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This paper considers the role of realism, idealism, experimentalism, and existentialism in the teaching of reading. The paper first discusses realism, noting that reading specialists who are realists desire to have objectives stated in measurable terms--in state mandated tests the tests are to be aligned with the stated objectives. In idealism, according to the paper, a person cannot know the real environment as is, but he/she can obtain ideas from there--an idealist's program of reading instruction would emphasize the following: literature which stimulates the mind to grow and achieve and which stresses ideals, values, morals, and beliefs; and liberal arts courses which emphasize student thinking in depth and breadth and which guide the learner to find the self by serving humanity. The paper finds that an experimentalist's reading curriculum might well stress the following: reading to identify and solve problems identified by learners with teacher assistance; students working in small groups to identify and solve problems; and students actively participating in learning, not sedentary activities. The paper states that existentialists believe that a person first exists and then finds his/her own essence in life, his/her own goals in life. Thus, it notes, a good reading program would emphasize: individual library books for students to read which stress alienation, dread, despair, and aloneness; self appraisal in terms of doing critical and creative thinking pertaining to decisions made; and questions raised pertaining to content read to realize the subjectivity of knowledge. (NKA)

This publication describes counseling approaches supervisors and human resource professionals can use to help marginal employees become better adjusted and more productive in the workplace. Three case studies are also provided for training purposes. The counseling tools are as follows: (1) Adlerian counseling, involving the belief that humans' interest in the social aspects of life is a prime motivator for many behaviors; (2) behavioral and cognitive-behavioral approaches, which hold that all behaviors are learned, faulty thinking leads to inappropriate behavior, and old behaviors can be replaced by learning new behaviors; (3) existential counseling, focusing on the meaning of life and humans' responsibility and freedom of choice for deciding their fate; (4) gestalt therapy, focusing on the importance of being whole and understanding how earlier events affect current problems and stresses; (5) person-centered counseling, which holds that all humans are basically good and trustworthy and tend toward growth, awareness, and trust in self; (6) rational-emotive therapy, holding that humans are both rational and irrational and cause problems for themselves by what they think; (7) reality therapy, focusing on getting clients to realize what they are doing now and deciding whether it is working; and (8) transactional analysis, which holds that the decision to change and responsibility to change are the client's. Discussion questions follow each case study. (YLB)

Four philosophies of computer use in the social studies field are discussed, each representing a unique school of thought in teaching and learning. They are idealism, realism, experimentation, and existentialism. Idealists believe in an idea-centered social studies curriculum. Tutorial programs, carefully selected to achieve relevant goals, may well present subject matter to students in a logical sequence. Realism stresses that one can know the real world as it truly is. Teachers adhering to realism as an educational philosophy select learning opportunities for students to attain precise objectives. After completing the software program, teachers measure if students have/have not been successful in goal attainment. Experimentalism stresses a problem-solving procedure, for which a flexible model is presented. Software must assist students to secure knowledge directly related to the problem, which should be life-like and real. Existentialist social studies teachers advocate students learning to choose and make decisions. A learning center approach, in which students select desired tasks and software programs, while omitting those not having a perceived purpose, might well emphasize existentialist tenets. The student is responsible for his/her choices. A second plan involves student-teacher planning of objectives, learning opportunities, and appraisal procedures. Students might choose which software packages to use in a given unit. Under any philosophy, software should be instrumental to problem solving in the social studies. Criteria for software selection are presented, as is a 7-item bibliography. (GEA)

This teacher's guide was developed for the third of four courses in Valencia Community College's Interdisciplinary Studies program, a 2-year core general education curriculum which chronologically examines the major developments in the evolution of human knowledge. The guide provides an introductory overview of the course's topic (i.e., Western intellectual history from 1800 to 1950 traced through the themes of the nature of objective and subjective knowledge); introduces each unit; discusses each topic within each unit, including information on methodology and main points to be stressed; and provides student papers showing the work in each unit. The units of the course are: (1) Determinism and Indeterminism, in which objectivity and subjectivity are examined through the writings, paintings, and music of some of the most famous 19th century figures; (2) Major Theories in Modern Psychology, which is devoted to four founders of modern psychology: Freud, Adler, Jung, and Skinner; (3) A Social Science Research Report, which focuses on analyzing data, reviewing literature, and mastering report writing; (4) Relativity and Its Effects, which explores the discoveries of Albert Einstein, discusses their philosophical implications, and shows that these implications were picked up and interpreted in painting, music, and poetry; and (5) Existentialism, which examines the period from World War I through World War II and looks at existentialism in psychology, philosophy, and film. (AYC)

Specifies certain assumptions in basic argumentation texts and argumentation pedagogy literature as representative of basic argumentation pedagogy. Revisits these ideas from the lens of rhetoric as epistemic to shape an existential view of argumentation. Outlines ideas for teaching argumentation that might represent existential argumentation pedagogy. (CR)

Prejudice has been defined as thinking ill of others without sufficient warrant. Ways in which counselors can reduce prejudice in their clients, and methods for addressing client problems that are related to prejudice are the focus of this book. The text draws on an extensive body of literature examining rehabilitation efforts that ease the effects of prejudice in an effort to fill the need for focused treatment on the reduction of prejudice. Due to the many counseling points of view from which to perceive prejudice, the topic is explored from nine counseling orientations which seem representative of research efforts: (1) Adlerian; (2) psychoanalytic; (3) existential; (4) gestalt; (5) human resource development; (6) invitational; (7) person centered; (8) behavioral; and (9) trait and factor. Each discussion presents the definition, assumptions, assessment procedures, goals, and therapy procedures for counseling. Additionally, each chapter which deals with a specific orientation closes with a case study that illustrates how a counselor using that approach might work with a client presenting prejudice-related problems. Examples of representative therapeutic dialogues for each model are also provided. Practical approaches are emphasized, and include the presentation of a new model of prejudice prevention and reduction, case illustrations, and 15 instruments for measuring various forms of prejudice. Contains approximately 540 references, a glossary, an annotated bibliography, and an index. (RJM)

A collection of 12 lessons, this volume covers a wide range of concerns in mental health counseling. Each piece begins with an editorial comment, followed by an introduction which outlines the scope of the problem under consideration. The main body of each paper presents a clear, easily understood analysis of the subject under consideration. A list of further sources the reader can consult appears in the back. Questions based on the lesson, which can help the reader gauge how much of the material he or she has understood, are listed at the end of each article. Lessons in this volume are: "Stress in the Workplace" (Gerald A. Kraines), "Psychological Factors in the Prognosis, Prophylaxis, and Treatment of Cancer and Coronary Heart Disease" (Ronald Grossarth-Maticek and H. J. Eysenck), "Cognitive Therapy for Depression" (Robin B. Jarrett and A. John Rush), "Existential Aspects of Psychotherapy" (Hans W. Cohn), "Depression and the Immune System" (Elinor M. Levy and Richard Krueger), "AIDS Dementia" (Balu Kalayam and Charles A. Shamoian), "Co-Dependence: A New Diagnosis" (Robert L. DuPont and John P. McGovern), "Pathological Gambling" (Richard A. McCormick), "Depression and the Elderly" (Michael A. Jenike), "Therapeutic Approaches Toward Clients with a History of Incest in Childhood" (A. Reese Abright) "Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Depression: Multiple Interactions" (Arnold E. Andersen), and "Divorce as a Developmental Catalyst" (Judith H. Gold). Includes an index. (RJM)

Text, illustrations, and exercises are utilized in this set of four learning modules to instruct nurses and nursing students in humanistic, non-technical aspects of patient care. The first module, "Introduction to Humanistic Nursing Practice Theory" by Wanda L. Carpenter, draws upon the theories of existentialism and phenomenology to define humanistic nursing, stressing interpersonal relations as well as task competency. The second module, "Grief and Mourning" by Anne Fishel, examines the symptoms of grief and mourning, details the characteristic stages of the grief process, and discusses appropriate intervention strategies for nurses to help patients cope with each of these stages. The third module, "Sexual Needs of the Aged Male Patient" by Sondra George, contrasts the sexual needs of the aged man and younger males, describes ways used by older male patients to express sexuality, and discusses appropriate reactions to these sexual behaviors. The fourth module, "Teaching the Stroke Patient to Dress Himself" by Peggy Gould, identifies clothing articles that stroke patients can most easily put on, reveals that stroke patients can most easily dress and undress while seated, and details steps to be followed by the patient in putting on a shirt or blouse. Each of the modules, which take from 15 to 60 minutes to complete, provides reinforcement exercises and concludes with a post-test and answer key. (JP)

I propose the idea of exploring new intertextual paths to understand the fundamentally dialogical narrative of the Spanish-Mexican author of Jewish origin, Angelina Muñiz-Huberman. To do so, I depart from the traditional intertextual approaches in the study of Muñiz-Huberman, which are steeped in the Judeo-Hispanic roots that emanate from the author’s ancestral origins. My proposal involves starting from the concept of exile, which emerges as Muñiz-Hubermans homeland and considering that persons linked to issues of displacement and exile, regardless of their geographical origin, become her compatriots. In this context, the idea that the author’s identification with the experience of exile gives rise to an alternative geography becomes evident, where the fundamental premise is the neighborly relationship among those who have experienced exile. Based on this premise, I undertake a case study that analyzes the literary dialogue between Muñiz-Huberman’s first trilogy of novels (Morada Interior 1972; Tierra adentro 1977; La Guerra del Unicornio 1983) and three early novels by the Anglo-Irish philosopher and novelist Iris Murdoch (1919-1999) (Under the Net, 1954; The Bell, 1958; The Unicorn, 1963). The choice of Murdoch, situated in the existentialist European post-war context, as a counterpart in this analysis is based on her identification with displaced persons and refugees and her deep commitment to the issue of exile. However, the analysis reveals that the most outstanding feature shared by the works of both authors transcends the theme of exile. The fusion of philosophy and fiction in the genre of the philosophical novel, which grants art a status worthy of philosophical reflection, along with the identification of the novel’s primary mission as offering a representation of the ethical categories of good and evil, stand out as the most prominent features of Murdoch’s narrative. These features constantly emerge in the first three novels of Angelina Muñiz-Huberman.

This thesis deploys ethnographic tools in a qualitative case study to explore the internet community, Female Dating Strategy (FDS). As narratives surrounding the “crisis of masculinity” are popularised within politics and mainstream media, the objective of research becomes to scrutinise these conceptualisations. This thesis does so by focusing on the field of intimacy and sexuality, by raising the question of female romantic anguish. Thereby questioning the widespread idea that women are the “winners” of modern romance. Female Dating Strategy is seen as a modern response to the many uncertainties and issues women face in contemporary intimacy. The study equips itself with theories on the individualisation and commodification of sexuality and heteropessimism. It relates these theories to the perspective of existential media, which highlights the media's existential capabilities and shortcomings within the deeply existential field of modern intimacy. The study analysed posts on Female Dating Strategy’s forum, opinion pieces from Female Dating Strategy’s website, the Female Dating Strategy Handbook, and the expressions within The Female Dating Strategy Podcast. The analysis results highlighted an orientation towards viewing romance and relationships as transactional and a part of the community member’s self-actualisation. As intimacy had become an important part of the member’s sense of self the members encouraged each other to act more autonomously. Urging each other to “ruthlessly evaluate men” and often act through negative choices. The feminist and conservative values within the community were recognised as useful ways of maximising achievement, rather than proposing any political projects. This all played out against a backdrop of deep technologisation and mediatisation. Female Dating Strategy created a sense of existential security for its members, however, it also created burdens, such as getting them stuck in a dependency on the strategies and advice on the for

El objeto de este trabajo es el pensamiento de Simone de Beauvoir relativo a la corporalidad, así como sus reflexiones concernientes a la pregunta «¿qué es una mujer?» Nuestro objetivo será mostrar que la frase «no se nace mujer, se llega a serlo» ha sido erróneamente interpretada por fuentes posestructuralistas como Judith Butler, con la pretensión de reafirmar sus propios postulados. La metodología empleada en este trabajo es la hermenéutica crítica, dado que partiremos de la lectura comparada de distintas fuentes filosóficas. Butler defiende que tanto el sexo como el género son cuestiones completamente culturales y que, por tanto, las mujeres serían una construcción lingüística. En cambio, la filósofa francesa no concibe que la mujer, la hembra humana, sea reductible a un producto cultural o lingüístico. También podemos descartar de plano que Beauvoir suscriba una definición de «mujer» que se remita a su posición como sujeto subordinado de la sociedad. La filósofa francesa sostiene que, cuando la sociedad alcance la igualdad entre los sexos, las diferencias anatómicas subsistirán. Asimismo, para De Beauvoir la mujer no puede ser definida por la feminidad, puesto que esta no es un atributo de las mujeres, sino una invención del hombre que podría proyectarse incluso sobre un objeto inanimado o sobre un varón. La feminidad ha sido hecha a la medida de la hembra para mantenerla sujeta, inhibiendo el libre desarrollo de la identidad de la mujer. La conclusión que extraemos en este trabajo es que la interpretación de Butler resulta contraria a la fenomenología del cuerpo femenino que vertebra la obra de Simone de Beauvoir. La fenomenología existencialista de Simone de Beauvoir se centra en la importancia de la experiencia corporal, que es la forma humana de habitar el mundo. Para ejemplificarlo, De Beauvoir reflexionó sobre la relevancia vital de experiencias del cuerpo sexuado como las relativas a la vulva, el coito, el himen, la pubertad, las molestias de la menstrua, The object of this paper is Simone de Beauvoir’s thought concerning corporeality, as well as her reflections concerning the question «what is a woman?» Our objective will be to show that the phrase «one is not born a woman, one becomes one» has been erroneously interpreted by post-structuralist sources such as Judith Butler, with the pretension of reaffirming their own postulates. The methodology used in this paper is critical hermeneutics, since we will start from a comparative reading of different philosophical sources. Butler argues that both sex and gender are completely cultural issues and that, therefore, women are a linguistic construct. On the other hand, the French philosopher does not conceive that woman, the human female, is reducible to a cultural or linguistic product. We can also flatly rule out that De Beauvoir subscribes to a definition of «woman» that refers to her position as a subordinate subject of society. The French philosopher maintains that, when society achieves equality between the sexes, anatomical differences will persist. Likewise, for De Beauvoir, woman cannot be defined by femininity, since femininity is not an attribute of women, but an invention of man that could be projected even on an inanimate object or on a male. Femininity has been tailor-made for the female to keep her subject, inhibiting the free development of the woman’s identity. The conclusion we draw in this paper is that Butler’s interpretation is contrary to the phenomenology of the female body that underlies De Beauvoir’s work. De Beauvoir’s existentialist phenomenology focuses on the importance of bodily experience, which is the human way of inhabiting the world. To exemplify this, Simone de Beauvoir reflected on the vital relevance of experiences of the sexed body such as those related to the vulva, coitus, the hymen, puberty, the discomforts of menstruation and menopause, among others.

The purpose of this essay is to analyze the novel “The Magus” written by John Fowles through the theoretical lens of postmodernism, and the aim is to highlight the existentialism behind the story. The study seeks to explain the intricate relationship described in the novel between societal norms and manipulation, and existential themes such as the fragmentation of reality, the autonomy to choose, and the search for meaning in life. The analysis focuses on four characters, in particular their role in the narrative, as well as the use of intertextuality and specific narratological solutions like the first-person narrator and non-linear storytelling. Through the understanding of the sub-stories in the novel, this paper aims to offer a better understanding of Fowles’ ability to interconnect postmodernism with existential themes to create a rich and complex story, and ultimately to underscore the human condition within our society.

Pixar-filmen Insidan ut 2 har slagit rekord den här sommaren och är nu den mest inkomstbringande animerade filmen genom tiderna. Filmen är den andra om Jenny och hennes känsloliv i vilken vi får följa både yttre händelser i Jennys liv och inre händelser på hennes ”huvudkontor” där Glädje, Vemod, Ilska och Avsky konkurrerar om att få bestämma hur Jenny ska agera i olika situationer. Det är lätt att förstå filmens popularitet – att våra känslor drar i väg med oss, nästan som en magisk kraft, är något de flesta varit med om.

With his notion of original affirmation, Paul Ricoeur wishes to reinstate the primacy of being over nothingness, joy over anguish, and affirmation over negation. Having adopted the term from Jean Nabert, he draws from the tradition of French reflective philosophy to formulate his conception of the originally affirmative nature of existence. Ricoeur argues that positive values can be found in and through their lack in the world, and that it is via the reflective means of hope, imagination and myth, that such values can be attested to. In this regard, original affirmation signifies a potentiality of being, actualisable through reflection. However, there is another aspect to Ricoeur’s original affirmation, namely, its embeddedness in the very foundation of being. Here, I argue that he takes Nabert’s reflective affirmation in a Spinozist direction, grounding it in the already actual power of life and in our desire to exist. Through applying a dialectic of actuality and potentiality as a theoretical lens, I identify and constructively engage with, what I refer to as, the reflective and the conative dimensions of original affirmation: between hope and the embodied will for life. Finally, I discuss how such understanding can have relevance in relation to present-day anguish.

This master’s thesis has investigated representations and experiences of spirituality and search for meaning among a sample of adolescent students of Il Quadrifoglio, parental bilingual (Italian/English) secondary school located in Venice (Italy). The study followed a phenomenological-existential analysis approach based on various thinkers, with particular reference to Victor Frankl. The research project consisted of online blog discussion in English lasting four days, in which participants were supposed to talk about their experiences not only through declarations, but also through the uploading of different types of multimedia content such as photos and videos. The study’s findings show that spirituality and search for meaning appear to be fundamental tasks in adolescence development; in fact, among the adolescents of Il Quadrifoglio school, it is possible to detect a propensity to search for spirituality and meaning in life. In addition, a profound search for ‘self’ emerges from the pupils involved in the investigation, closely connected with the search for meaning in life. In the light of the survey findings, this study has purposed existential approach based educational methods and tools for Religious Education (RE) to nourish the inner well-being of adolescents, they combine various methodologies coming from holism, ecological education, Frankl's psychotherapy, introspective pedagogy and care education.

Studiens syfte var att identifiera de verkningsfulla komponenterna i 12-stegsprogrammet för minskad användning av beroendeframkallande substanser eller uppnå nykterhet i behandlingen. Detta gjordes genom en integrativ litteraturstudie innehållande 10 vetenskapliga artiklar där de verkningsfulla komponenterna samt andlighetens betydelse för 12-stegsprogammet analyserades med hjälp av KASAM och existentialism. Genom att undersöka dessa verkningsfulla komponenter samt andlighet redogör denna studie för hur dessa bidrar till 12- stegsprogrammets framgång som behandling för missbruk. Studien fann att de verkningsfulla komponenterna i 12-stegsprogrammet för minskad användning av beroendeframkallande substanser eller uppnå nykterhet var följande: grupp, tjänstgöring och sponsring samt andlighet. Vidare fann studien att andlighet spelar en betydande roll för att dels kunna tillgodogöra sig behandlingen, dels för att kunna uppnå antingen minskad användning av beroendeframkallande substanser eller för att uppnå nykterhet., The purpose of the study was to identify the effective components of the 12-step program for reducing the use of addictive substances or achieving sobriety in treatment. This was done through an integrative literature review containing 10 scientific articles where the effective components and the significance of spirituality for the 12-step program were analyzed using SOC (Sense of Coherence) and existentialism. By examining these effective components and spirituality, this study explains how they contribute to the success of the 12-step program as a treatment for addiction. The study found that the effective components of the 12-step program for reducing the use of addictive substances or achieving sobriety were as follows: group, service and sponsorship, as well as spirituality. Furthermore, the study found that spirituality plays a significant role in both benefiting from the treatment and achieving either reduced use of addictive substances or sobriety.

Tidigare forskning visar att höga nivåer av andlighet kan associeras med bättre psykiskt välbefinnande och lägre nivåer av psykiska besvär. Meningsfullhet framhävs som en av nyckelkomponenterna i detta sammanhang, och framtida forskning uppmanas till att utforska bakomliggande mekanismer ytterligare. En begräsning i det aktuella forskningsläget är att majoriteten av studierna har utförts i samhällen med en stark religiös anknytning, och att ingen forskning har kunnat hittas som utforskar sambanden i det mer sekulariserade Sverige. Denna studie syftar till att analysera eventuella samband mellan mening i livet, psykisk hälsa och trosuppfattning i en svensk kontext, för att undersöka huruvida sekularisering som samhällsförändring bör beaktas inom socialt arbete. Studiens forskningsfrågor besvarades via en enkät, och utgick från ett bekvämlighetsurval där respondenterna tillfrågades att delta i undersökningen på en offentlig plats i en av Sveriges storstäder. Studiens resultat visar att andlighet inte kan relateras till bättre psykiskt välbefinnande, men att meningsfullhet ökar psykiskt välbefinnande och att ju högre grad av andlighet som skattas desto mer upplevelse av meningsfullhet i livet. Dessutom visar resultatet att majoriteten av undersökningens respondenter har en personlig anknytning till en andlig dimension oavsett trosuppfattning. Utifrån studiens resultat dras slutsatsen att sekularisering i det svenska samhället inte minskar behovet av att adressera existentiella och andliga frågor inom socialt arbete. Studien indikerar en potentiell koppling mellan andlighet, meningssökande och psykiskt välbefinnande, vilket underbygger att det kan vara fördelaktigt att integrera dessa komponenter i socialt arbete för att kunna erbjuda ett mer omfattande och heltäckande stöd, och för att bättre bemöta individuella behov i ett samhälle som genomgår ökad sekularisering., Previous research shows that high levels of religiosity/spirituality can be associated with better mental well-being and fewer mental health issues. Meaningfulness is highlighted as one of the key components in this context, and future research is encouraged to further explore underlying mechanisms. A limitation in the current research landscape is that the majority of studies have been conducted in communities with a strong religious affiliation, and no research has been found that explores these relationships in the more secularized Sweden. This study aims to analyze possible relationships between meaning in life, mental health, and belief systems in a Swedish context, to investigate whether secularization as a societal change should be considered within social work. The study's research questions were answered through a survey, based on a convenience sample where respondents were asked to participate in the survey at a public place in one of Sweden's major cities. The study's results show that religiosity/spirituality cannot be related to better mental well-being, but that meaningfulness increases mental well-being and that the higher the level of religiosity/spirituality assessed, the more experience of meaningfulness in life. Furthermore, the results show that the majority of the survey's respondents have a personal connection to a spiritual dimension regardless of their belief system. Based on the study's findings, the conclusion is drawn that secularization in Swedish society does not reduce the need to address existential and religious/spiritual questions within social work. The study indicates a potential link between religiosity/spirituality, the search for meaning, and mental well-being, which supports the integration of these components into social work to provide more comprehensive and holistic support, and to better meet individual needs in a society undergoing increased secularization.

This work aims to delve into the inner world of the composer Federico Mompou (1893-1987) with special focus on the artistic and philosophic concepts that make his aesthetic so unique within music history. Thereore, apart from biographical data, the connections between his music and ideas that belong to the existentialist and pantheist movements will be presented. Nevertheless, the ultimate objective of this project is the configuration of a piano solo recital program which, containing works from different periods and composers shows the essence of Mompou's inner world to the audience. For that, I have focused on the part of that world that is presented in what I have called his "mystic music" (pieces inspired by the imagination of the spiritual, religious or magic universe). The process of selection of the program is fully explained and justified in the thesis.

Planteo la idea de explorar nuevos senderos intertextuales para comprender la narrativa fundamentalmente dialógica de la autora hispano-mexicana de origen judío Angelina Muñiz-Huberman. Para ello, me alejo de las vías intertextuales tradicionales en el estudio de Muñiz-Huberman, impregnadas de las raíces judeo-hispánicas que emanan de los orígenes ancestrales de la autora. Mi propuesta consiste en partir del concepto de exilio, que emerge como la patria de Muñiz-Huberman y en considerar que las personas vinculadas con cuestiones de desplazamiento y exilio, independientemente de su origen geográfico, se erigen como sus compatriotas. En este contexto, se hace manifiesta la idea de que la identificación de la autora con la experiencia del exilio da lugar a una geografía alternativa, donde la premisa fundamental es la relación de vecindad entre aquellos que han experimentado la misma vivencia del exilio. A partir de esta premisa, emprendo un estudio de caso que analiza el diálogo literario entre la primera trilogía de novelas de Muñiz-Huberman (Morada Interior 1972; Tierra adentro 1977; La guerra del unicornio 1983) y tres novelas tempranas de la filósofa y novelista anglo-irlandesa Iris Murdoch (1919-1999) (Under the Net, 1954; The Bell, 1958; The Unicorn, 1963). La elección de Murdoch, situada en el contexto europeo existencialista de posguerra, como contraparte en este análisis se fundamenta en su identificación con las personas desplazadas y refugiadas y en su profundo compromiso con la cuestión del exilio. No obstante, el análisis revela que el rasgo más sobresaliente compartido por las obras de ambas trasciende a otro nivel que el de la temática del exilio. La fusión entre la filosofía y la ficción en el género de la novela filosófica, que otorga al arte un estatuto digno de reflexión filosófica, y la identificación de la principal misión de la novela como la de ofrecer una representación de las categorías éticas del bien y del mal, resaltan como los rasgos más de, I propose the idea of exploring new intertextual paths to understand the fundamentally dialogical narrative of the Spanish-Mexican author of Jewish origin, Angelina Muñiz-Huberman. To do so, I depart from the traditional intertextual approaches in the study of Muñiz-Huberman, which are steeped in the Judeo-Hispanic roots that emanate from the author’s ancestral origins. My proposal involves starting from the concept of exile, which emerges as Muñiz-Hubermans homeland and considering that persons linked to issues of displacement and exile, regardless of their geographical origin, become her compatriots. In this context, the idea that the author’s identification with the experience of exile gives rise to an alternative geography becomes evident, where the fundamental premise is the neighborly relationship among those who have experienced exile. Based on this premise, I undertake a case study that analyzes the literary dialogue between Muñiz-Huberman’s first trilogy of novels (Morada Interior 1972; Tierra adentro 1977; La Guerra del Unicornio 1983) and three early novels by the Anglo-Irish philosopher and novelist Iris Murdoch (1919-1999) (Under the Net, 1954; The Bell, 1958; The Unicorn, 1963). The choice of Murdoch, situated in the existentialist European post-war context, as a counterpart in this analysis is based on her identification with displaced persons and refugees and her deep commitment to the issue of exile. However, the analysis reveals that the most outstanding feature shared by the works of both authors transcends the theme of exile. The fusion of philosophy and fiction in the genre of the philosophical novel, which grants art a status worthy of philosophical reflection, along with the identification of the novel’s primary mission as offering a representation of the ethical categories of good and evil, stand out as the most prominent features of Murdoch’s narrative. These features constantly emerge in the first three novels of Angelina Muñiz-Huberman. In

This article endeavours to delve into the existential profundities inherent in the Theatre of the Absurd, employing a meticulous comparative examination of Edward Albee's The American Dream (1961) and Tawfiq Al-Hakim's The Tree Climber (1966). Drawing upon the seminal study of Martin Esslin, this research aims to scrutinize the shared thematic as well as stylistic tapestry characterized by the bareness of the stage, the portrayal of matrimonial constructs, the eloquent utilization of silence, the stagnation of linguistic faculties, and the recursive nature of narrative structures. By navigating through these quintessential elements, this article seeks to illuminate the labyrinthine corridors of the human psyche and the intricate absurdities woven into the fabric of existence as elucidated by these two distinct yet thematically resonant theatrical oeuvres.

Dalits are closely identified and recognized as subaltern. This term finds its origin from the Latin word submeaning next below and alterns meaning every other. Subalterns are a group of people or community whoare excluded because of their inferior rank in the Varna system and are under the hegemony of the dominantclass. In the Indian context, marginality stresses on the notion of boundary, edge, and limit. Subalterns ordalits occupy the edge or boundary of the Indian societal arrangement. This has given rise to their literaturewhich is arresting the attention of its readers for its authentic descriptions of invisible lives. Mahasweta Devihas worked effortlessly and dedicated her entire life for the upliftment and betterment of this class of tribalsand dalits, who are tortured, disrespected, and exploited. Her short fiction Rudali portrays the constantstruggle of exploitation and survival of Sanichari. This paper explores her journey as a winner, a quintessentialfigure of subalternity, hegemony and marginalisation.

Locke, while writing his Second Treatise on Civil Government in 1689 states that all men by nature are ‘free, equal and independent’ but is everyone equal? We know by now that equity is the means through which true equality can be achieved but in order to make a change, we also need to accept the fact that ‘normalcy’ is nothing but a social construct. All those whom our society regard as ‘abnormal’, ‘incompetent’ or ‘non-productive’ have the right to live as much as ‘normal’ people do. When it comes to persons with disabilities, it gets even more complicated by the existing taboo. A sense of uneasiness and discomfort prevail whenever we confront bodies un-like our own. Some tend to sympathise while others tend to dismiss it altogether. Samuel Beckett tries to break this taboo by making use of characters in his writings who with their decomposing bodies, make an attempt to live the absurdities of life. His characters ‘stare at death with passionate attention’ but do not commit suicide because they are tenacious enough to live. Afterall as Molloy says, ‘To decompose is to live too’. The paper analyses Beckett’s Endgame in terms of disability and aesthetics. It aims to explore how the playwright makes use of theatre as a device to shatter the camera obscura that the bourgeoisie order maintains on bodies that it cannot contain. The able-bodied people witness man at his most vulnerable, striving to sustain by taking help of others thereby realising that co-dependency is evident and inevitable.

Martin Hägglunds kristendomstolkning i boken Vårt enda liv analyseras och jämförs med teologen och existentialisten Paul Tillichs kristendom uttryckt i boken The Courage to be. Frågan om vilka livsåskådningsförutsättningar och premisser som ligger till grund för Hägglunds religionskritik och frågan om hans kritik är rationellt berättigad behandlas.Analysen som ligger till grund för kritiken görs i huvudsak utifrån religionsfilosofen Mikael Stenmarks teoretiska ramverk för livsåskådningsforskning samt Carl-Henrik Grenholms beskrivna metoder för att genomföra en idéanalys.Studien bekräftar tidigare forskning som pekar på att Hägglund går för långt i sin kristendomskritik, när han kritiserar kristendomen. En viktig förutsättning som identifierats i studien är att Hägglunds tidsbegrepp inte innehåller någon dynamisk komponent som ger ett här och nu en särställning. Det innebär att religionstolkningen inte heller öppnar för en religiös upplevelse av existentiell ångest eller ett personligt möte med Gud här och nu. Härigenom begränsas utrymmet för religiösa uttryck samtidigt som Hägglunds eget sekulära trossystem blir mindre dynamiskt. Dynamiken i den sekulära livsåskådningen hänförs snarare till osäkerheten om framtiden som vi alla bär.I stället för att, som Hägglund gör nu, helt avfärda det eftersträvansvärda i evigheten, och därmed missa målet med sin religionskritik, pekar studiens resultat mot möjligheten till att öppna upp det föreslagna sekulära trossystemet för den genuina osäkerhet som finns i livsåskådningsfrågorna. Det kan skapa nyfikenhet och en förändrad attityd i mötet med andra trosuppfattningar. Dynamiken i det sekulära trossystemet skulle kunna skapas genom att bekräfta existentiella (sekulära) brister och därmed ge utrymme för att spegla människors kamp, upplevelser av misslyckanden och känslor av existentiell meningslöshet. Budskapet om andlig frihet står starkt i sig självt och skulle kunna kombineras med en mjukare hållning mot andra livsåskådningar.

Syftet med denna undersökning är dels att undersöka existentialistiska och absurdistiska drag i Albert Camus romaner Främlingen och Pesten, dels undersöka hur Camus väljer att beskriva och framställa huvudkaraktärerna i respektive roman, dels analysera existentialismen och absurdismen i anslutning till de båda verken och hur dessa kan användas som redskap för att belysa problematiken kring psykisk ohälsa bland unga. En textanalys tillämpades på två romaner av Albert Camus Främlingen och Pesten. Resultaten visar att romanerna innehåller tankemotiv/drag av existentialismen och absurdismen och att dessa ismer återspeglas i relation till karaktärerna i romanerna. I Pesten skapas i existentialistiska termer en subjektiv och kollektiv mening i meningslösheten, vilket saknas i Främlingen. I Pesten skildras ett positivt exempel på hur man kan hantera livets meningslöshet medan i Främlingen revolterar människan mot det absurda, vilket i sin tur blir en revolt mot samhället, världen och skildras således som något negativt. Därav visar resultatet sammantaget att Pesten i större utsträckning lutar åt existentialismen och att existentialismen i Främlingen hamnar i skuggan av absurdismen. Resultatet visar även att Camus romaner i anslutning till den teoretiska utgångspunkten och skolans breda uppdrag i form av hälsan kan användas didaktiskt som underlag för samtal om psykisk ohälsa.

The objective of this argumentative paper is to study the play Waiting for Godot from a specific point of view. The statement of this thesis is that the lives of Vladimir and Estragon are presented as meaningless, and this claim is based on the analysis of the play and the study of other published scholarship that is associated with the topic. The thesis is divided into three chapters, each chapter discusses each argument and shed light on some philosophical concepts such as Existentialism, Absurdisim, and Nihilism. However, the main focus is on the fundamental meaning of the lives of the main characters, Vladimir and Estragon.

Studien syftar till att skapa en förståelse för hur individer som stått nära döden upplever betydelsen av händelsen och besvara frågeställningen: Hur integreras en konfrontation med döden i vardagslivet över tid? Eftersom detta är en komplex upplevelse har hermeneutiken valts som metod. Tio intervjuer utfördes med två typer av livshotande upplevelser; olyckor och sjukdomar. Med en variation på 2–28 år sedan händelsen. Heideggers sätt att förstå människans värld i förhållande till sitt vara användes som teoretiskt ramverk. Resultatet presenteras genom en fördjupad tolkning med fyra teman. En ny värld dagas innefattar en tvingande insikt om ändligheten som följs av ett uppvaknande till och tacksamhet för livet. Den nya världens gemenskapliga självständighet innefattar integreringen av nya världen och livssynen som leder till drastiska livsförändringar då deltagarna brutit sig loss ifrån normer. Den nya världens tudelning innefattar att den gamla världen gör intrång, vilket leder till att för vissa deltagare minskar livssynens intensitet med tiden. Andra kan göra motstånd mot detta genom att ständigt integrera livssynen vilket leder till att den ökas. Den konstanta världen visar på att konfrontationen medfört en bestående livssyn och förändrat deltagarnas sätt att uppfatta världen, så att svårigheter är både lättare att hantera och mer kortvariga.

This paper focuses on the literary, narrative and cultural function performed by Michele Ardengo’s model of corporeity in Gli indifferenti, intended as a tool for probing the inner life of the character and of an entire social class. I will underline how the internal and external representation of the character are closely connected according to a still early twentieth century vision, whereby the evils of the soul are reflected on those of a physical type. I will also investigate the role that Michele’s pre-existentialist body image plays within the novel and the relationship first with Leo Merumeci and his sister Carla and then with the male characters of the adolescent trilogy, formed by Inverno di malato, Agostino and La disubbidienza.

This article addresses the power of law to make historical change. We begin by charting a rich debate on law’s autonomy held over the course of the twentieth century, overviewing contributions by Classical Legal Thought, Law and Society, Marxism, the New Left, Critical Legal History, and what we term the “Millennial Consensus.” We then sketch an alternative view that we feel is implicit in much legal history, where the law is seen as an “architecture”—a set of tools with which we build our society. On this view, law’s autonomy lies in the way that it facilitates specific forms of societal ordering at the expense of others. We emphasize that it also has an existential dimension in that we can never foresee all the future uses particular legal institutions may be put to.

La religiosidad de Miguel de Unamuno trata de la lucha por creer representada en uno de sus célebres personajes: San Manuel bueno, mártir, un sacerdote que no puede creer, aunque querría hacerlo. Necesitamos creer y, por eso, creamos a Dios, pero la razón nos contradice esa creencia desde la fe. Así, encontramos cierta agonía y angustia en esta lucha por creer, que no es sino el intento de reconciliar fe y razón, idea muy presente y que atraviesa la obra de nuestro pensador, Miguel de Unamuno's religiosity consists of the struggle to believe, represented in one of his famous characters: San Manuel Bueno, martyr, a priest who cannot believe, although he would like to. We need to believe, and so we believe in God, but reason contradicts our belief in faith. Thus, we find a certain agony and anguish in this struggle to believe, which is nothing more than the attempt to reconcile faith and reason, idea very present andwhich breaks through in the work of our thinker.

Introduction: playing, as an activity inherent to childhood, enables the child to acquire new knowledge about the world and to come across their own individuality expressing the world that is meaningful to him. The child's temporality composes his existence and drives him in the search for authentic existence. Objective: To describe the child's temporality during the stages of bonding and stopping playing in dramatic therapeutic play sessions. Method: phenomenological study in the light of the Heideggerian philosophical framework, with 12 children, aged between three and 11 years. For data collection, phenomenological interviews were conducted, mediated by the dramatic therapeutic toy. Results: the following thematic axis emerged: - The child's play time: being open. Conclusion: play reveals existential aspects of the child in chronological time and it fosters the sharing of new possibilities of relationship, in a free way, with the world. However, playing time might be elastic and negotiable according to individual need, so that all the expressions of the child becoming in their facticity during play would be considered. Therefore, regardless of the way and time they play, this study highlights the importance of respecting the child's existence at that moment., Introducción: el juego, como actividad inherente a la infancia, permite al niño adquirir nuevos conocimientos sobre el mundo y encontrarse a sí mismo con su propia individualidad, expresando el mundo que le es significativo. La temporalidad del niño compone su existencia y lo impulsa en la búsqueda de la existencia auténtica. Objetivo: describir la temporalidad del niño durante las etapas de creación de vínculo y de cese del juego en sesiones de juego dramático terapéutico. Método: estudio fenomenológico a la luz del marco filosófico heideggeriano, con 12 niños, con edades entre tres y 11 años. Para la recolección de datos se realizaron entrevistas fenomenológicas, mediadas por juguetes dramáticos terapéuticos. Resultados: surgieron los siguientes ejes temáticos: - El tiempo de juego del niño: estar-en-apertura. Conclusión: el juego revela aspectos existenciales del niño en el tiempo cronológico y favorece compartir nuevas posibilidades de relación, libremente, con el mundo. Sin embargo, el tiempo dedicado al juego podría ser elástico y negociable según las necesidades individuales, de modo que todas las expresiones del devenir del niño en su facticidad durante el juego podrían ser consideradas. Por ello, independientemente de la forma y el momento en que jueguen, este estudio resalta la importancia de respetar la existencia del niño en ese momento., Resumo: Introdução: o brincar como atividade inerente à infância, possibilita que a criança adquira novos conhecimentos sobre o mundo e se depare com a própria individualidade, expressando o mundo que lhe seja significativo. A temporalidade da criança compõe seu existir e a impulsiona na busca pela existência autentica. Objetivo: descrever a temporalidade da criança durante as etapas criando vínculo e parando de brincar em sessões de brinquedo terapêutico dramático. Método: estudo fenomenológico à luz do referencial filosófico heideggeriano, com 12 crianças, com idades entre três e 11 anos. Para a coleta de dados foram realizadas entrevistas fenomenológicas, mediadas pelo brinquedo terapêutico dramático. Resultados: emergiu o seguinte eixo temático: - O tempo de brincar da criança: sendo-em abertura. Conclusão: a brincadeira revela aspectos existenciais da criança no tempo cronológico e, favorece o compartilhar de novas possibilidades de relação, de modo livre, com o mundo. No entanto, o tempo que brinca pôde ser elástico e negociável mediante a necessidade individual, para que fossem consideradas todas as expressões da criança vir-a-ser na sua facticidade durante a brincadeira. Portanto, independentemente do modo e do tempo que brinca este estudo destaca a importância de se respeitar a existência da criança nesse momento.