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ABSTRAK Kegagalan pada PORPROV 2019 diprediksi karena kondisi fisik yang masih kurang untuk bersaing di event tertinggi Jawa Timur. Dengan adanya profil kondisi fisik diharapkan dapat memberikan evaluasi pada instansi terkait tentang pentingnnya kodisi fisik yang baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat kondisi fisik atlet bolavoli. Metode yang digunakan yaitu pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode survei. Sampel seluruh atlet bolavoli putra PORPROV Kabupaten Lamongan yang berjumlah 18 orang dengan rata-rata usia 20 plusmn 1 6 berat badan 67 1 plusmn 4 1 tinggi badan 171 2 plusmn 4 3 dan IMT 22 9 plusmn 1 6. Data diperoleh melalui tes dan pengukuran. Data profil kondisi fisik yang diukur yaitu kekuatan otot lengan kekuatan otot perut daya tahan daya ledak otot tungkai daya ledak otot lengan kelincahan kelentukan koordinasi dan keseimbangan. Hasil komponen kondisi fisik dengan kategori baik sekali yaitu daya ledak otot tungkai kategori baik yaitu daya ledak otot lengan kelincahan kelentukan dan keseimbangan kategori cukup yaitu kekuatan otot lengan kekuatan otot perut dan koordinasi kategori kurang sekali yaitu daya tahan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah tingkat kondisi fisik atlet bolavoli putra PORPROV Kabupaten Lamongan tahun 2022 dalam kategori ldquo cukup rdquo .

Introduction Prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is of key importance in reducing morbidity, disability and mortality worldwide. Observational studies suggest that digital health interventions can be an effective strategy to reduce cardiovascular (CV) risk. However, evidence from large randomised clinical trials is lacking. Methods and analysis The CV-PREVITAL study is a multicentre, prospective, randomised, controlled, open-label interventional trial designed to compare the effectiveness of an educational and motivational mobile health (mHealth) intervention versus usual care in reducing CV risk. The intervention aims at improving diet, physical activity, sleep quality, psycho-behavioural aspects, as well as promoting smoking cessation and adherence to pharmacological treatment for CV risk factors. The trial aims to enrol approximately 80 000 subjects without overt CVDs referring to general practitioners' offices, community pharmacies or clinics of Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care (Italian acronym IRCCS) affiliated with the Italian Cardiology Network. All participants are evaluated at baseline and after 12 months to assess the effectiveness of the intervention on short-term endpoints, namely improvement in CV risk score and reduction of major CV risk factors. Beyond the funded life of the study, a long-term (7 years) follow-up is also planned to assess the effectiveness of the intervention on the incidence of major adverse CV events. A series of ancillary studies designed to evaluate the effect of the mHealth intervention on additional risk biomarkers are also performed. Ethics and dissemination This study received ethics approval from the ethics committee of the coordinating centre (Monzino Cardiology Center; R1256/20-CCM 1319) and from all other relevant IRBs and ethics committees. Findings are disseminated through scientific meetings and peer-reviewed journals and via social media. Partners are informed about the study's

Background: Right heart failure (RHF) is associated with a dismal prognosis in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Exercise right heart catheterization may unmask right heart maladaptation as a sign of RHF. We sought to (1) define the normal limits of right atrial pressure (RAP) increase during exercise; (2) describe the right heart adaptation to exercise in PH owing to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (PH-HFpEF) and in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); and (3) identify the factors associated with right heart maladaptation during exercise. Methods and results: We analyzed rest and exercise right heart catheterization from patients with PH-HFpEF and PAH. Right heart adaptation was described by absolute or cardiac output (CO)-normalized changes of RAP during exercise. Individuals with noncardiac dyspnea (NCD) served to define abnormal RAP responses (>97.5th percentile). Thirty patients with PH-HFpEF, 30 patients with PAH, and 21 patients with NCD were included. PH-HFpEF were older than PAH, with more cardiovascular comorbidities, and a higher prevalence of severe tricuspid regurgitation (P < .05). The upper limit of normal for peak RAP and RAP/CO slope in NCD were >12 mm Hg and ≥1.30 mm Hg/L/min, respectively. PH-HFpEF had higher peak RAP and RAP/CO slope than PAH (20 mm Hg [16-24 mm Hg] vs 12 mm Hg [9-19 mm Hg] and 3.47 mm Hg/L/min [2.02-6.19 mm Hg/L/min] vs 1.90 mm Hg/L/min [1.01-4.29 mm Hg/L/min], P < .05). A higher proportion of PH-HFpEF had RAP/CO slope and peak RAP above normal (P < .001). Estimated stressed blood volume at peak exercise was higher in PH-HFpEF than PAH (P < .05). In the whole PH cohort, the RAP/CO slope was associated with age, the rate of increase in estimated stressed blood volume during exercise, severe tricuspid regurgitation, and right atrial dilation. Conclusions: Patients with PH-HFpEF display a steeper increase of RAP during exercise than those

ABSTRAK Kegagalan pada PORPROV 2019 diprediksi karena kondisi fisik yang masih kurang untuk bersaing di event tertinggi Jawa Timur. Dengan adanya profil kondisi fisik diharapkan dapat memberikan evaluasi pada instansi terkait tentang pentingnnya kodisi fisik yang baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat kondisi fisik atlet bolavoli. Metode yang digunakan yaitu pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode survei. Sampel seluruh atlet bolavoli putra PORPROV Kabupaten Lamongan yang berjumlah 18 orang dengan rata-rata usia 20 plusmn 1 6 berat badan 67 1 plusmn 4 1 tinggi badan 171 2 plusmn 4 3 dan IMT 22 9 plusmn 1 6. Data diperoleh melalui tes dan pengukuran. Data profil kondisi fisik yang diukur yaitu kekuatan otot lengan kekuatan otot perut daya tahan daya ledak otot tungkai daya ledak otot lengan kelincahan kelentukan koordinasi dan keseimbangan. Hasil komponen kondisi fisik dengan kategori baik sekali yaitu daya ledak otot tungkai kategori baik yaitu daya ledak otot lengan kelincahan kelentukan dan keseimbangan kategori cukup yaitu kekuatan otot lengan kekuatan otot perut dan koordinasi kategori kurang sekali yaitu daya tahan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah tingkat kondisi fisik atlet bolavoli putra PORPROV Kabupaten Lamongan tahun 2022 dalam kategori ldquo cukup rdquo .

Background: Right heart failure (RHF) is associated with a dismal prognosis in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Exercise right heart catheterization may unmask right heart maladaptation as a sign of RHF. We sought to (1) define the normal limits of right atrial pressure (RAP) increase during exercise; (2) describe the right heart adaptation to exercise in PH owing to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (PH-HFpEF) and in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); and (3) identify the factors associated with right heart maladaptation during exercise. Methods and Results: We analyzed rest and exercise right heart catheterization from patients with PH-HFpEF and PAH. Right heart adaptation was described by absolute or cardiac output (CO)-normalized changes of RAP during exercise. Individuals with noncardiac dyspnea (NCD) served to define abnormal RAP responses (>97.5th percentile). Thirty patients with PH-HFpEF, 30 patients with PAH, and 21 patients with NCD were included. PH-HFpEF were older than PAH, with more cardiovascular comorbidities, and a higher prevalence of severe tricuspid regurgitation (P <.05). The upper limit of normal for peak RAP and RAP/CO slope in NCD were >12 mm Hg and ≥1.30 mm Hg/L/min, respectively. PH-HFpEF had higher peak RAP and RAP/CO slope than PAH (20 mm Hg [16–24 mm Hg] vs 12 mm Hg [9–19 mm Hg] and 3.47 mm Hg/L/min [2.02–6.19 mm Hg/L/min] vs 1.90 mm Hg/L/min [1.01–4.29 mm Hg/L/min], P <.05). A higher proportion of PH-HFpEF had RAP/CO slope and peak RAP above normal (P <.001). Estimated stressed blood volume at peak exercise was higher in PH-HFpEF than PAH (P <.05). In the whole PH cohort, the RAP/CO slope was associated with age, the rate of increase in estimated stressed blood volume during exercise, severe tricuspid regurgitation, and right atrial dilation. Conclusions: Patients with PH-HFpEF display a steeper increase of RAP during exercise than those with PAH. Preload-mediated mechanisms may play a role in the development, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Introduction: Limited information is available on blood pressure (BP) behavior in workers exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), and even less is known regarding effects of CIH on 24-h ambulatory BP in those affected by arterial hypertension at sea level (SL). The aims of this study were to assess clinic and 24-h ambulatory BP at SL and at high altitude (HA; 3,870 m above SL) in workers exposed to CIH, and to compare BP response to HA exposure between normotensive and hypertensive workers. Methods: Nineteen normotensive and 18 pharmacologically treated hypertensive miners acclimatized to CIH were included, whose work was organized according to a “7 days-on−7 days-off” shift pattern between SL and HA. All measurements were performed on the second and seventh day of their HA shift and after the second day of SL sojourn. Results: Compared to SL, 24-h systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) increased at HA [+14.7 ± 12.6 mmHg (p < 0.001) and +8.7 ± 7.2 mmHg (p < 0.001), respectively], and SBP nocturnal fall decreased consistently (−4.1 ± 9.8%; p < 0.05) in all participants, with hypertensives showing higher nocturnal DBP than normotensives (p < 0.05) despite the current therapy. Also, heart rate (HR) nocturnal fall tended to be reduced at HA. In addition, the 24-h SBP/DBP hypertension threshold of ≥130/80 mmHg was exceeded by 39% of workers at SL and by 89% at HA. Clinic HR, SBP, and DBP were significantly higher on the second day of work at HA compared with SL, the increase being more pronounced for SBP in hypertensives (p < 0.05) and accompanied by, on average, mild altitude sickness in both groups. These symptoms and the values of all cardiovascular variables decreased on the seventh day at HA (p < 0.05) regardless of CIH exposure duration. Conclusion: Long history of work at HA according to scheduled CIH did not prevent the occurrence of acute cardiovascular changes at HA during the first days of exposure. The BP response to HA tended to be

Aims: Remodelling of the cardiovascular system (including heart and vasculature) is a dynamic process influenced by multiple physiological and pathological factors. We sought to understand whether remodelling in response to a stimulus, exercise training, altered with healthy ageing. Methods: A total of 237 untrained healthy male and female subjects volunteering for their first time marathon were recruited. At baseline and after 6 months of unsupervised training, race completers underwent tests including 1.5T cardiac magnetic resonance, brachial and non-invasive central blood pressure assessment. For analysis, runners were divided by age into under or over 35 years (U35, O35). Results: Injury and completion rates were similar among the groups; 138 runners (U35: n = 71, women 49%; O35: n = 67, women 51%) completed the race. On average, U35 were faster by 37 minutes (12%). Training induced a small increase in left ventricular mass in both groups (3 g/m2, P < 0.001), but U35 also increased ventricular cavity sizes (left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV)i +3%; left ventricular end-systolic volume (ESV)i +8%; right ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV)i +4%; right ventricular end-systolic volume (ESV)i +5%; P < 0.01 for all). Systemic aortic compliance fell in the whole sample by 7% (P = 0.020) and, especially in O35, also systemic vascular resistance (–4% in the whole sample, P = 0.04) and blood pressure (systolic/diastolic, whole sample: brachial –4/–3 mmHg, central –4/–2 mmHg, all P < 0.001; O35: brachial –6/–3 mmHg, central –6/–4 mmHg, all P < 0.001). Conclusion: Medium-term, unsupervised physical training in healthy sedentary individuals induces measurable remodelling of both heart and vasculature. This amount is age dependent, with predominant cardiac remodelling when younger and predominantly vascular remodelling when older.

Cardiovascular (CV) diseases are burdened by high mortality and morbidity, being responsible for half of the deaths in Europe. Although hypertension is recognized as the most important CV risk factor, hypertension awareness, and blood pressure (BP) control are still unsatisfactory. In 2017 and 2018, respectively >10 000 and >5000 individuals took part in the May Measurement Month (MMM) campaign in Italy, of whom 30.6% and 26.3% were found to have high BP, respectively. To raise public awareness on the importance of hypertension and to collect BP data on a nation-wide scale in Italy. In the frame of the MMM campaign, an opportunistic cross-sectional survey of volunteers aged ≥18 years was carried out in May 2019. BP measurement, the definition of hypertension, and statistical analysis followed the standard MMM protocol. Screening was conducted in multiple sites by health personnel. Among the 10 182 people screened (females: 52.3%, mean age 58 ± 16years) mean BP was 127/78 mmHg, and 3171 (31.1%) participants had arterial hypertension, of whom 62.1% were aware of being hypertensive. Diabetes, body mass index >25 kg/m2 were associated with higher BP and previous myocardial infarction with lower BP. For the third consecutive year we collected a nation-wide snapshot of BP control in a large sample of individuals. The high participation, with some yearly fluctuations likely due to the limitations of the sampling technique, confirms the power of this kind of health campaign in reaching a significant number of people to raise awareness on health topics.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: An accurate determination of the cardioembolic risk in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is crucial to prevent consequences like stroke. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a known risk factor for both AF and stroke. We aim to explore a possible association between OSA and an increased cardioembolic risk in patients with AF. METHODS: We assessed data from the ESADA (European Sleep Apnea Database) cohort where patients with known AF and OSA were included. Parameters of OSA severity and related hypoxia like lowest Spo2 and 4% oxygen desaturation index were analyzed. Patients were stratified according to their cardioembolic risk estimated with the CHA2DS2-VASc score. RESULTS: From the initial cohort of 14 646 patients, a final set of 363 patients were included in the analysis. Indices of hypoxia during sleep were associated with increased CHA2DS2-VASc score (4% oxygen desaturation index 17.9 versus 29.6 versus 30.5 events/hour and the lowest Spo2 81.2 versus 77.8 versus 77.5% for low, moderate, and high cardioembolic risk, respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results support the potential role of OSA-related hypoxia in the risk for cardioembolic complications such as stroke in patients with AF.

Exercise hemodynamics can differentiate heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) from noncardiac dyspnea. However, respiratory pressure swings may impact hemodynamic measurements, potentially leading to misdiagnosis of HFpEF. Moreover, threshold values for abnormal hemodynamic response indicative of HFpEF are not universally accepted. Thus, we sought to evaluate the impact of respiratory pressure swings on hemodynamic data interpretation as well as the concordance among 3 proposed exercise hemodynamic criteria for HFpEF: (1) end-expiratory pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWPexp) ≥25 mm Hg; (2) PAWPexp/cardiac output slope >2 mm Hg/L per minute; and (3) respiratory-averaged (avg) mean pulmonary artery pressure >30 mm Hg, total pulmonary resistanceavg >3 WU, PAWPavg ≥20 mm Hg.

Survivors from COVID-19 pneumonia can present with persisting multisystem involvement (lung, pulmonary vessels, heart, muscle, red blood cells) that may negatively affect exercise capacity. We sought to determine the extent and the determinants of exercise limitation in patients with COVID-19 at the time of hospital discharge. Eighteen consecutive patients with COVID-19 and 1:1 age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched controls underwent: spirometry, echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise test and exercise echocardiography for the study of pulmonary circulation. Arterial blood was sampled at rest and during exercise in patients with COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 lie roughly on the same oxygen consumption isophlets than controls both at rest and during submaximal exercise, thanks to supernormal cardiac output (P < 0.05). Oxygen consumption at peak exercise was reduced by 30% in COVID-19 (P < 0.001), due to a peripheral extraction limit. In addition, within COVID-19 patients, hemoglobin content was associated with peak oxygen consumption (R2 = 0.46, P = 0.002). Respiratory reserve was not exhausted (median [IRQ], 0.59 [0.15]) in spite of moderate reduction of forced vital capacity (79 ± 40%). Pulmonary artery pressure increase during exercise was not different between patients and controls. Ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide were higher in patients with COVID-19 than in controls (39.5 [8.5] vs. 29.5 [8.8], P < 0.001), and such an increase was mainly explained by increased chemosensitivity. When recovering from COVID-19, patients present with reduced exercise capacity and augmented exercise hyperventilation. Peripheral factors, including anemia and reduced oxygen extraction by peripheral muscles were the major determinants of deranged exercise physiology. Pulmonary vascular function seemed unaffected, despite restrictive lung changes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY At the time of hospital discharge, patients with COVID-19 present with reduced funct

Alla luce del quadro sovranazionale e nazionale di riferimento, l’intervento intende esaminare la blockchain sotto la lente giuridica, attraverso l’analisi di un profilo particolarmente significativo quale la tutela dei dati personali. Nel complesso rapporto tra blockchain e diritto, infatti, emergono criticità e problematiche in merito all’interazione di tale tecnologia con la disciplina in materia di protezione dei dati personali. Tali aspetti assumono connotazione peculiare nell’ambito della salute in considerazione delle categorie particolari di dati personali e delle condizioni di liceità del trattamento. Alla luce dei diversi aspetti oggetto di osservazione, nelle conclusioni l’intervento intende delineare alcune possibili direzioni per affrontare e superare le problematiche oggetto di analisi.

Il volume è dedicato ai temi fondamentali che la società e le istituzioni contemporanee sono chiamati ad affrontare a proposito della relazione tra tecnologie informatiche e diritto. Intelligenza artificiale, libertà e cittadinanza digitale, e-health, data privacy, diritto di accesso e digital divide, net neutrality, blockchain, smart contract, cyberwarfare, robotica, sorveglianza globale, critical data studies, impatto della rete nei rapporti sociali e sulle identità individuali: sono, questi, soltanto alcuni dei temi al centro della pubblicazione. La collana COMP.LEX è scaturita dal dialogo sviluppato in questi anni presso l’Officina informatica DET- “Diritto Etica e Tecnologie” del CRID- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale su Discriminazioni e vulnerabilità dell’Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia (www.crid.unimore.it) e intende ospitare studi dedicati al rapporto tra diritto, computazione e complessità e, più in generale, ai nessi tra esperienza giuridica e nuove tecnologie.

Il rapporto tra scienza giuridica e tecnologie informatiche rappresenta una questione ormai ineludibile per chiunque intenda misurarsi con le istanze della società digitale. I due autori si confrontano su temi attuali e decisivi relativi all’informatica giuridica e al diritto dell’informatica, esaminando l’impatto della tecnologia sulla società nel suo complesso, sulla persona e i suoi diritti, sugli istituti e sugli strumenti del diritto. Le tematiche spaziano dalla problematica tutela dei dati personali e del right to be forgotten al riconoscimento dei diritti digitali, dal governo di dati e algoritmi alle questioni poste dall’intelligenza artificiale e dalla blockchain, dall’affermarsi pervasivo di documenti informatici, firme elettroniche e contratti telematici alla complessa protezione di opere digitali e beni informatici, dalla necessità di un’amministrazione digitale e aperta all’emersione di nuove geometrie di potere, dagli inediti bilanciamenti tra interessi ai difficili equilibri in tema di responsabilità, dalla diffusione endemica della criminalità informatica ai nuovi e cupi scenari della guerra cibernetica. L’obiettivo del volume è quello di proporre al lettore alcuni punti di osservazione privilegiati per riflettere sul destino della scienza giuridica nell’era tecnologica, avvalendosi anche dell’analisi di significativi casi di studio: regolare la dimensione digitale della vita umana costituisce una sfida impegnativa ma inevitabile, cui il diritto è chiamato a rispondere.

Cet aide-mémoire en couleur présente, sous une forme visuelle, l'essentiel des notions indispensables en physique à connaître en vue des examens et des concours. Regroupés par thèmes, plus de 400 schémas et photos sont commentés pour permettre aux étudiants de réviser d'un seul coup d'oeil ! Dans cette deuxième édition, de nouvelles fiches ont été ajoutées (gaz et phases condensées dans la partie Thermodynamique, postulat de Bohr et atome d'hydrogène dans la partie Ondes et matière, modèle de Drude, instruments de mesure, etc. dans la partie Electrocinétique).

Aims: Interstitial pneumonia due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is often complicated by severe respiratory failure. In addition to reduced lung compliance and ventilation/perfusion mismatch, a blunted hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction has been hypothesized, that could explain part of the peculiar pathophysiology of the COVID-19 cardiorespiratory syndrome. However, no invasive haemodynamic characterization of COVID-19 patients has been reported so far. Methods and results: Twenty-one mechanically-ventilated COVID-19 patients underwent right heart catheterization. Their data were compared both with those obtained from non-mechanically ventilated paired control subjects matched for age, sex and body mass index, and with pooled data of 1937 patients with ‘typical’ acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from a systematic literature review. Cardiac index was higher in COVID-19 patients than in controls [3.8 (2.7–4.5) vs. 2.4 (2.1–2.8) L/min/m2, P < 0.001], but slightly lower than in ARDS patients (P = 0.024). Intrapulmonary shunt and lung compliance were inversely related in COVID-19 patients (r = −0.57, P = 0.011) and did not differ from ARDS patients. Despite this, pulmonary vascular resistance of COVID-19 patients was normal, similar to that of control subjects [1.6 (1.1–2.5) vs. 1.6 (0.9–2.0) WU, P = 0.343], and lower than reported in ARDS patients (P < 0.01). Pulmonary hypertension was present in 76% of COVID-19 patients and in 19% of control subjects (P < 0.001), and it was always post-capillary. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure was higher in COVID-19 than in ARDS patients, and inversely related to lung compliance (r = −0.46, P = 0.038). Conclusions: The haemodynamic profile of COVID-19 patients needing mechanical ventilation is characterized by combined cardiopulmonary alterations. Low pulmonary vascular resistance, coherent with a blunted hypoxic vasoconstriction, is associated with high c

BACKGROUND: The higher cardiovascular variability and the increased prevalence of arrhythmias in patients with obstructive sleep apneas may contribute to their higher rate of fatal events during sleep. In this regard, the use of beta blockers (BB) is debated because they may induce bradyarrhythmias and alter the pattern of heart rate changes induced by apneas. Thus, the aim of our study is to quantify peri-apneic heart-rate swings and prevalence of nocturnal bradyarrhythmias in BB-treated and BB-naïve patients with obstructive sleep apnea. METHODS AND RESULTS: Our real-life, retrospective, cohort study analyzed data from patients with obstructive sleep apnea after a basal cardiorespiratory polysomnography. Among 228 eligible participants, we enrolled 78 BB-treated and 88 BBnaïve patients excluding those treated with antiarrhythmic drugs or pacemakers, or with uninterpretable ECG traces during polysomnography. In each patient, type and frequency of arrhythmias were identified and peri-apneic changes of RR intervals were evaluated for each apnea. BB-treated patients were older and with more comorbidities than BB-naïve patients, but had similar obstructive sleep apnea severity, similar frequency of arrhythmic episodes, and similar prevalence of bradyarrhythmias. Apnea-induced heart-rate swings, unadjusted for age, showed lower RR interval changes in BB-treated (133.5±63.8 ms) than BB-naïve patients (171.3±87.7 ms, P=0.01), lower RR interval increases during apneas (58.5±28.5 versus 74.6±40.2 ms, P=0.01), and lower RR interval decreases after apneas (75.0±42.4 versus 96.7±55.5 ms, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: BB appear to be safe in patients with obstructive sleep apnea because they are not associated with worse episodes of nocturnal bradyarrhythmias and even seem protective in terms of apnea-induced changes of heart rate.

Alla luce del quadro giuridico europeo e italiano di riferimento, il contributo intende esaminare la blockchain sotto la lente giuridica, attraverso l’analisi di alcuni profili particolarmente significativi relativi all’impiego di tale tecnologia. Nel complesso rapporto tra blockchain e diritto, infatti, emergono problematiche giuridiche in merito al coordinamento con la normativa in materia di documenti informatici e validazione temporale, in relazione alla rilevante applicazione costituita dagli smart contracts, e, altresì, riguardo l’interazione con norme a tutela di diritti, in specifico la disciplina in materia di protezione dei dati personali. Nelle conclusioni, il contributo delinea alcune possibili direzioni per affrontare le problematiche oggetto di analisi., In the light of the European and Italian legal framework of reference, the contribution intends to examine the blockchain under the legal lens, through the analysis of some particularly significant profiles related to the application of this technology. In the complex relationship between blockchain and law, legal problems emerge regarding coordination with the legislation on electronic documents and timestamp, in relation to the relevant application constituted by smart contracts, and, also, regarding the interaction with protection of other rights, specifically the regulation on data protection. In the conclusions, the contribution outlines some possible directions for dealing with the problems analyzed.

The paper deals with the ethical and legal challenges posed by data, algorithms and artificial intelligence, the undisputed protagonists of the present and the future of humanity. Data constitute the raw material and algorithms are the engine capable of extracting value; the “heart” of artificial intelligence solutions lies precisely in the enormous amount of data processed by efficient algorithms. After having examined the characteristics and purposes of the use of these technologies, the analysis focuses on the different legal and ethical dimensions involved, on the protection of the person and on the protection of individual and collective rights. In this regard, the contribution examines the main problems and proposes suitable instruments to deal with them and to design a human-centric governance. In the conclusion future scenarios are outlined for a more effective protection of the person and of the entire society through the law.

Alla luce del quadro giuridico europeo e nazionale di riferimento, il contributo intende esaminare il rapporto che lega diritto e tecnica attraverso l’esame di alcune tecnologie emergenti, quali l’intelligenza artificiale, la blockchain e lo smart contract. A tal fine, il lavoro analizza le principali caratteristiche tecniche e le problematiche giuridiche maggiormente rilevanti, evidenziando nei casi oggetto di esame gli aspetti critici più significativi dell’interazione tra tecnologia e diritto. In considerazione dell’analisi svolta, il contributo delinea strumenti utili per affrontare le problematiche emerse e disegnare un’evoluzione della regolazione giuridica basata sul correlato mutamento del rapporto tra diritto e tecnologia: la direzione suggerita si concretizza nell’approccio preventivo e proattivo dell’incorporazione del diritto nella tecnica, accompagnato dall’attribuzione del diritto alla comprensibilità e alla contestabilità della tecnologia e da una logica di responsabilizzazione dei soggetti., In the light of the European and national legal framework of reference, the contribution intends to examine the relationship between law and technology through the examination of some emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, blockchain and smart contracts. To this end, the paper analyzes the main technical characteristics and the most relevant legal problems, pointing out in the cases under examination the most significant critical aspects of the interaction between technology and law. In consideration of the analysis carried out, the contribution outlines useful tools to deal with the issues that emerged and to draw an evolution of the legal regulation based on the related change in the relationship between law and technology: the suggested direction takes shape in the preventive and proactive approach of incorporating the law into the technique, accompanied by the attribution of the right to the comprehensibility and contestability of the technology and by a logic of accountability.

Cardiovascular (CV) diseases are burdened by high mortality and morbidity, being responsible for half of the deaths in Europe. Although hypertension is recognized as the most important CV risk factor, hypertension awareness and blood pressure (BP) control are still unsatisfactory. In 2017, 30.6% of a >10 000 individual sample who took part in the May Measurement Month (MMM) campaign in Italy was found to have high BP. To raise awareness on the hypertension issue and to report BP data on a nation-wide scale in Italy. In the frame of the MMM campaign, an opportunistic cross-sectional survey of volunteers aged ≥18 was carried out in May 2018. Blood pressure measurement, the definition of hypertension and statistical analysis followed the standard MMM protocol. Screenings were conducted in multiple sites by health care personnel. Among the 5554 people screened (females: 48.3%, mean age 58 ± 17 years) mean BP was 127/77 mmHg, and after imputations, 1462 (26.3%) participants were found to have high BP levels. Body mass index >25 was associated with higher systolic BP and diastolic BP (DBP), while diabetes was associated with high DBP only. Our data provide a nation-wide snapshot of BP control in a sample of individuals participating in a national health care campaign, and confirm the power of this kind of healthcare-related activities in reaching a significant number of people to raise awareness on health topics. The apparent positive trend in BP control compared to available data from other similar campaigns carried out during the past years needs to be confirmed with more methodologically robust studies.

Background: Acute exposure to high altitude (>2500 m) is known to induce a rise in blood pressure (BP) and the appearance of sleep related breathing alterations, in particular central sleep apneas and periodic breathing. Little information is available on whether this is the case in humans also for acute exposure to moderate altitude (between 1500 and 2500 m). Aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of acute exposure of healthy volunteers to moderate altitude on conventional and ambulatory BP as well as on the frequency and severity of breathing alterations during sleep. Methods: Forty-four healthy lowlanders underwent 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring and nocturnal cardio-respiratory sleep study at sea level and during acute (1–2 days after arrival) exposure to moderate altitude (2035 m, Sestriere, Italy). The key variables investigated included average systolic and diastolic BP and heart rate over daytime, night-time and 24 h, the frequency of obstructive and central apneas/hypopnoeas and the behaviour of oxygen saturation during sleep. Results: Compared to sea level, during moderate altitude exposure mean systolic/diastolic BP increased significantly during daytime (respectively from 125.6 ± 10.9 to 130.6 ± 12.3, p = 0.0032 and from 78.8 ± 6.7 to 81.8 ± 7.7 mmHg, p = 0.0048) and during night-time (respectively from 102.4 ± 12.4 to 107.4 ± 12.7, p = 0.0028, and from 62.0 ± 8.2 to 65.8 ± 8.2 mmHg, p = 0.0014), with no change in nocturnal BP dipping. BP increase was more evident in participants aged over 40 years. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) increased from 1.60 (0.40–2.90) to 5.4 (2.90–10.60), p < 0.0001), mainly because of increasing frequency of hypopneas and central apneas, in particular in males aged over 40 years. No association was found between size of BP changes and AHI. Conclusion: Our results indicate that in healthy subjects even exposure to moderate altitude may induce significant, although mild, changes in ambulatory BP and in respiratory patt

Dizionario Legal tech. Informatica giuridica, protezione dei dati, investigazioni digitali, criminalità informatica, cybersecurity e digital transformation law

Dizionario Legal tech. Informatica giuridica, protezione dei dati, investigazioni digitali, criminalità informatica, cybersecurity e digital transformation law

The paper examines the legal aspects of artificial intelligence in public administration. The analysis focuses on the different dimensions of the law involved, on the peculiar problematic aspects deriving from the public context and on the protection of the rights to be guaranteed. The contribution examines some suitable tools for dealing with the main questions analyzed, outlining scenarios for legal and ethical use of artificial intelligence in the public sector.

Il contributo intende esaminare i principali profili giuridici relativi all’impiego di soluzioni di intelligenza artificiale in ambito pubblico. La tematica, oggetto di attenzione da parte del recente Libro Bianco “L’intelligenza artificiale al servizio del cittadino”, curato dalla relativa Task Force promossa dall’Agenzia per l’Italia Digitale, pone problematiche peculiari conseguenti alla specificità del soggetto coinvolto e al necessario rispetto della normativa di riferimento. Sotto tale profilo, l’impiego in questo contesto necessita del rispetto del principio di legalità e si traduce, altresì, nell’esigenza di garantire trasparenza e apertura non solo dei dati, ma anche della logica degli algoritmi che li “animano” e del processo di funzionamento dei servizi. La natura quale soggetto pubblico determina, infatti, significative implicazioni etico-sociali, in particolare laddove i dati prodotti siano utilizzati per finalità ulteriori rispetto ai servizi per i quali sono impiegati e soprattutto laddove ciò avvenga in modo poco trasparente e accessibile per l’utente. Le soluzioni di intelligenza artificiale possono rendere problematico il rispetto delle norme in materia di data protection, necessarie a tutelare la persona, e, altresì, determinare criticità nella definizione della titolarità e, di conseguenza, nell’individuazione delle correlate responsabilità; risulta complessa, altresì, la governance pubblica al riguardo, in considerazione del coinvolgimento di soggetti diversi. L’analisi è volta ad esaminare le problematiche richiamate e a mostrare come l’approccio tecnologico da solo non sia sufficiente, ma debba essere guidato dalla mano dell’uomo, da un solido approccio etico, da una dimensione filosofica e dalla capacità di orientare la tecnologia per mezzo del diritto.

L’opera affronta, con l’apporto pratico-operativo dei numerosi contributi che la compongono, il tema del diritto di internet muovendo dai principi costituzionali della materia fino a quelli di matrice finanziaria e tributaria. Il tutto senza omettere di trattare i profili di proprietà intellettuale, privacy e web reputation, la contrattualistica, gli aspetti di diritto penale e quelli di diritto amministrativo. Si tratta quindi di un testo del quale l’operatore del diritto – indipendentemente dalla sua branca di specializzazione – non può fare a meno offrendo soluzioni ai temi giuridici che si pongono in diretta conseguenza del nascere e dello svilupparsi delle nuove tecnologie legate al mondo di internet. Filo conduttore del lavoro di studio e ricerca di ogni singolo contributo autorale è l’analisi delle questioni maggiormente dibattute alla luce dei risultati cui è pervenuta la più recente giurisprudenza senza dimenticare l’apporto, insostituibile, della dottrina. Il volume è aggiornato alle misure adottate per contrastare l’emergenza sanitaria legata al COVID-19 avuto particolare riguardo a quelle disposizioni del d.l. 8 aprile 2020, n. 23 (cd. Decreto Liquidità) che modificano il dettato di alcuni articoli del Perimetro di Sicurezza Nazionale Cibernetica; affronta specificamente il tema delle fake-news sul web e quello dei canali social quali strumenti privilegiati su cui veicolare aggiornamenti in tempo reale da parte delle istituzioni declinandoli, entrambi, alla luce dell’eccezionalità del contesto della pandemia.

L’opera affronta, con l’apporto pratico-operativo dei numerosi contributi che la compongono, il tema del diritto di internet muovendo dai principi costituzionali della materia fino a quelli di matrice finanziaria e tributaria. Il tutto senza omettere di trattare i profili di proprietà intellettuale, privacy e web reputation, la contrattualistica, gli aspetti di diritto penale e quelli di diritto amministrativo. Si tratta quindi di un testo del quale l’operatore del diritto – indipendentemente dalla sua branca di specializzazione – non può fare a meno offrendo soluzioni ai temi giuridici che si pongono in diretta conseguenza del nascere e dello svilupparsi delle nuove tecnologie legate al mondo di internet. Filo conduttore del lavoro di studio e ricerca di ogni singolo contributo autorale è l’analisi delle questioni maggiormente dibattute alla luce dei risultati cui è pervenuta la più recente giurisprudenza senza dimenticare l’apporto, insostituibile, della dottrina. Il volume è aggiornato alle misure adottate per contrastare l’emergenza sanitaria legata al COVID-19 avuto particolare riguardo a quelle disposizioni del d.l. 8 aprile 2020, n. 23 (cd. Decreto Liquidità) che modificano il dettato di alcuni articoli del Perimetro di Sicurezza Nazionale Cibernetica; affronta specificamente il tema delle fake-news sul web e quello dei canali social quali strumenti privilegiati su cui veicolare aggiornamenti in tempo reale da parte delle istituzioni declinandoli, entrambi, alla luce dell’eccezionalità del contesto della pandemia.

Quale impatto hanno sul mondo del diritto la sempre maggiore disponibilità di enormi quantità di dati e gli algoritmi utilizzati per la loro elaborazione? Come regolare l’uso delle tecnologie emergenti nel settore dell’intelligenza artificiale per tutelare i diritti dell’individuo? Quale contributo può offrire la riflessione dei giuristi all’elaborazione di strumenti di gestione e analisi dei big data? Queste sono alcune delle questioni affrontate negli scritti raccolti in questo volume, che trae origine dalla XVIII conferenza «Law via the Internet» svoltasi a Firenze. L’intento è non solo di presentare lo stato attuale del dibattito, ma anche di offrire nuove prospettive di riflessione su temi – quali big data, machine learning, intelligenza artificiale, data analytics, protezione dei dati personali – oggi centrali nel dibattito sul rapporto tra diritto e tecnologie.

Derived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this practical guide to cyber law – the law affecting information and communication technology (ICT) – in Italy covers every aspect of the subject, including intellectual property rights in the ICT sector, relevant competition rules, drafting and negotiating ICT-related contracts, electronic transactions, privacy issues, and computer crime. Lawyers who handle transnational matters will appreciate the detailed explanation of specific characteristics of practice and procedure. Following a general introduction, the book assembles its information and guidance in seven main areas of practice: the regulatory framework of the electronic communications market; software protection, legal protection of databases or chips, and other intellectual property matters; contracts with regard to software licensing and network services, with special attention to case law in this area; rules with regard to electronic evidence, regulation of electronic signatures, electronic banking, and electronic commerce; specific laws and regulations with respect to the liability of network operators and service providers and related product liability; protection of individual persons in the context of the processing of personal data and confidentiality; and the application of substantive criminal law in the area of ICT. Its succinct yet scholarly nature, as well as the practical quality of the information it provides, make this book a valuable time-saving tool for business and legal professionals alike. Lawyers representing parties with interests in Italy will welcome this very useful guide, and academics and researchers will appreciate its value in the study of comparative law in this relatively new and challenging field.

ABSTRAK Kegagalan pada PORPROV 2019 diprediksi karena kondisi fisik yang masih kurang untuk bersaing di event tertinggi Jawa Timur. Dengan adanya profil kondisi fisik diharapkan dapat memberikan evaluasi pada instansi terkait tentang pentingnnya kodisi fisik yang baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat kondisi fisik atlet bolavoli. Metode yang digunakan yaitu pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode survei. Sampel seluruh atlet bolavoli putra PORPROV Kabupaten Lamongan yang berjumlah 18 orang dengan rata-rata usia 20 plusmn 1 6 berat badan 67 1 plusmn 4 1 tinggi badan 171 2 plusmn 4 3 dan IMT 22 9 plusmn 1 6. Data diperoleh melalui tes dan pengukuran. Data profil kondisi fisik yang diukur yaitu kekuatan otot lengan kekuatan otot perut daya tahan daya ledak otot tungkai daya ledak otot lengan kelincahan kelentukan koordinasi dan keseimbangan. Hasil komponen kondisi fisik dengan kategori baik sekali yaitu daya ledak otot tungkai kategori baik yaitu daya ledak otot lengan kelincahan kelentukan dan keseimbangan kategori cukup yaitu kekuatan otot lengan kekuatan otot perut dan koordinasi kategori kurang sekali yaitu daya tahan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah tingkat kondisi fisik atlet bolavoli putra PORPROV Kabupaten Lamongan tahun 2022 dalam kategori ldquo cukup rdquo .

Describes a project designed to enhance the development of preschool children's aesthetic awareness. Explores how the project presented strategies and materials that can be readily incorporated into the curriculum for any group of young children. Strategies included focusing children's observations; making art happen; and expanding artistic learning. (SD)

Multiscale entropy (MSE) provides information-domain measures of the systems' complexity. The increasing interest in MSE of the cardiovascular system lies in the possibility of detecting interactions with other regulatory systems, as higher neural networks. However, most of the MSE studies considered the heart-rate (HR) series only and a limited number of scales: actually, an integrated approach investigating HR and blood-pressure (BP) entropies and cross-entropy over the range of scales of traditional spectral analyses is missing. Therefore, we aim to highlight influences of higher brain centers and of the autonomic control on multiscale entropy and cross-entropy of HR and BP over a broad range of scales, by comparing different behavioral states over 24 h and by evaluating the influence of hypertension, which reduces the autonomic control of BP. From 24-h BP recordings in eight normotensive and eight hypertensive participants, we selected subperiods during daytime activities and nighttime sleep. In each subperiod, we derived a series of 16,384 consecutive beats for systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and pulse interval (PI). We applied a modified MSE method to obtain robust estimates up to time scales of 334 s, covering the traditional frequency bands of spectral analysis, for three embedding dimensions and compared groups (rank-sum test) and conditions (signed-rank test) at each scale. Results demonstrated night-and-day differences at scales associable with modulations in vagal activity, in respiratory mechanics, and in local vascular regulation, and reduced SBP-PI cross-entropy in hypertension, possibly representing a loss of complexity due to an impaired baroreflex sensitivity.

Stays at high altitude induce alterations in cardiovascular control and are a model of specific pathological cardiovascular derangements at sea level. However, high-altitude alterations of the complex cardiovascular dynamics remain an almost unexplored issue. Therefore, our aim is to describe the altered cardiovascular complexity at high altitude with a multiscale entropy (MSE) approach. We recorded the beat-by-beat series of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate in 20 participants for 15 min twice, at sea level and after arrival at 4554 m a.s.l. We estimated Sample Entropy and MSE at scales of up to 64 beats, deriving average MSE values over the scales corresponding to the high-frequency (MSEHF) and low-frequency (MSELF) bands of heart-rate variability. We found a significant loss of complexity at heart-rate and blood-pressure scales complementary to each other, with the decrease with high altitude being concentrated at Sample Entropy and at MSEHF for heart rate and at MSELF for blood pressure. These changes can be ascribed to the acutely increased chemoreflex sensitivity in hypoxia that causes sympathetic activation and hyperventilation. Considering high altitude as a model of pathological states like heart failure, our results suggest new ways for monitoring treatments and rehabilitation protocols.

Aortic pulse wave velocity is a worldwide accepted index to evaluate aortic stiffness and can be assessed noninvasively by several methods. This study sought to determine if commonly used noninvasive devices can all accurately estimate aortic pulse wave velocity. Pulse wave velocity was estimated in 102 patients (aged 65±13 years) undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography with 7 noninvasive devices and compared with invasive aortic pulse wave velocity. Devices evaluating carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (Complior Analyse, PulsePen ET, PulsePen ETT, and SphygmoCor) showed a strong agreement between each other (r>0.83) and with invasive aortic pulse wave velocity. The mean difference ±SD with the invasive pulse wave velocity was -0.73±2.83 m/s (r=0.64) for Complior-Analyse: 0.20±2.54 m/s (r=0.71) for PulsePen-ETT: -0.04±2.33 m/s (r=0.78) for PulsePen ET; and -0.61±2.57 m/s (r=0.70) for SphygmoCor. The finger-toe pulse wave velocity, evaluated by pOpmètre, showed only a weak relationship with invasive aortic recording (mean difference ±SD =-0.44±4.44 m/s; r=0.41), and with noninvasive carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity measurements (r<0.33). Pulse wave velocity estimated through a proprietary algorithm by BPLab (v.5.03 and v.6.02) and Mobil-O-Graph showed a weaker agreement with invasive pulse wave velocity compared with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (mean difference ±SD =-0.71±3.55 m/s, r=0.23; 1.04±2.27 m/s, r=0.77; and -1.01±2.54 m/s, r=0.71, respectively), revealing a negative proportional bias at Bland-Altman plot. Aortic pulse wave velocity values provided by BPLab and Mobil-O-Graph were entirely dependent on age-squared and peripheral systolic blood pressure (cumulative r2=0.98 and 0.99, respectively). Thus, among the methods evaluated, only those assessing carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (Complior Analyse, PulsePen ETT, PulsePen ET, and SphygmoCor) appear to be reliable approaches for estimation of aortic stiffness.

Body acceleration due to heartbeat-induced reaction forces can be measured as mobile phone accelerometer (m-ACC) signals. Our aim was to test the feasibility of using m-ACC to detect changes induced by stress by ultra-short heart rate variability (USV) indices (standard deviation of normal-to-normal interval—SDNN and root mean square of successive differences—RMSSD). Sixteen healthy volunteers were recruited; m-ACC was recorded while in supine position, during spontaneous breathing at rest conditions (REST) and during one minute of mental stress (MS) induced by arithmetic serial subtraction task, simultaneous with conventional electrocardiogram (ECG). Beat occurrences were extracted from both ECG and m-ACC and used to compute USV indices using 60, 30 and 10s durations, both for REST and MS. A feasibility of 93.8% in the beat-to-beat m-ACC heart rate series extraction was reached. In both ECG and m-ACC series, compared to REST, in MS the mean beat duration was reduced by 15% and RMSSD decreased by 38%. These results show that short term recordings (up to 10 s) of cardiac activity using smartphone’s accelerometers are able to capture the decrease in parasympathetic tone, in agreement with the induced stimulus.

Sommario: Allegato A.3 | D.lgs. 196/2003 | Regole deontologiche per trattamenti a fini statistici o di ricerca scientifica effettuati nell’ambito del Sistema Statistico nazionale 1. Ratio delle modifiche. 2. Ambito di applicazione e definizioni. 3. Identificabilità dell’interessato. 4. Trattamento di particolari categorie di dati e di dati relativi a condanne penali e reati. 5. Informazioni all’interessato e comunicazione a soggetti non facenti parte del Sistema Statistico nazionale. 6. Raccolta e conservazione dei dati. 7. Esercizio dei diritti dell’interessato. 8. Disposizioni finali.

Big data, algorithms and law – Data form our digital identities and are the foundation of every activity carried out online, constituting the basis on which the digital society stands. In the light of the European Union legal acts of reference, the contribution, after analyzing the big data, examines the emerging ethical-social questions and the legal issues involved, relating to ownership, responsibility, competition, rights protection and personal data protection. In consideration of the critical issues, the contribution outlines the principles and legal instruments suitable for achieving an ethical and legal governance of big data, firmly based on transparency, openness and collective control.

The contribution intends to examine the evolution that has affected the physiognomy of the digital administration in the latest regulatory reforms and to reflect on the tools introduced for this purpose, highlighting strengths and weaknesses. Under the evolutionary thrust of the digital society and in the light of the emergence of principles constituted by digitalisation, transparency and data protection, in recent years the face of public administration matures under three guidelines, which will be the object of analysis. Firstly, the administration is characterized by a greater openness towards the community, to which more extensive and effective instruments are conferred, such as the different access tools and the possibility of reusing open data. Secondly, digitalisation becomes “radicalized” and, in addition to the digital by default and digital first inspiring criteria, introduces the principle of digital only with greater weight in key aspects of public activity. Thirdly, the legal framework on data protection leads to a digitalisation that changes “skin” and that becomes adequate by design and by default for data protection, protecting the person in a preventive way, strengthening accountability and clarifying the duties and responsibilities of administrations.

After examining the peculiar aspects that characterize the legal regulation of the digital society, the contribution deals with the pervasive impact of technologies on human rights. In the light of the possibilities allowed by technological evolution, the so-called ICT freedom today assumes a broad meaning as the right to the development of one’s own digital existence, which allows and conditions the exercise of individual and social rights. This meta-right, an umbrella under which to give hospitality to the rights invested by technological development, requires protection based on the centrality of the person, on the quality of the data, on the technology and on the responsibility of the subjects, also envisaging new forms of collective protection. The protection of the right to digital existence can find an appropriate landing in an Internet Bill of Rights of supranational level, suitable to dictate common rules and to balance the interests involved.

The contribution aims to examine the main legal challenges related to the use of artificial intelligence in the public sphere. In this context, the problems are peculiar as a consequence of the public nature of the subject involved, of the complex governance and of the significant ethical and social implications. Artificial intelligence solutions in the public sphere must comply with the relevant legislation and may lead to critical issues in the definition of ownership and in the identification of the related responsibilities; compliance with the data protection rules necessary to protect the person can be particularly problematic. The analysis aims to show that the technological approach alone is not enough, but it must be guided by the ability to direct the technique by means of law and by a solid ethical approach, based on accountability, transparency and openness.

Elevated blood pressure (BP) is a growing burden worldwide, leading to over 10 million deaths each year. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global initiative organized by the International Society of Hypertension aimed at raising awareness of high BP and to act as a temporary solution to the lack of screening programs worldwide. A similar approach has been used in Italy since 2012, showing inadequate awareness of the consequences of hypertension, a generally increased cardiovascular risk and unsatisfactory BP control in 36% of interviewed individuals. An opportunistic cross-sectional survey of volunteers aged ≥18 was carried out in May 2017, during the joint MMM and World Hypertension Day events. Blood pressure measurement, the definition of hypertension and statistical analysis followed the standard MMM protocol. Screenings were conducted both in cities and villages, indoor and outdoor, by health personnel. Eighty-five sites, involving approximately 300 investigators, took part in MMM17/World Hypertension Day in Italy, screening 10 076 individuals during a month-long period. After multiple imputation, 3099 participants were found (30.8%) to have high BP levels. This was the biggest opportunistic BP screening in a single time-point ever reported in Italy. A significant proportion of individuals had high BP, although it was not possible to differentiate between known treated hypertensive patients with inadequate BP control and as yet undiagnosed hypertensive individuals. Opportunistic screening can reach a significant number of individuals, being a powerful tool for raising awareness and carrying out BP screening.

Bariatric surgery is considered as a first line treatment in extreme obese patients to achieve a reduction in health risks. However, after surgical procedure obese patients with normal blood pressure (BP) levels still present residual risk, which may be partly related to lack of correction of BP profile and variability. Aim: To evaluate short (10 days) and mid-term (6 months) changes of mean values, profile and variability of BP after bariatric surgery in extremely obese patients with and without hypertension. Materials & methods: A follow-up of cross-sectional study was conducted in 90 obese patients (aged 41.7 ± 11.3, BMI = 46.7 ± 5.7 kg/m2), who met the eligibility criteria and underwent bariatric surgery. Each patient underwent 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring with profile and variability estimation before, 10 days and 6 months after the intervention. Results: Sixty-seven (74.4%) patients had hypertension. Significant decrease from baseline in mean values of systolic and diastolic BP in 10 days (p < .005) and 6 months (p < .005) follow-up were observed only in patients with hypertension. Moreover, only hypertensive subjects revealed significant reduction (p < 0,05) from baseline in 24-h systolic and diastolic BP weighted standard deviation and average real variability after surgical procedure. No changes were found in dipping status. Conclusions: Bariatric surgery not only decreased BP levels, but also contributed to reduction in BP variability in early period after intervention mainly in patients with pre-existing hypertension

Recensione del volume di Simone Scagliarini (a cura di), "Smart roads e driverless cars: tra diritto, tecnologie, etica pubblica", Giappichelli, Torino, 2019, pp. 142

Nell’affascinante rapporto che lega tecnologia e diritto, il contributo intende affrontare il fenomeno della blockchain sotto la lente giuridica. A tal fine l’analisi, dopo aver esaminato le caratteristiche che connotano tale tecnologia, tratta gli aspetti giuridici e il contesto normativo europeo e nazionale di riferimento. Il contributo si concentra su alcuni profili particolarmente complessi di interazione della tecnologia blockchain con principi e norme esistenti a tutela dei diritti e dei valori dei nostri ordinamenti, in specifico la disciplina in materia di data protection.

Sommario: 1. Definizione e caratteristiche. – 2. Finalità. – 3. Quadro normativo. – 4. Strategie. – 5. Problematiche.

Sommario: Introduzione. Articolo 101 | D.lgs. 196/2003 | Modalità di trattamento. Articolo 102 | D.lgs.196/2003 | Regole deontologiche per il trattamento a fini di archiviazione nel pubblico interesse o di ricerca storica 1. Le modalità di sottoscrizione e il contenuto delle regole deontologiche per il trattamento a fini di archiviazione nel pubblico interesse o di ricerca storica. Articolo 103 | D.lgs. 196/2003 | Consultazione di documenti conservati in archivi.