Search

Sweden’s role internationally is often cited as a paradox which is argued to have its origin in the opposition between the state’s international humanitarianism and its large arms export. The tension here has often been examined from the perspectives of militarization in research on the subject. This thesis instead argued that a comprehensive understanding of peace is needed to analyze the paradox holistically. By semiotically engaging with the Swedish Government's annual reports on arms export control, this thesis could identify the construction of peace within the arms export during the years 2014-2021. A usage of the combined perspectives of pacifization, militarization and an in-depth review of the peace concept, allowed for a comprehensive understanding of peace within these discourses. The thesis discovered that elements of the Swedish arms export were framed as (1) a precondition for peace, (2) an agreement of peace, and (3) an enhancement of peace. Moreover, the material revealed the juxtaposition of two different versions of peace, one liberal and one emancipatory understanding. As these versions are associated with different values and practices of peace, their coexistence in Swedish arms export is argued to be the heart of Sweden’s foreign policy paradox.

Syftet med denna fallstudie har varit att, med hänsyn till rådande försämrat säkerhetsläge, granska hur anställda inom försvarsindustrin beskriver företags brottsutsatthet. Vidare har syftet varit att diskutera hur brottsutsattheten kan förklaras utifrån kriminologisk teori. Detta har gjorts med semistrukturerade intervjuer, där anställda inom försvarsindustrin varit intervjudeltagare. Intervjudatan relaterades sedan till rutinaktivitetsteorin samt strainteorin. Av studiens huvudresultat har det framgått att anställda på företag i försvarsindustrin upplevde att företagens brottsutsatthet i huvudsak bestod av verkstadsstölder, cyberbrott, IP-intrång samt otillåten informationsspridning. Denna brottsutsatthet kunde förklaras av rutinaktivitetsteorin i vissa fall, samt i kombination med strain i andra fall. Brottsutsattheten upplevdes ha ökat i samband med att landets säkerhetsläge försämrades samt det huvudsakliga företaget expanderade personellt. Studiens viktigaste slutsatser var att brottsutsattheten i stort upplevdes ha ökat gällande samtliga ovan nämnda brott, men att orsaken till ökningen skiljde sig åt och att endast för cyberbrott upplevdes det föreligga ett samband med säkerhetsläget., This case study examined how defense industry employees perceive crimes against their companies, in the context of a deteriorating security situation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with employees, and the data was analyzed in relation to routine activity theory and strain theory. The main findings show that employees perceived the companies' exposure to crime mainly as a result of workshop thefts, cybercrime, IP infringement, and unauthorized dissemination of information. This crime exposure can be explained by routine activity theory in some cases and strain theory in others. The crime exposure increased as the country's security situation deteriorated and the main company expanded its personnel. The most important conclusions of the study were that crime exposure was generally perceived to have increased for all the above-mentioned crimes, but that the reason for the increase differed and that only for cybercrime was there perceived to be a connection with the security situation.

SWEDISH DEFENCE POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR This essay is about Sweden's shift from strong territorial defense to disarmament with the defense decisions of 1996, 2000 and 2004. During the Cold War, Sweden had pursued a policy of neutrality aimed at staying out of the conflicts between the great powers. The country's defenses were focused on facing a possible invasion and preventing occupation. The Swedish Armed Forces were built up with a strong domestic defence industry which also benefited Sweden as an industrial nation. The strategy was based on the marginal doctrine where the intended aggressor was the Soviet Union. However, the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s dramatically changed the conditions for Sweden's security policy. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 significantly reduced the threat of a military confrontation between the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, and this led to a renewed discussion within both the political and military spheres. The defence decisions around the turn of the millennium represent a turning point in Sweden's modern history when it comes to security policy and defence. The purpose of this essay is to study the process behind the decisions and specifically look at the motives of some of the decision-makers, both military and political. The essay takes its methodological basis in oral history in the form of protocols from a witness seminar. The result of the study is that the combination of the geopolitical changes in the world around us and the new stricter economic budget frameworks together seem to have led to decisions that in the end were more extensive than what possibly was intended when they were made., SVENSK FÖRSVARSPOLITIK EFTER KALLA KRIGET Den här uppsatsen handlar om Sveriges omsvängning från starkt territoriellt försvar till nedrustning i och med försvarsbesluten 1996, 2000 och 2004. Under det kalla kriget hade Sverige fört en neutralitetspolitik som syftade till att hålla sig utanför stormakternas konflikter. Landets försvar var inriktat på att möta en eventuell invasion och förhindra ockupation. Det svenska försvaret byggdes upp med en stark inhemsk försvarsindustri vilket också gagnade Sverige som industrination. Strategin byggde på marginaldoktrinen där den tänkta angriparen var Sovjetunionen. Det kalla krigets slut i början av 1990-talet förändrade emellertid förutsättningarna för Sveriges säkerhetspolitik dramatiskt. Berlinmurens fall 1989 och Sovjetunionens upplösning 1991 innebar att hotet om en militär konfrontation mellan de två supermakterna, USA och Sovjetunionen, minskade väsentligt och detta ledde till en förnyad diskussion inom såväl den politiska som militära ledningen rörande vilken linje som var rätt för Sverige fortsättningsvis. Försvarsbesluten kring millennieskiftet utgör en vändpunkt i Sveriges moderna historia när det kommer till säkerhetspolitik och försvar. Uppsatsens syfte är att studera processen bakom besluten och specifikt titta på vad några av beslutsfattarna, både militära och politiska, hade för bevekelsegrunder för besluten som togs. Uppsatsen tar sin metodologiska grund i muntlig historia i form av protokoll från ett vittnesseminarium. Resultatet av studien är att samverkan av de geopolitiska förändringarna i omvärlden och de samtidiga striktare ekonomiska budgetramarna verkar ha lett till beslut som i slutändan blev mer omfattande än vad som verkar varit avsikten när de fattades.

Syftet med denna fallstudie har varit att, med hänsyn till rådande försämrat säkerhetsläge, granska hur anställda inom försvarsindustrin beskriver företags brottsutsatthet. Vidare har syftet varit att diskutera hur brottsutsattheten kan förklaras utifrån kriminologisk teori. Detta har gjorts med semistrukturerade intervjuer, där anställda inom försvarsindustrin varit intervjudeltagare. Intervjudatan relaterades sedan till rutinaktivitetsteorin samt strainteorin. Av studiens huvudresultat har det framgått att anställda på företag i försvarsindustrin upplevde att företagens brottsutsatthet i huvudsak bestod av verkstadsstölder, cyberbrott, IP-intrång samt otillåten informationsspridning. Denna brottsutsatthet kunde förklaras av rutinaktivitetsteorin i vissa fall, samt i kombination med strain i andra fall. Brottsutsattheten upplevdes ha ökat i samband med att landets säkerhetsläge försämrades samt det huvudsakliga företaget expanderade personellt. Studiens viktigaste slutsatser var att brottsutsattheten i stort upplevdes ha ökat gällande samtliga ovan nämnda brott, men att orsaken till ökningen skiljde sig åt och att endast för cyberbrott upplevdes det föreligga ett samband med säkerhetsläget., This case study examined how defense industry employees perceive crimes against their companies, in the context of a deteriorating security situation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with employees, and the data was analyzed in relation to routine activity theory and strain theory. The main findings show that employees perceived the companies' exposure to crime mainly as a result of workshop thefts, cybercrime, IP infringement, and unauthorized dissemination of information. This crime exposure can be explained by routine activity theory in some cases and strain theory in others. The crime exposure increased as the country's security situation deteriorated and the main company expanded its personnel. The most important conclusions of the study were that crime exposure was generally perceived to have increased for all the above-mentioned crimes, but that the reason for the increase differed and that only for cybercrime was there perceived to be a connection with the security situation.

Sweden’s role internationally is often cited as a paradox which is argued to have its origin in the opposition between the state’s international humanitarianism and its large arms export. The tension here has often been examined from the perspectives of militarization in research on the subject. This thesis instead argued that a comprehensive understanding of peace is needed to analyze the paradox holistically. By semiotically engaging with the Swedish Government's annual reports on arms export control, this thesis could identify the construction of peace within the arms export during the years 2014-2021. A usage of the combined perspectives of pacifization, militarization and an in-depth review of the peace concept, allowed for a comprehensive understanding of peace within these discourses. The thesis discovered that elements of the Swedish arms export were framed as (1) a precondition for peace, (2) an agreement of peace, and (3) an enhancement of peace. Moreover, the material revealed the juxtaposition of two different versions of peace, one liberal and one emancipatory understanding. As these versions are associated with different values and practices of peace, their coexistence in Swedish arms export is argued to be the heart of Sweden’s foreign policy paradox.

SWEDISH DEFENCE POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR This essay is about Sweden's shift from strong territorial defense to disarmament with the defense decisions of 1996, 2000 and 2004. During the Cold War, Sweden had pursued a policy of neutrality aimed at staying out of the conflicts between the great powers. The country's defenses were focused on facing a possible invasion and preventing occupation. The Swedish Armed Forces were built up with a strong domestic defence industry which also benefited Sweden as an industrial nation. The strategy was based on the marginal doctrine where the intended aggressor was the Soviet Union. However, the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s dramatically changed the conditions for Sweden's security policy. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 significantly reduced the threat of a military confrontation between the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, and this led to a renewed discussion within both the political and military spheres. The defence decisions around the turn of the millennium represent a turning point in Sweden's modern history when it comes to security policy and defence. The purpose of this essay is to study the process behind the decisions and specifically look at the motives of some of the decision-makers, both military and political. The essay takes its methodological basis in oral history in the form of protocols from a witness seminar. The result of the study is that the combination of the geopolitical changes in the world around us and the new stricter economic budget frameworks together seem to have led to decisions that in the end were more extensive than what possibly was intended when they were made., SVENSK FÖRSVARSPOLITIK EFTER KALLA KRIGET Den här uppsatsen handlar om Sveriges omsvängning från starkt territoriellt försvar till nedrustning i och med försvarsbesluten 1996, 2000 och 2004. Under det kalla kriget hade Sverige fört en neutralitetspolitik som syftade till att hålla sig utanför stormakternas konflikter. Landets försvar var inriktat på att möta en eventuell invasion och förhindra ockupation. Det svenska försvaret byggdes upp med en stark inhemsk försvarsindustri vilket också gagnade Sverige som industrination. Strategin byggde på marginaldoktrinen där den tänkta angriparen var Sovjetunionen. Det kalla krigets slut i början av 1990-talet förändrade emellertid förutsättningarna för Sveriges säkerhetspolitik dramatiskt. Berlinmurens fall 1989 och Sovjetunionens upplösning 1991 innebar att hotet om en militär konfrontation mellan de två supermakterna, USA och Sovjetunionen, minskade väsentligt och detta ledde till en förnyad diskussion inom såväl den politiska som militära ledningen rörande vilken linje som var rätt för Sverige fortsättningsvis. Försvarsbesluten kring millennieskiftet utgör en vändpunkt i Sveriges moderna historia när det kommer till säkerhetspolitik och försvar. Uppsatsens syfte är att studera processen bakom besluten och specifikt titta på vad några av beslutsfattarna, både militära och politiska, hade för bevekelsegrunder för besluten som togs. Uppsatsen tar sin metodologiska grund i muntlig historia i form av protokoll från ett vittnesseminarium. Resultatet av studien är att samverkan av de geopolitiska förändringarna i omvärlden och de samtidiga striktare ekonomiska budgetramarna verkar ha lett till beslut som i slutändan blev mer omfattande än vad som verkar varit avsikten när de fattades.

Europa befinner sig sedan 24 februari 2022 i det känsligaste säkerhetspolitiska läget sedan andra världskriget. I Försvarsbeslutet från 2020 gav regeringen Försvarsmakten uppgiften att tillväxa för att möta den försämrade utvecklingen som pågått under drygt ett decennium. Tillväxten påverkas nu av besluten att skänka kvalificerad materiel till Ukraina och beslutet att ansöka om medlemskap i försvarsalliansen Nato. Syftet med denna studie är att, för oss som författare, skapa förståelse för på vilket sätt armén kan försörja nationell försvarsförmåga, integrering med Nato samt stödja Ukraina med materiel. Vår forskning genomfördes som en kvalitativ studie där vi intervjuade personer med insikter och perspektiv från den strategiska-, militärstrategiska-, operativa- och taktiska nivån. Detta kompletterades med perspektiv från försvarsindustrin och från forskare vid Försvarshögskolan. Vi har i vår undersökning sökt förståelse för hur arméns resurser avseende personal, materiel och infrastruktur påverkas när den utsätts för hot och friktioner. Dessa resurser är vitala när armén växer i storlek och skapar militär krigföringsförmåga. Som referensram har vi använt det Resursbaserade synsättet (RBV), dynamiska förmågor och flexibilitetsperspektivet. Resultatet av vår forskning visar på att det pågår en kamp om resurser. Efterfrågan hos försvarsindustrin har ökat då många länder försöker att öka sin militära förmåga. Europa har gjort sig beroende av den amerikanska försvarsindustrin vilket nu gör det svårt att ersätta brister eller nyanskaffa materiel och ammunition. Försvarsmakten behöver genomföra ambitionssänkningar då det för närvarade är svårt att tillföra mer resurser., Since February 24, 2022, Europe has been in its most volatile securitysituation since World War II. In the Government Bill from 2020, thegovernment gave the Armed Forces the task to increase in volume andcapability to meet the deteriorating development that has been ongoingfor just over a decade. Growth is now affected by the decisions to donatequalified equipment to Ukraine and the decision to apply for membershipin the NATO defence alliance.The purpose of this study is to create an understanding, for us as authors,of how the army can provide national defence capability, integration withNATO and military support to Ukraine.Our research was conducted as a qualitative study where we interviewedpeople with insights and perspectives from the strategic-, militarystrategic-, operational- and tactical levels. This was broadened withperspectives from the defense industry and from researchers at theSwedish Defence University.In our research, we sought an understanding of how the army’s resources(personnel, equipment, and infrastructure) are affected when it is exposedto frictions and threats. These resources are vital as the Army grows andcreates military capabilities. As a frame of reference, we have used theResource Based Approach (RBV), dynamic capabilities and the Flexibilityperspective.The results of our research show that there is an ongoing struggle forresources. Demand on the defense industry has increased as manycountries try to increase their military capabilities. Europe has becomedependent on the American defense industry, which now makes it difficultto replace deficiencies or acquire new equipment and ammunition.The Armed Forces need to change its objectives due to difficulties in addingmore resources

Europa befinner sig sedan 24 februari 2022 i det känsligaste säkerhetspolitiska läget sedan andra världskriget. I Försvarsbeslutet från 2020 gav regeringen Försvarsmakten uppgiften att tillväxa för att möta den försämrade utvecklingen som pågått under drygt ett decennium. Tillväxten påverkas nu av besluten att skänka kvalificerad materiel till Ukraina och beslutet att ansöka om medlemskap i försvarsalliansen Nato. Syftet med denna studie är att, för oss som författare, skapa förståelse för på vilket sätt armén kan försörja nationell försvarsförmåga, integrering med Nato samt stödja Ukraina med materiel. Vår forskning genomfördes som en kvalitativ studie där vi intervjuade personer med insikter och perspektiv från den strategiska-, militärstrategiska-, operativa- och taktiska nivån. Detta kompletterades med perspektiv från försvarsindustrin och från forskare vid Försvarshögskolan. Vi har i vår undersökning sökt förståelse för hur arméns resurser avseende personal, materiel och infrastruktur påverkas när den utsätts för hot och friktioner. Dessa resurser är vitala när armén växer i storlek och skapar militär krigföringsförmåga. Som referensram har vi använt det Resursbaserade synsättet (RBV), dynamiska förmågor och flexibilitetsperspektivet. Resultatet av vår forskning visar på att det pågår en kamp om resurser. Efterfrågan hos försvarsindustrin har ökat då många länder försöker att öka sin militära förmåga. Europa har gjort sig beroende av den amerikanska försvarsindustrin vilket nu gör det svårt att ersätta brister eller nyanskaffa materiel och ammunition. Försvarsmakten behöver genomföra ambitionssänkningar då det för närvarade är svårt att tillföra mer resurser., Since February 24, 2022, Europe has been in its most volatile securitysituation since World War II. In the Government Bill from 2020, thegovernment gave the Armed Forces the task to increase in volume andcapability to meet the deteriorating development that has been ongoingfor just over a decade. Growth is now affected by the decisions to donatequalified equipment to Ukraine and the decision to apply for membershipin the NATO defence alliance.The purpose of this study is to create an understanding, for us as authors,of how the army can provide national defence capability, integration withNATO and military support to Ukraine.Our research was conducted as a qualitative study where we interviewedpeople with insights and perspectives from the strategic-, militarystrategic-, operational- and tactical levels. This was broadened withperspectives from the defense industry and from researchers at theSwedish Defence University.In our research, we sought an understanding of how the army’s resources(personnel, equipment, and infrastructure) are affected when it is exposedto frictions and threats. These resources are vital as the Army grows andcreates military capabilities. As a frame of reference, we have used theResource Based Approach (RBV), dynamic capabilities and the Flexibilityperspective.The results of our research show that there is an ongoing struggle forresources. Demand on the defense industry has increased as manycountries try to increase their military capabilities. Europe has becomedependent on the American defense industry, which now makes it difficultto replace deficiencies or acquire new equipment and ammunition.The Armed Forces need to change its objectives due to difficulties in addingmore resources

This longitudinal research project in industrial marketing seeks to understand ancillary actors, specifically what they are, their characteristics, relations and impact on focal relations based on the empirical case of the cross-border relations of EU’s largest defence equipment producing firms (called “primes”). Ancillary actors are approached on four arenas: i) the political setting for EU defence equipment production, ii) the “primes” business relations, e.g. their market, iii) an issue community for setting up a single EU defence company and iv) a collaborative project, the Eurofighter. Ten analytical propositions with potentially common attributes for ancillary actors are that ancillary actors 1) have a role flexibility, where they may simultaneously act within a business and political setting assuming supportive, coercive, adaptive and influential roles, 2) emerge from focal actors’ legitimacy and commitments, 3) help to support, organise or mitigate collaboration between business and political actors, 4) create, facilitate and support cross-border political and business ties on political and protected markets that help to overcome market impediments, 5) may project actor strategies into other markets and settings, 6) may balance political actors’ control, transfer of knowledge and work share distribution, 7) are often more lasting than business actors and political actors, bridging time, 8) may seek to expand and move into the focal relation, 9) need to be transparent, which risks hampering efficiency and 10) risk being inefficient and ineffective. Empirical observations are that after more than half a century of political integration, EU has established legitimate ancillary actors for defence equipment. New protectionism and disintegration however risk being underestimated in this setting. Although the EU defence equipment market is frequently characterised as fragmented, EU defence business actors are intertwined by stable cross-border relations since deca

This longitudinal research project in industrial marketing seeks to understand ancillary actors, specifically what they are, their characteristics, relations and impact on focal relations based on the empirical case of the cross-border relations of EU’s largest defence equipment producing firms (called “primes”). Ancillary actors are approached on four arenas: i) the political setting for EU defence equipment production, ii) the “primes” business relations, e.g. their market, iii) an issue community for setting up a single EU defence company and iv) a collaborative project, the Eurofighter. Ten analytical propositions with potentially common attributes for ancillary actors are that ancillary actors 1) have a role flexibility, where they may simultaneously act within a business and political setting assuming supportive, coercive, adaptive and influential roles, 2) emerge from focal actors’ legitimacy and commitments, 3) help to support, organise or mitigate collaboration between business and political actors, 4) create, facilitate and support cross-border political and business ties on political and protected markets that help to overcome market impediments, 5) may project actor strategies into other markets and settings, 6) may balance political actors’ control, transfer of knowledge and work share distribution, 7) are often more lasting than business actors and political actors, bridging time, 8) may seek to expand and move into the focal relation, 9) need to be transparent, which risks hampering efficiency and 10) risk being inefficient and ineffective. Empirical observations are that after more than half a century of political integration, EU has established legitimate ancillary actors for defence equipment. New protectionism and disintegration however risk being underestimated in this setting. Although the EU defence equipment market is frequently characterised as fragmented, EU defence business actors are intertwined by stable cross-border relations since deca

This longitudinal research project in industrial marketing seeks to understand ancillary actors, specifically what they are, their characteristics, relations and impact on focal relations based on the empirical case of the cross-border relations of EU’s largest defence equipment producing firms (called “primes”). Ancillary actors are approached on four arenas: i) the political setting for EU defence equipment production, ii) the “primes” business relations, e.g. their market, iii) an issue community for setting up a single EU defence company and iv) a collaborative project, the Eurofighter. Ten analytical propositions with potentially common attributes for ancillary actors are that ancillary actors 1) have a role flexibility, where they may simultaneously act within a business and political setting assuming supportive, coercive, adaptive and influential roles, 2) emerge from focal actors’ legitimacy and commitments, 3) help to support, organise or mitigate collaboration between business and political actors, 4) create, facilitate and support cross-border political and business ties on political and protected markets that help to overcome market impediments, 5) may project actor strategies into other markets and settings, 6) may balance political actors’ control, transfer of knowledge and work share distribution, 7) are often more lasting than business actors and political actors, bridging time, 8) may seek to expand and move into the focal relation, 9) need to be transparent, which risks hampering efficiency and 10) risk being inefficient and ineffective. Empirical observations are that after more than half a century of political integration, EU has established legitimate ancillary actors for defence equipment. New protectionism and disintegration however risk being underestimated in this setting. Although the EU defence equipment market is frequently characterised as fragmented, EU defence business actors are intertwined by stable cross-border relations since deca

This longitudinal research project in industrial marketing seeks to understand ancillary actors, specifically what they are, their characteristics, relations and impact on focal relations based on the empirical case of the cross-border relations of EU’s largest defence equipment producing firms (called “primes”). Ancillary actors are approached on four arenas: i) the political setting for EU defence equipment production, ii) the “primes” business relations, e.g. their market, iii) an issue community for setting up a single EU defence company and iv) a collaborative project, the Eurofighter. Ten analytical propositions with potentially common attributes for ancillary actors are that ancillary actors 1) have a role flexibility, where they may simultaneously act within a business and political setting assuming supportive, coercive, adaptive and influential roles, 2) emerge from focal actors’ legitimacy and commitments, 3) help to support, organise or mitigate collaboration between business and political actors, 4) create, facilitate and support cross-border political and business ties on political and protected markets that help to overcome market impediments, 5) may project actor strategies into other markets and settings, 6) may balance political actors’ control, transfer of knowledge and work share distribution, 7) are often more lasting than business actors and political actors, bridging time, 8) may seek to expand and move into the focal relation, 9) need to be transparent, which risks hampering efficiency and 10) risk being inefficient and ineffective. Empirical observations are that after more than half a century of political integration, EU has established legitimate ancillary actors for defence equipment. New protectionism and disintegration however risk being underestimated in this setting. Although the EU defence equipment market is frequently characterised as fragmented, EU defence business actors are intertwined by stable cross-border relations since deca

This longitudinal research project in industrial marketing seeks to understand ancillary actors, specifically what they are, their characteristics, relations and impact on focal relations based on the empirical case of the cross-border relations of EU’s largest defence equipment producing firms (called “primes”). Ancillary actors are approached on four arenas: i) the political setting for EU defence equipment production, ii) the “primes” business relations, e.g. their market, iii) an issue community for setting up a single EU defence company and iv) a collaborative project, the Eurofighter. Ten analytical propositions with potentially common attributes for ancillary actors are that ancillary actors 1) have a role flexibility, where they may simultaneously act within a business and political setting assuming supportive, coercive, adaptive and influential roles, 2) emerge from focal actors’ legitimacy and commitments, 3) help to support, organise or mitigate collaboration between business and political actors, 4) create, facilitate and support cross-border political and business ties on political and protected markets that help to overcome market impediments, 5) may project actor strategies into other markets and settings, 6) may balance political actors’ control, transfer of knowledge and work share distribution, 7) are often more lasting than business actors and political actors, bridging time, 8) may seek to expand and move into the focal relation, 9) need to be transparent, which risks hampering efficiency and 10) risk being inefficient and ineffective. Empirical observations are that after more than half a century of political integration, EU has established legitimate ancillary actors for defence equipment. New protectionism and disintegration however risk being underestimated in this setting. Although the EU defence equipment market is frequently characterised as fragmented, EU defence business actors are intertwined by stable cross-border relations since deca

Essän bygger på en av Frederick Taylor författad uppsats, ”Government Efficiency” som han spred separat samma år som hans två mest kända skrifter publicerades, Shop Management och The Principles of Scientific Management. I ”Government Efficiency”, framför Taylor kritik mot det amerikanska försvarets gammaldags produktion av krigsmateriel och uppmanar till modernisering med hans system, scientific management. Ett försök med tidsstudier i ett gjuteri utlöste en strejk som fick massmedial uppmärksamhet med följdverkningar. Taylor fick vid flera tillfällen stå till svars inför den amerikanska kongressen. Då Taylor i sina två skrifter hävdat att en strejk aldrig inträffat på de arbetsplatser där han utvecklat scientific management, blev denna strejk särskilt uppseendeväckande., The essay is based on a separate paper written by Frederic Taylor, ”Government Efficiency”, He distributed it the same year as his two most familiar works were published, Shop Management och The Principles of Scientific Management. In ”Government Efficiency” Taylor criticizes the U.S. defence for its old-fashioned production of war munition. He suggests the production would be rendered more effective by applying his scientific management model. Time studies were started in one of the government military arsenals. A group of molders protested and went on strike. Immediate attention by mass media paved the way for public attention and hearings in the House of Representatives. As Taylor has asserted in his two books that a strike never occurred in the work places where he had introduced scientific management, this strike became especially sensational.

Essän bygger på en av Frederick Taylor författad uppsats, ”Government Efficiency” som han spred separat samma år som hans två mest kända skrifter publicerades, Shop Management och The Principles of Scientific Management. I ”Government Efficiency”, framför Taylor kritik mot det amerikanska försvarets gammaldags produktion av krigsmateriel och uppmanar till modernisering med hans system, scientific management. Ett försök med tidsstudier i ett gjuteri utlöste en strejk som fick massmedial uppmärksamhet med följdverkningar. Taylor fick vid flera tillfällen stå till svars inför den amerikanska kongressen. Då Taylor i sina två skrifter hävdat att en strejk aldrig inträffat på de arbetsplatser där han utvecklat scientific management, blev denna strejk särskilt uppseendeväckande., The essay is based on a separate paper written by Frederic Taylor, ”Government Efficiency”, He distributed it the same year as his two most familiar works were published, Shop Management och The Principles of Scientific Management. In ”Government Efficiency” Taylor criticizes the U.S. defence for its old-fashioned production of war munition. He suggests the production would be rendered more effective by applying his scientific management model. Time studies were started in one of the government military arsenals. A group of molders protested and went on strike. Immediate attention by mass media paved the way for public attention and hearings in the House of Representatives. As Taylor has asserted in his two books that a strike never occurred in the work places where he had introduced scientific management, this strike became especially sensational.

Essän bygger på en av Frederick Taylor författad uppsats, ”Government Efficiency” som han spred separat samma år som hans två mest kända skrifter publicerades, Shop Management och The Principles of Scientific Management. I ”Government Efficiency”, framför Taylor kritik mot det amerikanska försvarets gammaldags produktion av krigsmateriel och uppmanar till modernisering med hans system, scientific management. Ett försök med tidsstudier i ett gjuteri utlöste en strejk som fick massmedial uppmärksamhet med följdverkningar. Taylor fick vid flera tillfällen stå till svars inför den amerikanska kongressen. Då Taylor i sina två skrifter hävdat att en strejk aldrig inträffat på de arbetsplatser där han utvecklat scientific management, blev denna strejk särskilt uppseendeväckande., The essay is based on a separate paper written by Frederic Taylor, ”Government Efficiency”, He distributed it the same year as his two most familiar works were published, Shop Management och The Principles of Scientific Management. In ”Government Efficiency” Taylor criticizes the U.S. defence for its old-fashioned production of war munition. He suggests the production would be rendered more effective by applying his scientific management model. Time studies were started in one of the government military arsenals. A group of molders protested and went on strike. Immediate attention by mass media paved the way for public attention and hearings in the House of Representatives. As Taylor has asserted in his two books that a strike never occurred in the work places where he had introduced scientific management, this strike became especially sensational.

Essän bygger på en av Frederick Taylor författad uppsats, ”Government Efficiency” som han spred separat samma år som hans två mest kända skrifter publicerades, Shop Management och The Principles of Scientific Management. I ”Government Efficiency”, framför Taylor kritik mot det amerikanska försvarets gammaldags produktion av krigsmateriel och uppmanar till modernisering med hans system, scientific management. Ett försök med tidsstudier i ett gjuteri utlöste en strejk som fick massmedial uppmärksamhet med följdverkningar. Taylor fick vid flera tillfällen stå till svars inför den amerikanska kongressen. Då Taylor i sina två skrifter hävdat att en strejk aldrig inträffat på de arbetsplatser där han utvecklat scientific management, blev denna strejk särskilt uppseendeväckande., The essay is based on a separate paper written by Frederic Taylor, ”Government Efficiency”, He distributed it the same year as his two most familiar works were published, Shop Management och The Principles of Scientific Management. In ”Government Efficiency” Taylor criticizes the U.S. defence for its old-fashioned production of war munition. He suggests the production would be rendered more effective by applying his scientific management model. Time studies were started in one of the government military arsenals. A group of molders protested and went on strike. Immediate attention by mass media paved the way for public attention and hearings in the House of Representatives. As Taylor has asserted in his two books that a strike never occurred in the work places where he had introduced scientific management, this strike became especially sensational.

Essän bygger på en av Frederick Taylor författad uppsats, ”Government Efficiency” som han spred separat samma år som hans två mest kända skrifter publicerades, Shop Management och The Principles of Scientific Management. I ”Government Efficiency”, framför Taylor kritik mot det amerikanska försvarets gammaldags produktion av krigsmateriel och uppmanar till modernisering med hans system, scientific management. Ett försök med tidsstudier i ett gjuteri utlöste en strejk som fick massmedial uppmärksamhet med följdverkningar. Taylor fick vid flera tillfällen stå till svars inför den amerikanska kongressen. Då Taylor i sina två skrifter hävdat att en strejk aldrig inträffat på de arbetsplatser där han utvecklat scientific management, blev denna strejk särskilt uppseendeväckande., The essay is based on a separate paper written by Frederic Taylor, ”Government Efficiency”, He distributed it the same year as his two most familiar works were published, Shop Management och The Principles of Scientific Management. In ”Government Efficiency” Taylor criticizes the U.S. defence for its old-fashioned production of war munition. He suggests the production would be rendered more effective by applying his scientific management model. Time studies were started in one of the government military arsenals. A group of molders protested and went on strike. Immediate attention by mass media paved the way for public attention and hearings in the House of Representatives. As Taylor has asserted in his two books that a strike never occurred in the work places where he had introduced scientific management, this strike became especially sensational.

Inledning: Organisationer lever idag en vardag som ständigt förändras och utvecklas. Därav behöver organisationer hela tiden arbeta med ständiga förbättringar för att inte tappa konkurrenskraft. Nya verksamhetsutvecklingskoncept, nya teknologier samt nya lagar och regler är bara några aspekter som försvårar för organisationer att hänga med i utvecklingen. Kvalitetsutveckling är centralt och Lean är ett verksamhetsutvecklingskoncept som fått en explosionsartad spridning inom såväl privata som statliga organisationer. Att implementera Lean-konceptet är komplext och forskare menar att en fungerande kommunikation är en förutsättning för att en implementering skall lyckas. Problematiken kring Lean-implementeringar och andra organisationsförändringar påverkar väldigt många organisationer vilket gör ämnet intressant att undersöka. För denna uppsats har två företag verksamma inom svensk högteknologisk försvarsindustri studerats i syfte att öka förståelsen för kvalitetsutveckling och Lean-implementeringar samt hur dessa kan genomföras bättre i framtiden. Studiens frågeställningar är: Hur långt upplevs Lean-implementeringen ha kommit i Nammo samt Bae Systems Bofors samt hur kan implementeringen förbättras? Hur sker kommunikationen mellan ledare och medarbetare för att lyckas med en Lean-implementering inom den svenska högteknologiska försvarsindustrin? Teoretisk referensram: Uppsatsen utgår från kvalitetsutveckling baserat på Dale och Lascelles modell (1997) samt Lagrosen och Lagrosens modell (2009). Dessutom behandlas Lean-konceptet, förändringar, kommunikation samt hyperkultur. Metod: För denna uppsats begagnades en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer med chefer och medarbetare från Nammo samt Bae Systems Bofors. Intervjuerna kompletterades dessutom med företagsdokument. Slutsats: För denna uppsats bedöms att Nammo befinner sig på nivån famlare samtidigt som Bae Systems Bofors har nått nivån förbättrare enligt skalan från Dale och Lascelles (1997). Vidare pres

Background. The aftermarket can be described as the activities taking place after the purchase of the product. In today's business environment more attention is placed on the aftermarket area due to the increased competition between companies and the fact that the aftermarket has proved to be a key differentiator for companies. Nowadays it has also been crucial to satisfy the customers need of having a competitive aftermarket offer. Despite the advantages for companies having such an attractive offer together with good customer relations there is still missing research describing how companies should act in order to create and develop aftermarket business in practice. This study can be seen as an attempt to bring knowledge and clarity to which areas to prioritize in the design of an aftermarket that meets customer needs. Objectives. The purpose of this study is to find out which factors, with regard to customer satisfaction, that are important for companies to pay attention and manage when they organize complex aftermarket activities. Methods. The study is based on a quantitative approach, given the complexity of the subject and the purpose of the study. As a tool, a questionnaire survey was sent out to 35 customers, which resulted in 30 responses and a response rate of 85.7%. The respondents are existing customers at Saab Kockums in Sweden. The collected data was applied and analysed by Partial least squares method (PLS). Results. The results of the study show the strength of the relationship between the latent variables; company image, customer expectations, perceived quality and perceived value that imply customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The results differed from previous studies, which indicates that the aftermarket, unlike a normal market, can be seen as complex. Conclusions. The study concludes that the relationship between factors that affect customer satisfaction in a aftermarket differs from previous studies with the explanation that the

Background. The aftermarket can be described as the activities taking place after the purchase of the product. In today's business environment more attention is placed on the aftermarket area due to the increased competition between companies and the fact that the aftermarket has proved to be a key differentiator for companies. Nowadays it has also been crucial to satisfy the customers need of having a competitive aftermarket offer. Despite the advantages for companies having such an attractive offer together with good customer relations there is still missing research describing how companies should act in order to create and develop aftermarket business in practice. This study can be seen as an attempt to bring knowledge and clarity to which areas to prioritize in the design of an aftermarket that meets customer needs. Objectives. The purpose of this study is to find out which factors, with regard to customer satisfaction, that are important for companies to pay attention and manage when they organize complex aftermarket activities. Methods. The study is based on a quantitative approach, given the complexity of the subject and the purpose of the study. As a tool, a questionnaire survey was sent out to 35 customers, which resulted in 30 responses and a response rate of 85.7%. The respondents are existing customers at Saab Kockums in Sweden. The collected data was applied and analysed by Partial least squares method (PLS). Results. The results of the study show the strength of the relationship between the latent variables; company image, customer expectations, perceived quality and perceived value that imply customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The results differed from previous studies, which indicates that the aftermarket, unlike a normal market, can be seen as complex. Conclusions. The study concludes that the relationship between factors that affect customer satisfaction in a aftermarket differs from previous studies with the explanation that the

Inledning: Organisationer lever idag en vardag som ständigt förändras och utvecklas. Därav behöver organisationer hela tiden arbeta med ständiga förbättringar för att inte tappa konkurrenskraft. Nya verksamhetsutvecklingskoncept, nya teknologier samt nya lagar och regler är bara några aspekter som försvårar för organisationer att hänga med i utvecklingen. Kvalitetsutveckling är centralt och Lean är ett verksamhetsutvecklingskoncept som fått en explosionsartad spridning inom såväl privata som statliga organisationer. Att implementera Lean-konceptet är komplext och forskare menar att en fungerande kommunikation är en förutsättning för att en implementering skall lyckas. Problematiken kring Lean-implementeringar och andra organisationsförändringar påverkar väldigt många organisationer vilket gör ämnet intressant att undersöka. För denna uppsats har två företag verksamma inom svensk högteknologisk försvarsindustri studerats i syfte att öka förståelsen för kvalitetsutveckling och Lean-implementeringar samt hur dessa kan genomföras bättre i framtiden. Studiens frågeställningar är: Hur långt upplevs Lean-implementeringen ha kommit i Nammo samt Bae Systems Bofors samt hur kan implementeringen förbättras? Hur sker kommunikationen mellan ledare och medarbetare för att lyckas med en Lean-implementering inom den svenska högteknologiska försvarsindustrin? Teoretisk referensram: Uppsatsen utgår från kvalitetsutveckling baserat på Dale och Lascelles modell (1997) samt Lagrosen och Lagrosens modell (2009). Dessutom behandlas Lean-konceptet, förändringar, kommunikation samt hyperkultur. Metod: För denna uppsats begagnades en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer med chefer och medarbetare från Nammo samt Bae Systems Bofors. Intervjuerna kompletterades dessutom med företagsdokument. Slutsats: För denna uppsats bedöms att Nammo befinner sig på nivån famlare samtidigt som Bae Systems Bofors har nått nivån förbättrare enligt skalan från Dale och Lascelles (1997). Vidare pres

Background. The aftermarket can be described as the activities taking place after the purchase of the product. In today's business environment more attention is placed on the aftermarket area due to the increased competition between companies and the fact that the aftermarket has proved to be a key differentiator for companies. Nowadays it has also been crucial to satisfy the customers need of having a competitive aftermarket offer. Despite the advantages for companies having such an attractive offer together with good customer relations there is still missing research describing how companies should act in order to create and develop aftermarket business in practice. This study can be seen as an attempt to bring knowledge and clarity to which areas to prioritize in the design of an aftermarket that meets customer needs. Objectives. The purpose of this study is to find out which factors, with regard to customer satisfaction, that are important for companies to pay attention and manage when they organize complex aftermarket activities. Methods. The study is based on a quantitative approach, given the complexity of the subject and the purpose of the study. As a tool, a questionnaire survey was sent out to 35 customers, which resulted in 30 responses and a response rate of 85.7%. The respondents are existing customers at Saab Kockums in Sweden. The collected data was applied and analysed by Partial least squares method (PLS). Results. The results of the study show the strength of the relationship between the latent variables; company image, customer expectations, perceived quality and perceived value that imply customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The results differed from previous studies, which indicates that the aftermarket, unlike a normal market, can be seen as complex. Conclusions. The study concludes that the relationship between factors that affect customer satisfaction in a aftermarket differs from previous studies with the explanation that the

Background. The aftermarket can be described as the activities taking place after the purchase of the product. In today's business environment more attention is placed on the aftermarket area due to the increased competition between companies and the fact that the aftermarket has proved to be a key differentiator for companies. Nowadays it has also been crucial to satisfy the customers need of having a competitive aftermarket offer. Despite the advantages for companies having such an attractive offer together with good customer relations there is still missing research describing how companies should act in order to create and develop aftermarket business in practice. This study can be seen as an attempt to bring knowledge and clarity to which areas to prioritize in the design of an aftermarket that meets customer needs. Objectives. The purpose of this study is to find out which factors, with regard to customer satisfaction, that are important for companies to pay attention and manage when they organize complex aftermarket activities. Methods. The study is based on a quantitative approach, given the complexity of the subject and the purpose of the study. As a tool, a questionnaire survey was sent out to 35 customers, which resulted in 30 responses and a response rate of 85.7%. The respondents are existing customers at Saab Kockums in Sweden. The collected data was applied and analysed by Partial least squares method (PLS). Results. The results of the study show the strength of the relationship between the latent variables; company image, customer expectations, perceived quality and perceived value that imply customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The results differed from previous studies, which indicates that the aftermarket, unlike a normal market, can be seen as complex. Conclusions. The study concludes that the relationship between factors that affect customer satisfaction in a aftermarket differs from previous studies with the explanation that the

Background. The aftermarket can be described as the activities taking place after the purchase of the product. In today's business environment more attention is placed on the aftermarket area due to the increased competition between companies and the fact that the aftermarket has proved to be a key differentiator for companies. Nowadays it has also been crucial to satisfy the customers need of having a competitive aftermarket offer. Despite the advantages for companies having such an attractive offer together with good customer relations there is still missing research describing how companies should act in order to create and develop aftermarket business in practice. This study can be seen as an attempt to bring knowledge and clarity to which areas to prioritize in the design of an aftermarket that meets customer needs. Objectives. The purpose of this study is to find out which factors, with regard to customer satisfaction, that are important for companies to pay attention and manage when they organize complex aftermarket activities. Methods. The study is based on a quantitative approach, given the complexity of the subject and the purpose of the study. As a tool, a questionnaire survey was sent out to 35 customers, which resulted in 30 responses and a response rate of 85.7%. The respondents are existing customers at Saab Kockums in Sweden. The collected data was applied and analysed by Partial least squares method (PLS). Results. The results of the study show the strength of the relationship between the latent variables; company image, customer expectations, perceived quality and perceived value that imply customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The results differed from previous studies, which indicates that the aftermarket, unlike a normal market, can be seen as complex. Conclusions. The study concludes that the relationship between factors that affect customer satisfaction in a aftermarket differs from previous studies with the explanation that the

Background. The aftermarket can be described as the activities taking place after the purchase of the product. In today's business environment more attention is placed on the aftermarket area due to the increased competition between companies and the fact that the aftermarket has proved to be a key differentiator for companies. Nowadays it has also been crucial to satisfy the customers need of having a competitive aftermarket offer. Despite the advantages for companies having such an attractive offer together with good customer relations there is still missing research describing how companies should act in order to create and develop aftermarket business in practice. This study can be seen as an attempt to bring knowledge and clarity to which areas to prioritize in the design of an aftermarket that meets customer needs. Objectives. The purpose of this study is to find out which factors, with regard to customer satisfaction, that are important for companies to pay attention and manage when they organize complex aftermarket activities. Methods. The study is based on a quantitative approach, given the complexity of the subject and the purpose of the study. As a tool, a questionnaire survey was sent out to 35 customers, which resulted in 30 responses and a response rate of 85.7%. The respondents are existing customers at Saab Kockums in Sweden. The collected data was applied and analysed by Partial least squares method (PLS). Results. The results of the study show the strength of the relationship between the latent variables; company image, customer expectations, perceived quality and perceived value that imply customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The results differed from previous studies, which indicates that the aftermarket, unlike a normal market, can be seen as complex. Conclusions. The study concludes that the relationship between factors that affect customer satisfaction in a aftermarket differs from previous studies with the explanation that the

Purpose –This thesis purpose is to enhance the understanding of how cultural challenges effect offset management within the defence industry. Method - The thesis is conducted as a qualitative case study and has been carry out on a Swedish defence company and their international businesses. Un-structured and semi-structured interviews has been conducted within the company and its partners. A referral sampling has been used to identify partners and informants relevant to the business. The data has been analysed through a three-step coding method. Results – The thesis show that in the initial phase, the biggest challenge is to create an understanding of the potential customer country’s culture and to create the initial relationships. In the implementation phase the challenge is to maintain these relationships as well as to have flexibility vis-à-vis the customer and partners. In the closuring phase the biggest challenge is to continuously to develop the partners. The most important aspect to consider during the offset business is the adaptation to the receiving country’s culture. Doing this whilst considering the factors that distinguish it from the origin’s culture the most. Theoretical implications – The thesis mainly contributes to increasing the understanding and supplementing the literature regarding Offset Management. The central culture-related challenges in offset management are highlighted and are important for future studies in this field. The thesis uses both the cultural dimensions and the Lewis Model to describe the challenges, which is of importance in studies of countries with similar cultures. Practical implications – The thesis shows the most important challenges in offset management through three different phases. In particular the contribution regarding the cultural aspects are important, as the challenges become clearer the more the origin culture differ in relation to the receiving culture., Syfte – Denna uppsats syftar till att öka förståelsen kring hur kulturella utmaningar påverkar offsetåtagande inom försvarsindustrin. Metod – Studien är genomförd som en kvalitativ fallstudie utförd på ett svenskt företag inom försvarsindustrin och deras internationella affärer. Ostrukturerade och semi-strukturerade intervjuer har genomförts inom företaget och dess partners. Ett snöbollsurval har tillämpats för att identifiera parter och informanter relevanta för affären. I analysen för datainsamling har en tre-stegs kodning tillämpats. Resultat - Studien visar att i den initiala fasen är den största utmaningen att skapa en förståelse för kulturen i det potentiella kundlandet och att skapa relationer. I genomförandefasen är utmaningen att bibehålla dessa relationer samt att ha en flexibilitet gentemot kunden och partners. I den avslutade fasenär den största utmaningen att få en fortsatt utveckling av partners. De viktigaste aspekterna att ta hänsyn till är att anpassning gentemot kundlandet beroende på vilka faktorer som särskiljer landet mot Sverige kulturellt. Teoretiska implikationer - Studien bidrar främst med att öka förståelsen och komplettera litteratur inom Offset management. De centrala kulturrelaterade utmaningarna som finns inom offsetåtagande belyses och är av vikt för framtida studier inom området. Studien använder både de kulturella dimensionerna och Lewismodellen för att beskriva utmaningarna vilket är av vikt vid studier av länder som har angränsade kulturer. Praktiska implikationer - Studien visar på utmaningar inom offsetåtagande i tre olika faser. Framförallt är de kulturella aspekternas bidrag av vikt, då utmaningarna blir tydligare ju mer den egna kulturen skiljer sig i relation till motpartens.

IT-system är något som finns nästan överallt, även i myndigheter. Dessa system har många gånger en betydande roll för verksamheten, och kravhanteringsprocessen är central för att systemen ska stödja verksamheten som tänkt. IT-system som används inom Försvarsmakten ska uppfylla ett stort antal säkerhetskrav, vilka många härstammar från styrdokumentet Krav på Säkerhetsfunktioner (KSF). Dessa krav är på hög nivå och ger utrymme för tolkning. Denna uppsats syftar till att studera hur kunskap från kravhanteringsprocessen kan återanvändas; till exempel krav, kravtolkningar, eller arbetssätt. Studien har utförts genom att intervjua konsulter på Lüning Consulting, vilka jobbar nästan uteslutande mot Försvarsmakten, och analyserats med en modell för återanvändning inom kravhantering. Studien visade att kontext, organisation och sekretess är tre nyckelfaktorer som måste tas hänsyn till för att myndigheter ska kunna införa återanvändning. Den tydliga byråkratin, med lagar och styrdokument, kan både möjliggöra och hindra återanvändning, och att återanvända utan kontext i åtanke kan få konsekvenser. Då många myndigheter hanterar sekretessbelagd information, må det vara personuppgifter eller försvarshemligheter, är det också av stor vikt att förstå när återanvändning helt enkelt inte är möjlig., IT systems are present almost everywhere, even in government authorities. These systems have a significant role for the business, and the requirement management process is an important part in making sure that systems are supporting the business as intended. IT systems used in the Armed Forces must meet a large amount of security requirements, many of which derive from the Krav på Säkerhetsfunktioner (KSF) document. These are high level requirements, which allow for interpretation. This essay seeks to examine how knowledge from the requirements engineering process can be reused; e.g. requirements, requirements interpretations, or work methods. The study was conducted by interviewing consultants at Lüning Consulting, which work almost exclusively with the Armed Forces. The data is analyzed by using a model for reuse in requirements engineering. The study shows that context, organization and confidentiality are three key factors that must be taken into account in order for authorities to reuse knowledge from the requirements engineering process. The bureaucracy, with laws and control documents, can both enable and prevent reuse, and reuse without context in mind can have negative consequences. Since many authorities handle confidential information, may it be personal data or defense secrets, it is also important to understand when reuse is simply not possible

Purpose –This thesis purpose is to enhance the understanding of how cultural challenges effect offset management within the defence industry. Method - The thesis is conducted as a qualitative case study and has been carry out on a Swedish defence company and their international businesses. Un-structured and semi-structured interviews has been conducted within the company and its partners. A referral sampling has been used to identify partners and informants relevant to the business. The data has been analysed through a three-step coding method. Results – The thesis show that in the initial phase, the biggest challenge is to create an understanding of the potential customer country’s culture and to create the initial relationships. In the implementation phase the challenge is to maintain these relationships as well as to have flexibility vis-à-vis the customer and partners. In the closuring phase the biggest challenge is to continuously to develop the partners. The most important aspect to consider during the offset business is the adaptation to the receiving country’s culture. Doing this whilst considering the factors that distinguish it from the origin’s culture the most. Theoretical implications – The thesis mainly contributes to increasing the understanding and supplementing the literature regarding Offset Management. The central culture-related challenges in offset management are highlighted and are important for future studies in this field. The thesis uses both the cultural dimensions and the Lewis Model to describe the challenges, which is of importance in studies of countries with similar cultures. Practical implications – The thesis shows the most important challenges in offset management through three different phases. In particular the contribution regarding the cultural aspects are important, as the challenges become clearer the more the origin culture differ in relation to the receiving culture., Syfte – Denna uppsats syftar till att öka förståelsen kring hur kulturella utmaningar påverkar offsetåtagande inom försvarsindustrin. Metod – Studien är genomförd som en kvalitativ fallstudie utförd på ett svenskt företag inom försvarsindustrin och deras internationella affärer. Ostrukturerade och semi-strukturerade intervjuer har genomförts inom företaget och dess partners. Ett snöbollsurval har tillämpats för att identifiera parter och informanter relevanta för affären. I analysen för datainsamling har en tre-stegs kodning tillämpats. Resultat - Studien visar att i den initiala fasen är den största utmaningen att skapa en förståelse för kulturen i det potentiella kundlandet och att skapa relationer. I genomförandefasen är utmaningen att bibehålla dessa relationer samt att ha en flexibilitet gentemot kunden och partners. I den avslutade fasenär den största utmaningen att få en fortsatt utveckling av partners. De viktigaste aspekterna att ta hänsyn till är att anpassning gentemot kundlandet beroende på vilka faktorer som särskiljer landet mot Sverige kulturellt. Teoretiska implikationer - Studien bidrar främst med att öka förståelsen och komplettera litteratur inom Offset management. De centrala kulturrelaterade utmaningarna som finns inom offsetåtagande belyses och är av vikt för framtida studier inom området. Studien använder både de kulturella dimensionerna och Lewismodellen för att beskriva utmaningarna vilket är av vikt vid studier av länder som har angränsade kulturer. Praktiska implikationer - Studien visar på utmaningar inom offsetåtagande i tre olika faser. Framförallt är de kulturella aspekternas bidrag av vikt, då utmaningarna blir tydligare ju mer den egna kulturen skiljer sig i relation till motpartens.

IT-system är något som finns nästan överallt, även i myndigheter. Dessa system har många gånger en betydande roll för verksamheten, och kravhanteringsprocessen är central för att systemen ska stödja verksamheten som tänkt. IT-system som används inom Försvarsmakten ska uppfylla ett stort antal säkerhetskrav, vilka många härstammar från styrdokumentet Krav på Säkerhetsfunktioner (KSF). Dessa krav är på hög nivå och ger utrymme för tolkning. Denna uppsats syftar till att studera hur kunskap från kravhanteringsprocessen kan återanvändas; till exempel krav, kravtolkningar, eller arbetssätt. Studien har utförts genom att intervjua konsulter på Lüning Consulting, vilka jobbar nästan uteslutande mot Försvarsmakten, och analyserats med en modell för återanvändning inom kravhantering. Studien visade att kontext, organisation och sekretess är tre nyckelfaktorer som måste tas hänsyn till för att myndigheter ska kunna införa återanvändning. Den tydliga byråkratin, med lagar och styrdokument, kan både möjliggöra och hindra återanvändning, och att återanvända utan kontext i åtanke kan få konsekvenser. Då många myndigheter hanterar sekretessbelagd information, må det vara personuppgifter eller försvarshemligheter, är det också av stor vikt att förstå när återanvändning helt enkelt inte är möjlig., IT systems are present almost everywhere, even in government authorities. These systems have a significant role for the business, and the requirement management process is an important part in making sure that systems are supporting the business as intended. IT systems used in the Armed Forces must meet a large amount of security requirements, many of which derive from the Krav på Säkerhetsfunktioner (KSF) document. These are high level requirements, which allow for interpretation. This essay seeks to examine how knowledge from the requirements engineering process can be reused; e.g. requirements, requirements interpretations, or work methods. The study was conducted by interviewing consultants at Lüning Consulting, which work almost exclusively with the Armed Forces. The data is analyzed by using a model for reuse in requirements engineering. The study shows that context, organization and confidentiality are three key factors that must be taken into account in order for authorities to reuse knowledge from the requirements engineering process. The bureaucracy, with laws and control documents, can both enable and prevent reuse, and reuse without context in mind can have negative consequences. Since many authorities handle confidential information, may it be personal data or defense secrets, it is also important to understand when reuse is simply not possible

FOKK

The witness seminar ”LEO: Computing and Operational Command in the Swedish Armed Forces, 1972–89” was held at the Armed Forces Headquarter in Stockholm on 15 January 2008 and was led by Göran Tode. During the seminar, the development of the computerized command system LEO was discussed. After a major reorganisation of command structure in the late 1960s, the defence staff decided to develop a computerized command system to help central and regional headquarters conduct wartime operations. Each headquarter was to have one terminal system, with a number of work stations, containing information about all aspects of the battlefield. Information about friendly and enemy forces, fuel and ammunition supplies was to be stored in a central data base and a secure messaging system was to provide fast and reliable communications. Additional applications were developed to handle computations and simulations of transports and mobilization. Different aspects of this development were discussed at the seminar. Limitations in computer graphics and presentation technology was observed as a major technological problem in the early phase of the project. Other problems brought up concerned the considerable passive resistence from users and senior commanders, when new computer technology was introduced in old organizational structures. In addition to this, security started to emerge as a critical problem in the early 1980s when highly classified information about war plans, communications and intelligence were concentrated into a single computer system. Measures to control access of information in the system and to guarantee electronic security were discussed and debated. Moreover, the decision in 1979 to purchase mainframe computers from Norsk Data was covered at the seminar. The development of tools and methodology for COBOL programming was mentioned. Finally, the implementation of the system in central and regional staff headquarters in the late 1980s was also discussed., QC 20130422

The witness seminar ”NIBS: The Development of the Näcken Information Handling System, 1966–82” was held at the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm on 14 January 2008 and was led by Nils Bruzelius. During the seminar, the development of the computerized command and control system of the Näcken-class submarines was discussed. A major feature of the system was the computerization of the calculation of target data, which made possible the automatic and simultaneous tracking and monitoring of ten different targets. Different aspects of this development were covered at the seminar, in particular the development of mathematical models for target calculation. The computing algorithm was formulated by researchers at FOA, and implemented in close cooperation with consultants from Teleplan. Moreover, the computerization of other systems related to the handling and controlling of the submarine, a task carried out by Kockums in Karlskrona, was discussed. The critical importance of digital computing in the magnetic mine protection system was underlined. In purchasing the computer system, separate technical specifications for hardware and computer software was formulated. The role of government intervention in the purchase of the central computer was discussed and debated. Finally, the technical and tactical testing of the submarine system was covered, with special emphasis on the computerized information handling systems., QC 20130422

The witness seminar ”JA 37 – Pilot och system” was held at the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm on 11 December 2007 and was led by professor Karl Johan Åström. Different aspects of the use of Information Technology in the development of real time control systems in the fighter version of Viggen (JA 37) were discussed and debated, with special emphasis on integration of the systems surrounding the pilot. The critical importance of close cooperation between development engineers and test pilots, primarily at the customer FMV and the main contractor Saab, at LM Ericsson and Svenska Radiobolaget, and test pilots at Saab and the Swedish Air Force was underlined. This also included the emerging use of mission and task analysis, system simulators and early flying experimentation and test beds. The basic arcitechture of the airborne system with a central computer to which most of the major sub-systems and equipment was connected was carried over from the Attack Viggen System (AJ 37) with its single digital computer. The total system functionality and capability was vastly improved due to the introduction of digital computers in all major subsystems, an inertial platform, built-in test and data recording systems for maintenance, mission performance feedback and training purposes. A major undertaking was the development of an integrated Electronic Display System with three major displays: a Head-up Display (SI), a Tactical Situation Display (TI), including an all electronically generated map function, and a Radar/ Target Display (MI). In particular the development of the Tactical Indicator (TI), made possible by new solid state technology, facilitated more autonomous fighter tactics than possible with previous radar based command and control system. The all important challenge for the JA 37 project was the development of the pulse dopper radar PS-46/A, a task carried out by LM Ericsson with support from Hughes Aircraft Company and guidance from FMV. Spec

The witness seminar ”LEO: Computing and Operational Command in the Swedish Armed Forces, 1972–89” was held at the Armed Forces Headquarter in Stockholm on 15 January 2008 and was led by Göran Tode. During the seminar, the development of the computerized command system LEO was discussed. After a major reorganisation of command structure in the late 1960s, the defence staff decided to develop a computerized command system to help central and regional headquarters conduct wartime operations. Each headquarter was to have one terminal system, with a number of work stations, containing information about all aspects of the battlefield. Information about friendly and enemy forces, fuel and ammunition supplies was to be stored in a central data base and a secure messaging system was to provide fast and reliable communications. Additional applications were developed to handle computations and simulations of transports and mobilization. Different aspects of this development were discussed at the seminar. Limitations in computer graphics and presentation technology was observed as a major technological problem in the early phase of the project. Other problems brought up concerned the considerable passive resistence from users and senior commanders, when new computer technology was introduced in old organizational structures. In addition to this, security started to emerge as a critical problem in the early 1980s when highly classified information about war plans, communications and intelligence were concentrated into a single computer system. Measures to control access of information in the system and to guarantee electronic security were discussed and debated. Moreover, the decision in 1979 to purchase mainframe computers from Norsk Data was covered at the seminar. The development of tools and methodology for COBOL programming was mentioned. Finally, the implementation of the system in central and regional staff headquarters in the late 1980s was also discussed., QC 20130422

The witness seminar ”NIBS: The Development of the Näcken Information Handling System, 1966–82” was held at the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm on 14 January 2008 and was led by Nils Bruzelius. During the seminar, the development of the computerized command and control system of the Näcken-class submarines was discussed. A major feature of the system was the computerization of the calculation of target data, which made possible the automatic and simultaneous tracking and monitoring of ten different targets. Different aspects of this development were covered at the seminar, in particular the development of mathematical models for target calculation. The computing algorithm was formulated by researchers at FOA, and implemented in close cooperation with consultants from Teleplan. Moreover, the computerization of other systems related to the handling and controlling of the submarine, a task carried out by Kockums in Karlskrona, was discussed. The critical importance of digital computing in the magnetic mine protection system was underlined. In purchasing the computer system, separate technical specifications for hardware and computer software was formulated. The role of government intervention in the purchase of the central computer was discussed and debated. Finally, the technical and tactical testing of the submarine system was covered, with special emphasis on the computerized information handling systems., QC 20130422

The witness seminar ”JA 37 – Pilot och system” was held at the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm on 11 December 2007 and was led by professor Karl Johan Åström. Different aspects of the use of Information Technology in the development of real time control systems in the fighter version of Viggen (JA 37) were discussed and debated, with special emphasis on integration of the systems surrounding the pilot. The critical importance of close cooperation between development engineers and test pilots, primarily at the customer FMV and the main contractor Saab, at LM Ericsson and Svenska Radiobolaget, and test pilots at Saab and the Swedish Air Force was underlined. This also included the emerging use of mission and task analysis, system simulators and early flying experimentation and test beds. The basic arcitechture of the airborne system with a central computer to which most of the major sub-systems and equipment was connected was carried over from the Attack Viggen System (AJ 37) with its single digital computer. The total system functionality and capability was vastly improved due to the introduction of digital computers in all major subsystems, an inertial platform, built-in test and data recording systems for maintenance, mission performance feedback and training purposes. A major undertaking was the development of an integrated Electronic Display System with three major displays: a Head-up Display (SI), a Tactical Situation Display (TI), including an all electronically generated map function, and a Radar/ Target Display (MI). In particular the development of the Tactical Indicator (TI), made possible by new solid state technology, facilitated more autonomous fighter tactics than possible with previous radar based command and control system. The all important challenge for the JA 37 project was the development of the pulse dopper radar PS-46/A, a task carried out by LM Ericsson with support from Hughes Aircraft Company and guidance from FMV. Spec

The witness seminar ”NIBS: The Development of the Näcken Information Handling System, 1966–82” was held at the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm on 14 January 2008 and was led by Nils Bruzelius. During the seminar, the development of the computerized command and control system of the Näcken-class submarines was discussed. A major feature of the system was the computerization of the calculation of target data, which made possible the automatic and simultaneous tracking and monitoring of ten different targets. Different aspects of this development were covered at the seminar, in particular the development of mathematical models for target calculation. The computing algorithm was formulated by researchers at FOA, and implemented in close cooperation with consultants from Teleplan. Moreover, the computerization of other systems related to the handling and controlling of the submarine, a task carried out by Kockums in Karlskrona, was discussed. The critical importance of digital computing in the magnetic mine protection system was underlined. In purchasing the computer system, separate technical specifications for hardware and computer software was formulated. The role of government intervention in the purchase of the central computer was discussed and debated. Finally, the technical and tactical testing of the submarine system was covered, with special emphasis on the computerized information handling systems., QC 20130422

The witness seminar ”LEO: Computing and Operational Command in the Swedish Armed Forces, 1972–89” was held at the Armed Forces Headquarter in Stockholm on 15 January 2008 and was led by Göran Tode. During the seminar, the development of the computerized command system LEO was discussed. After a major reorganisation of command structure in the late 1960s, the defence staff decided to develop a computerized command system to help central and regional headquarters conduct wartime operations. Each headquarter was to have one terminal system, with a number of work stations, containing information about all aspects of the battlefield. Information about friendly and enemy forces, fuel and ammunition supplies was to be stored in a central data base and a secure messaging system was to provide fast and reliable communications. Additional applications were developed to handle computations and simulations of transports and mobilization. Different aspects of this development were discussed at the seminar. Limitations in computer graphics and presentation technology was observed as a major technological problem in the early phase of the project. Other problems brought up concerned the considerable passive resistence from users and senior commanders, when new computer technology was introduced in old organizational structures. In addition to this, security started to emerge as a critical problem in the early 1980s when highly classified information about war plans, communications and intelligence were concentrated into a single computer system. Measures to control access of information in the system and to guarantee electronic security were discussed and debated. Moreover, the decision in 1979 to purchase mainframe computers from Norsk Data was covered at the seminar. The development of tools and methodology for COBOL programming was mentioned. Finally, the implementation of the system in central and regional staff headquarters in the late 1980s was also discussed., QC 20130422

The witness seminar ”NIBS: The Development of the Näcken Information Handling System, 1966–82” was held at the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm on 14 January 2008 and was led by Nils Bruzelius. During the seminar, the development of the computerized command and control system of the Näcken-class submarines was discussed. A major feature of the system was the computerization of the calculation of target data, which made possible the automatic and simultaneous tracking and monitoring of ten different targets. Different aspects of this development were covered at the seminar, in particular the development of mathematical models for target calculation. The computing algorithm was formulated by researchers at FOA, and implemented in close cooperation with consultants from Teleplan. Moreover, the computerization of other systems related to the handling and controlling of the submarine, a task carried out by Kockums in Karlskrona, was discussed. The critical importance of digital computing in the magnetic mine protection system was underlined. In purchasing the computer system, separate technical specifications for hardware and computer software was formulated. The role of government intervention in the purchase of the central computer was discussed and debated. Finally, the technical and tactical testing of the submarine system was covered, with special emphasis on the computerized information handling systems., QC 20130422

The witness seminar ”JA 37 – Pilot och system” was held at the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm on 11 December 2007 and was led by professor Karl Johan Åström. Different aspects of the use of Information Technology in the development of real time control systems in the fighter version of Viggen (JA 37) were discussed and debated, with special emphasis on integration of the systems surrounding the pilot. The critical importance of close cooperation between development engineers and test pilots, primarily at the customer FMV and the main contractor Saab, at LM Ericsson and Svenska Radiobolaget, and test pilots at Saab and the Swedish Air Force was underlined. This also included the emerging use of mission and task analysis, system simulators and early flying experimentation and test beds. The basic arcitechture of the airborne system with a central computer to which most of the major sub-systems and equipment was connected was carried over from the Attack Viggen System (AJ 37) with its single digital computer. The total system functionality and capability was vastly improved due to the introduction of digital computers in all major subsystems, an inertial platform, built-in test and data recording systems for maintenance, mission performance feedback and training purposes. A major undertaking was the development of an integrated Electronic Display System with three major displays: a Head-up Display (SI), a Tactical Situation Display (TI), including an all electronically generated map function, and a Radar/ Target Display (MI). In particular the development of the Tactical Indicator (TI), made possible by new solid state technology, facilitated more autonomous fighter tactics than possible with previous radar based command and control system. The all important challenge for the JA 37 project was the development of the pulse dopper radar PS-46/A, a task carried out by LM Ericsson with support from Hughes Aircraft Company and guidance from FMV. Spec

The witness seminar ”LEO: Computing and Operational Command in the Swedish Armed Forces, 1972–89” was held at the Armed Forces Headquarter in Stockholm on 15 January 2008 and was led by Göran Tode. During the seminar, the development of the computerized command system LEO was discussed. After a major reorganisation of command structure in the late 1960s, the defence staff decided to develop a computerized command system to help central and regional headquarters conduct wartime operations. Each headquarter was to have one terminal system, with a number of work stations, containing information about all aspects of the battlefield. Information about friendly and enemy forces, fuel and ammunition supplies was to be stored in a central data base and a secure messaging system was to provide fast and reliable communications. Additional applications were developed to handle computations and simulations of transports and mobilization. Different aspects of this development were discussed at the seminar. Limitations in computer graphics and presentation technology was observed as a major technological problem in the early phase of the project. Other problems brought up concerned the considerable passive resistence from users and senior commanders, when new computer technology was introduced in old organizational structures. In addition to this, security started to emerge as a critical problem in the early 1980s when highly classified information about war plans, communications and intelligence were concentrated into a single computer system. Measures to control access of information in the system and to guarantee electronic security were discussed and debated. Moreover, the decision in 1979 to purchase mainframe computers from Norsk Data was covered at the seminar. The development of tools and methodology for COBOL programming was mentioned. Finally, the implementation of the system in central and regional staff headquarters in the late 1980s was also discussed., QC 20130422

The witness seminar ”JA 37 – Pilot och system” was held at the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm on 11 December 2007 and was led by professor Karl Johan Åström. Different aspects of the use of Information Technology in the development of real time control systems in the fighter version of Viggen (JA 37) were discussed and debated, with special emphasis on integration of the systems surrounding the pilot. The critical importance of close cooperation between development engineers and test pilots, primarily at the customer FMV and the main contractor Saab, at LM Ericsson and Svenska Radiobolaget, and test pilots at Saab and the Swedish Air Force was underlined. This also included the emerging use of mission and task analysis, system simulators and early flying experimentation and test beds. The basic arcitechture of the airborne system with a central computer to which most of the major sub-systems and equipment was connected was carried over from the Attack Viggen System (AJ 37) with its single digital computer. The total system functionality and capability was vastly improved due to the introduction of digital computers in all major subsystems, an inertial platform, built-in test and data recording systems for maintenance, mission performance feedback and training purposes. A major undertaking was the development of an integrated Electronic Display System with three major displays: a Head-up Display (SI), a Tactical Situation Display (TI), including an all electronically generated map function, and a Radar/ Target Display (MI). In particular the development of the Tactical Indicator (TI), made possible by new solid state technology, facilitated more autonomous fighter tactics than possible with previous radar based command and control system. The all important challenge for the JA 37 project was the development of the pulse dopper radar PS-46/A, a task carried out by LM Ericsson with support from Hughes Aircraft Company and guidance from FMV. Spec

The witness seminar ”NIBS: The Development of the Näcken Information Handling System, 1966–82” was held at the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm on 14 January 2008 and was led by Nils Bruzelius. During the seminar, the development of the computerized command and control system of the Näcken-class submarines was discussed. A major feature of the system was the computerization of the calculation of target data, which made possible the automatic and simultaneous tracking and monitoring of ten different targets. Different aspects of this development were covered at the seminar, in particular the development of mathematical models for target calculation. The computing algorithm was formulated by researchers at FOA, and implemented in close cooperation with consultants from Teleplan. Moreover, the computerization of other systems related to the handling and controlling of the submarine, a task carried out by Kockums in Karlskrona, was discussed. The critical importance of digital computing in the magnetic mine protection system was underlined. In purchasing the computer system, separate technical specifications for hardware and computer software was formulated. The role of government intervention in the purchase of the central computer was discussed and debated. Finally, the technical and tactical testing of the submarine system was covered, with special emphasis on the computerized information handling systems., QC 20130422

The witness seminar ”LEO: Computing and Operational Command in the Swedish Armed Forces, 1972–89” was held at the Armed Forces Headquarter in Stockholm on 15 January 2008 and was led by Göran Tode. During the seminar, the development of the computerized command system LEO was discussed. After a major reorganisation of command structure in the late 1960s, the defence staff decided to develop a computerized command system to help central and regional headquarters conduct wartime operations. Each headquarter was to have one terminal system, with a number of work stations, containing information about all aspects of the battlefield. Information about friendly and enemy forces, fuel and ammunition supplies was to be stored in a central data base and a secure messaging system was to provide fast and reliable communications. Additional applications were developed to handle computations and simulations of transports and mobilization. Different aspects of this development were discussed at the seminar. Limitations in computer graphics and presentation technology was observed as a major technological problem in the early phase of the project. Other problems brought up concerned the considerable passive resistence from users and senior commanders, when new computer technology was introduced in old organizational structures. In addition to this, security started to emerge as a critical problem in the early 1980s when highly classified information about war plans, communications and intelligence were concentrated into a single computer system. Measures to control access of information in the system and to guarantee electronic security were discussed and debated. Moreover, the decision in 1979 to purchase mainframe computers from Norsk Data was covered at the seminar. The development of tools and methodology for COBOL programming was mentioned. Finally, the implementation of the system in central and regional staff headquarters in the late 1980s was also discussed., QC 20130422