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Introduction: Elite sports pose potential health risks, but are vital to the well-being of society. In Cuban society, sport is an integral part of personal development and public health, fostering unity and promoting female participation for sustainable growth. Athletics is one of the most important sports in Cuban sport, and should be approached both from the point of view of sports training and sports psychology. Purpose: The aim of this study was to provide a description of conditional variables in a countermovement jump (CMJ), mood profile, self-efficacy, and the leg-hip height index among athletes from the Cuban national athletics pre-selection team, differentiated by gender. Methods: Our sample consisted of the Cuban national athletics pre-selection team. Results: Mood profile analysis using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) did not reveal significant gender differences, with a small effect size for gender. Men showed a slightly greater trend towards vigor compared to women. Significant differences in self-efficacy were observed between men and women in their confidence levels to achieve jump heights between 21 and 40 cm using the CMJ. However, no significant differences were found for jumps exceeding 40 cm, highlighting the importance of strategies to enhance athletes’ psychological needs and self-efficacy. Conclusions: This study suggests that the association between tension-related anxiety and performance indicators related to jump height may play a crucial role in determining specific profiles in male and female Cuban athletes. Our comprehensive analysis contributes to understanding gender differences in performance factors. These findings provide valuable insights for future research and athlete development strategies, Introducción: Los deportes de élite plantean riesgos potenciales para la salud, pero son vitales para el bienestar de la sociedad. En la sociedad cubana, el deporte forma parte integral del desarrollo personal y la salud pública, fomentando la unidad y promoviendo la participación femenina, para un crecimiento sostenible. El atletismo es uno de los deportes más importantes en el deporte cubano, y debe ser abordado tanto, desde el punto de vista del entrenamiento deportivo, como desde la psicología deportiva. Propósito: El objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar una descripción de las variables condicionales en un salto con contramovimiento (CMJ, por sus siglas en inglés), el perfil anímico, la autoeficacia y el índice de altura pierna-cadera en atletas de la preselección nacional cubana de atletismo, diferenciados por sexo. Materiales y métodos: Nuestra muestra estuvo constituida por la preselección nacional de atletismo de Cuba. Resultados: El análisis del perfil del estado de ánimo mediante el Perfil de Estados de Ánimo (POMS) no reveló diferencias significativas entre sexos, con un tamaño del efecto pequeño para el sexo. Los hombres mostraron una tendencia ligeramente mayor hacia el vigor, en comparación con las mujeres. Se observaron diferencias significativas en la autoeficacia entre hombres y mujeres, en sus niveles de confianza para alcanzar alturas de salto de entre 21 y 40 cm utilizando el CMJ. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas para los saltos superiores a 40 cm, lo que pone de relieve la importancia de las estrategias para mejorar las necesidades psicológicas y la autoeficacia de los atletas. Conclusiones: Este estudio sugiere que, la asociación entre la ansiedad, relacionada con la tensión y los indicadores de rendimiento, vinculados con la altura del salto, pueden desempeñar un papel crucial en la determinación de perfiles específicos, en atletas cubanos, de ambos sexos. Nuestro análisis exhaustivo contribuye a comprender las di, Introdução: Os desportos de elite apresentam riscos potenciais para a saúde, mas são vitais para o bem-estar da sociedade. Na sociedade cubana, o desporto é parte integrante do desenvolvimento pessoal e da saúde pública, fomentando a unidade e promovendo a participação feminina para um crescimento sustentável. O atletismo é uma das modalidades mais importantes do desporto cubano e deve ser abordado tanto do ponto de vista do treino desportivo como da psicologia desportiva. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi fornecer uma descrição das variáveis condicionais em um salto com movimento (CMJ, sigla em inglês), perfil de humor, autoeficácia e o índice de altura da perna-quadril entre atletas da equipe de pré-seleção nacional de atletismo de Cuba, diferenciados por gênero. Métodos: Nossa amostra consistiu na equipe de pré-seleção nacional de atletismo de Cuba. Resultados: A análise do perfil de humor usando o Perfil de Estados de Humor (POMS) não revelou diferenças significativas de gênero, com um pequeno efeito de tamanho para o gênero. Os homens mostraram uma tendência ligeiramente maior para o vigor em comparação com as mulheres. Diferenças significativas na autoeficácia foram observadas entre homens e mulheres em seus níveis de confiança para alcançar alturas de salto entre 21 e 40 cm usando o CMJ. No entanto, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para saltos superiores a 40 cm, destacando a importância de estratégias para aprimorar as necessidades psicológicas e a autoeficácia dos atletas. Conclusões: Este estudo sugere que a associação entre ansiedade relacionada à tensão e indicadores de desempenho relacionados à altura do salto pode desempenhar um papel crucial na determinação de perfis específicos em atletas cubanos do sexo masculino e feminino. Nossa análise abrangente contribui para entender as diferenças de gênero nos fatores de desempenho. Esses achados fornecem insights valiosos para futuras pesquisas e estratégias de desenvolvimento de atletas

Objetivo: La intervención se implementó de manera virtual mediante sesiones de entrenamiento por vídeo, proporcionando la oportunidad de realizar el fortalecimiento muscular desde la comodidad del hogar. El propósito fundamental de la presente investigación consistió en analizar el impacto del entrenamiento de fortalecimiento muscular en los miembros inferiores en individuos que experimentan dolor idiopático en la rodilla. Método: Con este fin, se emplearon las pruebas Kujala y WOMAC como herramientas de evaluación. Este estudio se enfoca en individuos que experimentan dolor de rodilla de forma semanal, con un nivel mínimo de actividad física moderada por semana. Resultados: Se evidenció que el grupo experimental logró una notable reducción en el dolor de rodilla, con mejoras significativas en otros aspectos, como la salud general y la percepción de calidad de vida. Conclusión: Estos hallazgos destacan la eficacia de la intervención en línea para mejorar la salud musculoesquelética y el bienestar general en individuos que sufren de dolor crónico en la rodilla., Objective: The intervention was implemented virtually through video training sessions, providing the opportunity to perform muscle strengthening from the comfort of home. The primary purpose of the present investigation was to analyze the impact of lower limb muscle strengthening training in individuals experiencing idiopathic knee pain. Method: To this end, the Kujala and WOMAC tests were used as assessment tools. This study focuses on individuals experiencing knee pain on a weekly basis, with a minimum level of moderate physical activity per week. Results: It was evident that the experimental group achieved a notable reduction in knee pain, with significant improvements in other aspects, such as general health and perception of quality of life. Conclusion: These findings highlight the efficacy of the online intervention in improving musculoskeletal health and general well-being in individuals suffering from chronic knee pain.

Introduction: Elite sports pose potential health risks, but are vital to the well-being of society. In Cuban society, sport is an integral part of personal development and public health, fostering unity and promoting female participation for sustainable growth. Athletics is one of the most important sports in Cuban sport, and should be approached both from the point of view of sports training and sports psychology. Purpose: The aim of this study was to provide a description of conditional variables in a countermovement jump (CMJ), mood profile, self-efficacy, and the leg-hip height index among athletes from the Cuban national athletics pre-selection team, differentiated by gender. Methods: Our sample consisted of the Cuban national athletics pre-selection team. Results: Mood profile analysis using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) did not reveal significant gender differences, with a small effect size for gender. Men showed a slightly greater trend towards vigor compared to women. Significant differences in self-efficacy were observed between men and women in their confidence levels to achieve jump heights between 21 and 40 cm using the CMJ. However, no significant differences were found for jumps exceeding 40 cm, highlighting the importance of strategies to enhance athletes’ psychological needs and self-efficacy. Conclusions: This study suggests that the association between tension-related anxiety and performance indicators related to jump height may play a crucial role in determining specific profiles in male and female Cuban athletes. Our comprehensive analysis contributes to understanding gender differences in performance factors. These findings provide valuable insights for future research and athlete development strategies, Introducción: Los deportes de élite plantean riesgos potenciales para la salud, pero son vitales para el bienestar de la sociedad. En la sociedad cubana, el deporte forma parte integral del desarrollo personal y la salud pública, fomentando la unidad y promoviendo la participación femenina, para un crecimiento sostenible. El atletismo es uno de los deportes más importantes en el deporte cubano, y debe ser abordado tanto, desde el punto de vista del entrenamiento deportivo, como desde la psicología deportiva. Propósito: El objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar una descripción de las variables condicionales en un salto con contramovimiento (CMJ, por sus siglas en inglés), el perfil anímico, la autoeficacia y el índice de altura pierna-cadera en atletas de la preselección nacional cubana de atletismo, diferenciados por sexo. Materiales y métodos: Nuestra muestra estuvo constituida por la preselección nacional de atletismo de Cuba. Resultados: El análisis del perfil del estado de ánimo mediante el Perfil de Estados de Ánimo (POMS) no reveló diferencias significativas entre sexos, con un tamaño del efecto pequeño para el sexo. Los hombres mostraron una tendencia ligeramente mayor hacia el vigor, en comparación con las mujeres. Se observaron diferencias significativas en la autoeficacia entre hombres y mujeres, en sus niveles de confianza para alcanzar alturas de salto de entre 21 y 40 cm utilizando el CMJ. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas para los saltos superiores a 40 cm, lo que pone de relieve la importancia de las estrategias para mejorar las necesidades psicológicas y la autoeficacia de los atletas. Conclusiones: Este estudio sugiere que, la asociación entre la ansiedad, relacionada con la tensión y los indicadores de rendimiento, vinculados con la altura del salto, pueden desempeñar un papel crucial en la determinación de perfiles específicos, en atletas cubanos, de ambos sexos. Nuestro análisis exhaustivo contribuye a comprender las di, Introdução: Os desportos de elite apresentam riscos potenciais para a saúde, mas são vitais para o bem-estar da sociedade. Na sociedade cubana, o desporto é parte integrante do desenvolvimento pessoal e da saúde pública, fomentando a unidade e promovendo a participação feminina para um crescimento sustentável. O atletismo é uma das modalidades mais importantes do desporto cubano e deve ser abordado tanto do ponto de vista do treino desportivo como da psicologia desportiva. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi fornecer uma descrição das variáveis condicionais em um salto com movimento (CMJ, sigla em inglês), perfil de humor, autoeficácia e o índice de altura da perna-quadril entre atletas da equipe de pré-seleção nacional de atletismo de Cuba, diferenciados por gênero. Métodos: Nossa amostra consistiu na equipe de pré-seleção nacional de atletismo de Cuba. Resultados: A análise do perfil de humor usando o Perfil de Estados de Humor (POMS) não revelou diferenças significativas de gênero, com um pequeno efeito de tamanho para o gênero. Os homens mostraram uma tendência ligeiramente maior para o vigor em comparação com as mulheres. Diferenças significativas na autoeficácia foram observadas entre homens e mulheres em seus níveis de confiança para alcançar alturas de salto entre 21 e 40 cm usando o CMJ. No entanto, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para saltos superiores a 40 cm, destacando a importância de estratégias para aprimorar as necessidades psicológicas e a autoeficácia dos atletas. Conclusões: Este estudo sugere que a associação entre ansiedade relacionada à tensão e indicadores de desempenho relacionados à altura do salto pode desempenhar um papel crucial na determinação de perfis específicos em atletas cubanos do sexo masculino e feminino. Nossa análise abrangente contribui para entender as diferenças de gênero nos fatores de desempenho. Esses achados fornecem insights valiosos para futuras pesquisas e estratégias de desenvolvimento de atletas

This study aimed to compare the risk of knee injury between men and women by integrating kinetic and kinematic parameters in a non- professional athlete population. Two hundred non-professional athletes were re- cruited for the present study. Three change of direction tests were conducted, consisting of two open cuts at 30 (SC 30 ) and 45 degrees (SC 45 ) and one closed cut at 45 degrees (SC 45cl ). Kinetic variables, including three-dimensional force and accelerations in the three axes of movement and ground contact time, were assessed using force platform and accelerometers. The initial and maximum an- gles of the ankle, knee, hip, and trunk were analyzed by photogrammetry. The data was compared between males and females to examine gender differenc- es. Gender analysis demonstrated significant differences in force values, with women displaying higher medial-lateral (ML) force in SC 30 and men exhibiting higher vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) and anterior-posterior (AP) force in SC 45 . Gender-specific analysis indicated higher partial knee accelerations in women during SC30 and SC45 , with significant differences observed in accelera- tion in the vertical axe. Gender differences were observed in certain kinematic variables, with women displaying higher ankle flexion at initial contact in SC 30 and higher ankle flexion at maximum flexion and ankle dorsiflexion range in SC45 . Men showed lower knee flexion angles in both SC 45cl and SC 45 . These find- ings provide valuable insights into the kinetics and kinematics of change of direction movements and highlight gender-specific differences that may have implications for training and injury prevention strategies. Further research is needed to understand the underlying factors contributing to these differences and their impact on performance and injury risk, El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el riesgo de lesión de rodilla entre hombres y mujeres mediante la integración de parámetros cinéticos y cinemáticos en una población de atletas no profesionales. Doscientos atletas no profesionales fueron reclutados para el presente estudio. Se realizaron tres prue- bas de cambio de dirección, consistentes en dos cortes abiertos a 30 (SC30 ) y 45 grados (SC45 ), y un corte cerrado a 45 grados (SC45cl ). Se evaluaron las variables cinéticas, incluida la fuerza tridimensional, así como las aceleraciones en los tres ejes de movimiento y el tiempo de contacto con el suelo mediante plataforma de fuerza y acelerometría. Se analizaron los ángulos iniciales y máximos del tobillo, la rodilla, la cadera y el tronco a través de fotogrametría. Se realizó una compa- ración de los datos entre hombres y mujeres para examinar las diferencias de género. El análisis de género demostró diferencias significativas en los valores de fuerza, mostrando las mujeres una mayor fuerza medial-lateral (ML) en SC30 , y los hombres una mayor fuerza de reacción vertical al suelo (VGRF) y fuerza an- teroposterior (AP) en SC45 . Los análisis específicos de género indicaron mayores aceleraciones parciales de rodilla en las mujeres durante SC30 y SC45 , observándo- se diferencias significativas en la aceleración en el eje vertical. Se observaron dife- rencias de género en determinadas variables cinemáticas, mostrando las mujeres mayor flexión del tobillo en el contacto inicial en SC30 y mayor flexión del tobillo en flexión máxima y rango de dorsiflexión del tobillo en SC45 . Los hombres mos- traron ángulos de flexión de rodilla más bajos tanto en SC45cl como en SC45 . Estos resultados proporcionan información valiosa sobre la cinética y la cinemática de los movimientos de cambio de dirección y ponen de relieve las diferencias especí- ficas de género que pueden tener implicaciones para las estrategias de entrena- miento y prevención de lesiones. Se necesita más

Performance parameters of Spanish Football League players for the 2022-2023 season. 10 matches before the start of the World Cup and 10 matches afterwards.

One of the most important implications of technology in swimming is to control training loads. Lactate control, video-analysis of the technique or the assessment of specific actions, i.e., the vertical jump, have helped to provide load adaptation indicators in swimmers in recent decades. However, these indicators have led to a longer application time, due to their indirect procedure and the need to analyze each variable. The aim of this study was to analyze whether inspiratory spirometry values can serve as a training load control tool in swimmers. Countermovement jump (CMJ), Inspiratory Force Index (S-INDEX) and Peak Inspiratory Flow (PIF) were evaluated with a load of 3 cm H2O before, during and after performing a swimming performance test (critical speed test: specific warming up, 400 m and 100 m freestyle). Positive correlations were found between S-INDEX and jump height after warm-up, after 400 m and at the end of 100 m (Spearman = 0.470, R 2 = 0.280; Spearman = 0.508, R2 = 0.392; Spearman = 0.458, R2 = 0.359, p < 0.05, respectively). Moreover, positive correlations were also found between PIF and jump height at the same evaluated moments (Spearman = 0.461, R2 = 0.305; Spearman = 0.493, R2 = 0.386; Spearman = 0.454, R2 = 0.374, p < 0.05). Both the S-INDEX and the PIF could serve as useful tools for swimmer load control, allowing coaches to make more immediate decisions

Knee injuries represent a predominant reality in sports practice. Kinetic factors or gender seem to be determining aspects for the onset of a knee injury. Currently, numerous studies have identified injury mechanisms suggesting an increased risk of suffering an injury, with landings being a fundamental element for evaluation. However, contributions regarding the analysis of kinetic factors during single-leg landings in non-professional athletes are scarce. This study investigates the kinetic factors associated with non-traumatic knee injuries during unipodal landings, focusing on gender differences and analyzing their disparities. A sample of 162 non-professional participants engaged in physical activity underwent unipodal landings from a height of 30 cm, evaluating forces and accelerations using a triaxial force platform and accelerometers. The analysis revealed nuanced findings regarding ground reaction forces (GRF), mediolateral (ML), and anteroposterior (AP) forces. While no significant differences were observed between men and women in vertical forces, women exhibited higher ML force, which could indicate neuromuscular control issues or associations with knee varus and valgus. Acceleration analysis highlighted comparable knee and ankle responses between genders, with women demonstrating slightly higher knee acceleration. The study underscores the role of GRF, ML, and AP forces in knee injury risk during landing, providing a comprehensive view of biomechanical aspects that may contribute to increased injury incidence. Gender-specific dynamics and potential implications for injury prevention strategies are analyzed. Further exploration is conducted on the kinetic differences found based on gender. This research enhances our understanding of knee injury mechanisms and aids in adapting preventive measures for athletic populations.

This study aims to fill a knowledge gap by investigating electromyographic disparities in anterior and posterior muscle activation and coactivation ratios among non-professional men and women during side-cuttings. A cohort of 162 non-professional athletes participated in directional change maneuvers. Electromyographic assessments focused on coactivation ratios during the initial 50, 100, 150, and 200 ms of contraction, analyzing thigh muscle activations and exploring sex-based differences. Findings revealed higher quadriceps than hamstring muscle activation during directional changes, emphasizing the pivotal role of timing and coactivation ratios. Although the coactivation ratio, indicative of protective muscle control, approached 1 in all directional changes, 40% of subjects exhibited ratios below 0.8, suggesting an elevated injury risk. During open side-cutting at 30°, no significant sex differences were observed in anterior and posterior thigh muscle activation. However, in explosive ratios, women outperformed men, potentially attributable to uncontrolled motor unit recruitment. In open side-cutting at 45° and closed side-cutting at 45°, women displayed significantly higher H/Q ratios, indicating a nuanced sex-specific response. The study underscores the importance of an innovative coactivation ratio approach, revealing its early association with injury risk. Although anterior thigh muscle activation generally exceeded posterior, women exhibited poorer coactivation, potentially heightening knee injury risks during directional changes. This research contributes valuable insights into neuromuscular responses among non-professional athletes, particularly within the context of sex-specific differences.

Background: Currently, the fusion of technology and sports is inevitable. The integration of various systems and devices has brought about significant transformations in established sports practices, impacting not only the rules but also physiological, biomechanical, and even psychological aspects. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of an attention intervention through a video game on young soccer players. Methods: Twelve young male soccer players (age: mean 8.5, SD 1 years) were divided into 2 groups: a control group (CG; n=10) and an experimental group (EG; n=10). During the 6-week training program, the EG received attention training through a video game twice a week for 15 minutes per session. Pre- and postintervention measurements included a specific decision-making soccer test and interviews with coaching staff. Additionally, success in the video game, muscular activity, and sweat levels were monitored. Results: The EG demonstrated a significant improvement in video game success following the intervention program, as indicated by the achieved level (P<.001). However, no significant differences were found between groups regarding electromyographic (EMG) activity (P=.21) and sweating (P=.20). Prior to implementing the attention training program, both groups exhibited similar data for variables related to decision-making and execution mechanisms (≤10%). Only 2 decision-making variables exceeded 10% but remained below 15% (Shot_D=13.35%; Marking_with_Ball_D=−12.64%). Furthermore, changes in attacking action variables were more pronounced in execution-related variables, except for dribbling and fixing. Conversely, in defensive action variables, changes were greater in decision-related variables, except for marking with the ball and marking without the ball. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that incorporating a specific attentional video game into a soccer training program enhances decision-making compared to a program without the video ga

This study aimed to compare the risk of knee injury between men and women by integrating kinetic and kinematic parameters in a non- professional athlete population. Two hundred non-professional athletes were re- cruited for the present study. Three change of direction tests were conducted, consisting of two open cuts at 30 (SC 30 ) and 45 degrees (SC 45 ) and one closed cut at 45 degrees (SC 45cl ). Kinetic variables, including three-dimensional force and accelerations in the three axes of movement and ground contact time, were assessed using force platform and accelerometers. The initial and maximum an- gles of the ankle, knee, hip, and trunk were analyzed by photogrammetry. The data was compared between males and females to examine gender differenc- es. Gender analysis demonstrated significant differences in force values, with women displaying higher medial-lateral (ML) force in SC 30 and men exhibiting higher vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) and anterior-posterior (AP) force in SC 45 . Gender-specific analysis indicated higher partial knee accelerations in women during SC30 and SC45 , with significant differences observed in accelera- tion in the vertical axe. Gender differences were observed in certain kinematic variables, with women displaying higher ankle flexion at initial contact in SC 30 and higher ankle flexion at maximum flexion and ankle dorsiflexion range in SC45 . Men showed lower knee flexion angles in both SC 45cl and SC 45 . These find- ings provide valuable insights into the kinetics and kinematics of change of direction movements and highlight gender-specific differences that may have implications for training and injury prevention strategies. Further research is needed to understand the underlying factors contributing to these differences and their impact on performance and injury risk, El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el riesgo de lesión de rodilla entre hombres y mujeres mediante la integración de parámetros cinéticos y cinemáticos en una población de atletas no profesionales. Doscientos atletas no profesionales fueron reclutados para el presente estudio. Se realizaron tres prue- bas de cambio de dirección, consistentes en dos cortes abiertos a 30 (SC30 ) y 45 grados (SC45 ), y un corte cerrado a 45 grados (SC45cl ). Se evaluaron las variables cinéticas, incluida la fuerza tridimensional, así como las aceleraciones en los tres ejes de movimiento y el tiempo de contacto con el suelo mediante plataforma de fuerza y acelerometría. Se analizaron los ángulos iniciales y máximos del tobillo, la rodilla, la cadera y el tronco a través de fotogrametría. Se realizó una compa- ración de los datos entre hombres y mujeres para examinar las diferencias de género. El análisis de género demostró diferencias significativas en los valores de fuerza, mostrando las mujeres una mayor fuerza medial-lateral (ML) en SC30 , y los hombres una mayor fuerza de reacción vertical al suelo (VGRF) y fuerza an- teroposterior (AP) en SC45 . Los análisis específicos de género indicaron mayores aceleraciones parciales de rodilla en las mujeres durante SC30 y SC45 , observándo- se diferencias significativas en la aceleración en el eje vertical. Se observaron dife- rencias de género en determinadas variables cinemáticas, mostrando las mujeres mayor flexión del tobillo en el contacto inicial en SC30 y mayor flexión del tobillo en flexión máxima y rango de dorsiflexión del tobillo en SC45 . Los hombres mos- traron ángulos de flexión de rodilla más bajos tanto en SC45cl como en SC45 . Estos resultados proporcionan información valiosa sobre la cinética y la cinemática de los movimientos de cambio de dirección y ponen de relieve las diferencias especí- ficas de género que pueden tener implicaciones para las estrategias de entrena- miento y prevención de lesiones. Se necesita más

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el nivel de actividad física, el perfil del estado de ánimo, el control neuromuscular y la manifestación de la fuerza en atletas adolescentes no profesionales. Una muestra de 24 voluntarios sanos participó en elestudio. Cada sujeto cumplimentó el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ) y el cuestionario Perfil de Estados de Ánimo(POMS). Posteriormente, se realizó una evaluación utilizando un protocolo de carga incremental para determinar el máximo de unarepetición en el ejercicio de press de banca. Después de cada serie, se evaluó la fuerza en función de la carga total, la velocidad de propulsión media y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo. Además, se aplicó la prueba de golpeteo con los dedos (FTT) como medida de control motor, y se realizó una segunda evaluación de la fuerza utilizando un dinamómetro manual. Los resultados mostraronuna diferencia significativa en las fases de golpeteo del FTT al principio y al final del protocolo. Se encontraron datossignificativos en el conjunto máximo respecto a la relación entre la carga total, la velocidad media de propulsión y la fuerza de prensión de la mano. Estos resultados apoyan el uso del FTT y del dinamómetro manual como medidas para controlar las fases del entrenamiento de fuerza en términos de carga aplicada y tiempo de recuperación, The aim of this study was to analyze the level of physical activity, mood profile, neuromuscular control, and strength manifestation in non-professional adolescent athletes. A sample of 24 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Each subject com-pleted the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. Subsequently,an evaluation was conducted using an incremental load protocol to determine the one-repetition maximum in the bench press exercise. After each set, strength was assessed based on total load, mean propulsive velocity, and subjective perception of effort. In addition, the Finger Tapping Test (FTT) was implemented as a measure of motor control, and a second strength assessmentwas performed using a manual dynamometer. The results showed a significant difference in the tapping phases of the FTT at the beginning and end of the protocol. Significant data were found in the maximum set regarding the relationship between total load, mean propulsive velocity, and handgrip strength. These results support the use of the FTT and manual dynamometer as measures to control the phases of strength training in terms of applied load and recovery time

Dos de las variables psicológicas importantes a conocer e intervenir en la preparación del deportista son, la disposición subjetiva para rendir en la actividad y la asimilación psicofisiológica de las cargas de entrenamiento. Los objetivos fueron elaborar y analizar las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de disposición psíquica hacia la actividad y valorar la relación existente entre esas dos variables. El estudio se realiza en los macrociclos I y II para los juegos centroamericanos San Salvador, con 42 deportistas de la preselección nacional de Atletismo de Cuba. Se consultaron a expertos, se utilizó el Flicker para valorar la frecuencia crítica de fusión ocular y se empleó el Statistical Package for the Social Science 20.0 para el análisis cuantitativo de las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario y la relación entre las variables: Alfa de Cronbach, rotación Promax y el Pearson. Los resultados mostraron que el cuestionario de disposición psíquica hacia la actividad cumplió con las exigencias teóricas y de la actividad. La validación mostró Alfa de Cronbach .686 y se muestran 3 factores con solución factorial satisfactoria. La mayor parte de los ítems del cuestionario de disposición psíquica hacia la actividad no establecen una relación significativa lineal con los valores promedio de la frecuencia crítica de fusión antes, después y la diferencia. Se aporta un instrumento de disposición psíquica hacia la actividad y se concluye que la disposición psíquica general para rendir no influye en la asimilación de las cargas en el sistema nervioso central., Two important psychological variables to understand and intervene in athlete preparation are subjective disposition to perform in the activity and the psychophysiological assimilation of training loads. The objectives were to develop and analyze the psychometric properties of the psychophysical disposition towards activity questionnaire and assess the relationship between these two variables. The study was conducted during macrocycles I and II for the Central American Games in San Salvador, involving 42 athletes from the national pre-selection of Athletics in Cuba. Experts were consulted, the Flicker was used to assess critical flicker fusion frequency and Statistical Package for the Social Science 20.0 was employed for the quantitative analysis of the questionnaire psychometric properties and the relationship between variables: Cronbach’s Alpha, Promax rotation, and Pearson correlation. The results showed that the psychophysical disposition towards activity questionnaire met theoretical and activity-related requirements. Validation showed a Cronbach’s Alpha .686, and three factors with satisfactory factorial solution were identified. Most items of the psychophysical disposition towards activity questionnaire did not establish a significant linear relationship with average critical fusion frequency values before, after, and the difference. A subjective disposition instrument is provided, and it is concluded that the overall subjective disposition to perform does not influence the impact of loads on the nervous system., Duas das variáveis psicológicas importantes a conhecer e intervir na preparação do atleta são a vontade subjetiva de desempenho na atividade e a assimilação psicofisiológica das cargas de treino. Os objetivos foram desenvolver e analisar as propriedades psicométricas do questionário de disposição psicológica para a atividade e avaliar a relação entre essas duas variáveis. O estudo é realizado nos macrociclos I e II dos Jogos Centro-Americanos de San Salvador, com 42 atletas da pré-seleção do Atletismo Nacional Cubano. Foram consultados especialistas, utilizou-se o Flicker para avaliar a frequência crítica de fusão ocular e o Statistical Package for the Social Science 20.0 para a análise quantitativa das propriedades psicométricas do questionário e a relação entre as variáveis: alfa de Cronbach, rotação Promax e o Pearson. Os resultados mostraram que o questionário de disposição psicológica para a atividade atendeu às demandas teóricas e da atividade. A validação apresentou Alfa de Cronbach 0,686 e são apresentados 3 fatores com solução fatorial satisfatória. A maioria dos itens do questionário de disposição psicológica para a atividade não estabelece uma relação linear significativa com os valores médios da frequência crítica de fusão antes, depois e a diferença. É fornecido um instrumento de disposição psíquica para a atividade e conclui-se que a disposição psíquica geral para realizar não influencia a assimilação das cargas no sistema nervoso central.

Currently, the fusion of technology and sport is inseparable. The integration of various systems and devices has brought about significant transformations in established sports practices, impacting not only the rules but also physiological, biomechanical, and even psychological aspects. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of attention intervention through a video game on young soccer players. Twelve young male soccer players were divided into two groups: control and experimental. During the six-week training program, the experimental group received attention training through a video game twice a week for 15 minutes per session. Preand post-intervention measurements included a specific decision-making football test and interviews with coaching staff. Additionally, success in the video game, muscular activity, and sweat levels were monitored. The experimental group demonstrated a significant improvement in video game success following the intervention program, as indicated by the achieved level (p=0.00). However, no significant differences were found between groups regarding EMG activity and sweating (p>0.05). Prior to implementing the attention training program, both groups exhibited similar data in variables related to decision-making and execution mechanisms (%≤ 10%). Only two decision-making variables exceeded 10%, but remained below 15% (Shot_D = 13.35; Marking_with_Ball_D = -12.64). Furthermore, changes in attacking action variables were more pronounced in execution-related variables, except for Dribbling and Fixing. Conversely, in defensive action variables, changes were greater in decision-related variables, except for Marking with the ball and Marking without the ball. The findings reveal that incorporating a specific attentional video game into the football training program enhances decision-making compared to a program without it. Therefore, it is advisable for practitioners to consider using this tool due to its high efficiency in terms of e

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el nivel de actividad física, el perfil del estado de ánimo, el control neuromuscular y la manifestación de la fuerza en atletas adolescentes no profesionales. Una muestra de 24 voluntarios sanos participó en elestudio. Cada sujeto cumplimentó el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ) y el cuestionario Perfil de Estados de Ánimo(POMS). Posteriormente, se realizó una evaluación utilizando un protocolo de carga incremental para determinar el máximo de unarepetición en el ejercicio de press de banca. Después de cada serie, se evaluó la fuerza en función de la carga total, la velocidad de propulsión media y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo. Además, se aplicó la prueba de golpeteo con los dedos (FTT) como medida de control motor, y se realizó una segunda evaluación de la fuerza utilizando un dinamómetro manual. Los resultados mostraronuna diferencia significativa en las fases de golpeteo del FTT al principio y al final del protocolo. Se encontraron datossignificativos en el conjunto máximo respecto a la relación entre la carga total, la velocidad media de propulsión y la fuerza de prensión de la mano. Estos resultados apoyan el uso del FTT y del dinamómetro manual como medidas para controlar las fases del entrenamiento de fuerza en términos de carga aplicada y tiempo de recuperación, The aim of this study was to analyze the level of physical activity, mood profile, neuromuscular control, and strength manifestation in non-professional adolescent athletes. A sample of 24 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Each subject com-pleted the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. Subsequently,an evaluation was conducted using an incremental load protocol to determine the one-repetition maximum in the bench press exercise. After each set, strength was assessed based on total load, mean propulsive velocity, and subjective perception of effort. In addition, the Finger Tapping Test (FTT) was implemented as a measure of motor control, and a second strength assessmentwas performed using a manual dynamometer. The results showed a significant difference in the tapping phases of the FTT at the beginning and end of the protocol. Significant data were found in the maximum set regarding the relationship between total load, mean propulsive velocity, and handgrip strength. These results support the use of the FTT and manual dynamometer as measures to control the phases of strength training in terms of applied load and recovery time

Background: Currently, the fusion of technology and sports is inevitable. The integration of various systems and devices has brought about significant transformations in established sports practices, impacting not only the rules but also physiological, biomechanical, and even psychological aspects. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of an attention intervention through a video game on young soccer players. Methods: Twelve young male soccer players (age: mean 8.5, SD 1 years) were divided into 2 groups: a control group (CG; n=10) and an experimental group (EG; n=10). During the 6-week training program, the EG received attention training through a video game twice a week for 15 minutes per session. Pre- and postintervention measurements included a specific decision-making soccer test and interviews with coaching staff. Additionally, success in the video game, muscular activity, and sweat levels were monitored. Results: The EG demonstrated a significant improvement in video game success following the intervention program, as indicated by the achieved level (P<.001). However, no significant differences were found between groups regarding electromyographic (EMG) activity (P=.21) and sweating (P=.20). Prior to implementing the attention training program, both groups exhibited similar data for variables related to decision-making and execution mechanisms (≤10%). Only 2 decision-making variables exceeded 10% but remained below 15% (Shot_D=13.35%; Marking_with_Ball_D=−12.64%). Furthermore, changes in attacking action variables were more pronounced in execution-related variables, except for dribbling and fixing. Conversely, in defensive action variables, changes were greater in decision-related variables, except for marking with the ball and marking without the ball. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that incorporating a specific attentional video game into a soccer training program enhances decision-making compared to a program without the video ga

Knee injuries represent a predominant reality in sports practice. Kinetic factors or gender seem to be determining aspects for the onset of a knee injury. Currently, numerous studies have identified injury mechanisms suggesting an increased risk of suffering an injury, with landings being a fundamental element for evaluation. However, contributions regarding the analysis of kinetic factors during single-leg landings in non-professional athletes are scarce. This study investigates the kinetic factors associated with non-traumatic knee injuries during unipodal landings, focusing on gender differences and analyzing their disparities. A sample of 162 non-professional participants engaged in physical activity underwent unipodal landings from a height of 30 cm, evaluating forces and accelerations using a triaxial force platform and accelerometers. The analysis revealed nuanced findings regarding ground reaction forces (GRF), mediolateral (ML), and anteroposterior (AP) forces. While no significant differences were observed between men and women in vertical forces, women exhibited higher ML force, which could indicate neuromuscular control issues or associations with knee varus and valgus. Acceleration analysis highlighted comparable knee and ankle responses between genders, with women demonstrating slightly higher knee acceleration. The study underscores the role of GRF, ML, and AP forces in knee injury risk during landing, providing a comprehensive view of biomechanical aspects that may contribute to increased injury incidence. Gender-specific dynamics and potential implications for injury prevention strategies are analyzed. Further exploration is conducted on the kinetic differences found based on gender. This research enhances our understanding of knee injury mechanisms and aids in adapting preventive measures for athletic populations.

Background The aim of this study was to analyze the strength status of the rectus abdominis muscle in patients with incisional hernia and the relationship between the width of the hernia defect and the strength of the rectus abdominis muscle. Methods This is a observational cohort study of patients with medial line incisional hernia (July–October 2022), classified as W2 according to the European Hernia Society (EHS). The data collected were demographic and clinical characteristics related to hernia, and measure of the rectus abdominis muscle strength using an isokinetic dynamometer and a strain gauge. We analyzed the relationship between hernia width and rectus abdominis muscle strength with correlation tests to adjustment by age, sex, BMI, and body composition. Results A total of 40 patients (64% female) with a mean age of 57.62 years (SD 11) were enrolled in the study. The mean BMI was 29.18 (SD 5.06), with a mean percentage of fat mass of 37.8% (SD 8.47) and a mean percentage of muscle mass of 60.33% (SD 6.43). The maximum width of the hernia defect was 6.59 cm (SD 1.54). In the male group, the mean bending force moment (ISOK_PT) was 94.01 Nw m (SD 34.58), bending force moment relative to body weight (ISOK_PT_Weight) was 103.32 Nw m (SD 37.48), and peak force (PK_90) was 184.71 N (SD 47.01). In the female group, these values were 58.11 Nw m (SD 29.41), 66.48 Nw m (SD 32.44), and 152.50 N (SD 48.49), respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed in the relationship between the data obtained with the isokinetic dynamometer and sex (p = 0.002), as well as between the data obtained with the isokinetic dynamometer and age (p = 0.006). Patients in the 90th percentile (P90) of rectus abdominis muscle strength also had smaller hernia defect widths (p = 0.048). Conclusions In this study, age and sex were identified as the most statistically significant predictor variables for rectus abdominis muscle strength. The width of the hernia defect exhibited a

Background The aim of this study was to analyze the strength status of the rectus abdominis muscle in patients with incisional hernia and the relationship between the width of the hernia defect and the strength of the rectus abdominis muscle. Methods This is a observational cohort study of patients with medial line incisional hernia (July–October 2022), classified as W2 according to the European Hernia Society (EHS). The data collected were demographic and clinical characteristics related to hernia, and measure of the rectus abdominis muscle strength using an isokinetic dynamometer and a strain gauge. We analyzed the relationship between hernia width and rectus abdominis muscle strength with correlation tests to adjustment by age, sex, BMI, and body composition. Results A total of 40 patients (64% female) with a mean age of 57.62 years (SD 11) were enrolled in the study. The mean BMI was 29.18 (SD 5.06), with a mean percentage of fat mass of 37.8% (SD 8.47) and a mean percentage of muscle mass of 60.33% (SD 6.43). The maximum width of the hernia defect was 6.59 cm (SD 1.54). In the male group, the mean bending force moment (ISOK_PT) was 94.01 Nw m (SD 34.58), bending force moment relative to body weight (ISOK_PT_Weight) was 103.32 Nw m (SD 37.48), and peak force (PK_90) was 184.71 N (SD 47.01). In the female group, these values were 58.11 Nw m (SD 29.41), 66.48 Nw m (SD 32.44), and 152.50 N (SD 48.49), respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed in the relationship between the data obtained with the isokinetic dynamometer and sex (p = 0.002), as well as between the data obtained with the isokinetic dynamometer and age (p = 0.006). Patients in the 90th percentile (P90) of rectus abdominis muscle strength also had smaller hernia defect widths (p = 0.048). Conclusions In this study, age and sex were identified as the most statistically significant predictor variables for rectus abdominis muscle strength. The width of the hernia defect exhibited a

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of a customized exercise program on electromyographic (EMG) variables during side-cutting maneuvers. Methods: Fifty-seven physically active volunteers were recruited and randomized into two groups: a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). The CG maintained their regular physical activity, while the EG followed an individualized, integrated exercise regimen that included strength, neuromuscular, proprioceptive, eccentric training, and whole-body vibration (WBV) exercises, lasting for 12 weeks. EMG-Root Means Square (RMS) values for the quadriceps (Q) and hamstrings (H) were measured immediately following initial foot contact at 50, 100, 150, and 200 milliseconds. Changes in EMG activity were evaluated before and after a twelve-week intervention, and the effect size (ES, 90% confidence limit [90%CL]) was calculated. Results: The results showed that the EG participants exhibited enhanced co-contraction as measured by the hamstring/quadriceps ratio (H/Q ratio) during both open and cross-cutting side maneuvers after the twelve-week intervention. Conclusion: Furthermore, the customized, integrated exercise program that combined strength, neuromuscular, proprioceptive, eccentric training, and WBV exercises were could potentially serve as a beneficial neuromuscular and biomechanical strategy for addressing knee injury risk in non-professional, physically active populations at high risk for such injuries

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of a customized exercise program on electromyographic (EMG) variables during side-cutting maneuvers. Methods: Fifty-seven physically active volunteers were recruited and randomized into two groups: a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). The CG maintained their regular physical activity, while the EG followed an individualized, integrated exercise regimen that included strength, neuromuscular, proprioceptive, eccentric training, and whole-body vibration (WBV) exercises, lasting for 12 weeks. EMG-Root Means Square (RMS) values for the quadriceps (Q) and hamstrings (H) were measured immediately following initial foot contact at 50, 100, 150, and 200 milliseconds. Changes in EMG activity were evaluated before and after a twelve-week intervention, and the effect size (ES, 90% confidence limit [90%CL]) was calculated. Results: The results showed that the EG participants exhibited enhanced co-contraction as measured by the hamstring/quadriceps ratio (H/Q ratio) during both open and cross-cutting side maneuvers after the twelve-week intervention. Conclusion: Furthermore, the customized, integrated exercise program that combined strength, neuromuscular, proprioceptive, eccentric training, and WBV exercises were could potentially serve as a beneficial neuromuscular and biomechanical strategy for addressing knee injury risk in non-professional, physically active populations at high risk for such injuries

La idea de este trabajo surge de la importancia de expresar las emociones a través de la psicomotricidad, elaborando para ello una propuesta didáctica con diferentes sesiones en el aula de Educación Infantil. Por lo que con este trabajo, se pretende mejorar la expresión de las emociones de los niños y niñas a través de la psicomotricidad, encaminándolos y orientándolos para que así sea. Se fundamentará el trabajo con diferentes definiciones de diferentes autores sobre psicomotricidad y emociones, abordando también la relación que existe entre ambas. La propuesta llevada a cabo pretende abordar la psicomotricidad, desde dramatización de obras, la representación de un cuento, el tocar diferentes instrumentos, a través de la danza o con pequeños juegos, a través de su aplicación en un aula de 5 años de Educación Infantil, The idea of this proyect arises from the importance of emotions through psychomotricity, developing an educational proposal with different sessions in classroom of the childhood education. Therefore, the aim of the proyect is to improve the expression of children's emotions through psychomotricity, directing and guiding them to do so. The proyect will be based on different definitions from different authors on psychomotricity and emotions, also addressing the relationship that exists between both. The proposal carried out, aims to address psychomotricity, from dramatization of plays, the representation of a story, playing different instruments, through the dance or with small games, through its application in a classroom of 5 years of childhood education.

Iron deficiency is a frequent and multifactorial disorder in the career of athletes, particularly in females. Exercise-induced disturbances in iron homeostasis produce deleterious effects on performance and adaptation to training; thus, the identification of strategies that restore or maintain iron homeostasis in athletes is required. Hepcidin is a liver-derived hormone that degrades the ferroportin transport channel, thus reducing the ability of macrophages to recycle damaged iron, and decreasing iron availability. Although it has been suggested that the circulating fraction of hepcidin increases during early post-exercise recovery (~3 h), it remains unknown how an acute exercise bout may modify the circulating expression of hepcidin. Therefore, the current review aims to determine the post-exercise expression of serum hepcidin in response to a single session of exercise. The review was carried out in the Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo and SPORTDiscus databases, using hepcidin (and “exercise” or “sport” or “physical activity”) as a strategy of search. A total of 19 articles were included in the review after the application of the inclusion/exclusion criteria. This search found that a single session of endurance exercise (intervallic or continuous) at moderate or vigorous intensity (60–90% VO2peak) stimulates an increase in the circulating levels of hepcidin between 0 h and 6 h after the end of the exercise bout, peaking at ~3 h post-exercise. The magnitude of the response of hepcidin to exercise seems to be dependent on the pre-exercise status of iron (ferritin) and inflammation (IL-6). Moreover, oxygen disturbances and the activation of a hypoxia-induced factor during or after exercise may stimulate a reduction of hepcidin expression. Meanwhile, cranberry flavonoids supplementation promotes an anti-oxidant effect that may facilitate the post-exercise expression of hepcidin. Further studies are required to explore the effect of resistance exercise on he

Este proyecto es una propuesta de investigación, cuyo objetivo es comprobar si puede interferir la percepción que tiene el usuario de la calidad de un centro deportivo público de Mairena del Alcor sobre la percepción de su calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS). En el estudio participó una muestra total de 135 usuarios y usuarias de entre 19 y 79 años. Todos completaron dos cuestionarios: CECASDEP-v.2.0 que valora la percepción de la calidad de los servicios deportivos municipales y SF-36 para valorar la percepción de la CVRS. Se realizó un estudio estadístico mediante SPSS y se correlacionaron las variables por dimensión de cada cuestionario. Se halló correlación a partir del grupo de edad mayor de 45 años. Se puede hacer lectura de que a mayor percepción de la calidad del monitor, mayor es su función social y rol emocional. El grupo ≥ 65 años parecían percibir moderadamente mejor la transición de la salud a medida que mejor percibían la calidad del programa de actividades y monitores. Este estudio podría trascender a futuras investigaciones que correlacionaran ambas percepciones para poder conocer de manera más completa las necesidades de los usuarios y poder ofrecerles servicios de calidad que le permitan percibir mejor su CVRS., This project is an investigation proposal which is aimed at proving if the perception of the quality of a sport centre in Mairena del Alcor can interfere with the user´s perception of their health (CVRS). 135 users from 19 to 79 years old took part in the survey. All of them completed the questionnaire: CECASDEP-v.2.0, which values the perception of quality of the municipal sports services and SF-36 to assess the perception of CVRS. A statics study was carried out using SPSS and the variables were matched by the size of each questionnaire. A match was found starting out with the 45 age group on. We can state that the higher the perception of the quality of the coach the higher is, his social function and social role. The 65 years old group seemed to perceive slightly better the transition of health as they perceived the quality of activity programme and the coach. This study might transcend to future studies which will match both perceptions so as to be able to know in a more extense way the needs of the users and thus offer them quality services which will allow them to perceive their CVRS better.

Iron deficiency is a frequent and multifactorial disorder in the career of athletes, particularly in females. Exercise-induced disturbances in iron homeostasis produce deleterious effects on performance and adaptation to training; thus, the identification of strategies that restore or maintain iron homeostasis in athletes is required. Hepcidin is a liver-derived hormone that degrades the ferroportin transport channel, thus reducing the ability of macrophages to recycle damaged iron, and decreasing iron availability. Although it has been suggested that the circulating fraction of hepcidin increases during early post-exercise recovery (~3 h), it remains unknown how an acute exercise bout may modify the circulating expression of hepcidin. Therefore, the current review aims to determine the post-exercise expression of serum hepcidin in response to a single session of exercise. The review was carried out in the Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo and SPORTDiscus databases, using hepcidin (and “exercise” or “sport” or “physical activity”) as a strategy of search. A total of 19 articles were included in the review after the application of the inclusion/exclusion criteria. This search found that a single session of endurance exercise (intervallic or continuous) at moderate or vigorous intensity (60–90% VO2peak) stimulates an increase in the circulating levels of hepcidin between 0 h and 6 h after the end of the exercise bout, peaking at ~3 h post-exercise. The magnitude of the response of hepcidin to exercise seems to be dependent on the pre-exercise status of iron (ferritin) and inflammation (IL-6). Moreover, oxygen disturbances and the activation of a hypoxia-induced factor during or after exercise may stimulate a reduction of hepcidin expression. Meanwhile, cranberry flavonoids supplementation promotes an anti-oxidant effect that may facilitate the post-exercise expression of hepcidin. Further studies are required to explore the effect of resistance exercise on he

Iron deficiency is a frequent and multifactorial disorder in the career of athletes, particularly in females. Exercise-induced disturbances in iron homeostasis produce deleterious effects on performance and adaptation to training; thus, the identification of strategies that restore or maintain iron homeostasis in athletes is required. Hepcidin is a liver-derived hormone that degrades the ferroportin transport channel, thus reducing the ability of macrophages to recycle damaged iron, and decreasing iron availability. Although it has been suggested that the circulating fraction of hepcidin increases during early post-exercise recovery (~3 h), it remains unknown how an acute exercise bout may modify the circulating expression of hepcidin. Therefore, the current review aims to determine the post-exercise expression of serum hepcidin in response to a single session of exercise. The review was carried out in the Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo and SPORTDiscus databases, using hepcidin (and “exercise” or “sport” or “physical activity”) as a strategy of search. A total of 19 articles were included in the review after the application of the inclusion/exclusion criteria. This search found that a single session of endurance exercise (intervallic or continuous) at moderate or vigorous intensity (60–90% VO2peak) stimulates an increase in the circulating levels of hepcidin between 0 h and 6 h after the end of the exercise bout, peaking at ~3 h post-exercise. The magnitude of the response of hepcidin to exercise seems to be dependent on the pre-exercise status of iron (ferritin) and inflammation (IL-6). Moreover, oxygen disturbances and the activation of a hypoxia-induced factor during or after exercise may stimulate a reduction of hepcidin expression. Meanwhile, cranberry flavonoids supplementation promotes an anti-oxidant effect that may facilitate the post-exercise expression of hepcidin. Further studies are required to explore the effect of resistance exercise on he

Iron deficiency is a frequent and multifactorial disorder in the career of athletes, particularly in females. Exercise-induced disturbances in iron homeostasis produce deleterious effects on performance and adaptation to training; thus, the identification of strategies that restore or maintain iron homeostasis in athletes is required. Hepcidin is a liver-derived hormone that degrades the ferroportin transport channel, thus reducing the ability of macrophages to recycle damaged iron, and decreasing iron availability. Although it has been suggested that the circulating fraction of hepcidin increases during early post-exercise recovery (~3 h), it remains unknown how an acute exercise bout may modify the circulating expression of hepcidin. Therefore, the current review aims to determine the post-exercise expression of serum hepcidin in response to a single session of exercise. The review was carried out in the Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo and SPORTDiscus databases, using hepcidin (and “exercise” or “sport” or “physical activity”) as a strategy of search. A total of 19 articles were included in the review after the application of the inclusion/exclusion criteria. This search found that a single session of endurance exercise (intervallic or continuous) at moderate or vigorous intensity (60–90% VO2peak) stimulates an increase in the circulating levels of hepcidin between 0 h and 6 h after the end of the exercise bout, peaking at ~3 h post-exercise. The magnitude of the response of hepcidin to exercise seems to be dependent on the pre-exercise status of iron (ferritin) and inflammation (IL-6). Moreover, oxygen disturbances and the activation of a hypoxia-induced factor during or after exercise may stimulate a reduction of hepcidin expression. Meanwhile, cranberry flavonoids supplementation promotes an anti-oxidant effect that may facilitate the post-exercise expression of hepcidin. Further studies are required to explore the effect of resistance exercise on he

Iron deficiency is a frequent and multifactorial disorder in the career of athletes, particularly in females. Exercise-induced disturbances in iron homeostasis produce deleterious effects on performance and adaptation to training; thus, the identification of strategies that restore or maintain iron homeostasis in athletes is required. Hepcidin is a liver-derived hormone that degrades the ferroportin transport channel, thus reducing the ability of macrophages to recycle damaged iron, and decreasing iron availability. Although it has been suggested that the circulating fraction of hepcidin increases during early post-exercise recovery (~3 h), it remains unknown how an acute exercise bout may modify the circulating expression of hepcidin. Therefore, the current review aims to determine the post-exercise expression of serum hepcidin in response to a single session of exercise. The review was carried out in the Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo and SPORTDiscus databases, using hepcidin (and “exercise” or “sport” or “physical activity”) as a strategy of search. A total of 19 articles were included in the review after the application of the inclusion/exclusion criteria. This search found that a single session of endurance exercise (intervallic or continuous) at moderate or vigorous intensity (60–90% VO2peak) stimulates an increase in the circulating levels of hepcidin between 0 h and 6 h after the end of the exercise bout, peaking at ~3 h post-exercise. The magnitude of the response of hepcidin to exercise seems to be dependent on the pre-exercise status of iron (ferritin) and inflammation (IL-6). Moreover, oxygen disturbances and the activation of a hypoxia-induced factor during or after exercise may stimulate a reduction of hepcidin expression. Meanwhile, cranberry flavonoids supplementation promotes an anti-oxidant effect that may facilitate the post-exercise expression of hepcidin. Further studies are required to explore the effect of resistance exercise on he

Iron deficiency is a frequent and multifactorial disorder in the career of athletes, particularly in females. Exercise-induced disturbances in iron homeostasis produce deleterious effects on performance and adaptation to training; thus, the identification of strategies that restore or maintain iron homeostasis in athletes is required. Hepcidin is a liver-derived hormone that degrades the ferroportin transport channel, thus reducing the ability of macrophages to recycle damaged iron, and decreasing iron availability. Although it has been suggested that the circulating fraction of hepcidin increases during early post-exercise recovery (~3 h), it remains unknown how an acute exercise bout may modify the circulating expression of hepcidin. Therefore, the current review aims to determine the post-exercise expression of serum hepcidin in response to a single session of exercise. The review was carried out in the Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo and SPORTDiscus databases, using hepcidin (and “exercise” or “sport” or “physical activity”) as a strategy of search. A total of 19 articles were included in the review after the application of the inclusion/exclusion criteria. This search found that a single session of endurance exercise (intervallic or continuous) at moderate or vigorous intensity (60–90% VO2peak) stimulates an increase in the circulating levels of hepcidin between 0 h and 6 h after the end of the exercise bout, peaking at ~3 h post-exercise. The magnitude of the response of hepcidin to exercise seems to be dependent on the pre-exercise status of iron (ferritin) and inflammation (IL-6). Moreover, oxygen disturbances and the activation of a hypoxia-induced factor during or after exercise may stimulate a reduction of hepcidin expression. Meanwhile, cranberry flavonoids supplementation promotes an anti-oxidant effect that may facilitate the post-exercise expression of hepcidin. Further studies are required to explore the effect of resistance exercise on he

Objetivo. Comparar las respuestas producidas tras un entrenamiento concéntrico y excéntrico de los miembros inferiores (MMII) en la potencia anaeróbica de tren inferior medida mediante la realización de saltos verticales. Método. La metodología usada ha sido basada en el protocolo de Bosco, mediante el cual evaluamos la potencia muscular a través de saltos verticales (SJ, CMJ, DJ) realizados en una plataforma de contacto. Los sujetos fueron divididos en tres grupos diferentes: un grupo control (G1), un grupo experimental que realizaba un trabajo excéntrico de flexores de rodilla (G2) y un grupo experimental que realizaba un trabajo concéntrico de extensores de rodilla (G3). Resultados. Se obtuvo diferencias significativas a favor de G3 respecto a G1 en todas las variables exceptuando en potencia en los tres tipos de salto y en tiempo de contacto y rigidez en DJ (p≤0.05). También se desveló que no hubo ninguna diferencia significativa entre G3 y G2; no obstante todos los valores obtenidos por G3 fueron mayores que en G2, exceptuando en la potencia producida en DJ que fue levemente superior en este grupo (p>0.05). Discusión. Se alcanzaron diferencias significativas a favor de G3, por lo que podemos deducir que un trabajo concéntrico, previo a los saltos, de la musculatura extensora de rodilla produce mejoras significativas en la potencia anaeróbica de tren inferior. Sin embargo, G2 también reveló algunas diferencias positivas respecto al grupo control. Conclusión. Se deduce que la realización de un ejercicio excéntrico que no es de los extensores de rodilla provoca una activación del sistema nervioso central, produciendo una sobre-activación y mayor reclutamiento de motoneuronas en el tren inferior, provocando una mejora en la potencia anaeróbica del tren inferior., Objetives. To compare the responses produced after concentric and eccentric training of the lower limbs in the anaerobic power of the lower train measured by performing vertical jumps. Methods. The methodology used was based on the protocol of Bosco, by means of which we evaluated the muscular power through vertical jumps (SJ, CMJ, DJ) realized in a platform of contact. The subjects were divided into three different groups: a control group (G1), an experimental group performing an eccentric work of knee flexors (G2) and an experimental group performing a concentric work on knee extensors (G3). Results. Significant differences were obtained in favor of G3 with respect to G1 in all variables except in power in the three types of jump and in contact time and stiffness in DJ (p≤0.05). It was also revealed that there was no significant difference between G3 and G2; However, all values obtained by G3 were higher than in G2, except in the power produced in DJ that was slightly higher in this group (p> 0.05). Disscusion. Significant differences were achieved in favor of G3, so we can deduce that a prejumping, concentric work on the knee extensor muscle produces significant improvements in the anaerobic power of the lower train. However, G2 also revealed some positive differences with respect to the control group. Conclusions. It follows that the performance of an eccentric exercise that is not of the knee extensors causes an activation of the central nervous system, producing an over-activation and greater recruitment of motor neurons in the lower train, causing an improvement in the anaerobic power of the lower train

El número de empresarios relacionados con la actividad física y el deporte está aumentando. Conocer las tendencias del mercado puede ayudar descubrir o crear oportunidades para emprender, dirigir o ampliar negocios en cualquier entorno empresarial. El presente estudio pretende analizar y comparar las diferentes TRAFD estudiadas anualmente y desde hace 11años por la universidad Americana de Medicina deportiva, para orientar e informar de las posibles vías a la hora de emprender en la actividad física y el deporte.Para ellose ha realizado un análisis individual y colectivo de los resultados obtenidos en las 11 encuestas que desde 2006 lleva a cabo el ACSM en todo el mundo. Los resultados de estos estudios anuales pueden ayudar a profesionales, empresas vinculadas con la actividad física y el deporte a tomar algunas decisiones en cuanto a formación, inversión, investigación o emprendimiento, lo que supone un importante factor para el crecimiento y desarrollo futuro. Conocer las TRAFD, su evolución y cómo han repercutido puede resultar muy útil para establecer posibles escenarios de emprendimiento en la actividad física y el deporte.

El aprendizaje cooperativo resulta ser un estilo de aprendizaje muy potente para consecución de los objetivos del alumno en consecuencia con el desarrollo de las competencias y resultados de aprendizaje. En educación física, la literatura ha mostrado un valor exitoso en los grupos de trabajo que previamente diseñados gozan de un crecimiento autónomo dentro de un equipo para alcanzar dichas competencias y, sobre todo, facilitar el desarrollo integral del alumnado. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue averiguar la percepción del futuro profesorado en Educación Primaria especialista en Educación Física sobre el planteamiento y aplicación del aprendizaje cooperativo en las clases de Educación Física. Para ello, el Cuestionario Análisis del Trabajo Cooperativo en la Educación Superior fue utilizado. Según nuestros resultados, un alto porcentaje de los futuros profesores en Educación Física no tienen claro la configuración de los grupos de trabajo, ni el nivel de los mismos, ni tampoco existe consenso sobre la necesidad de incluir la autoevaluación en los procesos de desarrollo habitual de las clases de Educación Física., Cooperative learning proves to be a very powerful learning style to achieve the student's goals in consequence with the development of competences and learning outcomes. In physical education, literature has shown a successful value in previously designed work groups enjoy autonomous growth within a team to achieve these competencies and, above all, to facilitate the integral development of students. The main objective of the present study was to ascertain the perception of future teachers in Primary Education specialist in Physical Education on the approach and application of cooperative learning in Physical Education classes. For this, the Questionnaire Analysis of Cooperative Work in Higher Education was used. According to our results, a high percentage of future teachers in Physical Education are not clear about the configuration of the working groups, nor the level of them, nor is there a consensus about the need to include self-evaluation in the usual development processes of Physical Education classes.

Objetivo. Comparar las respuestas producidas tras un entrenamiento concéntrico y excéntrico de los miembros inferiores (MMII) en la potencia anaeróbica de tren inferior medida mediante la realización de saltos verticales. Método. La metodología usada ha sido basada en el protocolo de Bosco, mediante el cual evaluamos la potencia muscular a través de saltos verticales (SJ, CMJ, DJ) realizados en una plataforma de contacto. Los sujetos fueron divididos en tres grupos diferentes: un grupo control (G1), un grupo experimental que realizaba un trabajo excéntrico de flexores de rodilla (G2) y un grupo experimental que realizaba un trabajo concéntrico de extensores de rodilla (G3). Resultados. Se obtuvo diferencias significativas a favor de G3 respecto a G1 en todas las variables exceptuando en potencia en los tres tipos de salto y en tiempo de contacto y rigidez en DJ (p≤0.05). También se desveló que no hubo ninguna diferencia significativa entre G3 y G2; no obstante todos los valores obtenidos por G3 fueron mayores que en G2, exceptuando en la potencia producida en DJ que fue levemente superior en este grupo (p>0.05). Discusión. Se alcanzaron diferencias significativas a favor de G3, por lo que podemos deducir que un trabajo concéntrico, previo a los saltos, de la musculatura extensora de rodilla produce mejoras significativas en la potencia anaeróbica de tren inferior. Sin embargo, G2 también reveló algunas diferencias positivas respecto al grupo control. Conclusión. Se deduce que la realización de un ejercicio excéntrico que no es de los extensores de rodilla provoca una activación del sistema nervioso central, produciendo una sobre-activación y mayor reclutamiento de motoneuronas en el tren inferior, provocando una mejora en la potencia anaeróbica del tren inferior., Objetives. To compare the responses produced after concentric and eccentric training of the lower limbs in the anaerobic power of the lower train measured by performing vertical jumps. Methods. The methodology used was based on the protocol of Bosco, by means of which we evaluated the muscular power through vertical jumps (SJ, CMJ, DJ) realized in a platform of contact. The subjects were divided into three different groups: a control group (G1), an experimental group performing an eccentric work of knee flexors (G2) and an experimental group performing a concentric work on knee extensors (G3). Results. Significant differences were obtained in favor of G3 with respect to G1 in all variables except in power in the three types of jump and in contact time and stiffness in DJ (p≤0.05). It was also revealed that there was no significant difference between G3 and G2; However, all values obtained by G3 were higher than in G2, except in the power produced in DJ that was slightly higher in this group (p> 0.05). Disscusion. Significant differences were achieved in favor of G3, so we can deduce that a prejumping, concentric work on the knee extensor muscle produces significant improvements in the anaerobic power of the lower train. However, G2 also revealed some positive differences with respect to the control group. Conclusions. It follows that the performance of an eccentric exercise that is not of the knee extensors causes an activation of the central nervous system, producing an over-activation and greater recruitment of motor neurons in the lower train, causing an improvement in the anaerobic power of the lower train

El número de empresarios relacionados con la actividad física y el deporte está aumentando. Conocer las tendencias del mercado puede ayudar descubrir o crear oportunidades para emprender, dirigir o ampliar negocios en cualquier entorno empresarial. El presente estudio pretende analizar y comparar las diferentes TRAFD estudiadas anualmente y desde hace 11años por la universidad Americana de Medicina deportiva, para orientar e informar de las posibles vías a la hora de emprender en la actividad física y el deporte.Para ellose ha realizado un análisis individual y colectivo de los resultados obtenidos en las 11 encuestas que desde 2006 lleva a cabo el ACSM en todo el mundo. Los resultados de estos estudios anuales pueden ayudar a profesionales, empresas vinculadas con la actividad física y el deporte a tomar algunas decisiones en cuanto a formación, inversión, investigación o emprendimiento, lo que supone un importante factor para el crecimiento y desarrollo futuro. Conocer las TRAFD, su evolución y cómo han repercutido puede resultar muy útil para establecer posibles escenarios de emprendimiento en la actividad física y el deporte.

Objetivo. Comparar las respuestas producidas tras un entrenamiento concéntrico y excéntrico de los miembros inferiores (MMII) en la potencia anaeróbica de tren inferior medida mediante la realización de saltos verticales. Método. La metodología usada ha sido basada en el protocolo de Bosco, mediante el cual evaluamos la potencia muscular a través de saltos verticales (SJ, CMJ, DJ) realizados en una plataforma de contacto. Los sujetos fueron divididos en tres grupos diferentes: un grupo control (G1), un grupo experimental que realizaba un trabajo excéntrico de flexores de rodilla (G2) y un grupo experimental que realizaba un trabajo concéntrico de extensores de rodilla (G3). Resultados. Se obtuvo diferencias significativas a favor de G3 respecto a G1 en todas las variables exceptuando en potencia en los tres tipos de salto y en tiempo de contacto y rigidez en DJ (p≤0.05). También se desveló que no hubo ninguna diferencia significativa entre G3 y G2; no obstante todos los valores obtenidos por G3 fueron mayores que en G2, exceptuando en la potencia producida en DJ que fue levemente superior en este grupo (p>0.05). Discusión. Se alcanzaron diferencias significativas a favor de G3, por lo que podemos deducir que un trabajo concéntrico, previo a los saltos, de la musculatura extensora de rodilla produce mejoras significativas en la potencia anaeróbica de tren inferior. Sin embargo, G2 también reveló algunas diferencias positivas respecto al grupo control. Conclusión. Se deduce que la realización de un ejercicio excéntrico que no es de los extensores de rodilla provoca una activación del sistema nervioso central, produciendo una sobre-activación y mayor reclutamiento de motoneuronas en el tren inferior, provocando una mejora en la potencia anaeróbica del tren inferior., Objetives. To compare the responses produced after concentric and eccentric training of the lower limbs in the anaerobic power of the lower train measured by performing vertical jumps. Methods. The methodology used was based on the protocol of Bosco, by means of which we evaluated the muscular power through vertical jumps (SJ, CMJ, DJ) realized in a platform of contact. The subjects were divided into three different groups: a control group (G1), an experimental group performing an eccentric work of knee flexors (G2) and an experimental group performing a concentric work on knee extensors (G3). Results. Significant differences were obtained in favor of G3 with respect to G1 in all variables except in power in the three types of jump and in contact time and stiffness in DJ (p≤0.05). It was also revealed that there was no significant difference between G3 and G2; However, all values obtained by G3 were higher than in G2, except in the power produced in DJ that was slightly higher in this group (p> 0.05). Disscusion. Significant differences were achieved in favor of G3, so we can deduce that a prejumping, concentric work on the knee extensor muscle produces significant improvements in the anaerobic power of the lower train. However, G2 also revealed some positive differences with respect to the control group. Conclusions. It follows that the performance of an eccentric exercise that is not of the knee extensors causes an activation of the central nervous system, producing an over-activation and greater recruitment of motor neurons in the lower train, causing an improvement in the anaerobic power of the lower train

El número de empresarios relacionados con la actividad física y el deporte está aumentando. Conocer las tendencias del mercado puede ayudar descubrir o crear oportunidades para emprender, dirigir o ampliar negocios en cualquier entorno empresarial. El presente estudio pretende analizar y comparar las diferentes TRAFD estudiadas anualmente y desde hace 11años por la universidad Americana de Medicina deportiva, para orientar e informar de las posibles vías a la hora de emprender en la actividad física y el deporte.Para ellose ha realizado un análisis individual y colectivo de los resultados obtenidos en las 11 encuestas que desde 2006 lleva a cabo el ACSM en todo el mundo. Los resultados de estos estudios anuales pueden ayudar a profesionales, empresas vinculadas con la actividad física y el deporte a tomar algunas decisiones en cuanto a formación, inversión, investigación o emprendimiento, lo que supone un importante factor para el crecimiento y desarrollo futuro. Conocer las TRAFD, su evolución y cómo han repercutido puede resultar muy útil para establecer posibles escenarios de emprendimiento en la actividad física y el deporte.

El número de empresarios relacionados con la actividad física y el deporte está aumentando. Conocer las tendencias del mercado puede ayudar descubrir o crear oportunidades para emprender, dirigir o ampliar negocios en cualquier entorno empresarial. El presente estudio pretende analizar y comparar las diferentes TRAFD estudiadas anualmente y desde hace 11años por la universidad Americana de Medicina deportiva, para orientar e informar de las posibles vías a la hora de emprender en la actividad física y el deporte.Para ellose ha realizado un análisis individual y colectivo de los resultados obtenidos en las 11 encuestas que desde 2006 lleva a cabo el ACSM en todo el mundo. Los resultados de estos estudios anuales pueden ayudar a profesionales, empresas vinculadas con la actividad física y el deporte a tomar algunas decisiones en cuanto a formación, inversión, investigación o emprendimiento, lo que supone un importante factor para el crecimiento y desarrollo futuro. Conocer las TRAFD, su evolución y cómo han repercutido puede resultar muy útil para establecer posibles escenarios de emprendimiento en la actividad física y el deporte.

Objetivo. Comparar las respuestas producidas tras un entrenamiento concéntrico y excéntrico de los miembros inferiores (MMII) en la potencia anaeróbica de tren inferior medida mediante la realización de saltos verticales. Método. La metodología usada ha sido basada en el protocolo de Bosco, mediante el cual evaluamos la potencia muscular a través de saltos verticales (SJ, CMJ, DJ) realizados en una plataforma de contacto. Los sujetos fueron divididos en tres grupos diferentes: un grupo control (G1), un grupo experimental que realizaba un trabajo excéntrico de flexores de rodilla (G2) y un grupo experimental que realizaba un trabajo concéntrico de extensores de rodilla (G3). Resultados. Se obtuvo diferencias significativas a favor de G3 respecto a G1 en todas las variables exceptuando en potencia en los tres tipos de salto y en tiempo de contacto y rigidez en DJ (p≤0.05). También se desveló que no hubo ninguna diferencia significativa entre G3 y G2; no obstante todos los valores obtenidos por G3 fueron mayores que en G2, exceptuando en la potencia producida en DJ que fue levemente superior en este grupo (p>0.05). Discusión. Se alcanzaron diferencias significativas a favor de G3, por lo que podemos deducir que un trabajo concéntrico, previo a los saltos, de la musculatura extensora de rodilla produce mejoras significativas en la potencia anaeróbica de tren inferior. Sin embargo, G2 también reveló algunas diferencias positivas respecto al grupo control. Conclusión. Se deduce que la realización de un ejercicio excéntrico que no es de los extensores de rodilla provoca una activación del sistema nervioso central, produciendo una sobre-activación y mayor reclutamiento de motoneuronas en el tren inferior, provocando una mejora en la potencia anaeróbica del tren inferior., Objetives. To compare the responses produced after concentric and eccentric training of the lower limbs in the anaerobic power of the lower train measured by performing vertical jumps. Methods. The methodology used was based on the protocol of Bosco, by means of which we evaluated the muscular power through vertical jumps (SJ, CMJ, DJ) realized in a platform of contact. The subjects were divided into three different groups: a control group (G1), an experimental group performing an eccentric work of knee flexors (G2) and an experimental group performing a concentric work on knee extensors (G3). Results. Significant differences were obtained in favor of G3 with respect to G1 in all variables except in power in the three types of jump and in contact time and stiffness in DJ (p≤0.05). It was also revealed that there was no significant difference between G3 and G2; However, all values obtained by G3 were higher than in G2, except in the power produced in DJ that was slightly higher in this group (p> 0.05). Disscusion. Significant differences were achieved in favor of G3, so we can deduce that a prejumping, concentric work on the knee extensor muscle produces significant improvements in the anaerobic power of the lower train. However, G2 also revealed some positive differences with respect to the control group. Conclusions. It follows that the performance of an eccentric exercise that is not of the knee extensors causes an activation of the central nervous system, producing an over-activation and greater recruitment of motor neurons in the lower train, causing an improvement in the anaerobic power of the lower train

El aprendizaje cooperativo resulta ser un estilo de aprendizaje muy potente para consecución de los objetivos del alumno en consecuencia con el desarrollo de las competencias y resultados de aprendizaje. En educación física, la literatura ha mostrado un valor exitoso en los grupos de trabajo que previamente diseñados gozan de un crecimiento autónomo dentro de un equipo para alcanzar dichas competencias y, sobre todo, facilitar el desarrollo integral del alumnado. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue averiguar la percepción del futuro profesorado en Educación Primaria especialista en Educación Física sobre el planteamiento y aplicación del aprendizaje cooperativo en las clases de Educación Física. Para ello, el Cuestionario Análisis del Trabajo Cooperativo en la Educación Superior fue utilizado. Según nuestros resultados, un alto porcentaje de los futuros profesores en Educación Física no tienen claro la configuración de los grupos de trabajo, ni el nivel de los mismos, ni tampoco existe consenso sobre la necesidad de incluir la autoevaluación en los procesos de desarrollo habitual de las clases de Educación Física., Cooperative learning proves to be a very powerful learning style to achieve the student's goals in consequence with the development of competences and learning outcomes. In physical education, literature has shown a successful value in previously designed work groups enjoy autonomous growth within a team to achieve these competencies and, above all, to facilitate the integral development of students. The main objective of the present study was to ascertain the perception of future teachers in Primary Education specialist in Physical Education on the approach and application of cooperative learning in Physical Education classes. For this, the Questionnaire Analysis of Cooperative Work in Higher Education was used. According to our results, a high percentage of future teachers in Physical Education are not clear about the configuration of the working groups, nor the level of them, nor is there a consensus about the need to include self-evaluation in the usual development processes of Physical Education classes.

El aprendizaje cooperativo resulta ser un estilo de aprendizaje muy potente para consecución de los objetivos del alumno en consecuencia con el desarrollo de las competencias y resultados de aprendizaje. En educación física, la literatura ha mostrado un valor exitoso en los grupos de trabajo que previamente diseñados gozan de un crecimiento autónomo dentro de un equipo para alcanzar dichas competencias y, sobre todo, facilitar el desarrollo integral del alumnado. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue averiguar la percepción del futuro profesorado en Educación Primaria especialista en Educación Física sobre el planteamiento y aplicación del aprendizaje cooperativo en las clases de Educación Física. Para ello, el Cuestionario Análisis del Trabajo Cooperativo en la Educación Superior fue utilizado. Según nuestros resultados, un alto porcentaje de los futuros profesores en Educación Física no tienen claro la configuración de los grupos de trabajo, ni el nivel de los mismos, ni tampoco existe consenso sobre la necesidad de incluir la autoevaluación en los procesos de desarrollo habitual de las clases de Educación Física., Cooperative learning proves to be a very powerful learning style to achieve the student's goals in consequence with the development of competences and learning outcomes. In physical education, literature has shown a successful value in previously designed work groups enjoy autonomous growth within a team to achieve these competencies and, above all, to facilitate the integral development of students. The main objective of the present study was to ascertain the perception of future teachers in Primary Education specialist in Physical Education on the approach and application of cooperative learning in Physical Education classes. For this, the Questionnaire Analysis of Cooperative Work in Higher Education was used. According to our results, a high percentage of future teachers in Physical Education are not clear about the configuration of the working groups, nor the level of them, nor is there a consensus about the need to include self-evaluation in the usual development processes of Physical Education classes.

El número de empresarios relacionados con la actividad física y el deporte está aumentando. Conocer las tendencias del mercado puede ayudar descubrir o crear oportunidades para emprender, dirigir o ampliar negocios en cualquier entorno empresarial. El presente estudio pretende analizar y comparar las diferentes TRAFD estudiadas anualmente y desde hace 11años por la universidad Americana de Medicina deportiva, para orientar e informar de las posibles vías a la hora de emprender en la actividad física y el deporte.Para ellose ha realizado un análisis individual y colectivo de los resultados obtenidos en las 11 encuestas que desde 2006 lleva a cabo el ACSM en todo el mundo. Los resultados de estos estudios anuales pueden ayudar a profesionales, empresas vinculadas con la actividad física y el deporte a tomar algunas decisiones en cuanto a formación, inversión, investigación o emprendimiento, lo que supone un importante factor para el crecimiento y desarrollo futuro. Conocer las TRAFD, su evolución y cómo han repercutido puede resultar muy útil para establecer posibles escenarios de emprendimiento en la actividad física y el deporte.

El número de empresarios relacionados con la actividad física y el deporte está aumentando. Conocer las tendencias del mercado puede ayudar descubrir o crear oportunidades para emprender, dirigir o ampliar negocios en cualquier entorno empresarial. El presente estudio pretende analizar y comparar las diferentes TRAFD estudiadas anualmente y desde hace 11años por la universidad Americana de Medicina deportiva, para orientar e informar de las posibles vías a la hora de emprender en la actividad física y el deporte.Para ellose ha realizado un análisis individual y colectivo de los resultados obtenidos en las 11 encuestas que desde 2006 lleva a cabo el ACSM en todo el mundo. Los resultados de estos estudios anuales pueden ayudar a profesionales, empresas vinculadas con la actividad física y el deporte a tomar algunas decisiones en cuanto a formación, inversión, investigación o emprendimiento, lo que supone un importante factor para el crecimiento y desarrollo futuro. Conocer las TRAFD, su evolución y cómo han repercutido puede resultar muy útil para establecer posibles escenarios de emprendimiento en la actividad física y el deporte.

El número de empresarios relacionados con la actividad física y el deporte está aumentando. Conocer las tendencias del mercado puede ayudar descubrir o crear oportunidades para emprender, dirigir o ampliar negocios en cualquier entorno empresarial. El presente estudio pretende analizar y comparar las diferentes TRAFD estudiadas anualmente y desde hace 11años por la universidad Americana de Medicina deportiva, para orientar e informar de las posibles vías a la hora de emprender en la actividad física y el deporte.Para ellose ha realizado un análisis individual y colectivo de los resultados obtenidos en las 11 encuestas que desde 2006 lleva a cabo el ACSM en todo el mundo. Los resultados de estos estudios anuales pueden ayudar a profesionales, empresas vinculadas con la actividad física y el deporte a tomar algunas decisiones en cuanto a formación, inversión, investigación o emprendimiento, lo que supone un importante factor para el crecimiento y desarrollo futuro. Conocer las TRAFD, su evolución y cómo han repercutido puede resultar muy útil para establecer posibles escenarios de emprendimiento en la actividad física y el deporte.

Objetivo. Comparar las respuestas producidas tras un entrenamiento concéntrico y excéntrico de los miembros inferiores (MMII) en la potencia anaeróbica de tren inferior medida mediante la realización de saltos verticales. Método. La metodología usada ha sido basada en el protocolo de Bosco, mediante el cual evaluamos la potencia muscular a través de saltos verticales (SJ, CMJ, DJ) realizados en una plataforma de contacto. Los sujetos fueron divididos en tres grupos diferentes: un grupo control (G1), un grupo experimental que realizaba un trabajo excéntrico de flexores de rodilla (G2) y un grupo experimental que realizaba un trabajo concéntrico de extensores de rodilla (G3). Resultados. Se obtuvo diferencias significativas a favor de G3 respecto a G1 en todas las variables exceptuando en potencia en los tres tipos de salto y en tiempo de contacto y rigidez en DJ (p≤0.05). También se desveló que no hubo ninguna diferencia significativa entre G3 y G2; no obstante todos los valores obtenidos por G3 fueron mayores que en G2, exceptuando en la potencia producida en DJ que fue levemente superior en este grupo (p>0.05). Discusión. Se alcanzaron diferencias significativas a favor de G3, por lo que podemos deducir que un trabajo concéntrico, previo a los saltos, de la musculatura extensora de rodilla produce mejoras significativas en la potencia anaeróbica de tren inferior. Sin embargo, G2 también reveló algunas diferencias positivas respecto al grupo control. Conclusión. Se deduce que la realización de un ejercicio excéntrico que no es de los extensores de rodilla provoca una activación del sistema nervioso central, produciendo una sobre-activación y mayor reclutamiento de motoneuronas en el tren inferior, provocando una mejora en la potencia anaeróbica del tren inferior., Objetives. To compare the responses produced after concentric and eccentric training of the lower limbs in the anaerobic power of the lower train measured by performing vertical jumps. Methods. The methodology used was based on the protocol of Bosco, by means of which we evaluated the muscular power through vertical jumps (SJ, CMJ, DJ) realized in a platform of contact. The subjects were divided into three different groups: a control group (G1), an experimental group performing an eccentric work of knee flexors (G2) and an experimental group performing a concentric work on knee extensors (G3). Results. Significant differences were obtained in favor of G3 with respect to G1 in all variables except in power in the three types of jump and in contact time and stiffness in DJ (p≤0.05). It was also revealed that there was no significant difference between G3 and G2; However, all values obtained by G3 were higher than in G2, except in the power produced in DJ that was slightly higher in this group (p> 0.05). Disscusion. Significant differences were achieved in favor of G3, so we can deduce that a prejumping, concentric work on the knee extensor muscle produces significant improvements in the anaerobic power of the lower train. However, G2 also revealed some positive differences with respect to the control group. Conclusions. It follows that the performance of an eccentric exercise that is not of the knee extensors causes an activation of the central nervous system, producing an over-activation and greater recruitment of motor neurons in the lower train, causing an improvement in the anaerobic power of the lower train

El aprendizaje cooperativo resulta ser un estilo de aprendizaje muy potente para consecución de los objetivos del alumno en consecuencia con el desarrollo de las competencias y resultados de aprendizaje. En educación física, la literatura ha mostrado un valor exitoso en los grupos de trabajo que previamente diseñados gozan de un crecimiento autónomo dentro de un equipo para alcanzar dichas competencias y, sobre todo, facilitar el desarrollo integral del alumnado. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue averiguar la percepción del futuro profesorado en Educación Primaria especialista en Educación Física sobre el planteamiento y aplicación del aprendizaje cooperativo en las clases de Educación Física. Para ello, el Cuestionario Análisis del Trabajo Cooperativo en la Educación Superior fue utilizado. Según nuestros resultados, un alto porcentaje de los futuros profesores en Educación Física no tienen claro la configuración de los grupos de trabajo, ni el nivel de los mismos, ni tampoco existe consenso sobre la necesidad de incluir la autoevaluación en los procesos de desarrollo habitual de las clases de Educación Física., Cooperative learning proves to be a very powerful learning style to achieve the student's goals in consequence with the development of competences and learning outcomes. In physical education, literature has shown a successful value in previously designed work groups enjoy autonomous growth within a team to achieve these competencies and, above all, to facilitate the integral development of students. The main objective of the present study was to ascertain the perception of future teachers in Primary Education specialist in Physical Education on the approach and application of cooperative learning in Physical Education classes. For this, the Questionnaire Analysis of Cooperative Work in Higher Education was used. According to our results, a high percentage of future teachers in Physical Education are not clear about the configuration of the working groups, nor the level of them, nor is there a consensus about the need to include self-evaluation in the usual development processes of Physical Education classes.

El análisis de la condición física y de sus componentes relacionados con la salud en la población en general parece hacerse necesario en la sociedad actual. Durante la adolescencia, este hecho puede resultar clave debido a los múltiples cambios que multifactoriales que se sufre en esta edad. Además, parece indicarse que el sueño evaluado mediante la cantidad y calidad puede ser un factor determinante en la salud de las personas. El objetivo fue evaluar los componentes de la condición física saludable y la calidad del sueño en adolescentes. La calidad del sueño de los sujetos analizados, como elemento de importancia dentro de los parámetros de vida saludable, muestra concordancia con la salud. Los resultados determinaron que un 5% percibe su calidad del sueño como muy mala, lo que indica que los sujetos analizados disfrutan de una buena calidad del sueño y una alta eficiencia del mismo. Calidad que no se ve inducida en la mayoría de los casos, por la ingesta de medicación para ayudar a conciliar el sueño ni afectada por perturbaciones de cualquier tipo, The analysis of physical fitness and its components related to health in the general population seems to be necessary in today's society. During adolescence, this may be key because of the many changes that suffers multifactorial at this age. Furthermore, it seems to indicate that sleep assessed by the quantity and quality can be a determining factor in the health of people. The aim was to evaluate the components of healthy physical and sleep quality in adolescents. Sleep quality of subjects analyzed, as important element within the parameters of healthy life, according to health shows. The results determined that 5% perceive their sleep quality as very bad, indicating that the subjects analyzed enjoy a good quality of sleep and high efficiency. Quality is not induced in most cases, by ingesting medication to help sleep or affected by disturbances of any kind

El análisis de la condición física y de sus componentes relacionados con la salud en la población en general parece hacerse necesario en la sociedad actual. Durante la adolescencia, este hecho puede resultar clave debido a los múltiples cambios que multifactoriales que se sufre en esta edad. Además, parece indicarse que el sueño evaluado mediante la cantidad y calidad puede ser un factor determinante en la salud de las personas. El objetivo fue evaluar los componentes de la condición física saludable y la calidad del sueño en adolescentes. La calidad del sueño de los sujetos analizados, como elemento de importancia dentro de los parámetros de vida saludable, muestra concordancia con la salud. Los resultados determinaron que un 5% percibe su calidad del sueño como muy mala, lo que indica que los sujetos analizados disfrutan de una buena calidad del sueño y una alta eficiencia del mismo. Calidad que no se ve inducida en la mayoría de los casos, por la ingesta de medicación para ayudar a conciliar el sueño ni afectada por perturbaciones de cualquier tipo, The analysis of physical fitness and its components related to health in the general population seems to be necessary in today's society. During adolescence, this may be key because of the many changes that suffers multifactorial at this age. Furthermore, it seems to indicate that sleep assessed by the quantity and quality can be a determining factor in the health of people. The aim was to evaluate the components of healthy physical and sleep quality in adolescents. Sleep quality of subjects analyzed, as important element within the parameters of healthy life, according to health shows. The results determined that 5% perceive their sleep quality as very bad, indicating that the subjects analyzed enjoy a good quality of sleep and high efficiency. Quality is not induced in most cases, by ingesting medication to help sleep or affected by disturbances of any kind