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This article presents financial access as an effective strategy for the generational replacement of the rural peasant population. Based on a mixed-imbricated methodology, given that, from the development of a qualitative research, interviews are conducted in the community that are supported by quantitative data to determine the influence of financial access in the generational relay. Generational succession within the field labor sector in the municipality of Machetá in Colombia has been diminished, as the generations set to inherit these positions do not view this legacy favorably. The diversity of options emerging in today's urbanization market appears to be a landscape that, with access to education, seems to promote a world beyond the opportunities offered by rural life. Through opportunities facilitated by financing, young individuals would have the alternative of developing their agricultural heritage as a positive investment in a new work model, one that is not unfamiliar to them. This option opens up a wide field to explore, providing these young individuals with the chance for financing and the dignified utilization of their potential. This is where financial access in the rural population analyzes the current situation of the rural youth and identifies the determining factors to promote generational replacement as a strategy for maintaining rurality. The results obtained show the areas that need to be consolidated in order to guarantee generational replacement in the community of Machetá. These results obtained from the application of the instrument confirm that being able to count on financial services dynamizes the rural sector and focuses the young people to focus on the work of their inheritance, feeling supported and making the countryside a viable option to develop themselves professionally, strengthening their life project within the Municipality of Machetá, Cundinamarca, accepting the legacy of their parents., Este articulo presenta al acceso financiero como una estrategia efectiva para el relevo generacional de la población rural campesina a partir de una metodología mixta-imbricada, dado que, desde el desarrollo de una investigación cualitativa, se realizan entrevistas en la comunidad que se apoyan en datos cuantitativos para determinar la influencia del acceso financiero en el relevo generacional. Este relevo generacional en el gremio del trabajo de campo en el municipio de Machetá Colombia, se ha visto mermado pues, las generaciones que han de heredar dichos cargos no ven con buenos ojos esta herencia. Será la diversidad de opciones que se vislumbran en el mercado de la urbanización actual, un panorama que, con el acceso a la educación, parece promover un mundo fuera de las oportunidades que les ofrece el campo. Con las oportunidades devenidas del financiamiento, los jóvenes tendrían la alternativa del desarrollo de su herencia campesina como una inversión positiva a un nuevo modelo de trabajo en un giro que no les es desconocido. Esta opción abre un campo libre de explorar para brindar la oportunidad a estos jóvenes al financiamiento y el aprovechamiento digno de sus posibilidades y es allí donde el acceso financiero en la población campesina analiza la situación actual del joven rural identificando los factores determinantes para promover el relevo generacional como estrategia para el mantenimiento de la ruralidad. Los resultados obtenidos dan cuenta de los ámbitos que se deben fortalecer para poder garantizar el relevo generacional en la comunidad de Machetá. Dichos resultados obtenidos de la aplicación del instrumento confirman que poder contar con servicios financieros dinamiza el sector rural y enfoca al joven para direccionarse a las labores propias de su herencia, sintiéndose apoyado y haciendo del campo una opción viable para desarrollarse laboralmente fortaleciendo su proyecto de vida dentro del Municipio de Machetá, Cundinamarca, aceptando el legado de sus

The integration of mobile technology in agriculture has emerged as a significant innovation, especially in enhancing the accessibility and dissemination of agricultural information. This study investigates the use of mobile phones among sweet potato farmers in the Ranomeeto Subdistrict of Southeast Sulawesi, with a particular focus on the extent of mobile phone usage and the specific agricultural activities for which mobile phones are utilized. A survey methodology was employed, involving structured interviews with 20 sweet potato farmers. Responses to question used 5-point Likert scale which was the base for data analysis. The results indicate a high ownership rate of mobile phones among farmers, but the frequency of using mobile phones for various agricultural activities varied. Communication with buyers was the most frequent activity, whereas accessing weather and market information was less common. Farmers occasionally used mobile phones to communicate with extension officers and access agricultural information via the internet and social media. Several factors contribute to mobile phone adoption, including the presence of a communication network and an increased awareness of mobile technology benefits. While mobile phones are a valuable tool for sweet potato farmers, their full potential is not yet realized. Recommendations include enhancing extension services for sweet potatoes, improving digital literacy, and addressing network infrastructure issues to ensure consistent connectivity.

In this thesis I aim to determine the importance of extreme weather experience in Swedish farmers crop mix decisions. In this way, I add to the evolving field of climate change impacts on farmer livelihoods with a specific focus on perception of risk and locational vulnerabilities. I develop a simplified measure for locationally specific vulnerabilities and position these against the actual crop mixes that Swedish farmers have chosen, to test the influence of extreme rainfall exposure on decision making. My data builds off the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) Database of farm and crop extents for 99% of Swedish agricultural land between 2015 and 2023, and climate data from a large-scale meteorological assessment across Europe. I also account for environmental characteristics that may affect vulnerability and the perception of risk via soil characteristics. I use these data to map functional diversity changes at the farm level over the period, and also for estimating mixed models with two way interaction terms. Based on an adapted Protection Motivation Theory (Rogers, 1975), I expect that farms that are more exposed to an increased frequency of extreme weather events (rainfall over the 95th and 99th percentile) year on year, would diversify their crop mix as a risk mitigation practice. However, I find that on average, previous exposure to extreme weather has essentially no effect on the level of diversity a farmer chooses to pursue. When decomposing these findings into different farmer types and environmental conditions there is a moderate level of heterogeneity such that farmers that are more able to take adaptive measures, do. Also, farmers that have planted more diverse farms in the past tend to continue doing so. While those that trend toward less diverse crop mixes tend to respond to exposure by further specializing their crop mixes. These findings suggest that there is a weak underlying preference for higher levels of diversity among Swedish farmers, ho

The lethally maltreated body of Vittrup Man was deposited in a Danish bog, probably as part of a ritualised sacrifice. It happened between c. 3300 and 3100 cal years BC, i.e., during the period of the local farming-based Funnel Beaker Culture. In terms of skull morphological features, he differs from the majority of the contemporaneous farmers found in Denmark, and associates with hunter-gatherers, who inhabited Scandinavia during the previous millennia. His skeletal remains were selected for transdisciplinary analysis to reveal his life-history in terms of a population historical perspective. We report the combined results of an integrated set of genetic, isotopic, physical anthropological and archaeological analytical approaches. Strontium signature suggests a foreign birthplace that could be in Norway or Sweden. In addition, enamel oxygen isotope values indicate that as a child he lived in a colder climate, i.e., to the north of the regions inhabited by farmers. Genomic data in fact demonstrates that he is closely related to Mesolithic humans known from Norway and Sweden. Moreover, dietary stable isotope analyses on enamel and bone collagen demonstrate a fisher-hunter way of life in his childhood and a diet typical of farmers later on. Such a variable life-history is also reflected by proteomic analysis of hardened organic deposits on his teeth, indicating the consumption of forager food (seal, whale and marine fish) as well as farmer food (sheep/goat). From a dietary isotopic transect of one of his teeth it is shown that his transfer between societies of foragers and farmers took place near to the end of his teenage years.

In the UK, fungicides represent 38% of the pesticides applied to crops. The main treatment on seeds rely on azole-based fungicides. Azoles are also the principal compound of treatments for people with fungal infections, such as aspergillosis, where there are reports of antifungal resistance. Reducing fungicides and alternative agriculture such as organic, agroecological, regenerative have the potential to address antifungal resistance. 50% of all organic producers in England are situated in SWE, this research qualitative examined the barriers and opportunities for transitioning to alternative agriculture, as experienced by farmers in this region. The study explored antifungal awareness and identified practices to reduce or avoid the use of fungicides. Qualitative research methods, such as walking interviews, graphic elicitation, and timeline mapping, were conducted with 12 farmers and 3 agronomists across SWE, including alternative and conventional. The study identified five key barriers: traditions and identities, economic constraints, knowledge gaps, agro-environmental regulations, and highlighted the complex role of agronomists as both barrier and enablers to transition. Drivers of the agricultural transition include: health and environmental awareness from the use of agrochemicals, individual values, personality, economy and land generational succession and lastly social motivations and legacy aim. Soil health restoration, plant health enhancement, and nitrogen management resulted as the most important of the transition to alternative agriculture. Finally, practices with the potential to avoid and reduce fungicides included cultural practices such as soil health and sheep grazing, reduction of specific agrochemicals like nitrogen, technological alternatives, and the use of alternative products. This study raised awareness that in addressing antifungal resistance, farmers and agronomists behaviours and their relationships are a crucial part of the process. Also c

In research-policy debates on food and agriculture in Africa, the phenomenon of farmer-led irrigation development is now receiving wide attention. This can be seen as the adoption of the ‘farmer lens’ in research on the use and management of common pool land and water resources for irrigation. While it emancipates a farmer’s perspective in irrigation, we also observe that the farmer lens obscures attention for inequities and gender and social diversity in debates on African smallholder farming. Therefore, we reflect in this paper ex-post on survey data and field observations from two of our finalized research projects in Mozambique on farmer-led irrigation development, and we scrutinize the assumptions that we made in the design of these projects. Based on our reflections, we come to the conclusion that an emphasis on farmers’ agency in general indeed has the effect of a gender blinder, because it invokes an image of the ‘African farmer’ that is one-dimensional – agential but gender-less – and we suggest that a stronger focus in research on (irrigated) plot use, virilocality and flows of mobility could produce more accurate representations of inequities and gender and social diversity in irrigation. Such data, in turn, can critically inform the design of more grounded, human-oriented irrigation policies in Africa.

This article reviews the agrarian policy reform of the Chilean military dictatorship (1973-1990). It argues that it configured a comprehensive and systematic program to damage farmers using “accumulation by land dispossession” mechanisms. Based on the bibliographic review and analysis, an interpretation of farmer dispossession is proposed based on neoliberalism’s creative destruction cycle. It suggests that the Chilean State neglected its commitments during the agrarian reform. The consequences of orthodox neoliberal measures on agriculture and repression against farmer organizations constitute a destructive and disciplinary blow to farmers. Since the end of the seventies, the implementation of authoritarian policies promoted the liberalization of agricultural land, water resources, and the labor market, allowing the legal institutional foundations for launching a new agro export model to be laid., El artículo realiza un balance de la política agraria de la dictadura cívico-militar chilena (1973-1990), sosteniendo que configuró un programa integral y sistemático de perjuicio al campesinado por medio de mecanismos de “acumulación por desposesión”. A partir de la revisión y el análisis bibliográfico, se propone una interpretación de la desposesión campesina en torno al ciclo de destrucción creativa del neoliberalismo, planteando que la represión contra las organizaciones campesinas, el abandono los compromisos que el Estado había asumido en el proceso de reforma agraria y las consecuencias de las medidas neoliberales ortodoxas sobre la agricultura, constituyen un shock destructivo y disciplinar que hace posible, desde fines de los setenta, la implementación autoritaria de políticas que promueven la liberalización de los mercados de tierra, agua y trabajo en el agro, permitiendo sentar las bases jurídico-institucionales para el despegue de un nuevo modelo agroexportador.

In 2019, there were 147 cases of agricultural pesticide poisoning in Indonesia. Preventing pesticide poisoning requires a high knowledge of personal protective equipment (PPE) and extensive work experience among farmers. This helps farmers become more skilled and aware of the risks, making them more careful and compliant with PPE usage. This study aims to determine the relationship between knowledge and years of service with compliance in using PPE when spraying pesticides. The research is analytical and observational with a cross-sectional design. Respondents were 57 farmers from Triyagan Village, all members of farmer groups. Total sampling was used to select participants. The research instruments included a questionnaire to assess farmers' knowledge and years of service and an observation sheet to evaluate PPE compliance. Data were analyzed using the gamma test and logistic regression. Bivariate analysis with the gamma test revealed a significant relationship between knowledge and years of service with PPE compliance among farmers in Triyagan Village (p = 0.033; r = 0.525; p = 0.037; r = 0.402). Multivariate analysis with logistic regression further confirmed the significant relationship, indicating that knowledge had a greater influence on PPE compliance than years of service (p = 0.033; OR = 3.319; p = 0.037; OR = 1.708). In conclusion, knowledge and tenure are significantly related to PPE compliance among farmers in Triyagan Village. Enhanced knowledge appears to be the critical factor in properly using PPE when spraying pesticides., In 2019, there were 147 cases of agricultural pesticide poisoning in Indonesia. Preventing pesticide poisoning requires a high knowledge of personal protective equipment (PPE) and extensive work experience among farmers. This helps farmers become more skilled and aware of the risks, making them more careful and compliant with PPE usage. This study aims to determine the relationship between knowledge and years of service with compliance in using PPE when spraying pesticides. The research is analytical and observational with a cross-sectional design. Respondents were 57 farmers from Triyagan Village, all members of farmer groups. Total sampling was used to select participants. The research instruments included a questionnaire to assess farmers' knowledge and years of service and an observation sheet to evaluate PPE compliance. Data were analyzed using the gamma test and logistic regression. Bivariate analysis with the gamma test revealed a significant relationship between knowledge and years of service with PPE compliance among farmers in Triyagan Village (p = 0.033; r = 0.525; p = 0.037; r = 0.402). Multivariate analysis with logistic regression further confirmed the significant relationship, indicating that knowledge had a greater influence on PPE compliance than years of service (p = 0.033; OR = 3.319; p = 0.037; OR = 1.708). In conclusion, knowledge and tenure are significantly related to PPE compliance among farmers in Triyagan Village. Enhanced knowledge appears to be the critical factor in properly using PPE when spraying pesticides.

Little consumer knowledge about agriculture and livestock production as well as mounting concerns about the consequences of modern animal husbandry are pivotal aspects of the growing gap between famers and society. Literature shows that trust can play an important role in situations characterized by limited knowledge. In this paper a salient value similarity approach to social trust is adopted where social trust is placed on people that are perceived to hold similar goals. Determinants of social trust in farmers are examined and the influence of messages about livestock production is analyzed. The study is based on data from an online survey among 1,600 German participants containing an information treatment. Results confirm literature in that positive information increases, while negative information decreases social trust. We show that salient value similarity between consumers and farmers has a high positive influence on social trust in farmers, and moderates the effects of the perceived sender of the message.

Floating solar power plants are emerging as an innovative solution for farmers with limited land and water resources. This study explores the feasibility of an on-grid floating solar power plant for farmers, which offers a sustainable and cost- effective source of energy while preserving land area and improving water quality. The study demonstrates that the on-grid floating solar power plant is technically feasible, economically viable, and environmentally beneficial, and has the potential to improve the livelihoods of farmers and contribute to the sustainable development of rural areas.

En este ensayo se examina la organización del campesinado como forma histórica de control de este sector de la población. Dividimos el periodo, que va del porfiriato a la época contemporánea, en tres grandes momentos que corresponden a tres paradigmas del proceso de civilización. Encontramos que desde el último cuarto del siglo xix hasta el cardenismo predominó el lema de la liberación del labrador. Enseguida apareció la organización social y política del ejidatario como hilo conductor de las políticas públicas, para pos-teriormente, en los ochenta, transformarse en la emancipación del trabajador rural y su inserción plena en la economía de libre mercado., This essay examines the organization of the peasantry as a historical form of control of this sector of the population. We divide the period, that goes from the porfiriato to the contemporary time, in three great moments that correspond to three paradigms of the process of civilization. We find that from the last quarter of the nineteenth century until cardenism the slogan of the labrador’s liberation prevailed. Then came the social and political organiza-tion of the ejidatario as a guideline of public policies, to become in the eighties the emancipation of the rural worker and his full insertion in the free market economy.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a severe threat to public and environmental health. The agricultural sector contributes significantly to resistance, where antimicrobials are used as prophylaxis, growth promoters, and for treatment. A series of studies have been conducted to assess farmers' knowledge and attitude levels with varying results, particularly in Asia, one of the world's largest producers of livestock products. Purpose: To review the pooled estimated level of knowledge and attitude towards antimicrobial use and resistance in Asia. Methods: A literature search was conducted according to PRISMA in Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase for studies up to 30 April 2023. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cross-sectional studies. Outcomes were further categorized into constructs under knowledge and attitude. Random-effect meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 17. Results: 11 studies and 2131 subjects were included with fair to excellent quality. From the meta-analysis, the following knowledge and attitude levels were estimated: definition [55.7% (95%CI: 37.3%-74%)] and cause [60.6% (95%CI: 40.5%-80.6%)] of antimicrobial resistance; the negative impact of antimicrobials [62.6% (95%CI: 16.9%-100.0%)]; use of antimicrobials for treatment [47.8% (95%CI: 6.1%-89. 4%)], prophylaxis [58.5% (95%CI: 28.5%-88.5%)], growth promoter [39% (95%CI: 23.1%-54.9%)]; discontinuation of antimicrobials upon improving conditions [42.5% (95%CI: 15.4%-69.5%)]. Conclusions: Farmers in Asia have moderate knowledge of antimicrobial resistance but still exhibit attitudes that support resistance.

This work explores the fictional depiction of the farm worker, in Vidas secas, by Brazilian novelist Graciliano Ramos, in dialogue with a contemporary labor reality in rural areas, based on a series of conventional sources of labor law in Brazil. As for the procedures applied, this is a theoretical and interdisciplinary research with a predominantly qualitative character, and a primarily bibliographic nature. By means of a concatenation of the data obtained in both fields of knowledge/culture – law and literature –, theoretical, analytical and critical arguments were made. An attempt was made to raise reflections on the facts presented in the literary work and their resemblance with the current Brazilian reality mainly concerning slave labor and employer-employee deals., O trabalho explora a realidade ficcional do trabalhador sertanejo, em Vidas secas, de Graciliano Ramos, em diálogo com a realidade laboral contemporânea no meio rural, a partir de fontes doutrinárias do ramo do direito do trabalho. Quanto aos procedimentos aplicados, trata-se de uma pesquisa teórica e interdisciplinar com caráter majoritariamente qualitativo. O trabalho é prioritariamente bibliográfico. Por meio de uma concatenação dos dados obtidos nas áreas de conhecimento/cultura, imergiu-se teórica, crítica e analiticamente no Direito e na Literatura. Buscou-se despertar a reflexão quanto aos fatos representados na obra literária e suas semelhanças com a realidade contemporânea, principalmente em relação ao trabalho escravo e as negociações entre patrão e empregado., El trabajo explora la realidad ficcional del trabajador sertanejo, en Vidas secas, de Graciliano Ramos, en diálogo con la realidad laboral contemporánea en el medio rural, a partir de fuentes doctrinarias del ramo del derecho del trabajo. En cuanto a los procedimientos aplicados, se trata de una investigación teórica e interdisciplinaria con carácter mayoritariamente cualitativo. El trabajo es principalmente bibliográfico. Por medio de una concatenación de los datos obtenidos en las áreas de conocimiento/cultura, se sumergió teórica, crítica y analíticamente en el Derecho y en la Literatura. Se buscó despertar la reflexión sobre los hechos representados en la obra literaria y sus similitudes con la realidad contemporánea, principalmente en relación al trabajo esclavo y las negociaciones entre patrón y empleado.

Milk consumption has traditionally been recognized as a fundamental element of global dietary patterns due to its perceived nutritional advantages. Nonetheless, a substantial decrease in milk consumption has been identified within diverse populations in recent times. Specifically, consumers’ expectations and representations of milk quality have undergone notable transformations, contributing to the observed reduction in consumption. The objective of this systematic review was to conduct a comprehensive examination and categorization of the conceptual attributes associated with milk quality, considering the representations of citizen-consumers, farmers, and processing experts. This review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The titles and abstracts of 409 articles were screened, and 20 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. The results demonstrate the existence of a dual articulation in the conceptual definition of milk quality. Farmers and processing experts exhibited a relatively similar representation of milk quality, focusing on technical indicators. In contrast, citizen-consumers held more simplistic and subjective concepts that are challenging to quantify. This study emphasized the critical need for establishing a platform for communication and knowledge exchange to foster shared representations and expectations regarding milk quality.

Farmers’ decisions to adopt new technology or measures for agricultural production processes are crucial for adapting to climate change. Meanwhile, risk preference has received great attention over the years in agriculture-related studies as it has been identified as a strong driver for agricultural production decisions. However, empirical studies on the relationship between farmers' risk preferences and adaptation choices in response to climate change remain scant. The present study, utilizing data from a farmer survey in Denmark, aims to examine farmer risk attitude and determine to what extent it influences crop choice decisions, such as crop changes, as an important part of farm level adaptation strategies. Applying a logit regression method, our study finds that: (1) the majority of farmers in the survey were identified as risk tolerant; (2) several demographic and socio-economic factors, such as work experience and farmland tenure were significantly related with farmer risk preference; (3) actual adoption of the majority of farm level adaptation strategies through crop changes and management was found to be significantly less likely for risk averse farmers compared to risk tolerant farmers. Therefore, policy development to promote successful adaptation measures in the agricultural sector should take into account farmers' risk preferences. To this end, risk averse farmers may need better targeting strategies. Future studies could further investigate the role of farmers' risk preferences on the adoption of a wider range of climate change adaptation and mitigation measures and technologies.

Currently, due to water scarcity, the use of treated wastewater is being promoted, however, it warns about the risks of its use in agriculture without prior treatment. In Mexico, the Mezquital Valley region, Hidalgo has more than a century dedicated to agriculture with a wastewater irrigation system. The objective of this article was to know the environmental perception of the farmer of the Mezquital Valley regarding the use of wastewater and environment care. Twenty-five interview were carried out in nine municipalities of the region, which were analyzed with the axial coding method and the use of the Atlas.ti software. It was concluded that most farmers do not associate their agricultural activity with environmental damage., En la actualidad, derivado de la escasez hídrica se está promoviendo el uso del agua residual tratada, sin embargo, se alerta sobre riesgos de su uso en la agricultura sin tratamiento previo. En México, la región del Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo tiene más de un siglo dedicado a la agricultura con un sistema de riego de aguas residuales. El objetivo de este artículo fue conocer la percepción ambiental de los productores agrícolas del Valle del Mezquital para conocer su perspectiva del uso del agua residual y el cuidado al ambiente. Se realizaron 25 entrevistas en nueve municipios de la región, las cuales se analizaron con el método de codificación axial y el uso del software Atlas.ti. Se concluye que la mayoría de los agricultores no relacionan su actividad agrícola con el deterioro ambiental., Actuellement, en raison de la pénurie d'eau, l'utilisation des eaux usées traitées est promue. Cependant, des risques liés à leur utilisation en agriculture sans traitement préalable sont signalés. Au Mexique, dans la région de la Vallée du Mezquital, Hidalgo, l'agriculture est pratiquée depuis plus d'un siècle en utilisant un système d'irrigation avec des eaux usées. L'objectif de cet article était de comprendre la perception environnementale des producteurs agricoles de la Vallée du Mezquital afin de connaître leur perspective sur l'utilisation des eaux usées et la préservation de l'environnement. Vingtcinq entretiens ont été réalisés dans neuf municipalités de la région, et ils ont été analysés à l'aide de la méthode de codification axiale et du logiciel Atlas.ti. Il en ressort que la plupart des agriculteurs ne font pas le lien entre leur activité agricole et la dégradation de l'environnement.

Short food supply chains (SFSCs) is a concept that is relatively new in the conditions of the Slovak Republic, but is developing significantly, mainly with the support of EU policies (CAP, RDP). This paper is focused on the evaluation of the performance of the micro and small agricultural enterprises in short supply chains in the Slovak Republic. We focus on the evaluation of selected economic indicators of small agricultural enterprises and micro-enterprises depending on their participation and non-participation, respectively, in SFSC. Next, we demonstrate the linear relationship between the researched primary and secondary data of enterprises operating inside and outside of the SFSC. Analysing the selected data, we state the ability of farmers operating in the SFSC to produce added-value products and improve their social situation. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of associating farmers with SFSCs are demonstrated., Krátké potravinové dodavatelské řetězce (Short Food Supply Chains - SFSC) jsou v podmínkách Slovenské republiky relativně novým konceptem, který se však výrazně rozvíjí, a to především s podporou politik EU (SZP, PRV). Tento příspěvek je zaměřen na hodnocení výkonnosti mikro a malých zemědělských podniků v krátkých dodavatelských řetězcích ve Slovenské republice. Zaměřujeme se na hodnocení vybraných ekonomických ukazatelů malých zemědělských podniků a mikropodniků v závislosti na jejich zapojení, resp. nezapojení do SFSC. Dále demonstrujeme lineární vztah mezi zkoumanými primárními a sekundárními údaji podniků působících uvnitř a vně SFSC. Na základě analýzy vybraných údajů konstatujeme schopnost zemědělců působících v SFSC vyrábět produkty s přidanou hodnotou a zlepšovat svou sociální situaci. Dále jsou prokázány výhody a nevýhody sdružování zemědělců do SFSC.

Agriculture is a state subject under our Indian Constitution, but the central government also takes measures to improve agricultural production and thus farmers' lives. We have seen many cases of farmer suicide as a result of crop failures in a particular year, as well as other problems faced by farmers such as post-harvest losses, crop loss due to changes in rainfall pattern, flood, drought, and so on. The central government always finds a solution to all such problems so that the farming community as a whole can benefit.  Also, the current government has set a target of doubling farmer income by 2022, which they have yet to achieve, and in order to achieve this, they have launched a number of initiatives, the most recent of which is amendments to the Essential Commodities Act, 1955.

This JEE EDITORIAL 33(4) throws light on the privacy and security principles for farmers to protect farming data.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: The term “traditional” is well established in European (human) medicine and even appears in recent European regulations on herbal medicinal products connected to a simplified registration. In contrast, a scientific discussion of a Traditional European Veterinary Herbal Medicine is still lacking in spite of a rising interest, in herbal medicine for animals in particular of veterinarians. There is only limited systematic ethnoveterinary research in Europe, with exception of the Mediterranean region, Switzerland and Austria. We conducted a survey on the ethnoveterinary knowledge of farmers in the pre-alpine and alpine regions of the Swiss cantons of Bern and Lucerne. We compared the findings with earlier studies conducted in Switzerland and with recent and past human and veterinary medicinal literature. Aim of the study: We wanted to know to what extent (dependent to different definition of the term “traditional”) the ethnoveterinary knowledge of Swiss farmers could be considered as “traditional” in a European veterinary medicinal context. Material and methods: Semistructured interviews with 44 dialog partners, mainly smallholder cattle farmers, were conducted in 2014. Detailed information about homemade herbal remedies (plant species, plant part, manufacturing process) and the corresponding use reports (target animal species, category of use, route of administration, dosage, source of knowledge, frequency of use, last time of use and farmers satisfaction) were collected. To compare our data with literature, one German book of veterinary pharmacology published in 1900, one typescript of Swiss lectures in veterinary pharmacology from 1944, four books of veterinary herbal medicine published between 1984 and 2016, and one recent publication comparing current Swiss (human) ethnomedicinal plant knowledge with modern and past literature were analyzed. Results: Information on a total of 315 homemade remedies containing one single plant species

Introduction: Pesticides are chemicals used to eradicate pests such as insects that damage crops and agricultural products. Farmers often do not realize that the benefits of pesticides are important for agriculture but also have dangerous risks. If farmers are constantly exposed to pesticides this can cause neurological diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between exposure to pesticides and neurobehavioral disorders in farmers. Methods: The authors of this study conducted research using a systematic literature review on publications published in the last 5 years on two databases namely Google Scholar and Scopus using the keywords pesticides, neurobehavioral, and farmers. The literature review was conducted based on issues, methodology, similarities and further research proposals. The population was all farmers in Indonesia who work with pesticides on their crops. Results: Three of the four articles found reported that pesticide exposure and duration of action were associated with neurobehavioral events whereas one article did not state any association between these variables. Some neurobehavioral symptoms caused by pesticide exposure are dizziness, difficulty sleeping, and difficulty concentrating. Conclusion: The use of pesticide content must be balanced to minimize the risks caused by exposure. Farmers also have to get enough rest to restore the function of the cholinesterase enzyme in the blood. It can be concluded that exposure to pesticides is associated with neurobehavioral events in farmers.

BACKGROUND: Poorly educated smallholder farmers in low-income countries are highly exposed to pesticides. This can result in adverse mental health issues, of which sleep problems might be an underlying indicator. We aim to examine the association between sleep problems and pesticide exposure among smallholder farmers in Uganda.METHODS: A cross-sectional survey with 253 smallholder farmers was conducted between October and December 2019. Sleep problems were assessed during the week before the visit using the Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOS-SS). Exposure to pesticides was assessed as application days of any pesticide and as use of 2,4-D, glyphosate, mancozeb, organophosphates & carbamates, pyrethroids and other pesticides during the week and year prior to the visit. Associations were assessed using adjusted multivariable logistic regression models.RESULTS: Increased odds ratio (OR) for the sleep problem index 6-items (OR [95% Confidence Interval] 1.99 [1.04; 3.84] and 3.21 [1.33; 7.82]), sleep inadequacy (1.94 [1.04; 3.66] and 2.49 [1.05-6.22]) and snoring (3.17 [1.12; 9.41] and 4.07 [1.04; 15.14]) were observed for farmers who respectively applied pesticides up to two days and three or more days in the past week compared to farmers who did not apply during the past week. Gender-stratified analyses showed a higher OR for female applicators (4.27 [1.76-11.16]) than for male applicators (1.82 [0.91-3.79]) for the association between the sleep problem index 6-items and pesticide use in the week before the visit. Increased ORs were also observed for the association between the sleep problem index 6-item and mancozeb exposure during the past year 2.28 [1.12-4.71] and past week 2.51 [0.86-7.55] and glyphosate exposure during the past week 3.75 [1.24-11.8] compared to non-applicators.DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest an increased risk of sleep problems among smallholder farmers in a pesticide-exposure-dependent way in a low-income context.

The natural resource conflicts happen when there is variation on how natural resources and related ecosystems should be managed, owned, allocated, used, and protected. However, most researches on resource conflicts among different users, could not see the primacy of looking into these conflicts from the angle of their socio-economic and political causes. This paper among other things sought the socio-economic and political triggers of renewable natural resources conflict in Southeastern parts of Nigeria. Data were collected from 300 crop farmers purposively selected from three States - Imo, Abia and Enugu, using structured questionnaire and oral interview. Percentage and mean were used to analyze the collected data. The renewable natural resources considered in the study area were water, crop land, forests, and fishers/marine resources among others. The socio-political drivers of renewable resources conflict includes demand induced scarcity (87.7%), environmental degradation (83.3%), migration of people (91.6%) and unclear rights (85.3%). The study found that to reduce the occurrence of natural resource conflicts, following measures should be in place; reducing vulnerability to resources scarcity (M=3.57), increased availability of scarce resources (M=3.60), discourage/stop degradation (M=2.50), good governance framework (M=3.36) and effective resource sharing agreement (M=3.56) among others. It is recommended to resolve the natural resource conflicts which can be achieved by equal distribution of resources, clear rights to resources and good land governance.

Farmers' poverty has long been of global concern, mainly in poor rather than affluent areas. The goal of this paper is to better understand the range of poverty in the context of regional differentiation and to enrich knowledge on farmers' poverty in affluent areas and areas with good natural conditions. A questionnaire survey of poor farmers in the major grain-producing area of Changchun, Northeast China was conducted. Farmers' poverty was studied from income poverty and multidimensional poverty by intertwining qualitative and quantitative methods. The results indicate that low education levels and poor physical health were most prevalent in poor farmers, followed by income poverty and low living standards. Governmental policies and the macroeconomic situation in the agricultural sector, non-agricultural employment, aging, cultivated land, and family size correlated closely with farmers' poverty. The macro changes in policies and global trade liberalization in the agricultural sector impacted farmers' income through the prices of agricultural products and subsidies and influenced the effect of cultivated land. For poor farmers, the effect of employment opportunities in villages was more significant than in urban areas. Aging remains a challenge for farmers' poverty now and in the future.

This study asks whether innovation in smallholder production reduces or accelerates land expansion. Even though innovation in agriculture has reduced land expansion globally, rebound effects can occur locally and often at the expense of vital ecosystem functions. In contrast to other studies that investigate rebound effects in response to technological innovation, our study focuses on technical efficiency, the remaining component of total factor productivity. We use a short panel dataset from smallholder oil palm farmers in Sumatra, Indonesia, and develop a two-stage approach in which we estimate technical efficiency and determine its land expansion effect. Our findings suggest that technical efficiency and in particular land efficiency are low, indicating that 50% of the currently cultivated land could be spared. However, the land-sparing effect of increasing technical efficiency is at risk of being offset by about half due to a rebound effect. To maximize the conservation potential from increasing smallholder efficiency, policies need to simultaneously incentivize well-functioning land markets and stricter protection measures for land with high ecological value to mitigate local rebound effects.

When conducting research on the application of fertilizers on farm lands, crop rotation, tillage, irrigation regime of plants, agrochemical analysis of soil and plants reveals the qualitative and quantitative changes that occur in them. Shukhrat f / x, Davron f / x, Urin Bobo f / x, Shaxboz f / x, Usmon f / x, Shifobakhsh f / x, Otabek farms operating in the territory of Jizzakh district analysis results were obtained.In the agrochemical analysis of soils obtained from the above farms, the amount of mobile compounds of humus, phosphorus and potassium was determined.In conclusion, the results of the analysis show that the amount of nutrients in the lands of the above-mentioned farms is "very low" and "low". In addition, the supply of humus is "very low" and "low".

This study aims at proposing a business strategy to maintain the agricultural sector in Garut Regency during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Regardless of the fact that all sectors need special strategies to survive during the COVID-19 pandemic, there are still limited studies focusing on entrepreneurship strategies in the agriculture sector. The method used in this research was descriptive-qualitative case study. Observations were made for a period of one year from October 2019 to October 2020 to observe the resilience of the agricultural sector in Garut district, Indonesia. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the agricultural sector of Garut Regency used a closed-loop strategy, namely by establishing cooperation between farmers and the industrial as well as retail sectors. To support this strategy, a supporting strategy that considers internal and external factors in the agricultural sector is needed. This study uses SWOT analysis to determine important aspects. Based on the identified factors, various strategies were obtained to strengthen the economic structure of farmers. As a result, farmers are expected to increase production and welfare as well as can become a momentum for strengthening national food independence. This research can be used as a reference for other researchers in their research and add insight.

As echoed in the European Green Deal and Farm to Fork strategy, the EU agricultural policy has clear objectives of improving the sustainability (environmental, economic and social) of farm productions. The environmental goals are supported by promotion of organic farming and the responsible management of inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides. In this framework, there is a need is to provide farmers with tools to evaluate the best options for reducing environmental impact and measure performances in improving the sustainability of their productions. This paper introduces MIMERA, a GIS easy-to-use tool for the sustainable use of pesticides at farm level. MIMERA was developed in the framework of the Train-Agro project funded by the Lombardia Region (Italy), in the framework of the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Programme (EAFRD). The main goal is to help professional pesticide users to identify the best pest management strategies by comparing the environmental risk of authorized commercial formulations of pesticides, identifying parcel most at risk within the farm boundaries and suggesting the most appropriate risk mitigation measures for the prevention of surface water contamination. Finally, MIMERA offers the opportunity to track the risk trend of the selected pest management strategies utilized during years. The proposed methodology and structure of MIMERA are described along with underlying data and algorithms are described. An example of its application by considering different pest management strategies adopted by farmers in an area characterized by the intensive presence of maize crop in Lombardia Region is presented.

La ricerca si incentra sullo studio delle piccole piantagioni di palma da olio nella provincia di Riau situata sull'isola di Sumatra, Indonesia. Dagli anni Settanta del XX secolo la continua espansione della frontiera agro-industriale ha portato conflitti per la terra e tensioni inter-etniche nel territorio di Riau, dove si alternano grandi piantagioni di palma da olio, acacia ed eucalipto a risaie e piccole piantagioni alberi da frutto e campi di mais o peperoncini. La piccola piantagione di palma da olio si inserisce precisamente in questa alternanza e ne costituisce l’arena politica principale in cui hanno luogo le tensioni ambientali e sociali. Da un lato le piccole piantagioni di palma da olio vengono spesso considerate illegali, non mappabili e controllabili da parte del movimento ambientalista, dall’altro invece costituiscono spesso la scelta più economicamente sostenibile per lavoratori esclusi dalla piantagione industriale. In questa tesi ho raccontato le esperienze di coltivatori diretti che hanno convertito la propria piccola piantagioni di palma da olio oppure hanno scelto percorsi di consociazione tra specie. Inoltre, ho studiato la piccola piantagione sia come arena politica in cui agiscono molteplici accezioni di potere sia come luoghi che fabbricano il mondo. Infine, ho analizzato la narrativa ambientalista, i suoi soggetti e alcuni progetti servendomi dell'idea dell'ambientalismo come prodotto culturale., This research focuses on the study of small oil palm plantations in Riau province located on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. Since the 1970s, the continuous expansion of the agro-industrial frontier has led to land conflicts and inter-ethnic tensions in the territory of Riau, where large plantations of oil palm, acacia and eucalyptus alternate with rice fields and small plantations of fruit trees and fields of corn or chili peppers. The small oil palm plantation fits precisely into this alternation and constitutes the main political arena in which environmental and social tensions take place. On the one hand, small oil palm plantations are often considered illegal, unmappable and controllable by the environmental movement, while on the other hand they are often the most economically viable option for workers excluded from the industrial plantation. In this thesis, I recounted the experiences of direct growers who converted their own small-scale oil palm plantations or chose species intercropping paths. In addition, I studied the small plantation both as a political arena in which multiple meanings of power operate and as places that fabricate the world. Finally, I analyzed environmentalist narratives, their subjects, and some projects by serving the idea of environmentalism as a cultural product.

Climate smart agriculture (CSA) is gaining increased recognition as a way for farmers to tackle the effects of climate change. However, both improved understanding of the reasons for CSA adoption and an overview of the current literature is needed. Hence, this thesis explores the methods currently being used to investigate adoption of climate smart agriculture in lower-middle- and low-income nations, as well as the reasons for successful adoption in these nations. Several studies have been made on correlations between independent variables and CSA adoption. Yet, it seems that the studies keep to the same parameters. This scoping review explores the research designs, variables used, and syntheses the current literature on CSA adoption in lower-middle- and lower-income nations using the PRISMA-ScR framework. The study finds that the current literature is highly focused on East Africa, while no studies investigate the adoption of CSA solutions in Central Africa, South-, and Central Asia. Moreover, the study discovers a clear preference towards non-experimental studies (94%) over experimental studies (6%). Using the QualSyst tool most of the studies were assessed to have a “strong” quality. It was also concluded that variables such as education, experience, training, gender, property rights, farm size, accessibility to labor, extensions services, agricultural knowledge groups, and accessibility to markets were important factors for farmers when deciding on CSA adoption. This paper argues for an increasing use of experimental studies, enhanced narrative understanding of CSA, continued use of multivariate and multinomial echometric models, and an improved linkage between independent variables used and theoretical reasoning.

Objectives It is still not well established how occupational air pollutants affect the prognosis of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study uses nationwide Danish registers and quantitative dust industry exposure matrices (IEM) for the farming and wood industries to estimate whether previous year dust exposure level impacts hospital readmissions for workers diagnosed with asthma or COPD. Methods We identified all individuals with a first diagnosis of either asthma (769 individuals) or COPD (342 individuals) between 1997 and 2007 and followed them until the next hospital admission for asthma or COPD, emigration, death or 31 December 2007. We included only individuals who worked in either the wood or farming industries at least one year during follow-up. We used logistic regression analysis to investigate associations between dust exposure level in the previous year and hospital readmission, adjusting for sex, age, time since first diagnosis, socioeconomic status, and labor force participation. Results Asthma readmissions for individuals with low and high dust exposure were increased [adjusted rate ratio (RR adj) 2.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45-4.40] and RR adj2.64 (95% CI 1.52-4.60), respectively. For COPD readmission, the risk estimates were RR adj1.36 (95% CI 0.57-3.23) for low and RR adj1.20 (95% CI 0.49-2.95) for high exposure level in the previous year. For asthma readmission, stratified analyses by type of dust exposure during follow-up showed increased risks for both wood dust [RR adj2.67 (95% CI 1.35-5.26) high exposure level] and farming dust [RR adj3.59 (95% CI 1.11-11.59) high exposure level]. No clear associations were seen for COPD readmissions. Conclusions This study indicates that exposure to wood or farm dust in the previous year increases the risk of hospital readmission for individuals with asthma but not for those with COPD.

BACKGROUND: Farmers may have an increased risk for poor mental health. In connection with this, factors specific to the neighborhood environment such as farm density and the type of agriculture, might be important for mental wellbeing. In this study we aimed to clarify the cross-level interaction on depressive symptoms between farm density at the neighborhood level by type of agriculture and the longest occupation of individuals (farmer or non-farmer). METHODS: Data came from the 2016 wave of the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) that were linked to governmental agricultural data. Information was analyzed from 147, 549 respondents aged 65 years or older, residing in 1024 neighborhoods in 39 municipalities. We calculated farm (crop or animal husbandry) density at the neighborhood level, dividing the number of agricultural management entities by the population. Three-level (individual, neighborhood, and municipality) Poisson regression analysis was used to calculate the prevalence rate ratios of depressive symptoms. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was higher among individuals whose longest occupation was farmer compared to non-farmer. The estimated probability of depressive symptoms by a cross-level interaction analysis showed that among farmers of both genders, those who were residing in neighborhoods where the farm density was low had a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms, regardless of the type of agriculture. The slope of the relationship between depressive symptoms and animal husbandry farm density varied by occupation, with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms observed in male farmers compared to male non-farmers. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of depressive symptoms among farmers in neighborhoods with a low farm density may reflect a scarcity of formal and informal social support in such communities. The health effects of the neighborhood environment on farmers, such as farm density, which may vary by the type of agricult

Розвиток фермерських господарств є одним із пріоритетів державної політики. Проте проведені дослідження дали змогу сформувати значний перелік проблем, осередком яких уважаємо недостатній рівень фінансування, що породжує існування інших проблемних напрямів, зокрема ускладнення земельних відносин, технічне забезпечення, зниження врожайності у рослинництві та продуктивності тварин, можливість упровадження інновацій тощо. Наявні проблеми слугують демотиваторами створення нових та розвитку існуючих фермерських господарств на інноваційній основі. Зважаючи на це та процеси децентралізації, переважну роль в адмініструванні управлінських рішень розвитку фермерства має відігравати інформаційно-інноваційна технологія публічного адміністрування, яка слугує своєрідною надбудовою, що допомагає у процесі прийняття рішень фермерами. Особливий акцент цієї технології зосереджений на інформації на всіх рівнях її реалізації., Развитие фермерских хозяйств является одним из приоритетов государственной политики. Однако проведенные исследования позволили сформировать значительный перечень проблем, центром которых считаем недостаточный уровень финансирования, который порождает существование других проблемных направлений, в частности осложнение земельных отношений, техническое обеспечение, снижение урожайности в растениеводстве и продуктивности животных, возможность внедрения инноваций и тому подобное. Имеющиеся проблемы служат демотиваторами создания новых и развития существующих фермерских хозяйств на инновационной основе. Несмотря на это и процессы децентрализации, преобладающую роль в администрировании управленческих решений развития фермерства должна играть информационно-инновационная технология публичного администрирования, которая служит своеобразной надстройкой, помогает в процессе принятия решений фермерами. Особый акцент этой технологии сосредоточен на информации на всех уровнях ее реализации., The development of farms is one of the priorities of the state policy. However, the conducted researches allowed to form a considerable list of problems, the focus of which is the lack of funding, which gives rise to other problematic areas, including complication of land relations, technical support, reduction of crop yields and animal productivity, the possibility of innovation and more. Existing problems serve as demotivators for the creation of new and development of existing farms on an innovative basis. A promising way to increase the number of farms, including family farms, is to motivate private farm owners to become farmers, feeling the benefits and support at the state and local levels. We propose to solve the problems of farmers, focusing on public administration. Given this and decentralization processes, the predominant role in the administration of management decisions for farming development should be played by information-innovative technology of public administration, which serves as a kind of add-on that helps farmers in the decision-making process. The special emphasis of this technology is focused on information at all levels of its implementation. This model illustrates the stages of the process of public administration of management decisions, the basic component of which is information on updating legislation and opportunities for farmers to participate in programs of state support and funding through international grants. The next stage of application of the proposed technology is to take into account the level of supporting and stimulating measures of local governments, in particular in the form of consultations, assistance in finding effective sales, financial assistance and more. The proposed technology takes into account, as a basis for management decisions, level of development of a particular farm and its resource potential. The practical implementation of management decisions is accompanied by the process of bringing the necessary info

The main argument advanced in my research is threefold: (1) to address the impact of gender and gendered participation in family farm business to expose women’s invisibilities and exclusions from full participation in rural family business, (2) to further knowledge of the position of women in the generational transfer of family business assets, particularly land; and 3) to more fully understand how gender inequalities operate through emotional responses of love and to gauge the impact of gender inequalities across three generations of farm women. A potential benefit of my research is to identify Western Canadian social historical structures and processes that produce and re-produce gender norms detrimental to equity and emancipation for all women.

It is known that the Bronze Age began with many innovations in human history. The interrelationships of the various tribes have intensified. During the Bronze Age, Northern Bactria became an area where cattle and peasant communities lived together. They arereflected in the findings from ancient cemeteries belonging to this period.

While previous studies has focused on how political and economic factors fuel herder-farmer conflicts, there little knowledge on how desertification induced migration amidst ungoverned spaces affect herder farmer conflicts in Nigeria. This paper looked at the impact of desertification and strategies adopted to combat herder’s farmer’s conflicts. The paper concluded that there is need for herders to focus on sustainability in cattle keeping and agricultural production.

Indian economy was already in the grip of a prolonged slowdown before the coronavirus hits the country The total lockdown due to this Covid19 outbreak damages economic structure (rural and urban) of country. Indian agriculture severely faced problem due to this lockdown by hampering on supply chain, production, harvesting etc. Agriculture and its allied sectors is the largest livelihood provider in India, more so in the vast rural areas. Farmers from small and marginal land holding face various challenges in having access to inputs and marketing facilities. In the last several years Government of India has encouraged farmer producer organizations (FPOs) to help small and medium farmers. There are number of study have been conducted on impact of FPOs on farmers income and their standard of living. This paper tried to capture insights of FPOs and its challenges. Paper also suggested some measures to improve the condition of FPOs.

This paper seeks to explore the association between trust in the main buyer and contract farming in the agribusiness sector. Despite numerous studies in this field, there is no consensus among scholars, which is the motivation behind undertaking the present study. The research is based on primary data collected through a structured survey in Albania (640 respondents) during December 2019 and January 2020. Several methods were used to examine the relationship between trust and contract farming, including factor analysis, a reliability test, and a non-parametric statistical technique. The results show that trust and contracting have a significant relationship in the context of the agribusiness sector. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that there is a positive correlation, meaning that those with a verbal or written contract exhibit higher trust than those without any prior agreement to sell the product. The scientific contribution of this study is that it presents further arguments and justifications to a controversial discussion and sheds light on a little-studied context such as Albania. © 2021, Centre of Sociological Research. All rights reserved.

During the launch of the 2021 Global Agricultural Productivity Report (GAP Report), the newest data on agricultural productivity across the globe was revealed to be well below the Global Agricultural Productivity Index target. Through a solution-oriented discussion, experts across the globe discuss what we can do now to address the looming crisis.

Despite women being the backbone of the agricultural sector in India, the patriarchal agrarian system poses major obstacles and challenges specific to women farmers with consequences well beyond the individual. This research aims to explore how mobile phones can empower rural women vis-à-vis agriculture. Taking the lens of Feminist Theory, the ambition of this research is to study real-life experiences and realities of often invisible women farmers. A mixed-methods case study design allowed to capture a holistic and at the same time nuanced understanding of technology in the rural context of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The findings of two focus group discussions and a telephone survey of 231 observations conclude that mobile phones enable rural women farmers to feel more independent, self-sufficient, and safe. Towards empowerment in agriculture, mobile phones promote change across all five domains under study: production, resources, income, leadership and time. Mobile phones provide women farmers with invaluable access to information and resources, allowing them to enter previously male-dominated steps along the agricultural value chain.

Gratitude is a concept that has impacted my life in an enormous way. Along with being a key element in this exhibition, it blends in well with me as a person and my personal life. I am extremely blessed to have the heritage that I do from both sides of my family. Gerdy’s Community Market was built on that same family concept. The gratitude celebrated after a harvest with family and community is the foundation that Gerdy’s was built on. I wanted each of the pieces I designed to support that same foundation and highlight the culture surrounding my family’s community. Products in Gerdy’s are from local families and family farms. Each product line is designed differently to show the importance of each family and their heritage story. There is no set color scheme, typeface, or design style that ties all the products together because all families are unique. I created hand type as a main design element for each product in the store. The packaging also highlights the family and where their product originated. Even though all the packaging is different, every product has the Mountain to the Plain symbol, branding it to Gerdy’s.

Primary producers face considerable risks for poor mental health. While this population can be difficult to engage in programs to prevent poor mental health, approaches tailored to reflect the context of primary producers’ life and work have been successful. This paper reports on the co-design phase of a project designed to prevent poor mental health for primary producers—specifically, the advantages, challenges and considerations of translating face-to-face co-design methods to an online environment in response to COVID-19 restrictions. The co-design phase drew upon the existing seven-step co-design framework developed by Trischler and colleagues. Online methods were adopted for all steps of the process. This paper models how this co-design approach can work in an online, primary producer context and details key considerations for future initiatives of this type. The development of online co-design methods is an important additional research method for use not only during a pandemic but also when operating with limited resources or geographic constraints. Results demonstrate the following: (i) co-designing online is possible given adequate preparation, training and resource allocation; (ii) “hard to reach” populations can be engaged using online methods providing there is adequate early-stage relationship building; (iii) co-design quality need not be compromised and may be improved when translating to online; and (iv) saved costs and resources associated with online methods can be realigned towards intervention/service creation, promotion and user engagement. Suggestions for extending Trischler and colleagues’ model are incorporated.

Concessions granted to investors in Cambodia have generated a deep sense of insecurity in rural forested areas. Villagers are not confined to a passive “everyday resistance of the poor,” as mentioned by James Scott, insofar as they frequently engage in frontal strategies for recovering land. Such has been the case in the northeastern provinces, where indigenous livelihoods are recurrently threatened by foreign and national companies. But what happens when a land conflict ends up in a stakeholder dialogue? The article intends to follow such a story that occurred for the first time in Ratanakiri, in a vast territory inhabited by several ethnic groups. After gruelling hostilities with the encroacher, dispossessed farmers finally accepted, encouraged by international/national NGOs, to comply with existing mechanisms associated with international law regulations and World Bank procedures. It ends up in an institutionalised mediation, technical and apolitical, which turned to the disadvantage of the people, with evident power imbalance. Our analysis, while portraying the trajectories of national/international actors involved in the mediation process, reveals the effects on this mediation on local sociopolitical organisations.

The objective of the work is to analyze the characteristics of the agricultural system of Yahualica de González Gallo, Jalisco and classify the producers ac- cording to their activities and strategies. From the analysis of in-depth interviews, with a semi-structured questionnaire of 117 questions, to a sample of 136 key actors, from the CADER register number 10 of 2019; Eleven types of producers were determined, being: 1) traditional survival farmer, 2) with complementary activity, 3) merchant, 4) rancher, 5) merchant rancher, 6) Chilean, 7) enterprising Chilean, 8) returned farmer, 9 ) retired returnee, 10) innovative and 11) the incipient sustainable, El objetivo del trabajo es analizar las características del sistema agrícola de Yahualica de González Gallo, Jalisco y clasificar a los productores según sus actividades y estrategias. A partir del análisis estadístico y de entrevistas a profundidad, con un cuestionario semiestructructurado de 117 preguntas, a una muestra de 136 actores clave, del padrón del CADER número 10 del 2019; se determinaron once tipos de productores, siendo: 1) agricultor tradicional de supervivencia, 2) con actividad complementaria, 3) comerciante, 4) ganadero, 5) ganadero comerciante, 6) chilero, 7) chilero emprendedor, 8) agricultor re- tornado, 9) retornado jubilado, 10) innovador y 11) el sustentable incipiente.

This study examined farmer-herder conflict through the prism of management approaches/preventive conflict strategies in selected vulnerable States and Local Government Areas in North-Central Nigeria. Cross-sectional survey design and ex-post facto were used as research designs. A sample size of 57 Key Informant Interview (KII), 17 Focused Group Discussion (in a syndicate of 10 persons per group) and 10 Study Chat (SC) were carried out across the targeted communities with the aid of purposive sampling techniques. The participants were generated under the leadership of Community Security Architecture Dialogue (CSAD) a local peace structure which comprised of representatives of farmers, herders, religious group, traditional leaders, women wing, youth leaders, government security officials among others, under the supervision of Search for Common Group (SFCG), an NGO interfacing between farmers and herders in North –Central Nigeria. Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) was used to analyze the content of the data generated in the course of the interviews. Rational choice theory was used as a framework of analysis. The study discovered that; peace building structure achieved greater success in terms of mediation, dialogue, psycho-social and trauma healings among aggrieved parties. The study discovered that even though a number of arrests were made they were not sufficient enough due to sabotage from immediate communities. It noted further that the detention of suspects had significant impact in de-escalating conflicts between farmers and herders among others. Thus, the study recommended that; there is need for greater participation and cooperation the locals for building trust, confidence, resilience and trust among the contending parties, while members of the communities should be motivated by the governments of the States that make up the North-Central region to volunteer credible intelligence security tips to relevant authorities towards result oriented investigation, arrest

Reconciliation has been a challenge for the Colombian post-conflict, the difficulty of building a national identity is reflected in the political polarization that exists. History makes it possible to establish victims and perpetrators, however, defining the path to reconciliation involves a challenge; the force to forgive and forget must be immersed and the perpetrators must admit their actions. What factors prevent the development of a framework of justice in the process of remembrance, forgetfulness and recognition of past criminal actions and that continue to occur that do not allow the implementation of the peace agreement between the National Government and the FARC EP? The objective is to determine the social, public order and economic problems of peasants and those reinserted as victims from aJustice approach in the post -conflict framework. Some lines of thought are proposed through interpretative documentary research and the reflective process is reflected in the documents analyzed. As a main conclusion, it is proposed that a national reconciliation process that involves the detractors of the peace agreement is necessary to identify the factors that prevent peace in the fields of Colombia., La reconciliación ha sido un reto para el postconflicto colombiano, la dificultad de construir una identidad nacional se refleja en la polarización política que se vive. La historia permite establecer víctimas y victimarios, sin embargo, definir el camino hacia la reconciliación conlleva un desafío; debe estar inmersa la fuerza para perdonar y olvidar y los victimarios deben admitir sus actos. Se pregunta ¿Qué factores impiden elaborar un marco de justicia en el proceso de recordación, olvido y reconocimiento de las acciones criminales pasadas y que se siguen presentando que no permiten que se lleve a cabo la implementación del acuerdo de paz celebrado entre el Gobierno Nacional y las FARC EP? El objetivo es determinar los problemas sociales, de orden público y económicos de los campesinos y los reinsertados como víctimas a partir de un enfoque de Justicia en el marco del post –conflicto. Se proponen algunas líneas de pensamiento mediante la investigación documental interpretativa y, el proceso reflexivo se refleja en los documentos analizados. Como conclusión principal se propone que es necesario un proceso de reconciliación nacional que involucre a los detractores del acuerdo de paz para identificar los factores que impiden la paz en los campos de Colombia.

A questionnaire was distributed amongst wheat farmers from Italy, the Netherlands, Serbia, and the United Kingdom. Using the respondents’ data, Bayesian Network modelling was applied to estimate the probability that farmers would adapt their current agronomic management under eight different incentives given the conditions set by their farm and farmer characteristic.