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[extract … ] The main archaeological sites of the Ganges plain were discovered by Alexander Cunningham, founder of Archaeological Survey of India. He covered the routes described by Faxian and Xuanzang, two Chinese pilgrims who visited India in the 5th and 7th century A.D., respectively. Cunningham identified and compared the mounds he visited with the cities described in the reports by the two pilgrims. In northern India only, he explored the sites of Mathura, Ahicchatra, Sankisa, Kanauj, Kausambi, Ayodhya, Sravasti, Kusinagara, Varanasi, Vaisali, Pataliputra, Bodhgaya, Rajagrha, Nalanda, Champa and Tamralipti. The work of Cunningham was continued and extended by some of his successors at the Archaeological Survey of India and his discoveries were largely confirmed. Many sites identified by Cunningham have been explored during the last fifty years. Since then, stratigraphic excavations were utilized mainly to define different periods of occupation and to classify materials discovered into each layer1: in fact excavations were based on the method suggested byWheeler in two articles published in ancient India (1947 and 1947-48), a review that he founded with the aim to widen the knowledge of the ancient history of the subcontinent. In the first one, he supported the idea of a vertical stratigraphic excavation in order to clarify the cultural sequence of a site. In the second article, the proposal was to begin to work by excavating the fortification, considered as one of the more significant features in the history of a site. It is from the Seventies that some studies (Ghosh 1973; Allchin, B. & R. 1982; Roy 1983, 1986; Erdosy 1987, 1988; Chakrabarti 1998) data coming from these excavations were taken into consideration to revise settlements dynamics and

The Ink Spot student bi-weekly paper published by students from the Ball Township High School starting in 1929 through 1948., .. . .• r \ L ;:J i: J •• Number 11 Ball Township High School February 9, 1940 ·- .. - - - ----------------------------------- Lincoln ha s many connections with Ball Community. The great grandfathers of students here have definite relations with New Salem and many of t he President's friend s . Robert Berry's great gr andfather was t he Berry of the Lin­coln- Berry Grocery store. This was one of the main stores in New Sa l em and is now replaced by a r eplica of the original. At t he s ame time Lincoln was a partner in t his grocery store , he was postma s t er, s urveyer, and lawyer. The great gr a ndfather of Eloise and Elinor Smith was that famous preacher, Pe t er Cartwright, who was a great fri end of Lincolns. They have his family Bible in their poss ession. Other family connections of historical interest is the r e­lationship of the Fundcrburk 1 s to the famous Rutledge f amily of Now Salem. · The stone for tho State House (now the Sangamon County Court Hous e ) was t a ken from the Shoup farm about one mile north of Ball High Sch o ol~ There a r e many l ege nds conc erning t his quarrt. Mr. Isaac Dill er of Springfiel d is sure Lincoln oft en vis ited t his quarry an~ h elped s el e ct stone lat er us ed for the building. Probably the most inter esting story is t hat told by Dr. Southwick of Chatham, ~ho stated t hat his great gr andmot her oft en r elated the great b ee f barba r cuo given by Col. Samuel N. Shoup in the l a t e 1840 1s or early 18501 s, wh er e sever al hundred people att ended. At this time Abraham Lincoln was cnllcd up on for an nddross. Ho spoke , it is r cl ntcd in his usuAl mnnncr pl ons ing his Whig .admirers ri.nd doubtl os s f nil ing to mnkc n good impress­ion on others. No r ocord is given of t h i s nddr oss, or of Lincoln's r omnrks at tho time. Ra ther to vnrify the story Mr. Morris on a sked Miss Lucy Shoup if she r ememb er ed a nyt h ing r ogn.rding t his affair. Her r e­ply wns that tho b nrbf1.rcuo v1ns hel d north and

Objective: To analyze the attitude and results of Italian epilepsy surgery centers in the surgical management of “low grade epilepsy associated neuroepithelial tumors” (LEATs). Methods: We conducted a retrospective study enrolling 339 consecutive patients with LEATs who underwent surgery between January 2009 and June 2015 at eight Italian epilepsy surgery centers. We compared demographic, clinical, pathologic, and surgical features of patients with favorable (Engel class I) and unfavorable (Engel class II, III, and IV) seizure outcome. In addition, we compared patients with tumor-associated focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and patients with solitary tumors to identify factors correlated with FCD diagnosis. Results: Fifty-five (98.2%) of 56 patients with medically controlled epilepsy were seizure-free after surgery, compared to 249 (88.0%) of 283 patients with refractory epilepsy. At multivariate analysis, three variables independently predict unfavorable seizure outcome in the drug-resistant group. Age at surgery is largely the most significant (p = 0.001), with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.04. This means that the probability of seizure recurrence grows by 4% for every waited year. The resection site is also significant (p = 0.039), with a relative risk (RR) of 1.99 for extratemporal tumors. Finally, the completeness of tumor resection has a trend toward significance (p = 0.092), with an RR of 1.82 for incomplete resection. Among pediatric patients, a longer duration of epilepsy was significantly associated with preoperative neuropsychological deficits (p < 0.001). A statistically significant association was observed between FCD diagnosis and the following variables: tailored surgery (p < 0.001), temporal resection (p = 0.001), and surgical center (p = 0.012). Significance: Our nationwide LEATs study gives important insights on factors predicting seizure outcome in refractory epilepsy and determining variability in FCD detection. Timely surgery, regardless of phar

Se analizan tecno-tipológicamente las industrias líticas, mayoritariamente elaboradas sobre cuarcitas, del yacimiento paleolítico al aire libre de Tarazona III (2479 piezas líticas), formando parte de la Secuencia Paleolítica del Guadalquivir, que abarca el final del Pleistoceno Medio e inicios del Pleistoceno Superior (129 ka y <104 ka). Se identifican las cadenas operativas del yacimiento, desde la selección de materias primas hasta la fabricación de los útiles con percutor duro. Son cadenas dirigidas especialmente a la obtención de pequeñas lascas (<5 cm), lo que refuerza la selección del tamaño del canto rodado, con patrones de reducción de núcleos elementales, buena representación de los centrípetos y baja presencia de talla Levallois. La serie de N3 es muy equilibrada y completa, y relativamente completas las de N1 y N2, lo que sugiere o bien la preconfiguración de las cadenas operativas en otros lugares cercanos y el transporte de los productos de talla al yacimiento; o, en N1, el desplazamiento hidro-geomorfológico de las piezas de dimensiones más reducidas. La proporción útiles lasca/lasca es del 24% (N2) y 34.7% (N3), esto es, en los niveles posteriores a 104 ka BP. Esta proporción, junto a la baja variabilidad de los tipos sobre lasca, la exigua o nula presencia de macroútiles, define la industria de Tarazona III como uno de los yacimientos representativos del Paleolítico Medio Antiguo (PMA) del valle del Guadalquivir., Techno-typologically lithic industries from the open-air Palaeolithic site of Tarazona III (2479 lithic pieces), from the last Middle Pleistocene and beginnings of the Upper Pleistocene (129 ka and <104 ka), mostly elaborated on quarzites, are studied as part of the Guadalquivir Palaeolithic Sequence. The operational chains of this archaeological site are identified, from the raw material selection to tool fabrication with hard hammer. They are chains specially directed to obtain small flakes (<5 cm) what strengthens size selection of the pebbles, with patterns of reduction of elemental cores, a good centripetal representation and poor Levallois presence. The N3 series is highly balanced and complete; and relatively complete the N1 and N2 which suggest either a preconfiguration of the operational chains in other nearby locations and the transport of knapping production towards the archaeological site; or, in the N1, the hydro-geomorphologic shifting of the smallest pieces. The tools flake/flake ratio is 24% (N2) and 34.7% (N3), that is, in its most recent levels following at 104 ka BP. This proportion along with a low variability of types on flakes, an exiguous or null presence of large tools, define the industry of Tarazona III, one of the most representative archaeological sites from the Ancient Middle Palaeolithic (AMP) in the Guadalquivir valley.

Se analizan tecno-tipológicamente las industrias líticas, mayoritariamente elaboradas sobre cuarcitas, del yacimiento paleolítico al aire libre de Tarazona III (2479 piezas líticas), formando parte de la Secuencia Paleolítica del Guadalquivir, que abarca el final del Pleistoceno Medio e inicios del Pleistoceno Superior (129 ka y <104 ka). Se identifican las cadenas operativas del yacimiento, desde la selección de materias primas hasta la fabricación de los útiles con percutor duro. Son cadenas dirigidas especialmente a la obtención de pequeñas lascas (<5 cm), lo que refuerza la selección del tamaño del canto rodado, con patrones de reducción de núcleos elementales, buena representación de los centrípetos y baja presencia de talla Levallois. La serie de N3 es muy equilibrada y completa, y relativamente completas las de N1 y N2, lo que sugiere o bien la preconfiguración de las cadenas operativas en otros lugares cercanos y el transporte de los productos de talla al yacimiento; o, en N1, el desplazamiento hidro-geomorfológico de las piezas de dimensiones más reducidas. La proporción útiles lasca/lasca es del 24% (N2) y 34.7% (N3), esto es, en los niveles posteriores a 104 ka BP. Esta proporción, junto a la baja variabilidad de los tipos sobre lasca, la exigua o nula presencia de macroútiles, define la industria de Tarazona III como uno de los yacimientos representativos del Paleolítico Medio Antiguo (PMA) del valle del Guadalquivir., Techno-typologically lithic industries from the open-air Palaeolithic site of Tarazona III (2479 lithic pieces), from the last Middle Pleistocene and beginnings of the Upper Pleistocene (129 ka and <104 ka), mostly elaborated on quarzites, are studied as part of the Guadalquivir Palaeolithic Sequence. The operational chains of this archaeological site are identified, from the raw material selection to tool fabrication with hard hammer. They are chains specially directed to obtain small flakes (<5 cm) what strengthens size selection of the pebbles, with patterns of reduction of elemental cores, a good centripetal representation and poor Levallois presence. The N3 series is highly balanced and complete; and relatively complete the N1 and N2 which suggest either a preconfiguration of the operational chains in other nearby locations and the transport of knapping production towards the archaeological site; or, in the N1, the hydro-geomorphologic shifting of the smallest pieces. The tools flake/flake ratio is 24% (N2) and 34.7% (N3), that is, in its most recent levels following at 104 ka BP. This proportion along with a low variability of types on flakes, an exiguous or null presence of large tools, define the industry of Tarazona III, one of the most representative archaeological sites from the Ancient Middle Palaeolithic (AMP) in the Guadalquivir valley.

Se analizan tecno-tipológicamente las industrias líticas, mayoritariamente elaboradas sobre cuarcitas, del yacimiento paleolítico al aire libre de Tarazona III (2479 piezas líticas), formando parte de la Secuencia Paleolítica del Guadalquivir, que abarca el final del Pleistoceno Medio e inicios del Pleistoceno Superior (129 ka y <104 ka). Se identifican las cadenas operativas del yacimiento, desde la selección de materias primas hasta la fabricación de los útiles con percutor duro. Son cadenas dirigidas especialmente a la obtención de pequeñas lascas (<5 cm), lo que refuerza la selección del tamaño del canto rodado, con patrones de reducción de núcleos elementales, buena representación de los centrípetos y baja presencia de talla Levallois. La serie de N3 es muy equilibrada y completa, y relativamente completas las de N1 y N2, lo que sugiere o bien la preconfiguración de las cadenas operativas en otros lugares cercanos y el transporte de los productos de talla al yacimiento; o, en N1, el desplazamiento hidro-geomorfológico de las piezas de dimensiones más reducidas. La proporción útiles lasca/lasca es del 24% (N2) y 34.7% (N3), esto es, en los niveles posteriores a 104 ka BP. Esta proporción, junto a la baja variabilidad de los tipos sobre lasca, la exigua o nula presencia de macroútiles, define la industria de Tarazona III como uno de los yacimientos representativos del Paleolítico Medio Antiguo (PMA) del valle del Guadalquivir., Techno-typologically lithic industries from the open-air Palaeolithic site of Tarazona III (2479 lithic pieces), from the last Middle Pleistocene and beginnings of the Upper Pleistocene (129 ka and <104 ka), mostly elaborated on quarzites, are studied as part of the Guadalquivir Palaeolithic Sequence. The operational chains of this archaeological site are identified, from the raw material selection to tool fabrication with hard hammer. They are chains specially directed to obtain small flakes (<5 cm) what strengthens size selection of the pebbles, with patterns of reduction of elemental cores, a good centripetal representation and poor Levallois presence. The N3 series is highly balanced and complete; and relatively complete the N1 and N2 which suggest either a preconfiguration of the operational chains in other nearby locations and the transport of knapping production towards the archaeological site; or, in the N1, the hydro-geomorphologic shifting of the smallest pieces. The tools flake/flake ratio is 24% (N2) and 34.7% (N3), that is, in its most recent levels following at 104 ka BP. This proportion along with a low variability of types on flakes, an exiguous or null presence of large tools, define the industry of Tarazona III, one of the most representative archaeological sites from the Ancient Middle Palaeolithic (AMP) in the Guadalquivir valley.

Se analizan tecno-tipológicamente las industrias líticas, mayoritariamente elaboradas sobre cuarcitas, del yacimiento paleolítico al aire libre de Tarazona III (2479 piezas líticas), formando parte de la Secuencia Paleolítica del Guadalquivir, que abarca el final del Pleistoceno Medio e inicios del Pleistoceno Superior (129 ka y <104 ka). Se identifican las cadenas operativas del yacimiento, desde la selección de materias primas hasta la fabricación de los útiles con percutor duro. Son cadenas dirigidas especialmente a la obtención de pequeñas lascas (<5 cm), lo que refuerza la selección del tamaño del canto rodado, con patrones de reducción de núcleos elementales, buena representación de los centrípetos y baja presencia de talla Levallois. La serie de N3 es muy equilibrada y completa, y relativamente completas las de N1 y N2, lo que sugiere o bien la preconfiguración de las cadenas operativas en otros lugares cercanos y el transporte de los productos de talla al yacimiento; o, en N1, el desplazamiento hidro-geomorfológico de las piezas de dimensiones más reducidas. La proporción útiles lasca/lasca es del 24% (N2) y 34.7% (N3), esto es, en los niveles posteriores a 104 ka BP. Esta proporción, junto a la baja variabilidad de los tipos sobre lasca, la exigua o nula presencia de macroútiles, define la industria de Tarazona III como uno de los yacimientos representativos del Paleolítico Medio Antiguo (PMA) del valle del Guadalquivir., Techno-typologically lithic industries from the open-air Palaeolithic site of Tarazona III (2479 lithic pieces), from the last Middle Pleistocene and beginnings of the Upper Pleistocene (129 ka and <104 ka), mostly elaborated on quarzites, are studied as part of the Guadalquivir Palaeolithic Sequence. The operational chains of this archaeological site are identified, from the raw material selection to tool fabrication with hard hammer. They are chains specially directed to obtain small flakes (<5 cm) what strengthens size selection of the pebbles, with patterns of reduction of elemental cores, a good centripetal representation and poor Levallois presence. The N3 series is highly balanced and complete; and relatively complete the N1 and N2 which suggest either a preconfiguration of the operational chains in other nearby locations and the transport of knapping production towards the archaeological site; or, in the N1, the hydro-geomorphologic shifting of the smallest pieces. The tools flake/flake ratio is 24% (N2) and 34.7% (N3), that is, in its most recent levels following at 104 ka BP. This proportion along with a low variability of types on flakes, an exiguous or null presence of large tools, define the industry of Tarazona III, one of the most representative archaeological sites from the Ancient Middle Palaeolithic (AMP) in the Guadalquivir valley.

Se analizan tecno-tipológicamente las industrias líticas, mayoritariamente elaboradas sobre cuarcitas, del yacimiento paleolítico al aire libre de Tarazona III (2479 piezas líticas), formando parte de la Secuencia Paleolítica del Guadalquivir, que abarca el final del Pleistoceno Medio e inicios del Pleistoceno Superior (129 ka y <104 ka). Se identifican las cadenas operativas del yacimiento, desde la selección de materias primas hasta la fabricación de los útiles con percutor duro. Son cadenas dirigidas especialmente a la obtención de pequeñas lascas (<5 cm), lo que refuerza la selección del tamaño del canto rodado, con patrones de reducción de núcleos elementales, buena representación de los centrípetos y baja presencia de talla Levallois. La serie de N3 es muy equilibrada y completa, y relativamente completas las de N1 y N2, lo que sugiere o bien la preconfiguración de las cadenas operativas en otros lugares cercanos y el transporte de los productos de talla al yacimiento; o, en N1, el desplazamiento hidro-geomorfológico de las piezas de dimensiones más reducidas. La proporción útiles lasca/lasca es del 24% (N2) y 34.7% (N3), esto es, en los niveles posteriores a 104 ka BP. Esta proporción, junto a la baja variabilidad de los tipos sobre lasca, la exigua o nula presencia de macroútiles, define la industria de Tarazona III como uno de los yacimientos representativos del Paleolítico Medio Antiguo (PMA) del valle del Guadalquivir., Techno-typologically lithic industries from the open-air Palaeolithic site of Tarazona III (2479 lithic pieces), from the last Middle Pleistocene and beginnings of the Upper Pleistocene (129 ka and <104 ka), mostly elaborated on quarzites, are studied as part of the Guadalquivir Palaeolithic Sequence. The operational chains of this archaeological site are identified, from the raw material selection to tool fabrication with hard hammer. They are chains specially directed to obtain small flakes (<5 cm) what strengthens size selection of the pebbles, with patterns of reduction of elemental cores, a good centripetal representation and poor Levallois presence. The N3 series is highly balanced and complete; and relatively complete the N1 and N2 which suggest either a preconfiguration of the operational chains in other nearby locations and the transport of knapping production towards the archaeological site; or, in the N1, the hydro-geomorphologic shifting of the smallest pieces. The tools flake/flake ratio is 24% (N2) and 34.7% (N3), that is, in its most recent levels following at 104 ka BP. This proportion along with a low variability of types on flakes, an exiguous or null presence of large tools, define the industry of Tarazona III, one of the most representative archaeological sites from the Ancient Middle Palaeolithic (AMP) in the Guadalquivir valley.

Las clases magistrales han sido una de las técnicas fundamentales de enseñanza desde tiempos de la civilización griega, y probablemente incluso desde mucho antes. Una clase magistral es una actividad centrada en el profesor, en la que el estudiante es un agente pasivo que “recibe” las explicaciones del agente transmisor, que en teoría es un amplio conocedor del tema estudiado. Como agente pasivo que es, el estudiante aprende en una clase magistral en función del interés que tenga en el tema que se trata. En este artículo se aborda el aprendizaje desde la perspectiva de estudiar sus tres fases principales (motivación, atención, memorización), y cómo cada una de estas fases debe abordarse en una clase magistral. Para realizar este análisis se usan los conocimientos actuales desde la perspectiva de la neurociencia, de forma que en el artículo se proporcionan un conjunto de recomendaciones sobre cómo debe hacerse una clase magistral teniendo en cuenta el funcionamiento del cerebro humano., Master classes have been one of the fundamental teaching techniques since Greek civilization times, and probably even from much earlier. A master class is an activity focused on the teacher, in which the student is a passive agent who "receives" explanations from the transmitting agent, who in theory is a broad expert on the studied subject. As a passive agent, the student learns in a master class according to the interest he/she has in the subject. In this paper, learning is approached from the perspective of studying its three main phases (motivation, attention, and memorization) and how each of these phases should be addressed in a master class form neuroscience’s perspective. The knowledge of current neuroscience is used to perform this analysis, so that the paper provides a set of recommendations on how a master class should be given considering the functioning of the human brain., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The potential role of nitrite as an antimicrobial substance in the stomach may be of some importance in the ecology of the gastrointestinal tract and in host physiology. It has been shown that nitrite, under the acidic conditions of the stomach, may kill gut pathogens like Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Yersinia enterocolitica, whereas acid alone has only a bacteriostatic effect. An in vivo study was conducted in order to assess the effects of dietary nitrate on microbiota and on the health of the gut (particularly in the stomach and small intestine). 96 weaning pigs were fed a diet containing high nitrate levels (15 mg and 150 mg) and then challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Differences in composition of the gut microbiota were assessed by analysing samples from the pigs: To date analysis of 48 pigs has been completed.. Preliminary results demonstrated no effect on the population densities of microbial groups either from the challenge or from nitrate intake. However, increasing the time from challenge decreased either the counts of LAB in the stomach and jejunum or of clostridia in the stomach. Bifidobacteria also decreased in the stomach contents as nitrate supplementation increased. Supplementing the feedstuff with high dietary nitrate intake and then challenging with Salmonella did not affect the gastric pH or the degree of ulceration in the pigs. The synergistic bactericidal effects of pH, nitrite and thiocyanate on seven probiotic Bifidobacterium spp. strains were also investigated in an in vitro study. The results of the in vitro study demonstrated that an inhibitory effect exists on the seven probiotic bifidobacteria investigated with an exposure longer than 2 hours and pH values < 5.0. Addition of thiocyanate also increased the susceptibility of the tested strains. In this in vitro study, the most resistant strains at all conditions were B. animalis subsp. lactis Ra 18 and P32 and B. choerinum Su 8

The potential role of nitrite as an antimicrobial substance in the stomach may be of some importance in the ecology of the gastrointestinal tract and in host physiology. It has been shown that nitrite, under the acidic conditions of the stomach, may kill gut pathogens like Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Yersinia enterocolitica, whereas acid alone has only a bacteriostatic effect. An in vivo study was conducted in order to assess the effects of dietary nitrate on microbiota and on the health of the gut (particularly in the stomach and small intestine). 96 weaning pigs were fed a diet containing high nitrate levels (15 mg and 150 mg) and then challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Differences in composition of the gut microbiota were assessed by analysing samples from the pigs: To date analysis of 48 pigs has been completed.. Preliminary results demonstrated no effect on the population densities of microbial groups either from the challenge or from nitrate intake. However, increasing the time from challenge decreased either the counts of LAB in the stomach and jejunum or of clostridia in the stomach. Bifidobacteria also decreased in the stomach contents as nitrate supplementation increased. Supplementing the feedstuff with high dietary nitrate intake and then challenging with Salmonella did not affect the gastric pH or the degree of ulceration in the pigs. The synergistic bactericidal effects of pH, nitrite and thiocyanate on seven probiotic Bifidobacterium spp. strains were also investigated in an in vitro study. The results of the in vitro study demonstrated that an inhibitory effect exists on the seven probiotic bifidobacteria investigated with an exposure longer than 2 hours and pH values < 5.0. Addition of thiocyanate also increased the susceptibility of the tested strains. In this in vitro study, the most resistant strains at all conditions were B. animalis subsp. lactis Ra 18 and P32 and B. choerinum Su 8

The potential role of nitrite as an antimicrobial substance in the stomach may be of some importance in the ecology of the gastrointestinal tract and in host physiology. It has been shown that nitrite, under the acidic conditions of the stomach, may kill gut pathogens like Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Yersinia enterocolitica, whereas acid alone has only a bacteriostatic effect. An in vivo study was conducted in order to assess the effects of dietary nitrate on microbiota and on the health of the gut (particularly in the stomach and small intestine). 96 weaning pigs were fed a diet containing high nitrate levels (15 mg and 150 mg) and then challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Differences in composition of the gut microbiota were assessed by analysing samples from the pigs: To date analysis of 48 pigs has been completed.. Preliminary results demonstrated no effect on the population densities of microbial groups either from the challenge or from nitrate intake. However, increasing the time from challenge decreased either the counts of LAB in the stomach and jejunum or of clostridia in the stomach. Bifidobacteria also decreased in the stomach contents as nitrate supplementation increased. Supplementing the feedstuff with high dietary nitrate intake and then challenging with Salmonella did not affect the gastric pH or the degree of ulceration in the pigs. The synergistic bactericidal effects of pH, nitrite and thiocyanate on seven probiotic Bifidobacterium spp. strains were also investigated in an in vitro study. The results of the in vitro study demonstrated that an inhibitory effect exists on the seven probiotic bifidobacteria investigated with an exposure longer than 2 hours and pH values < 5.0. Addition of thiocyanate also increased the susceptibility of the tested strains. In this in vitro study, the most resistant strains at all conditions were B. animalis subsp. lactis Ra 18 and P32 and B. choerinum Su 8

The potential role of nitrite as an antimicrobial substance in the stomach may be of some importance in the ecology of the gastrointestinal tract and in host physiology. It has been shown that nitrite, under the acidic conditions of the stomach, may kill gut pathogens like Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Yersinia enterocolitica, whereas acid alone has only a bacteriostatic effect. An in vivo study was conducted in order to assess the effects of dietary nitrate on microbiota and on the health of the gut (particularly in the stomach and small intestine). 96 weaning pigs were fed a diet containing high nitrate levels (15 mg and 150 mg) and then challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Differences in composition of the gut microbiota were assessed by analysing samples from the pigs: To date analysis of 48 pigs has been completed.. Preliminary results demonstrated no effect on the population densities of microbial groups either from the challenge or from nitrate intake. However, increasing the time from challenge decreased either the counts of LAB in the stomach and jejunum or of clostridia in the stomach. Bifidobacteria also decreased in the stomach contents as nitrate supplementation increased. Supplementing the feedstuff with high dietary nitrate intake and then challenging with Salmonella did not affect the gastric pH or the degree of ulceration in the pigs. The synergistic bactericidal effects of pH, nitrite and thiocyanate on seven probiotic Bifidobacterium spp. strains were also investigated in an in vitro study. The results of the in vitro study demonstrated that an inhibitory effect exists on the seven probiotic bifidobacteria investigated with an exposure longer than 2 hours and pH values < 5.0. Addition of thiocyanate also increased the susceptibility of the tested strains. In this in vitro study, the most resistant strains at all conditions were B. animalis subsp. lactis Ra 18 and P32 and B. choerinum Su 8