression of Longiflorum and Oriental genome into Asiatic genome was determined. Most of the BC progenies exhibited recombination and the amount of recombination was higher in LA hybrids as compared to OA hybrids. Intergenomic recombination was also determined cytologically in the 16 plants of sib-mated LA hybrids where both parents had contributed 2n gametes. Based on these results the nature of interspecific lily hybrids obtained from uni- and bilateral sexual polyploidization leading to allotriploid and allotetraploid formation is discussed in the context of introgression and intergenomic recombination