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Background: Gaming Disorder (GD) was recently included by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a psychiatric condition in the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and is a concern worldwide, including in Iran. Thus, based on the ICD-11 criteria, a Persian version of the Gaming Disorder Test (GDT) was developed to facilitate assessment of GD. Methods: The present study used classical test theory and Rasch analysis to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian GDT. Iranian adolescents (n = 3837; 2171 [56.6%] males; mean [SD] age = 16.02 [1.4] years) completed the GDT and other instruments assessing disordered gaming, psychological distress, and insomnia. Results: Overall, the psychometric properties of the Persian GDT were satisfactory based on classical test theory (i.e., confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the unidimensional structure of GDT) and Rasch analysis (i.e., fit statistics suggested that all items were embedded in the concept of GD). Moreover, the Persian GDT was found to be sex-invariant, displaying no items with substantial differential item functioning across sexes. Additionally, it was found that GD mediated associations between time spent gaming and measures of psychological distress and insomnia. Conclusion: The Persian GDT is a convenient and short instrument for assessing GD among Iranian adolescents. The mediating roles of GD in the associations between time spent gaming and psychological distress and between time spent gaming and insomnia suggest that targeting features of GD may reduce psychological distress and improve sleep for Iranian adolescents.

In recent years, the video game industry has introduced Loot Box (LB), a new type of microtransaction in which a gamer uses real currency to purchase a random virtual item within a video game. Recently, LBs became more widespread and there is evidence suggesting their similarity to online gambling. Although some studies have investigated the association between LBs with disordered gaming and disordered gambling, very few have done so with clinical indicators of these problems. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge no longitudinal evidence of such relationships currently exists in the literature. Therefore, the present study aimed to 1) ascertain the stability of LB purchasing in minors and 2) investigate the associations between LB purchasing with gambling online and online gambling disorder within six months. A prospective cohort study was conducted at two time points six months apart. In total, 2.213 Spanish adolescents (1.067 [48.9%] boys) aged between 11 and 17 years participated in both waves. The purchase of LBs was prevalent and stable in the sample across the six months. While a positive relationship was found between purchasing LBs and online gambling six months later, the relationships between purchasing LBs and the presentation of online gambling disorder and gaming disorder require further study.

The aim of this study was to address a knowledge gap by conducting a literature review on gaming disorder, specifically focusing on its social problems and challenges it presents in the field of social work. The specific objectives of this study were to identify risk factors associated with gaming disorder, explore the potential social problems arising from gaming disorder and their impact on individuals, examine the treatment approaches for gaming disorder and identify the challenges faced by social workers when working with individuals affected by gaming disorder. The theories used were social interactionism, Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical theory and social labeling theory. Results showed that mental health problems, social isolation, self-neglect as well as disruptions in social relationships, education and work were associated with gaming disorder. Several risk factors were identified, such as age, gender, poor parental attachment, lack of real-life friendships and loneliness. Additionally, challenges in the field of social work arise from limited research and knowledge, as well as the ease with which risk factors can be masked by individuals. The findings suggest that there is no singular treatment approach for gaming disorder, instead, it is important for social workers to understand problematic gaming within a broader context of life challenges. The emphasis should not be placed solely on eliminating gaming, but rather on addressing various aspects of the individual’s life to achieve a healthy balance and a purposeful existence.

Given the increasing prevalence of problematic gaming, in 2013, the diagnosis “Internet gaming disorder (IGD)” was included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) as a potential diagnosis. With a new diagnosis, it is important to determine treatment options. The importance of the parent–child relationship has been emphasised in problematic gaming and its treatment. This study aims to provide more knowledge about adolescents’ perceptions of a treatment for problematic gaming and understand whether such treatment may have a bearing on the parent–child relationship. We conducted individual interviews with nine adolescents who completed a treatment for problematic gaming. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. The analysis revealed three themes. Theme 1: adolescents’ experiences of the new treatment; Theme 2: adolescents’ perceptions of the effect of the treatment on their gaming behaviour; and Theme 3: adolescents’ perceptions of changes in their parent–child relationships. The adolescents viewed the treatment as a way of gaining control of their gaming, a process in which a therapist played an integral part. For the majority of the adolescents in our study, the main effects of treatment were gaining insight into how their gaming and gaming-related behaviours affected other parts of their lives. The participants felt that the treatment improved their relationship with their parents through reducing everyday conflicts. This new knowledge can be used for the development of future interventions involving children and adolescents.

Purpose: This quality improvement project aimed to educate clinicians at an outpatient behavioral health organization about the functional impairments associated with gaming disorder, available screening tools, diagnostic guidelines, and potential treatment options. Background Gaming disorder was included in the 2022 publication of ICD-11, listed as an addictive disorder because of its potential to activate the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways. However, gaming disorder is listed in the DSM-5 under Section III - conditions for further study, requiring additional research before its inclusion in Section II. The diagnostic criteria differ between ICD-11 and DSM-5 proposed criteria, thus creating controversy in diagnostic accuracy with the potential for misdiagnosis. Nonetheless, gaming disorder is an identified public health concern, especially for children and adolescents. Clinicians should be aware of the differences in diagnostic guidelines, functional impairments, screening tools, and possible treatment options for gaming disorder in children and adolescents. Methods A quantitative quasi-experimental design was used for this project. Through convenience sampling, 23 clinicians at an outpatient behavioral health organization were recruited for a one-time educational intervention on gaming disorder in children and adolescents. An anonymous electronic posttest survey was administered after the educational PowerPoint presentation to assess clinicians’ knowledge and intent to evaluate gaming disorder in children and adolescents. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results All 23 participants completed the electronic posttest. The central tendency of the 23 participants showed that the educational intervention successfully increased clinicians’ knowledge and intent to assess for gaming disorder. Conclusions The findings from this project show that educational interventions have the potential to increase clinicians’ knowledge and intent to assess gam

Der kommunikationswissenschaftlich gerahmte Beitrag definiert zunächst zentrale Chancen und Risikofelder mediatisierter Gesellschaftskommunikation. Eine aktive Medienpädagogik wird vor diesem Hintergrund als wichtiger Faktor vor allem unter Heranwachsenden etabliert. Die praktische Medienkompetenzvermittlung muss sich momentan allerdings substanziellen Herausforderungen stellen: Gerade Lehrpersonen und Eltern verfügen in der Breite nicht über ausreichende Kenntnisse, Ressourcen und Handlungsmotivationen. Eine vergleichsweise grosse medienpädagogische Last liegt deshalb im rehabilitativen Bereich, wenn also bereits (nachhaltig) negative Nutzungserfahrungen konstruktiv verarbeitet werden müssen. Verantwortlich für diese Unwucht ist auch, dass Medienpädagog:innen derzeit nicht auf das eigentliche Digitalhandeln Heranwachsender zugreifen können. Diese schliessen ihre virtuellen Rückzugsorte auch bewusst gegenüber Erwachsenen ab. Vorgeschlagen wird deshalb, die Methoden analoger Strassensozialarbeit in den digitalen Raum zu übertragen und medienpädagogisch einzusetzen. Speziell für digitale Netzwerke und Communitys ausgebildete Streetworker:innen könnten nutzungsbegleitend und über einen längeren Zeitraum mit Kindern und Jugendlichen arbeiten. Die medienpädagogische Wirksamkeit könnte dadurch ansteigen, auch weil von innen heraus der tatsächliche Bedarf definiert und die optimale Unterstützung aktiviert werden kann. Digital Streetwork könnte insofern zu einem koordinierenden Schlüsselmoment im gesellschaftlichen Netzwerk medienpädagogischer Akteur:innen werden. Empirisch überprüft wurde der Ansatz hier am Anwendungsbeispiel Videospielsucht in einer Leitfaden-Befragung von 20 Expert:innen aus der praktischen Medienpädagogik und Sozialarbeit, aus Psychologie und Psychiatrie sowie aus dem Gaming., This article at first defines essential chances and risk factors in mediated communication. Then, active media literacy training is established as an important component in adolescents’ lives. However, practical media education faces a number of substantial challenges: Especially teachers and parents on a broad scale lack knowledge, resources and motivation to act. This is why a comparatively big emphasis lies on rehabilitation, when (strongly) negative user experiences have to be processed positively. Beyond this, media educators cannot access the young digital media usage itself, because adolescents strategically lock and block adults from their virtual shelters. Therefore, it is proposed to transfer the methods of analog outreach social work to digital spheres for media education purposes. For digital networks and communities trained social workers can accompany adolescents in long-term relationships. Media education thus may become more efficient, since demand can be defined from the inside and ideal support can be activated. Digital outreach social work thus is not just a tool of media literacy training, but might become a coordinating key factor in society’s network of media education actors and measures. Empirical testing in this study focuses on gaming and video game addiction as fields of action, and includes 20 in-depth interviews with media education practitioners.

The aim of this study was to address a knowledge gap by conducting a literature review on gaming disorder, specifically focusing on its social problems and challenges it presents in the field of social work. The specific objectives of this study were to identify risk factors associated with gaming disorder, explore the potential social problems arising from gaming disorder and their impact on individuals, examine the treatment approaches for gaming disorder and identify the challenges faced by social workers when working with individuals affected by gaming disorder. The theories used were social interactionism, Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical theory and social labeling theory. Results showed that mental health problems, social isolation, self-neglect as well as disruptions in social relationships, education and work were associated with gaming disorder. Several risk factors were identified, such as age, gender, poor parental attachment, lack of real-life friendships and loneliness. Additionally, challenges in the field of social work arise from limited research and knowledge, as well as the ease with which risk factors can be masked by individuals. The findings suggest that there is no singular treatment approach for gaming disorder, instead, it is important for social workers to understand problematic gaming within a broader context of life challenges. The emphasis should not be placed solely on eliminating gaming, but rather on addressing various aspects of the individual’s life to achieve a healthy balance and a purposeful existence.

Gaming Disorder (GD) has been recognized as an official psychiatric condition characterized by individuals’ impaired control over gaming, continuous gaming despite the occurrence of negative side-effects, and gaming taking increasing priority over other important areas of life, thus leading to significant impairments in their everyday lives. To date few prevention and treatment programs have been developed. The present pilot study aimed to investigate the effects of an early psycho-educational intervention for young adults with excessive gaming behaviors. A one-group pre- and post-test design without a control group was used. A total of 22 young adults (20 males and 2 females) aged between 18 and 28 (M = 23.05, SD = 3.02) years old, engaged with the intervention. The severity of gaming-related problems, average gaming time per day, quality of life, and mental well-being were assessed at pretest and post-test stages. Participants demonstrated a slight reduction in gaming time (d = 0.13, p = .545 for weekdays, and d = 0.08, p = .714 for weekend days) and in the severity of problematic gaming (d = 0.17, p = .411) over the three-month intervention period. Changes in neither gaming-related measures nor self-assessed quality of life (p > .01) and mental well-being (d = 0.23, p = .288) reached statistical significance, however. Regardless of limitations on sample size, this study shows encouraging signs that this brief 10-session and three-month educational intervention can achieve positive effects on gaming behavior. A larger scale investigation is needed to develop the intervention further.

Background: Gaming addiction is becoming a problem in young women. However, there has been no report on game usage in pregnant women. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the current status of computer game usage and the existence of game addiction and also to determine the associations of game usage time with lifestyle, personal relationships and thoughts about games in pregnant women at early gestation. Subjects and Methods: We recruited pregnant women who received a pregnancy checkup during the first trimester. We distributed QR codes for the online survey. We conducted a web questionnaire survey including Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (IGDS) in 178 pregnant women. Results: The proportion of women with game usage was 40.4%. The mean game usage time per day was 72.9 minutes. There were no pregnant women whose IGDS score was more than 5 points. We divided 72 participants into three groups by tertile according to game usage time per day: group A (≦ 30 mins), group B (> 30 and ≦ 90 mins) and group C (> 90 mins). There were no significant differences in current smoking, alcohol drinking and daily life behavior among the three groups. There were significant differences in the proportions of women who had difficulty for establishing personal relationships by face-to-face communication and who thought that they might have a game addiction among the three groups. Pregnant women with longer game usage time had a high IGDS score. Conclusion: We showed for the first time the proportion of pregnant women who use games in the early period of gestation. Pregnant women with longer game usage time may require careful observation.

Background: Gaming addiction is becoming a problem in young women. However, there has been no report on game usage in pregnant women. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the current status of computer game usage and the existence of game addiction and also to determine the associations of game usage time with lifestyle, personal relationships and thoughts about games in pregnant women at early gestation. Subjects and Methods: We recruited pregnant women who received a pregnancy checkup during the first trimester. We distributed QR codes for the online survey. We conducted a web questionnaire survey including Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (IGDS) in 178 pregnant women. Results: The proportion of women with game usage was 40.4%. The mean game usage time per day was 72.9 minutes. There were no pregnant women whose IGDS score was more than 5 points. We divided 72 participants into three groups by tertile according to game usage time per day: group A (≦ 30 mins), group B (> 30 and ≦ 90 mins) and group C (> 90 mins). There were no significant differences in current smoking, alcohol drinking and daily life behavior among the three groups. There were significant differences in the proportions of women who had difficulty for establishing personal relationships by face-to-face communication and who thought that they might have a game addiction among the three groups. Pregnant women with longer game usage time had a high IGDS score. Conclusion: We showed for the first time the proportion of pregnant women who use games in the early period of gestation. Pregnant women with longer game usage time may require careful observation.

Background and aims: The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the available literature on the relationship between gaming motivations and gaming disorder symptoms. Specifically, to (1) explore what gaming motivation questionnaires and classifications are used in studies on gaming disorder symptoms and (2) investigate the relationship between motivational factors and symptoms of gaming disorder. Method: An electronic database search was conducted via EBSCO (MEDLINE and PsycINFO) and the Web of Science Core Collection. All studies using validated measurements on gaming disorder symptoms and gaming motivations and available correlation coefficients of the relationship between gaming disorder and gaming motivations were included. The meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effects model. Results: In total, 49 studies (k = 58 independent sub-samples), including 51,440 participants, out of which 46 studies (k = 55 sub-samples, n = 49,192 participants) provided data for the meta-analysis. The synthesis identified fourteen different gaming motivation instruments, seven unique motivation models, and 26 motivational factors. The meta-analysis showed statistically significant associations between gaming disorder symptoms and 23 out of 26 motivational factors, with the majority of the pooled mean effect sizes ranging from small to moderate. Moreover, large heterogeneity was observed, and the calculated prediction intervals indicated substantial variation in effects across populations and settings. Motivations related to emotional escape were robustly associated with gaming disorder symptoms. Discussion and conclusions: The present meta-analysis reinforces the importance of motivational factors in understanding problematic gaming behavior. The analysis showed significant heterogeneity in most outcomes, warranting further investigation. Registration detail: PROSPERO (CRD42020220050).

During the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, playing video games has been much more than just a pastime. Studies suggested that video games for many individuals have helped to cope with such difficult life experience. However, other research indicates that gaming may have had harmful effects. Within this context, this systematic review aimed to describe the literature on the effects of video games during the early stages of the COVID-19 crisis on stress, anxiety, depression, loneliness, and gaming disorder (GD), examining the study characteristics and outcomes. A systematic search of the literature was made following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. It was preregistered in the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (INPLASY)-INPLASY202180053. The search databases were PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Medline. The search string was: [("video game*") OR ("computer game*") OR ("gaming")] AND [("COVID-19")]. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Four research explored the effects of playing video games during the COVID-19 pandemic on stress, anxiety, and depression. Four studies investigated loneliness, while 18 research investigated game disorder. Video games, especially augmented reality and online multiplayer ones, mitigated stress, anxiety, depression, and loneliness among adolescents and young adults during stay-at-home restrictions. However, in the case of at-risk individuals (i.e., particularly male youths), playing video games had detrimental effects.

Introduktion: Dataspelande är ett stort intresse världen över som växer allt mer. Alltmer som samhället blir mer digitaliserat ökar också spelanvändningen. Alltmer som spel utvecklas och kommer ut på marknaden ökar också spelberoende Internet Gaming Disorder. Samtidigt som spelutvecklingen ökar går det också att se att den psykiska ohälsan ökar världen över. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att analysera om det finns samband mellan Internet Gaming Disorder och psykisk ohälsa hos ungdomar och unga vuxna. Om det finns samband vilka är det som har störst risk att drabbas av IGD? Metod: En strukturerad litteraturstudie som är baserad på 18 vetenskapliga originalartiklar hämtade från tre olika databaser: Cinahl, Pubmed och PsychInfo. Studien har analyserats med hjälp av en tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studien tog fram tre olika kategorier som tog upp fyra olika teman till resultatet depression och ångest, familjens roll i sambandet med IGD, tid och typ av spel och impulsivitet och upplevd självkontroll. Slutsats: Det finns vissa samband mellan Internet Gaming Disorder och psykisk ohälsa hos ungdomar och unga vuxna. Det finns även vissa grupper som löper en större risk att drabbas av IGD. De grupper som löper störst risk att drabbas är de som är impulsiva, av manligt kön, personer i yngre åldrar och de som har sämre psykosociala förhållanden i familjen., Introduction: Computer gaming is a major worldwide interest that is growing more and more. As society becomes more digitalized, the use of games is also increasing. As games are developed and brought to market, Internet gaming disorder is also on the rise. At the same time as the development of games is increasing, we can also see an increase in mental illness worldwide. Aim: The aim of the study is to analyze whether there is a relationship between internet gaming disorder and mental illness in adolescents and young adults. If there is a relationship, who is most at risk of IGD? Method: A structured literature review based on 18 original scientific articles retrieved from three different databases: Cinahl, Pubmed and PsychInfo. The study was analyzed using a thematic content analysis. Results: The study produced three different categories that addressed four different themes to the outcome depression and anxiety, the role of family in the relationship with IGD, time and type of game and impulsivity and perceived self-control. Conclusion: There is some association between Internet Gaming Disorder and mental health in adolescents and young adults. There are also certain groups that are at greater risk of IGD. The groups most at risk are those who are impulsive, male, people in younger ages and those with poorer psychosocial relationships in the family.

Background and aims: The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the available literature on the relationship between gaming motivations and gaming disorder symptoms. Specifically, to (1) explore what gaming motivation questionnaires and classifications are used in studies on gaming disorder symptoms and (2) investigate the relationship between motivational factors and symptoms of gaming disorder. Method: An electronic database search was conducted via EBSCO (MEDLINE and PsycINFO) and the Web of Science Core Collection. All studies using validated measurements on gaming disorder symptoms and gaming motivations and available correlation coefficients of the relationship between gaming disorder and gaming motivations were included. The meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effects model. Results: In total, 49 studies (k = 58 independent sub-samples), including 51,440 participants, out of which 46 studies (k = 55 sub-samples, n = 49,192 participants) provided data for the meta-analysis. The synthesis identified fourteen different gaming motivation instruments, seven unique motivation models, and 26 motivational factors. The meta-analysis showed statistically significant associations between gaming disorder symptoms and 23 out of 26 motivational factors, with the majority of the pooled mean effect sizes ranging from small to moderate. Moreover, large heterogeneity was observed, and the calculated prediction intervals indicated substantial variation in effects across populations and settings. Motivations related to emotional escape were robustly associated with gaming disorder symptoms. Discussion and conclusions: The present meta-analysis reinforces the importance of motivational factors in understanding problematic gaming behavior. The analysis showed significant heterogeneity in most outcomes, warranting further investigation. Registration detail: PROSPERO (CRD42020220050).

Objectives: Mental health consequences and behavior change has been described in elite athletes following the vast impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world of sports. However, most study samples have been of limited size, and few studies have assessed student-athletes. This study aimed to analyze perceived mental health impact, measured as clinical degree of depression and anxiety, worry about one's sport and about one's career, and behavioral change with respect to video gaming behavior, in high-school athletes in Sweden. Methods: Data on anxiety and depression as well as on perceived behavioral changes during COVID-19 were collected from students at sports high schools in Sweden (N = 7,025) in February 2021, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Sixteen and 14% met criteria of moderate/severe depression and anxiety, respectively. Many respondents reported feeling mentally worse during the pandemic (66%), and were worried about the future of their sport (45%) or about their own future in sports (45%). Increased gaming behavior during COVID-19 was reported by 29%. All mental health variables were significantly more common in women, except increased gaming (more common in men). Being worried about one's career was less common in winter sports, more common in team sports and more common in older student-athletes, and associated with both depression and anxiety in regression analyses. Discussion: Self-reported mental health impact of COVID-19 is substantial in student-athletes, and even more so in women and in team sports. The lower impact in winter athletes suggests a moderating effect of the seasons in which the COVID-19 outbreak occurred.

ObjectivesMental health consequences and behavior change has been described in elite athletes following the vast impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world of sports. However, most study samples have been of limited size, and few studies have assessed student-athletes. This study aimed to analyze perceived mental health impact, measured as clinical degree of depression and anxiety, worry about one's sport and about one's career, and behavioral change with respect to video gaming behavior, in high-school athletes in Sweden. MethodsData on anxiety and depression as well as on perceived behavioral changes during COVID-19 were collected from students at sports high schools in Sweden (N = 7,025) in February 2021, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. ResultsSixteen and 14% met criteria of moderate/severe depression and anxiety, respectively. Many respondents reported feeling mentally worse during the pandemic (66%), and were worried about the future of their sport (45%) or about their own future in sports (45%). Increased gaming behavior during COVID-19 was reported by 29%. All mental health variables were significantly more common in women, except increased gaming (more common in men). Being worried about one's career was less common in winter sports, more common in team sports and more common in older student-athletes, and associated with both depression and anxiety in regression analyses. DiscussionSelf-reported mental health impact of COVID-19 is substantial in student-athletes, and even more so in women and in team sports. The lower impact in winter athletes suggests a moderating effect of the seasons in which the COVID-19 outbreak occurred.

Objectives: Mental health consequences and behavior change has been described in elite athletes following the vast impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world of sports. However, most study samples have been of limited size, and few studies have assessed student-athletes. This study aimed to analyze perceived mental health impact, measured as clinical degree of depression and anxiety, worry about one's sport and about one's career, and behavioral change with respect to video gaming behavior, in high-school athletes in Sweden. Methods: Data on anxiety and depression as well as on perceived behavioral changes during COVID-19 were collected from students at sports high schools in Sweden (N = 7,025) in February 2021, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Sixteen and 14% met criteria of moderate/severe depression and anxiety, respectively. Many respondents reported feeling mentally worse during the pandemic (66%), and were worried about the future of their sport (45%) or about their own future in sports (45%). Increased gaming behavior during COVID-19 was reported by 29%. All mental health variables were significantly more common in women, except increased gaming (more common in men). Being worried about one's career was less common in winter sports, more common in team sports and more common in older student-athletes, and associated with both depression and anxiety in regression analyses. Discussion: Self-reported mental health impact of COVID-19 is substantial in student-athletes, and even more so in women and in team sports. The lower impact in winter athletes suggests a moderating effect of the seasons in which the COVID-19 outbreak occurred.

ObjectivesMental health consequences and behavior change has been described in elite athletes following the vast impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world of sports. However, most study samples have been of limited size, and few studies have assessed student-athletes. This study aimed to analyze perceived mental health impact, measured as clinical degree of depression and anxiety, worry about one's sport and about one's career, and behavioral change with respect to video gaming behavior, in high-school athletes in Sweden. MethodsData on anxiety and depression as well as on perceived behavioral changes during COVID-19 were collected from students at sports high schools in Sweden (N = 7,025) in February 2021, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. ResultsSixteen and 14% met criteria of moderate/severe depression and anxiety, respectively. Many respondents reported feeling mentally worse during the pandemic (66%), and were worried about the future of their sport (45%) or about their own future in sports (45%). Increased gaming behavior during COVID-19 was reported by 29%. All mental health variables were significantly more common in women, except increased gaming (more common in men). Being worried about one's career was less common in winter sports, more common in team sports and more common in older student-athletes, and associated with both depression and anxiety in regression analyses. DiscussionSelf-reported mental health impact of COVID-19 is substantial in student-athletes, and even more so in women and in team sports. The lower impact in winter athletes suggests a moderating effect of the seasons in which the COVID-19 outbreak occurred.

Background and aims: The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the available literature on the relationship between gaming motivations and gaming disorder symptoms. Specifically, to (1) explore what gaming motivation questionnaires and classifications are used in studies on gaming disorder symptoms and (2) investigate the relationship between motivational factors and symptoms of gaming disorder. Method: An electronic database search was conducted via EBSCO (MEDLINE and PsycINFO) and the Web of Science Core Collection. All studies using validated measurements on gaming disorder symptoms and gaming motivations and available correlation coefficients of the relationship between gaming disorder and gaming motivations were included. The meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effects model. Results: In total, 49 studies (k = 58 independent sub-samples), including 51,440 participants, out of which 46 studies (k = 55 sub-samples, n = 49,192 participants) provided data for the meta-analysis. The synthesis identified fourteen different gaming motivation instruments, seven unique motivation models, and 26 motivational factors. The meta-analysis showed statistically significant associations between gaming disorder symptoms and 23 out of 26 motivational factors, with the majority of the pooled mean effect sizes ranging from small to moderate. Moreover, large heterogeneity was observed, and the calculated prediction intervals indicated substantial variation in effects across populations and settings. Motivations related to emotional escape were robustly associated with gaming disorder symptoms. Discussion and conclusions: The present meta-analysis reinforces the importance of motivational factors in understanding problematic gaming behavior. The analysis showed significant heterogeneity in most outcomes, warranting further investigation. Registration detail: PROSPERO (CRD42020220050).

Background and aims: The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the available literature on the relationship between gaming motivations and gaming disorder symptoms. Specifically, to (1) explore what gaming motivation questionnaires and classifications are used in studies on gaming disorder symptoms and (2) investigate the relationship between motivational factors and symptoms of gaming disorder. Method: An electronic database search was conducted via EBSCO (MEDLINE and PsycINFO) and the Web of Science Core Collection. All studies using validated measurements on gaming disorder symptoms and gaming motivations and available correlation coefficients of the relationship between gaming disorder and gaming motivations were included. The meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effects model. Results: In total, 49 studies (k = 58 independent sub-samples), including 51,440 participants, out of which 46 studies (k = 55 sub-samples, n = 49,192 participants) provided data for the meta-analysis. The synthesis identified fourteen different gaming motivation instruments, seven unique motivation models, and 26 motivational factors. The meta-analysis showed statistically significant associations between gaming disorder symptoms and 23 out of 26 motivational factors, with the majority of the pooled mean effect sizes ranging from small to moderate. Moreover, large heterogeneity was observed, and the calculated prediction intervals indicated substantial variation in effects across populations and settings. Motivations related to emotional escape were robustly associated with gaming disorder symptoms. Discussion and conclusions: The present meta-analysis reinforces the importance of motivational factors in understanding problematic gaming behavior. The analysis showed significant heterogeneity in most outcomes, warranting further investigation. Registration detail: PROSPERO (CRD42020220050).

Objectives: Mental health consequences and behavior change has been described in elite athletes following the vast impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world of sports. However, most study samples have been of limited size, and few studies have assessed student-athletes. This study aimed to analyze perceived mental health impact, measured as clinical degree of depression and anxiety, worry about one's sport and about one's career, and behavioral change with respect to video gaming behavior, in high-school athletes in Sweden. Methods: Data on anxiety and depression as well as on perceived behavioral changes during COVID-19 were collected from students at sports high schools in Sweden (N = 7,025) in February 2021, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Sixteen and 14% met criteria of moderate/severe depression and anxiety, respectively. Many respondents reported feeling mentally worse during the pandemic (66%), and were worried about the future of their sport (45%) or about their own future in sports (45%). Increased gaming behavior during COVID-19 was reported by 29%. All mental health variables were significantly more common in women, except increased gaming (more common in men). Being worried about one's career was less common in winter sports, more common in team sports and more common in older student-athletes, and associated with both depression and anxiety in regression analyses. Discussion: Self-reported mental health impact of COVID-19 is substantial in student-athletes, and even more so in women and in team sports. The lower impact in winter athletes suggests a moderating effect of the seasons in which the COVID-19 outbreak occurred.

Introduktion: Dataspelande är ett stort intresse världen över som växer allt mer. Alltmer som samhället blir mer digitaliserat ökar också spelanvändningen. Alltmer som spel utvecklas och kommer ut på marknaden ökar också spelberoende Internet Gaming Disorder. Samtidigt som spelutvecklingen ökar går det också att se att den psykiska ohälsan ökar världen över. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att analysera om det finns samband mellan Internet Gaming Disorder och psykisk ohälsa hos ungdomar och unga vuxna. Om det finns samband vilka är det som har störst risk att drabbas av IGD? Metod: En strukturerad litteraturstudie som är baserad på 18 vetenskapliga originalartiklar hämtade från tre olika databaser: Cinahl, Pubmed och PsychInfo. Studien har analyserats med hjälp av en tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studien tog fram tre olika kategorier som tog upp fyra olika teman till resultatet depression och ångest, familjens roll i sambandet med IGD, tid och typ av spel och impulsivitet och upplevd självkontroll. Slutsats: Det finns vissa samband mellan Internet Gaming Disorder och psykisk ohälsa hos ungdomar och unga vuxna. Det finns även vissa grupper som löper en större risk att drabbas av IGD. De grupper som löper störst risk att drabbas är de som är impulsiva, av manligt kön, personer i yngre åldrar och de som har sämre psykosociala förhållanden i familjen., Introduction: Computer gaming is a major worldwide interest that is growing more and more. As society becomes more digitalized, the use of games is also increasing. As games are developed and brought to market, Internet gaming disorder is also on the rise. At the same time as the development of games is increasing, we can also see an increase in mental illness worldwide. Aim: The aim of the study is to analyze whether there is a relationship between internet gaming disorder and mental illness in adolescents and young adults. If there is a relationship, who is most at risk of IGD? Method: A structured literature review based on 18 original scientific articles retrieved from three different databases: Cinahl, Pubmed and PsychInfo. The study was analyzed using a thematic content analysis. Results: The study produced three different categories that addressed four different themes to the outcome depression and anxiety, the role of family in the relationship with IGD, time and type of game and impulsivity and perceived self-control. Conclusion: There is some association between Internet Gaming Disorder and mental health in adolescents and young adults. There are also certain groups that are at greater risk of IGD. The groups most at risk are those who are impulsive, male, people in younger ages and those with poorer psychosocial relationships in the family.

Objectives: Mental health consequences and behavior change has been described in elite athletes following the vast impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world of sports. However, most study samples have been of limited size, and few studies have assessed student-athletes. This study aimed to analyze perceived mental health impact, measured as clinical degree of depression and anxiety, worry about one's sport and about one's career, and behavioral change with respect to video gaming behavior, in high-school athletes in Sweden. Methods: Data on anxiety and depression as well as on perceived behavioral changes during COVID-19 were collected from students at sports high schools in Sweden (N = 7,025) in February 2021, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Sixteen and 14% met criteria of moderate/severe depression and anxiety, respectively. Many respondents reported feeling mentally worse during the pandemic (66%), and were worried about the future of their sport (45%) or about their own future in sports (45%). Increased gaming behavior during COVID-19 was reported by 29%. All mental health variables were significantly more common in women, except increased gaming (more common in men). Being worried about one's career was less common in winter sports, more common in team sports and more common in older student-athletes, and associated with both depression and anxiety in regression analyses. Discussion: Self-reported mental health impact of COVID-19 is substantial in student-athletes, and even more so in women and in team sports. The lower impact in winter athletes suggests a moderating effect of the seasons in which the COVID-19 outbreak occurred.

Background and aims: The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the available literature on the relationship between gaming motivations and gaming disorder symptoms. Specifically, to (1) explore what gaming motivation questionnaires and classifications are used in studies on gaming disorder symptoms and (2) investigate the relationship between motivational factors and symptoms of gaming disorder. Method: An electronic database search was conducted via EBSCO (MEDLINE and PsycINFO) and the Web of Science Core Collection. All studies using validated measurements on gaming disorder symptoms and gaming motivations and available correlation coefficients of the relationship between gaming disorder and gaming motivations were included. The meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effects model. Results: In total, 49 studies (k = 58 independent sub-samples), including 51,440 participants, out of which 46 studies (k = 55 sub-samples, n = 49,192 participants) provided data for the meta-analysis. The synthesis identified fourteen different gaming motivation instruments, seven unique motivation models, and 26 motivational factors. The meta-analysis showed statistically significant associations between gaming disorder symptoms and 23 out of 26 motivational factors, with the majority of the pooled mean effect sizes ranging from small to moderate. Moreover, large heterogeneity was observed, and the calculated prediction intervals indicated substantial variation in effects across populations and settings. Motivations related to emotional escape were robustly associated with gaming disorder symptoms. Discussion and conclusions: The present meta-analysis reinforces the importance of motivational factors in understanding problematic gaming behavior. The analysis showed significant heterogeneity in most outcomes, warranting further investigation. Registration detail: PROSPERO (CRD42020220050).

Objectives: Mental health consequences and behavior change has been described in elite athletes following the vast impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world of sports. However, most study samples have been of limited size, and few studies have assessed student-athletes. This study aimed to analyze perceived mental health impact, measured as clinical degree of depression and anxiety, worry about one's sport and about one's career, and behavioral change with respect to video gaming behavior, in high-school athletes in Sweden. Methods: Data on anxiety and depression as well as on perceived behavioral changes during COVID-19 were collected from students at sports high schools in Sweden (N = 7,025) in February 2021, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Sixteen and 14% met criteria of moderate/severe depression and anxiety, respectively. Many respondents reported feeling mentally worse during the pandemic (66%), and were worried about the future of their sport (45%) or about their own future in sports (45%). Increased gaming behavior during COVID-19 was reported by 29%. All mental health variables were significantly more common in women, except increased gaming (more common in men). Being worried about one's career was less common in winter sports, more common in team sports and more common in older student-athletes, and associated with both depression and anxiety in regression analyses. Discussion: Self-reported mental health impact of COVID-19 is substantial in student-athletes, and even more so in women and in team sports. The lower impact in winter athletes suggests a moderating effect of the seasons in which the COVID-19 outbreak occurred.

During the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, playing video games has been much more than just a pastime. Studies suggested that video games for many individuals have helped to cope with such difficult life experience. However, other research indicates that gaming may have had harmful effects. Within this context, this systematic review aimed to describe the literature on the effects of video games during the early stages of the COVID-19 crisis on stress, anxiety, depression, loneliness, and gaming disorder (GD), examining the study characteristics and outcomes. A systematic search of the literature was made following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. It was preregistered in the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (INPLASY)-INPLASY202180053. The search databases were PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Medline. The search string was: [("video game*") OR ("computer game*") OR ("gaming")] AND [("COVID-19")]. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Four research explored the effects of playing video games during the COVID-19 pandemic on stress, anxiety, and depression. Four studies investigated loneliness, while 18 research investigated game disorder. Video games, especially augmented reality and online multiplayer ones, mitigated stress, anxiety, depression, and loneliness among adolescents and young adults during stay-at-home restrictions. However, in the case of at-risk individuals (i.e., particularly male youths), playing video games had detrimental effects.

COVID-19 pandemic and its related containment measures have been associated with increased levels of stress, anxiety and depression in the general population. While the use of digital media has been greatly promoted by national governments and international authorities to maintain social contacts and healthy lifestyle behaviors, its increased access may also bear the risk of inappropriate or excessive use of internet-related resources. The present study, part of the COVID Mental hEalth Trial (COMET) study, aims at investigating the possible relationship between social isolation, the use of digital resources and the development of their problematic use. A cross sectional survey was carried out to explore the prevalence of internet addiction, excessive use of social media, problematic video gaming and binge watching, during Italian phase II (May-June 2020) and III (June-September 2020) of the pandemic in 1385 individuals (62.5% female, mean age 32.5 ± 12.9) mainly living in Central Italy (52.4%). Data were stratified according to phase II/III and three groups of Italian regions (northern, central and southern). Compared to the larger COMET study, most participants exhibited significant higher levels of severe-to-extremely-severe depressive symptoms (46.3% vs. 12.4%; p < 0.01) and extremely severe anxiety symptoms (77.8% vs. 7.5%; p < 0.01). We also observed a rise in problematic internet use and excessive gaming over time. Mediation analyses revealed that COVID-19-related general psychopathology, stress, anxiety, depression and social isolation play a significant role in the emergence of problematic internet use, social media addiction and problematic video gaming. Professional gamers and younger subjects emerged as sub-populations particularly at risk of developing digital addictions. If confirmed in larger and more homogenous samples, our findings may help in shedding light on possible preventive and treatment strategies for digital addictions.

COVID-19 pandemic and its related containment measures have been associated with increased levels of stress, anxiety and depression in the general population. While the use of digital media has been greatly promoted by national governments and international authorities to maintain social contacts and healthy lifestyle behaviors, its increased access may also bear the risk of inappropriate or excessive use of internet-related resources. The present study, part of the COVID Mental hEalth Trial (COMET) study, aims at investigating the possible relationship between social isolation, the use of digital resources and the development of their problematic use. A cross sectional survey was carried out to explore the prevalence of internet addiction, excessive use of social media, problematic video gaming and binge watching, during Italian phase II (May-June 2020) and III (June-September 2020) of the pandemic in 1385 individuals (62.5% female, mean age 32.5 ± 12.9) mainly living in Central Italy (52.4%). Data were stratified according to phase II/III and three groups of Italian regions (northern, central and southern). Compared to the larger COMET study, most participants exhibited significant higher levels of severe-to-extremely-severe depressive symptoms (46.3% vs. 12.4%; p < 0.01) and extremely severe anxiety symptoms (77.8% vs. 7.5%; p < 0.01). We also observed a rise in problematic internet use and excessive gaming over time. Mediation analyses revealed that COVID-19-related general psychopathology, stress, anxiety, depression and social isolation play a significant role in the emergence of problematic internet use, social media addiction and problematic video gaming. Professional gamers and younger subjects emerged as sub-populations particularly at risk of developing digital addictions. If confirmed in larger and more homogenous samples, our findings may help in shedding light on possible preventive and treatment strategies for digital addictions.

Researchers have raised concerns about mental health in elite athletes, including problem gambling, where research hitherto is scarce. While gambling has been assessed in the younger student-athlete population, neither gambling nor the recently recognized behavioral addiction of gaming disorder has been sufficiently addressed in the elite athlete population. The present systematic literature review aimed to summarize research knowledge on the prevalence and correlates of problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes. Research papers were searched systematically using the Scopus, PsycINFO, and PubMed/MEDLINE databases and evaluated following a PRISMA paradigm. For the elite athlete population, eight reports on problem gambling and one report on problem gaming were found. While at least five papers indicated an increased risk of problem gambling in elite athletes compared to the general population, one study from Australia indicated the opposite. Problem gambling was generally more common in male athletes. Knowledge of problem gaming prevalence is thus far limited. It is concluded that increased research in problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes is warranted.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att lyfta maktperspektivet genom en kritisk diskursanalys av debatten kring konceptualiseringen av en diagnos för problematiskt digitalt spelande (PDS). Som professionella inom socialt arbete är PDS ett högaktuellt problem som nyligen har fått en ny officiell diagnos; Gaming Disorder, som ett nytt verktyg i praktiken. Teori: Studiens teoretiska förankring ligger i socialkonstruktionism, maktteori och diskursteori, som samtliga fokuserade på konceptualisering av diagnoser och diagnosens makt i samhället. Metod: Metoden för studien är främst kvalitativ genom en kritisk diskursanalys, men nyttjar även ett mer kvantitativt redskap genom korpuslingvistik. Korpuslingvistiken användes för att identifiera diskurser i debatten som sedan genomgick en tematiserad indelning inför den kritiska diskursanalysen. Resultat: Studiens resultat fokuserar främst på den diskursiva och sociala praktiken i en kritisk diskursanalys, detta då maktperspektivet uppfattades som starkast i dessa nivåer. Resultatet tyder på en fördelning mellan två oeniga fält av experter i debatten. där ena fältet har en stark koppling till WHO, vilket diskuteras i denna studie., Aim: The aim with the study is to lift the power perspective through a critical discourse analysis of the debate about the conceptualization of a diagnosis for problematic digital gaming (PDS). For professionals in social work, PDS is a highly topical problem which recently gained a new official diagnosis, Gaming Disorder, as a new tool in social work. Theory: The study's theoretical grounding is in social constructionism, power theory and discourse theory, which all have been focused on the conceptualization of diagnoses and the power of diagnoses in society. Method: The method for the study is mainly qualitative through a critical discourse analysis but uses also a more quantitative tool through corpus linguistics. The corpus linguistics was used to identify discourses in the debate which later went through a thematization before the critical discourse analysis. Result: The study's result mainly focuses on discourse practice and social practice; due to that this was where the power perspective was perceived the strongest. The result indicates a division between two fields of discordant experts in the debate, where one field has a strong connection to WHO, which is discussed in this study.

Background: The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IGDS9-SF) is among the best with regard to its psychometric properties. Therefore, clinical psychologists are likely guided to use the IGDS9-SF if they want to assess or screen the disordered gaming in their practice. However, the information, especially psychometric evidence, concerning the IGDS9-SF has not been fully examined and summarized. Objective: This systematic review evaluated the psychometric properties of different language versions of the IGDS9-SF and assessed its methodological quality in order to improve the clinicians' understanding of the IGDS9-SF and facilitate its use. Methods: Systematic literature searches were carried out using Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. The review included English-language studies of any research design that have reported at least one psychometric property of the IGDS9-SF, as defined by the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstrument (COSMIN), and have aimed at testing the psychometric properties of the IGDS9-SF. Results: In total, 21 studies comprising 15 language versions of the IGDS9-SF were included. Overall, the IGDS9-SF showed adequate internal consistency (although some items did not have satisfactory item-total correlation [IT]), excellent criterion validity, and the ability to distinguish different subgroups with measurement invariance being supported across gender and age. In terms of factor structure, the IGDS9-SF was shown to have a unidimensional factor structure across all 21 studies. Conclusions: Although there is insufficient evidence regarding the responsiveness and properties of the IGDS9-SF using item response theory, the existing evidence supports its use in assessing disordered gaming among individuals.

Researchers have raised concerns about mental health in elite athletes, including problem gambling, where research hitherto is scarce. While gambling has been assessed in the younger student-athlete population, neither gambling nor the recently recognized behavioral addiction of gaming disorder has been sufficiently addressed in the elite athlete population. The present systematic literature review aimed to summarize research knowledge on the prevalence and correlates of problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes. Research papers were searched systematically using the Scopus, PsycINFO, and PubMed/MEDLINE databases and evaluated following a PRISMA paradigm. For the elite athlete population, eight reports on problem gambling and one report on problem gaming were found. While at least five papers indicated an increased risk of problem gambling in elite athletes compared to the general population, one study from Australia indicated the opposite. Problem gambling was generally more common in male athletes. Knowledge of problem gaming prevalence is thus far limited. It is concluded that increased research in problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes is warranted.

Researchers have raised concerns about mental health in elite athletes, including problem gambling, where research hitherto is scarce. While gambling has been assessed in the younger student-athlete population, neither gambling nor the recently recognized behavioral addiction of gaming disorder has been sufficiently addressed in the elite athlete population. The present systematic literature review aimed to summarize research knowledge on the prevalence and correlates of problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes. Research papers were searched systematically using the Scopus, PsycINFO, and PubMed/MEDLINE databases and evaluated following a PRISMA paradigm. For the elite athlete population, eight reports on problem gambling and one report on problem gaming were found. While at least five papers indicated an increased risk of problem gambling in elite athletes compared to the general population, one study from Australia indicated the opposite. Problem gambling was generally more common in male athletes. Knowledge of problem gaming prevalence is thus far limited. It is concluded that increased research in problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes is warranted.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att lyfta maktperspektivet genom en kritisk diskursanalys av debatten kring konceptualiseringen av en diagnos för problematiskt digitalt spelande (PDS). Som professionella inom socialt arbete är PDS ett högaktuellt problem som nyligen har fått en ny officiell diagnos; Gaming Disorder, som ett nytt verktyg i praktiken. Teori: Studiens teoretiska förankring ligger i socialkonstruktionism, maktteori och diskursteori, som samtliga fokuserade på konceptualisering av diagnoser och diagnosens makt i samhället. Metod: Metoden för studien är främst kvalitativ genom en kritisk diskursanalys, men nyttjar även ett mer kvantitativt redskap genom korpuslingvistik. Korpuslingvistiken användes för att identifiera diskurser i debatten som sedan genomgick en tematiserad indelning inför den kritiska diskursanalysen. Resultat: Studiens resultat fokuserar främst på den diskursiva och sociala praktiken i en kritisk diskursanalys, detta då maktperspektivet uppfattades som starkast i dessa nivåer. Resultatet tyder på en fördelning mellan två oeniga fält av experter i debatten. där ena fältet har en stark koppling till WHO, vilket diskuteras i denna studie., Aim: The aim with the study is to lift the power perspective through a critical discourse analysis of the debate about the conceptualization of a diagnosis for problematic digital gaming (PDS). For professionals in social work, PDS is a highly topical problem which recently gained a new official diagnosis, Gaming Disorder, as a new tool in social work. Theory: The study's theoretical grounding is in social constructionism, power theory and discourse theory, which all have been focused on the conceptualization of diagnoses and the power of diagnoses in society. Method: The method for the study is mainly qualitative through a critical discourse analysis but uses also a more quantitative tool through corpus linguistics. The corpus linguistics was used to identify discourses in the debate which later went through a thematization before the critical discourse analysis. Result: The study's result mainly focuses on discourse practice and social practice; due to that this was where the power perspective was perceived the strongest. The result indicates a division between two fields of discordant experts in the debate, where one field has a strong connection to WHO, which is discussed in this study.

Researchers have raised concerns about mental health in elite athletes, including problem gambling, where research hitherto is scarce. While gambling has been assessed in the younger student-athlete population, neither gambling nor the recently recognized behavioral addiction of gaming disorder has been sufficiently addressed in the elite athlete population. The present systematic literature review aimed to summarize research knowledge on the prevalence and correlates of problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes. Research papers were searched systematically using the Scopus, PsycINFO, and PubMed/MEDLINE databases and evaluated following a PRISMA paradigm. For the elite athlete population, eight reports on problem gambling and one report on problem gaming were found. While at least five papers indicated an increased risk of problem gambling in elite athletes compared to the general population, one study from Australia indicated the opposite. Problem gambling was generally more common in male athletes. Knowledge of problem gaming prevalence is thus far limited. It is concluded that increased research in problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes is warranted.

Problematiskt datorspelande är ett beteende som ökar hos våra barn och unga. Några utvecklar beroende, diagnosen är ny och benämns gaming disorder. De barn och unga som utvecklar gaming disorder lider av ohälsa både fysiskt, psykiskt och socialt. Sjuksköterskan har en betydande roll vid beroendesjukdomar och dess interventioner. Syftet var att sammanställa och beskriva det vetenskapliga underlaget gällande vilka interventioner som används och dessa interventioners effekt hos barn och unga när det gäller gaming disorder. Beskrivande litteraturöversikt har använts som metod, där 11 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvantitativ metod söktes i databaserna Cinahl, APA Psykinfo och Pubmed (n=9) och en manuell litteratursökning av referenslistor (n=2) som besvarade syftet för examensarbetet. Elva artiklar granskades och analysen resulterade i två övergripande kategorier; interventioner vid gaming disorder och interventioners effekt, med tillhörande underkategorier. Interventioner som användes vid gaming disorder var olika former av kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT) samt behandling med farmaka eller mindfulness. Resultatet visade att dessa interventioners effekt gav olika grad av symtomreducering vilket ledde till ökad hälsa. Slutsatsen av litteraturstudien är att den intervention som främst användes vid gaming disorder var KBT. Den viktigaste effekten av interventionerna var att få symtomreducering av svårighetsgraden. Även familjemedverkan spelade en viktig roll för interventionsresultatet. Denna studie kommer att kunna användas av sjuksköterskor som arbetar dels preventivt med barn och unga samt inom primärvård och barnpsykiatrisk vård. Studien kommer att ge dem en överblick över vilka interventioner som finns och vilka effekter som kan förväntas av initierad intervention.

Researchers have raised concerns about mental health in elite athletes, including problem gambling, where research hitherto is scarce. While gambling has been assessed in the younger student-athlete population, neither gambling nor the recently recognized behavioral addiction of gaming disorder has been sufficiently addressed in the elite athlete population. The present systematic literature review aimed to summarize research knowledge on the prevalence and correlates of problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes. Research papers were searched systematically using the Scopus, PsycINFO, and PubMed/MEDLINE databases and evaluated following a PRISMA paradigm. For the elite athlete population, eight reports on problem gambling and one report on problem gaming were found. While at least five papers indicated an increased risk of problem gambling in elite athletes compared to the general population, one study from Australia indicated the opposite. Problem gambling was generally more common in male athletes. Knowledge of problem gaming prevalence is thus far limited. It is concluded that increased research in problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes is warranted.

Problematiskt datorspelande är ett beteende som ökar hos våra barn och unga. Några utvecklar beroende, diagnosen är ny och benämns gaming disorder. De barn och unga som utvecklar gaming disorder lider av ohälsa både fysiskt, psykiskt och socialt. Sjuksköterskan har en betydande roll vid beroendesjukdomar och dess interventioner. Syftet var att sammanställa och beskriva det vetenskapliga underlaget gällande vilka interventioner som används och dessa interventioners effekt hos barn och unga när det gäller gaming disorder. Beskrivande litteraturöversikt har använts som metod, där 11 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvantitativ metod söktes i databaserna Cinahl, APA Psykinfo och Pubmed (n=9) och en manuell litteratursökning av referenslistor (n=2) som besvarade syftet för examensarbetet. Elva artiklar granskades och analysen resulterade i två övergripande kategorier; interventioner vid gaming disorder och interventioners effekt, med tillhörande underkategorier. Interventioner som användes vid gaming disorder var olika former av kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT) samt behandling med farmaka eller mindfulness. Resultatet visade att dessa interventioners effekt gav olika grad av symtomreducering vilket ledde till ökad hälsa. Slutsatsen av litteraturstudien är att den intervention som främst användes vid gaming disorder var KBT. Den viktigaste effekten av interventionerna var att få symtomreducering av svårighetsgraden. Även familjemedverkan spelade en viktig roll för interventionsresultatet. Denna studie kommer att kunna användas av sjuksköterskor som arbetar dels preventivt med barn och unga samt inom primärvård och barnpsykiatrisk vård. Studien kommer att ge dem en överblick över vilka interventioner som finns och vilka effekter som kan förväntas av initierad intervention.

Following the recognition of 'internet gaming disorder' (IGD) as a condition requiring further study by the DSM-5, 'gaming disorder' (GD) was officially included as a diagnostic entity by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). However, the proposed diagnostic criteria for gaming disorder remain the subject of debate, and there has been no systematic attempt to integrate the views of different groups of experts. To achieve a more systematic agreement on this new disorder, this study employed the Delphi expert consensus method to obtain expert agreement on the diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value of the DSM-5 criteria and ICD-11 clinical guidelines for GD. A total of 29 international experts with clinical and/or research experience in GD completed three iterative rounds of a Delphi survey. Experts rated proposed criteria in progressive rounds until a pre-determined level of agreement was achieved. For DSM-5 IGD criteria, there was an agreement both that a subset had high diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value and that some (e.g. tolerance, deception) had low diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value. Crucially, some DSM-5 criteria (e.g. escapism/mood regulation, tolerance) were regarded as incapable of distinguishing between problematic and non-problematic gaming. In contrast, ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for GD (except for the criterion relating to diminished non-gaming interests) were judged as presenting high diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value. This Delphi survey provides a foundation for identifying the most diagnostically valid and clinically useful criteria for GD. There was expert agreement that some DSM-5 criteria were not clinically relevant and may pathologize non-problematic patterns of gaming, whereas ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines are likely to diagnose GD adequately and avoid pathologizing.

Researchers have raised concerns about mental health in elite athletes, including problem gambling, where research hitherto is scarce. While gambling has been assessed in the younger student-athlete population, neither gambling nor the recently recognized behavioral addiction of gaming disorder has been sufficiently addressed in the elite athlete population. The present systematic literature review aimed to summarize research knowledge on the prevalence and correlates of problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes. Research papers were searched systematically using the Scopus, PsycINFO, and PubMed/MEDLINE databases and evaluated following a PRISMA paradigm. For the elite athlete population, eight reports on problem gambling and one report on problem gaming were found. While at least five papers indicated an increased risk of problem gambling in elite athletes compared to the general population, one study from Australia indicated the opposite. Problem gambling was generally more common in male athletes. Knowledge of problem gaming prevalence is thus far limited. It is concluded that increased research in problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes is warranted.

There is substantial clinical and public health evidence that video gaming, particularly online gaming, can become excessive and lead to psychological distress and functional impairment. This has led to the inclusion of gaming disorder as an official mental condition in the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Edition (ICD-11; World Health Organization, 2019). Psychological models recognize the importance of cognitive factors to explain the initiation, development, and maintenance of problematic gaming behaviors. This chapter will summarize some of the known cognitive factors associated with problem gaming and gaming disorder. These cognitions will be divided into two broad categories: (1) cognitive deficits (e.g. impaired executive functioning, hazardous decision-making, or deliberative processes) and (2) cognitive biases (e.g. attentional biases, cognitive distortions, dysfunctional cognitions). This chapter will review and synthesize available research findings and highlight their clinical implications for gaming disorder. The limitations of the research base are considered and some potential avenues for future research are proposed., SCOPUS: ch.b, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Online gaming is a very common form of leisure among adolescents and young people, although its excessive and/or compulsive use is associated with psychological impairments in a minority of gamers. The latest (fifth) edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5, Section III) tentatively introduced Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). Since then, a number of evaluation tools using the DSM-5 criteria have been developed, including the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form (IGDS9-SF). The main objective of this study was to translate and adapt the IGDS9-SF into Spanish, as well as to obtain indicators relating to its validity and reliability. The Spanish version of four scales were administered: IGDS9-SF, Mobile Phone-Related Experiences Questionnaire (CERM), Online Gambling Disorder Questionnaire (OGD-Q), and KIDSCREEN-27. The sample comprised 535 Vocational Training students (mean age 18.35 years; SD±2.13; 78.5% males) who reported playing video games in the past 12 months. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a one-dimensional model with a good fit while the reliability indicators were satisfactory. Findings indicated that 1.9% of gamers were classified with IGD (meeting five or more criteria for more than 12 months). Additionally, another 1.9% were considered gamers ‘at-risk’ because they endorsed four criteria. Positive and significant relationships were found between the IGDS9-SF, the CERM, and the OGD-Q. Participants classified with IGD had poorer health-related quality of life. In conclusion, the Spanish IGDS9-SF is a valid and reliable instrument to assess IGD according to the DSM-5.

Online gaming is a very common form of leisure among adolescents and young people, although its excessive and/or compulsive use is associated with psychological impairments in a minority of gamers. The latest (fifth) edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5, Section III) tentatively introduced Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). Since then, a number of evaluation tools using the DSM-5 criteria have been developed, including the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form (IGDS9-SF). The main objective of this study was to translate and adapt the IGDS9-SF into Spanish, as well as to obtain indicators relating to its validity and reliability. The Spanish version of four scales were administered: IGDS9-SF, Mobile Phone-Related Experiences Questionnaire (CERM), Online Gambling Disorder Questionnaire (OGD-Q), and KIDSCREEN-27. The sample comprised 535 Vocational Training students (mean age 18.35 years; SD±2.13; 78.5% males) who reported playing video games in the past 12 months. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a one-dimensional model with a good fit while the reliability indicators were satisfactory. Findings indicated that 1.9% of gamers were classified with IGD (meeting five or more criteria for more than 12 months). Additionally, another 1.9% were considered gamers ‘at-risk’ because they endorsed four criteria. Positive and significant relationships were found between the IGDS9-SF, the CERM, and the OGD-Q. Participants classified with IGD had poorer health-related quality of life. In conclusion, the Spanish IGDS9-SF is a valid and reliable instrument to assess IGD according to the DSM-5.

Exaggerated gaming is a rising issue both in Sweden and internationally that has a negative effect on many lives. It can be a cause of isolation which leads to various social consequences. It can cause economic problems due to large amounts of money being spent on games or in-game purchases or because of prioritizing gaming before going to work or studying. Excessive gaming has been categorized as a disorder/addiction since mid-2018 by the World Health Organisation based on reviews done on the available evidence and consensus among experts from different disciplines. However, there are not a lot of studies regarding the kind of help that is available as well as how likely those that have gaming disorder seek help nor are there many studies about stigma around the phenomenon. The aim of our study was to investigate if perceived stigma has any effect on whether or not and to what extent people who have problematic gaming habits decide to seek help as well as where they turn, should they have gaming disorder. We also want to see if problematic gaming habits increase the level of perceived stigma. Our hypotheses were therefore the following: H1: the more someone’s gaming habits are close to those of someone with a gaming disorder, the higher the perceived stigma becomes around the phenomenon. H2: the greater the perceived stigma is, the less likely a person is to seek help for their problem H3: the greater the perceived stigma, the less likely a person is to turn to professionals for help. We constructed a survey and distributed it on forums that discuss gaming related issues hoping to reach as many gamers as possible and we got a total of 177 responses. After having done the analysis in SPSS, our result showed that there was a weak positive correlation between problematic gaming habits and perceived stigma. We also found that the level of perceived stigma did not influence whether they would seek help or not. When it came to seeking help from professionals, we found st

There is substantial clinical and public health evidence that video gaming, particularly online gaming, can become excessive and lead to psychological distress and functional impairment. This has led to the inclusion of gaming disorder as an official mental condition in the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Edition (ICD-11; World Health Organization, 2019). Psychological models recognize the importance of cognitive factors to explain the initiation, development, and maintenance of problematic gaming behaviors. This chapter will summarize some of the known cognitive factors associated with problem gaming and gaming disorder. These cognitions will be divided into two broad categories: (1) cognitive deficits (e.g., impaired executive functioning, hazardous decision-making, or deliberative processes) and (2) cognitive biases (e.g., attentional biases, cognitive distortions, dysfunctional cognitions). This chapter will review and synthesize available research findings and highlight their clinical implications for gaming disorder. The limitations of the research base are considered and some potential avenues for future research are proposed.

Exaggerated gaming is a rising issue both in Sweden and internationally that has a negative effect on many lives. It can be a cause of isolation which leads to various social consequences. It can cause economic problems due to large amounts of money being spent on games or in-game purchases or because of prioritizing gaming before going to work or studying. Excessive gaming has been categorized as a disorder/addiction since mid-2018 by the World Health Organisation based on reviews done on the available evidence and consensus among experts from different disciplines. However, there are not a lot of studies regarding the kind of help that is available as well as how likely those that have gaming disorder seek help nor are there many studies about stigma around the phenomenon. The aim of our study was to investigate if perceived stigma has any effect on whether or not and to what extent people who have problematic gaming habits decide to seek help as well as where they turn, should they have gaming disorder. We also want to see if problematic gaming habits increase the level of perceived stigma. Our hypotheses were therefore the following: H1: the more someone’s gaming habits are close to those of someone with a gaming disorder, the higher the perceived stigma becomes around the phenomenon. H2: the greater the perceived stigma is, the less likely a person is to seek help for their problem H3: the greater the perceived stigma, the less likely a person is to turn to professionals for help. We constructed a survey and distributed it on forums that discuss gaming related issues hoping to reach as many gamers as possible and we got a total of 177 responses. After having done the analysis in SPSS, our result showed that there was a weak positive correlation between problematic gaming habits and perceived stigma. We also found that the level of perceived stigma did not influence whether they would seek help or not. When it came to seeking help from professionals, we found st