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This paper highlights the challenges of self-limitation, providing insights into how event sport participants relate to and act within limits. From a cultural degrowth perspective that advocates for the need to practice self-limitation and reduce environmental waste from economic activities, we examine how event participants perceive physical impacts on nature during two types of nature-based events in Jämtland, Sweden. Based on 50 semi-structured interviews, observations and photo-elicitation observations, the findings reveal the difficulties of adhering to limitations. Initially, the informants considered only trash or greenhouse gas emissions as impacts but were stunned to see photos of how impacts such as trail and soil erosion had gone beyond what they imagined. However, responsibility for limiting the effects tended to shift to others, particularly the event organisers. These two events present a paradox in tourism. The convivial idea of visiting nature collides with resource utilisation that heavily impacts the environment., Management implicationsSeveral suggestions of measures to consider emerged to limit impacts from participant and nature-based events, as well as for sport tourism in nature. While participants tend to transfer responsibility to the organisers and local authorities, creating awareness and guide them to a sustainable behaviour are highly appreciated.1.Event organisers should implement stricter guidelines for participant behaviour, providing create encouragement, options and clear instructions to reduce environmental impacts, it may in very low degree decrease their experience, but more importantly shows signs of responsibility.2.Acceptable restrictions could include walking a few metres, imposing penalties, and offering alternative routes. Local knowledge is crucial in this regard. Well-known in the respective sport should serve as role models, influencing participants to adopt more sustainable practises.3.Policy makers must ensure that event organisers adhere to specific guidelines. Local governments must facilitate measures to protect the physical environment, providing flexibility to accommodate last-minute changes if necessary.4.What types of environmental impacts are perceived and function differently in relation to the feeling of abundance of nature. While the importance of addressing global environmental impacts, equal attention should be given to preserving the physical environment.

Predicting the future is an essential element in many fields, as it can lead to significant cost savings due to more efficient resource allocation. Modern Cloud systems are composed of large numbers of processing and storage resources, giving the potential to dynamically scale the resources provided to workloads throughout the day. If the amount of resources required is known in advance, proactive scaling can be implemented, with the aim that only the required amount of resources are allocated, resulting in optimal performance and cost efficiency. This study aims to accurately and efficiently forecast the workload of a financial system, characterized by high frequency, noise, and unpredictability. Based on the dataset describing the historical workload for individual tasks within the market system, a model within each category, statistical, machine learning, and artificial neural network was implemented. The models within each category with the most promising qualities for such data were, SARIMA, XGBoost, and LSTM. These 3 models were compared on different scenarios with a focus on the trade-off between accuracy and complexity. An optimal model has a low complexity which means efficient but still has a high accuracy. The result of this study showed that the workload within this specific system can be predicted using the 3 models. The optimal model varies depending on scaling requirements, for short-term high-accuracy predictions LSTM is the best with an R2 score of 0.92, but also the most complex. XGBoost is less complex than LSTM and has an overall better accuracy on different scenarios. SARIMA, though simpler, exhibits the best accuracy for long-term predictions with an R2 score of 0.75. This study concludes that it is possible to predict certain financial workloads in advance, paving the way for further research into proactive scaling in such scenarios.

Evenemang blir en allt vanligare reseanledning och passar vårt sätt att resa; flera gånger per år, men kortare i tid. Allt fler väljer att besöka evenemang, både som deltagare och som åskådare. En stadigt växande efterfrågan och ett ökat utbud förstärks av rådande trender inom hälsa och livsstil. Ökningen av evenemang skapar glädje och gemenskap samt möjligheter genom ökad sysselsättning och tillväxt, men innebär också en ökad belastning på miljön. Inte sällan återfinns evenemang i känsliga miljöer i mer eller mindre perifera lägen, men även evenemang i stadsmiljöer påverkar miljön på olika sätt. Det är viktigt men svårt att mäta miljöeffekter av evenemang. De många tänkbara perspektiven kopplat till tid, geografi och aktörer gör att öppenhet och transparens är av största vikt. Stort fokus har legat på negativa miljöeffekter av evenemang, men rätt planerat och genomfört kan evenemang också bidra till att driva en rörelse i mer hållbar riktning. Utöver de miljömässiga effekterna är det angeläget att dessutom väga in ekonomiska och sociala aspekter. Syftet med guiden är att ge en snabb och populärvetenskaplig introduktion till miljömässiga effekter av evenemang - centrala begrepp och perspektiv. Guiden har framställts av forskare på ETOUR vid Mittuniversitetet

Many of the over 3300 churches in Sweden are only used a couple of times a week and are kept cold in between sessions. The occasional heating results in a power spike which burdens both grid and wallet in form of an increased grid fee. With the help of a battery and peak shaving, the peak can be lessened. While the battery is not used for this purpose it can instead be used to support the grid. The aim of this project was to investigate how this could be achieved. As the energy production strives towards more sustainable methods, new problems in the grid can start to show up. One problem is the lack of rotational inertia in a new wind and solar based energy system. That will lead to new problems keeping the correct frequency of 50 Hz in the grid. To keep the frequency in an acceptable range, the Swedish transmission system operator (TSO), Svenska kraftnät, buys stability services which can come from the batteries in the church. Various stability services are available such as FCR and FFR. In this report calculations were made to research the potential profit if stability services would have been sold during 2022. The result shows that the profit was quite high, the investment cost of the batteries would be paid off in just a couple of years. In addition to this the batteries can also be used to support the local grid, participating in local flexibility markets, or even helping with voltage regulation or power factor compensation if the need should arise. Under the current economic circumstances, batteries would be a beneficial investment for parishes within the Church of Sweden, both from an economical and societal point of view., Med batterier installerade i eluppvärmda kyrkor kan församlingar minska sina nätavgifter och erbjuda stödtjänster till elnätet. På grund av rekordhög ersättning för att leverera stödtjänster kan återbetalningstiden på batterierna idag kapas till några fåtal år. Många kyrkor används endast ett fåtal gånger i veckan och hålls vid låg temperatur däremellan. Innan användning måste de värmas upp och kräver då en stor effekt viket belastar både elnät och plånbok. Batteripack kan då användas för att fördela denna effekttopp över en längre tid. När batterierna inte användas för uppvärmning kan de användas för andra uppgifter såsom till exempel stödtjänster. Projektets syfte är därför att undersöka de systemnyttor som kan uppnås med batterier installerade vid eluppvärmda kyrkor, både på lokal och transmissionsnätsnivå samt de ekonomiska fördelarna med detta. Med utbyggnaden av förnyelsebara energikällor förändras dynamiken i elnätet då dessa saknar den stabiliserande rotationsmassan och planerbarheten som finns i de stora vatten- och kärnkraftverken. För att upprätthålla balansen och stabilitet i elnätet köper Svenska kraftnät stödtjänster, vilka skulle kunna erbjudas med kyrkornas eventuella batterier. Dessa tjänster kan vara frekvenshållningsreserver så som FCR-D, FCR-N eller FFR. På grund av de höga elpriserna har det varit mycket lönsamt att sälja dessa tjänster under den senaste tiden, något som kan ändras allteftersom läget i elnätet förändras. I denna rapport beräknades hur mycket kyrkan hade kunnat tjäna på att leverera stödtjänster under år 2022. Detta gjordes genom statistik från svenska kraftnät och en modell i beräkningsprogrammet Matlab. Utöver dessa stora nätomtäckande stödtjänsterna kan även batterierna användas för att på lokal nivå utjämna de effekttoppar som uppkommer mot överliggande nät, till exempel en kall vinterdag. Dessa effekttoppar kan vara ett problem bland annat då transmissionsnätet inte hinner byggas ut i samma takt som storstäderna, vilket späd

Background and problems: The research field of performance management and measurement has primarily focused on financial aspects for a long time, with measurement being the focus. Performance management systems integrate both the aspects of control and measurement, resulting in a broad research area. The lack of research combined regarding the role of the staff manager within the system creates a gap that needs to be explored. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to make a theoretical contribution to the field of performance management systems. The contribution is to examine the role of the staff manager in an implemented performance management system and the achievement of organizational goals. Method: To fulfill the purpose, a qualitative research method with an abductive research approach was used. The study is a case study conducted at Handelsbanken, where the empirical data collection is based on six semi-structured interviews and an internal document. Conclusion: The role of the staff manager is crucial and more central than previously believed in effectively using a performance management system and achieving organizational goals. By communicating the mission and vision and linking them to the employees' daily work, the system can be efficiently utilized. Daily work is monitored through evaluations, which serve as a fundamental control mechanism in the system. By strengthening the alignment between employees and the organization, it can result in more desirable organizational outcomes. This can be achieved through a clearer reward system and linking the employees' daily work to the achievement of office goals.

Many of the over 3300 churches in Sweden are only used a couple of times a week and are kept cold in between sessions. The occasional heating results in a power spike which burdens both grid and wallet in form of an increased grid fee. With the help of a battery and peak shaving, the peak can be lessened. While the battery is not used for this purpose it can instead be used to support the grid. The aim of this project was to investigate how this could be achieved. As the energy production strives towards more sustainable methods, new problems in the grid can start to show up. One problem is the lack of rotational inertia in a new wind and solar based energy system. That will lead to new problems keeping the correct frequency of 50 Hz in the grid. To keep the frequency in an acceptable range, the Swedish transmission system operator (TSO), Svenska kraftnät, buys stability services which can come from the batteries in the church. Various stability services are available such as FCR and FFR. In this report calculations were made to research the potential profit if stability services would have been sold during 2022. The result shows that the profit was quite high, the investment cost of the batteries would be paid off in just a couple of years. In addition to this the batteries can also be used to support the local grid, participating in local flexibility markets, or even helping with voltage regulation or power factor compensation if the need should arise. Under the current economic circumstances, batteries would be a beneficial investment for parishes within the Church of Sweden, both from an economical and societal point of view., Med batterier installerade i eluppvärmda kyrkor kan församlingar minska sina nätavgifter och erbjuda stödtjänster till elnätet. På grund av rekordhög ersättning för att leverera stödtjänster kan återbetalningstiden på batterierna idag kapas till några fåtal år. Många kyrkor används endast ett fåtal gånger i veckan och hålls vid låg temperatur däremellan. Innan användning måste de värmas upp och kräver då en stor effekt viket belastar både elnät och plånbok. Batteripack kan då användas för att fördela denna effekttopp över en längre tid. När batterierna inte användas för uppvärmning kan de användas för andra uppgifter såsom till exempel stödtjänster. Projektets syfte är därför att undersöka de systemnyttor som kan uppnås med batterier installerade vid eluppvärmda kyrkor, både på lokal och transmissionsnätsnivå samt de ekonomiska fördelarna med detta. Med utbyggnaden av förnyelsebara energikällor förändras dynamiken i elnätet då dessa saknar den stabiliserande rotationsmassan och planerbarheten som finns i de stora vatten- och kärnkraftverken. För att upprätthålla balansen och stabilitet i elnätet köper Svenska kraftnät stödtjänster, vilka skulle kunna erbjudas med kyrkornas eventuella batterier. Dessa tjänster kan vara frekvenshållningsreserver så som FCR-D, FCR-N eller FFR. På grund av de höga elpriserna har det varit mycket lönsamt att sälja dessa tjänster under den senaste tiden, något som kan ändras allteftersom läget i elnätet förändras. I denna rapport beräknades hur mycket kyrkan hade kunnat tjäna på att leverera stödtjänster under år 2022. Detta gjordes genom statistik från svenska kraftnät och en modell i beräkningsprogrammet Matlab. Utöver dessa stora nätomtäckande stödtjänsterna kan även batterierna användas för att på lokal nivå utjämna de effekttoppar som uppkommer mot överliggande nät, till exempel en kall vinterdag. Dessa effekttoppar kan vara ett problem bland annat då transmissionsnätet inte hinner byggas ut i samma takt som storstäderna, vilket späd

Through the lens of liveability and Buen Vivir, I explore how local actors form their acceptance of the physical impact on nature caused by a trail marathon in north-central Sweden, particularly given trail and soil erosion. With a qualitative multi-method research approach, the findings reveal that the local actors minimise the impacts by getting involved in various activities both inside and outside the event. Different knowledge and practices foster sustainability and create acceptance. While the growth of tourism creates unease and feelings of inadequate control, this event is seen as a distinct phenomenon. I show that liveability goes beyond perception and requires integration of the local environment into local practices. Current acceptance may however be eroded if more or larger events occur in the future. Policies and planning must therefore acknowledge and incorporate these local practices to create sustainability.

A modern diesel engine is a reliable and efficient mean of producing power. A way to reduce harmful exhaust and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and secure the sources of energy is to develop technology for an efficient diesel engine operation independent of fossil fuels. Renewable diesel fuels are compatible with diesel engines without any major modifications. Rapeseed oil methyl esters (RME) and other fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are commonly used in low level blends with diesel. Lately, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) produced from vegetable oil and waste fat has found its way into the automotive market, being approved for use in diesel engines by several leading vehicle manufacturers, either in its pure form or in a mixture with the fossil diesel to improve the overall environmental footprint. There is a lack of data on how renewable fuels change the semi-volatile organic fraction of exhaust emissions. In order to characterize and explain the difference in exhaust emissions from fossil diesel, HVO and RME fuels, particulate matter (PM) emissions were sampled at two exhaust positions of an experimental single cylinder Scania D13 heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine: at the exhaust manifold, and after a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). Advanced analyzing techniques were used to characterize the composition of the organic PM. Special attention was paid to an operating point at 18% intake oxygen level with constant engine operating conditions where the emission level of nitrogen oxides (NOx) was low, and carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbon (THC) were relatively low. On-line aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) suggests that the chemical composition of the organic aerosols (OAs) was similar for HVO and diesel. However, RME both reduced the OA emissions and changed the composition with evidence for fuel signatures in the mass spectra. When the emissions were aged in an oxidation flow reactor to simulate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere, it was

Background and problems: The research field of performance management and measurement has primarily focused on financial aspects for a long time, with measurement being the focus. Performance management systems integrate both the aspects of control and measurement, resulting in a broad research area. The lack of research combined regarding the role of the staff manager within the system creates a gap that needs to be explored. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to make a theoretical contribution to the field of performance management systems. The contribution is to examine the role of the staff manager in an implemented performance management system and the achievement of organizational goals. Method: To fulfill the purpose, a qualitative research method with an abductive research approach was used. The study is a case study conducted at Handelsbanken, where the empirical data collection is based on six semi-structured interviews and an internal document. Conclusion: The role of the staff manager is crucial and more central than previously believed in effectively using a performance management system and achieving organizational goals. By communicating the mission and vision and linking them to the employees' daily work, the system can be efficiently utilized. Daily work is monitored through evaluations, which serve as a fundamental control mechanism in the system. By strengthening the alignment between employees and the organization, it can result in more desirable organizational outcomes. This can be achieved through a clearer reward system and linking the employees' daily work to the achievement of office goals.

In 2019 the Nordic Council (Nordic parliaments) and the Nordic Council of Ministers (representing Nordic governments) of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Aaland (hereinafter referred to as the Nordic region) decided on a joint initiative aimed at giving young people in Nordic countries the possibility of influencing the development of the Global Biodiversity Framework, thereby creating ownership of, engagement in, and trust in the political processes. New goals for protecting the biodiversity and natural resources of our planet must address the opportunities and living conditions of young people both today and in the future. Young people today are those who must develop the solutions of the future and handle the challenges that previous generations have inflicted on them. The paper presents a summary of a Nordic initiative to engage Nordic youth in development and negotiations of the Global Biodiversity Framework, which was adopted in Montreal December 2022, together with an outline of the guiding principles for Nordic youth engagement to avoid tokenism, and lessons learnt.

In 2019 the Nordic Council (Nordic parliaments) and the Nordic Council of Ministers (representing Nordic governments) of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Aaland (hereinafter referred to as the Nordic region) decided on a joint initiative aimed at giving young people in Nordic countries the possibility of influencing the development of the Global Biodiversity Framework, thereby creating ownership of, engagement in, and trust in the political processes. New goals for protecting the biodiversity and natural resources of our planet must address the opportunities and living conditions of young people both today and in the future. Young people today are those who must develop the solutions of the future and handle the challenges that previous generations have inflicted on them. The paper presents a summary of a Nordic initiative to engage Nordic youth in development and negotiations of the Global Biodiversity Framework, which was adopted in Montreal December 2022, together with an outline of the guiding principles for Nordic youth engagement to avoid tokenism, and lessons learnt.

Evenemang blir en allt vanligare reseanledning och passar vårt sätt att resa; flera gånger per år, men kortare i tid. Allt fler väljer att besöka evenemang, både som deltagare och som åskådare. En stadigt växande efterfrågan och ett ökat utbud förstärks av rådande trender inom hälsa och livsstil. Ökningen av evenemang skapar glädje och gemenskap samt möjligheter genom ökad sysselsättning och tillväxt, men innebär också en ökad belastning på miljön. Inte sällan återfinns evenemang i känsliga miljöer i mer eller mindre perifera lägen, men även evenemang i stadsmiljöer påverkar miljön på olika sätt. Det är viktigt men svårt att mäta miljöeffekter av evenemang. De många tänkbara perspektiven kopplat till tid, geografi och aktörer gör att öppenhet och transparens är av största vikt. Stort fokus har legat på negativa miljöeffekter av evenemang, men rätt planerat och genomfört kan evenemang också bidra till att driva en rörelse i mer hållbar riktning. Utöver de miljömässiga effekterna är det angeläget att dessutom väga in ekonomiska och sociala aspekter. Syftet med guiden är att ge en snabb och populärvetenskaplig introduktion till miljömässiga effekter av evenemang - centrala begrepp och perspektiv. Guiden har framställts av forskare på ETOUR vid Mittuniversitetet

Evenemang blir en allt vanligare reseanledning och passar vårt sätt att resa; flera gånger per år, men kortare i tid. Allt fler väljer att besöka evenemang, både som deltagare och som åskådare. En stadigt växande efterfrågan och ett ökat utbud förstärks av rådande trender inom hälsa och livsstil. Ökningen av evenemang skapar glädje och gemenskap samt möjligheter genom ökad sysselsättning och tillväxt, men innebär också en ökad belastning på miljön. Inte sällan återfinns evenemang i känsliga miljöer i mer eller mindre perifera lägen, men även evenemang i stadsmiljöer påverkar miljön på olika sätt. Det är viktigt men svårt att mäta miljöeffekter av evenemang. De många tänkbara perspektiven kopplat till tid, geografi och aktörer gör att öppenhet och transparens är av största vikt. Stort fokus har legat på negativa miljöeffekter av evenemang, men rätt planerat och genomfört kan evenemang också bidra till att driva en rörelse i mer hållbar riktning. Utöver de miljömässiga effekterna är det angeläget att dessutom väga in ekonomiska och sociala aspekter. Syftet med guiden är att ge en snabb och populärvetenskaplig introduktion till miljömässiga effekter av evenemang - centrala begrepp och perspektiv. Guiden har framställts av forskare på ETOUR vid Mittuniversitetet

In this case study we illustrate the interplay of social-ecological factors and uncontrollable processes in an event context. We focus on trail running, the popularity of which is on the rise, and scrutinise the case of a nature-based event – the mountain trail running marathon Fjällmaraton in Sweden. We introduce pedagogical and theoretical perspectives of new materialism and the Anthropocene, building on the ontological stance of hybridity of social-cultural systems. To understand the role of events as active agents of the Anthropocene we focus on infrastructure and feral effects. By looking at the unintended consequences, we discuss the limitations of managerial frameworks, unable toaccount for processes beyond the control of event planners, entangled in the complex social-ecological systems., MISTRA Sports and Outdoors

Jämtland in Northern Sweden is one of the most tourism and eventintense regions in the country. The rise in volume of events in alpine and subarctic nature environments, and the subsequent increase in participants, requires closer scrutiny of the environmental impacts.The region is characterised by mountains, forests and a sensitive ecological environment, and shared by several land users. With this study, we aim to gain in-depth knowledge of how environmental impacts are understood and valued in the regional assessment process for nature-based events and organised outdoor recreation.We analyse permit documents from the County Administrative Board of Jämtland from 2011 to 2020. The results show that most events were approved, and none were rejected solely due to environmental concerns. Assessments were instead balanced against other considerations, such as local development and economic gains. We argue that these priorities make nature a commercial arena for events, visitors and recreationists. This paper sheds light on human use and the associated environmental effects that further increase the pressure on nature. We end with managerial implications and propose that the permit process can be improved and integrated into spatial planning.

While pollination is essential for many plant species and ecosystem functions, pollinator populations worldwide are declining. This decline is largely due to abiotic changes in the environment: climate change and other anthropogenic impacts, such as pesticides and land use change. Against this background, I investigate the effects of introducing a non-native pollinator species ("substituting invader") in a pollination network with declining resident pollinators. In particular, I ask 1) whether interspecific competition is a necessary driver for local extinctions of resident pollinator species after environmental changes; and 2) how much the pollination benefits for the resident plants differ between a pollination network including a substituting invader and a network without. To answer this, a standard Lotka-Volterra competition model is extended with terms accounting for mutualism (pollination) and adaptation to the environment. I model a community of two resident plants, as well as two resident pollinators and a substituting invader. I find that interspecific competition is a necessary driver for local pollinator extinction following an abiotic change in the environment. The competitive effect of the substituting invader on resident pollinators is therefore negative, although a minor indirect benefit is observed for one resident pollinator species. However, the resident plants benefit from the introduction of a substituting invader, which leads to a small relative change in the plant population numbers., I denna rapport innebär \textit{pollinering}, eller \textit{pollination}, att ett djur transporterar pollen från en växt till en annan växt. Djuren som utför pollineringen (ofta insekter) kallas \textit{pollinerare}, eller \textit{pollinatörer}, och växterna sägs bli \textit{pollinerade}. Det uppskattas att omkring 90\% av alla kända växtarter, och 35\% av all odling av grödor, behöver pollinering för att växterna ska kunna sprida sina fröer och föröka sig. Pollineraren får ofta näring i form av nektar från växterna, och gynnas därmed också av pollineringen. Eftersom pollinering fyller en viktig funktion, är många forskare oroade över att pollinerare världen över minskar i antal. Det antas bero till stor del på klimatförändringar och annan mänsklig påverkan, såsom bekämpningsmedel och förändrad markanvändning. I detta kandidatarbete modelleras effekterna av att introducera ej inhemska pollinerare i ekosystem där de inhemska pollinerarna minskar i antal på grund av förändringar i sin livsmiljö. Det är tänkbart att en ej inhemsk pollinerare med lämpliga egenskaper ("ersättande pollinerare") skulle kunna tillgodose en fortsatt fungerande pollinering av växterna i ekosystemet, när de inhemska pollinerarna har blivit färre. Jag skapar därför en matematisk modell för tillväxten av populationerna för växter och pollinerare. Växter och pollinerare interagerar genom pollinering, och mellan växter respektive pollinerare sker en konkurrens om resurser. Exempel på sådana resurser är lämpliga växtplatser eller pollinatörernas föda och boplatser. Modellen tillämpas på fem arter: två inhemska växter samt två inhemska pollinerare och en ersättande pollinerare. Jag jämför fallet när miljön ändras, men ingen ersättande pollinerare införs, med fallet då miljön ändras \textbf{och} en ersättande pollinerare införs. Genom denna jämförelse utreder jag 1) om konkurrens mellan pollinerande arter är nödvändig för att de ska utrotas lokalt i samband med att deras livsmiljö förändrats. Jag und

Evenemang blir en allt vanligare reseanledning och passar vårt sätt att resa; flera gånger per år, men kortare i tid. Allt fler väljer att besöka evenemang, både som deltagare och som åskådare. En stadigt växande efterfrågan och ett ökat utbud förstärks av rådande trender inom hälsa och livsstil. Ökningen av evenemang skapar glädje och gemenskap samt möjligheter genom ökad sysselsättning och tillväxt, men innebär också en ökad belastning på miljön. Inte sällan återfinns evenemang i känsliga miljöer i mer eller mindre perifera lägen, men även evenemang i stadsmiljöer påverkar miljön på olika sätt. Det är viktigt men svårt att mäta miljöeffekter av evenemang. De många tänkbara perspektiven kopplat till tid, geografi och aktörer gör att öppenhet och transparens är av största vikt. Stort fokus har legat på negativa miljöeffekter av evenemang, men rätt planerat och genomfört kan evenemang också bidra till att driva en rörelse i mer hållbar riktning. Utöver de miljömässiga effekterna är det angeläget att dessutom väga in ekonomiska och sociala aspekter. Syftet med guiden är att ge en snabb och populärvetenskaplig introduktion till miljömässiga effekter av evenemang - centrala begrepp och perspektiv. Guiden har framställts av forskare på ETOUR vid Mittuniversitetet

OBJECTIVES: In 2010, 27,000 inhabitants (45% of the population) of Östersund, Sweden, contracted clinical cryptosporidiosis after drinking water contaminated with Cryptosporidium hominis. After the outbreak, local physicians perceived that the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and IBD-unclassified, and microscopic colitis (MC) increased. This study assessed whether this perception was correct. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This observational study included adult patients (≥18 years old) from the local health care region who were diagnosed with pathology-confirmed IBD or MC during 2006-2019. We collected and validated the diagnosis, date of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, and sex from the Swedish quality register SWIBREG and electronic patient records. Population data were collected from Statistics Sweden. The incidences for 2006-2010 (pre-outbreak) and 2011-2019 (post-outbreak) were evaluated by negative binomial regression analysis and presented as incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Data were analyzed for IBD, for UC and CD separately, and MC. RESULTS: During the study period, we identified 410 patients with new onset IBD and 155 new cases of MC. Overall, we found a trend toward an increased incidence of IBD post-outbreak (IRR 1.39, confidence interval (CI) 0.99-1.94). In individuals ≥40 years old, the post-outbreak incidence significantly increased for IBD (IRR 1.69, CI 1.13-2.51) and CD (IRR 2.23, CI 1.08-4.62). Post-outbreak incidence of MC increased 6-fold in all age groups (IRR 6.43, CI 2.78-14.87). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of late-onset IBD and MC increased after the Cryptosporidium outbreak. Cryptosporidiosis may be an environmental risk factor for IBD and MC.

OBJECTIVES: In 2010, 27,000 inhabitants (45% of the population) of Östersund, Sweden, contracted clinical cryptosporidiosis after drinking water contaminated with Cryptosporidium hominis. After the outbreak, local physicians perceived that the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and IBD-unclassified, and microscopic colitis (MC) increased. This study assessed whether this perception was correct. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This observational study included adult patients (≥18 years old) from the local health care region who were diagnosed with pathology-confirmed IBD or MC during 2006-2019. We collected and validated the diagnosis, date of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, and sex from the Swedish quality register SWIBREG and electronic patient records. Population data were collected from Statistics Sweden. The incidences for 2006-2010 (pre-outbreak) and 2011-2019 (post-outbreak) were evaluated by negative binomial regression analysis and presented as incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Data were analyzed for IBD, for UC and CD separately, and MC. RESULTS: During the study period, we identified 410 patients with new onset IBD and 155 new cases of MC. Overall, we found a trend toward an increased incidence of IBD post-outbreak (IRR 1.39, confidence interval (CI) 0.99-1.94). In individuals ≥40 years old, the post-outbreak incidence significantly increased for IBD (IRR 1.69, CI 1.13-2.51) and CD (IRR 2.23, CI 1.08-4.62). Post-outbreak incidence of MC increased 6-fold in all age groups (IRR 6.43, CI 2.78-14.87). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of late-onset IBD and MC increased after the Cryptosporidium outbreak. Cryptosporidiosis may be an environmental risk factor for IBD and MC.

OBJECTIVES: In 2010, 27,000 inhabitants (45% of the population) of Östersund, Sweden, contracted clinical cryptosporidiosis after drinking water contaminated with Cryptosporidium hominis. After the outbreak, local physicians perceived that the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and IBD-unclassified, and microscopic colitis (MC) increased. This study assessed whether this perception was correct. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This observational study included adult patients (≥18 years old) from the local health care region who were diagnosed with pathology-confirmed IBD or MC during 2006-2019. We collected and validated the diagnosis, date of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, and sex from the Swedish quality register SWIBREG and electronic patient records. Population data were collected from Statistics Sweden. The incidences for 2006-2010 (pre-outbreak) and 2011-2019 (post-outbreak) were evaluated by negative binomial regression analysis and presented as incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Data were analyzed for IBD, for UC and CD separately, and MC. RESULTS: During the study period, we identified 410 patients with new onset IBD and 155 new cases of MC. Overall, we found a trend toward an increased incidence of IBD post-outbreak (IRR 1.39, confidence interval (CI) 0.99-1.94). In individuals ≥40 years old, the post-outbreak incidence significantly increased for IBD (IRR 1.69, CI 1.13-2.51) and CD (IRR 2.23, CI 1.08-4.62). Post-outbreak incidence of MC increased 6-fold in all age groups (IRR 6.43, CI 2.78-14.87). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of late-onset IBD and MC increased after the Cryptosporidium outbreak. Cryptosporidiosis may be an environmental risk factor for IBD and MC.

OBJECTIVES: In 2010, 27,000 inhabitants (45% of the population) of Östersund, Sweden, contracted clinical cryptosporidiosis after drinking water contaminated with Cryptosporidium hominis. After the outbreak, local physicians perceived that the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and IBD-unclassified, and microscopic colitis (MC) increased. This study assessed whether this perception was correct. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This observational study included adult patients (≥18 years old) from the local health care region who were diagnosed with pathology-confirmed IBD or MC during 2006-2019. We collected and validated the diagnosis, date of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, and sex from the Swedish quality register SWIBREG and electronic patient records. Population data were collected from Statistics Sweden. The incidences for 2006-2010 (pre-outbreak) and 2011-2019 (post-outbreak) were evaluated by negative binomial regression analysis and presented as incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Data were analyzed for IBD, for UC and CD separately, and MC. RESULTS: During the study period, we identified 410 patients with new onset IBD and 155 new cases of MC. Overall, we found a trend toward an increased incidence of IBD post-outbreak (IRR 1.39, confidence interval (CI) 0.99-1.94). In individuals ≥40 years old, the post-outbreak incidence significantly increased for IBD (IRR 1.69, CI 1.13-2.51) and CD (IRR 2.23, CI 1.08-4.62). Post-outbreak incidence of MC increased 6-fold in all age groups (IRR 6.43, CI 2.78-14.87). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of late-onset IBD and MC increased after the Cryptosporidium outbreak. Cryptosporidiosis may be an environmental risk factor for IBD and MC.

OBJECTIVES: In 2010, 27,000 inhabitants (45% of the population) of Östersund, Sweden, contracted clinical cryptosporidiosis after drinking water contaminated with Cryptosporidium hominis. After the outbreak, local physicians perceived that the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and IBD-unclassified, and microscopic colitis (MC) increased. This study assessed whether this perception was correct. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This observational study included adult patients (≥18 years old) from the local health care region who were diagnosed with pathology-confirmed IBD or MC during 2006-2019. We collected and validated the diagnosis, date of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, and sex from the Swedish quality register SWIBREG and electronic patient records. Population data were collected from Statistics Sweden. The incidences for 2006-2010 (pre-outbreak) and 2011-2019 (post-outbreak) were evaluated by negative binomial regression analysis and presented as incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Data were analyzed for IBD, for UC and CD separately, and MC. RESULTS: During the study period, we identified 410 patients with new onset IBD and 155 new cases of MC. Overall, we found a trend toward an increased incidence of IBD post-outbreak (IRR 1.39, confidence interval (CI) 0.99-1.94). In individuals ≥40 years old, the post-outbreak incidence significantly increased for IBD (IRR 1.69, CI 1.13-2.51) and CD (IRR 2.23, CI 1.08-4.62). Post-outbreak incidence of MC increased 6-fold in all age groups (IRR 6.43, CI 2.78-14.87). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of late-onset IBD and MC increased after the Cryptosporidium outbreak. Cryptosporidiosis may be an environmental risk factor for IBD and MC.

Digitaliseringen har medfört en strukturomvandling som genomsyrar hela vårt samhälle. Det har lett till en teknologisk revolution för samtliga branscher, där spelplanen för aktörerna förändrats. Inte minst inom bankmarknaden där digitaliseringen medfört nya spelregler med PSD2 och Open Banking. Detta har ökat konkurrensen då många nya aktörer äntrat marknaden med nya innovativa produkter och tjänster. Samtliga aktörer lägger således större fokus på utveckling, där exempelvis de mer traditionella aktörerna vill flytta affären från fysiska kontor till digitala applikationer. Detta kan medföra en ökning av teknisk skuld, eftersom utvecklingstempot ökar benägenheten att ta genvägar för att snabbare färdigställa utvecklingsprocessen. Undersökningen syftar därför till att besvara hur teknisk skuldsättning skiljer sig hos aktörer på bankmarknaden med olika teknologiska förutsättningar, samt hur skuldhanteringen ser ut hos dessa. Frågan är av induktiv karaktär och kvalitativ data har därför samlats in genom fem intervjuer med representanter från olika banker. Resultatet visar att de teknologiska förutsättningarna tycks skiljas mellan aktörerna och att det i sin tur har en påverkan över mängden skuldsättning. Bland annat påverkas skulden av faktorer som mängd legacy. Vidare visade det sig att hantering av teknisk skuld inte görs helt enligt metoder som teorin förordar. En del av strategierna fann vi gemensamma, men i allmänhet sker hanteringen mer informellt där samtliga tillfrågade företag tycks ha egna arbetssätt att hantera teknisk skuld.

Welding fumes induce lung toxicity and are carcinogenic to humans but the molecular mechanisms have yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of stainless and mild steel particles generated via gas-metal arc welding using primary human small airway epithelial cells (hSAEC) and ToxTracker reporter murine stem cells, which track activation of six cancer-related pathways. Metal content (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr) of the particles was relatively homogenous across particle size. The particles were not cytotoxic in reporter stem cells but stainless steel particles activated the Nrf2-dependent oxidative stress pathway. In hSAEC, both particle types induced time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity, and stainless steel particles also increased generation of reactive oxygen species. The cellular metal content was higher for hSAEC compared to the reporter stem cells exposed to the same nominal dose. This was, in part, related to differences in particle agglomeration/sedimentation in the different cell media. Overall, our study showed differences in cytotoxicity and activation of cancer-related pathways between stainless and mild steel welding particles. Moreover, our data emphasizes the need for careful assessment of the cellular dose when comparing studies using different in vitro models.

Welding fumes induce lung toxicity and are carcinogenic to humans but the molecular mechanisms have yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of stainless and mild steel particles generated via gas-metal arc welding using primary human small airway epithelial cells (hSAEC) and ToxTracker reporter murine stem cells, which track activation of six cancer-related pathways. Metal content (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr) of the particles was relatively homogenous across particle size. The particles were not cytotoxic in reporter stem cells but stainless steel particles activated the Nrf2-dependent oxidative stress pathway. In hSAEC, both particle types induced time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity, and stainless steel particles also increased generation of reactive oxygen species. The cellular metal content was higher for hSAEC compared to the reporter stem cells exposed to the same nominal dose. This was, in part, related to differences in particle agglomeration/sedimentation in the different cell media. Overall, our study showed differences in cytotoxicity and activation of cancer-related pathways between stainless and mild steel welding particles. Moreover, our data emphasizes the need for careful assessment of the cellular dose when comparing studies using different in vitro models.

Welding fumes induce lung toxicity and are carcinogenic to humans but the molecular mechanisms have yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of stainless and mild steel particles generated via gas-metal arc welding using primary human small airway epithelial cells (hSAEC) and ToxTracker reporter murine stem cells, which track activation of six cancer-related pathways. Metal content (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr) of the particles was relatively homogenous across particle size. The particles were not cytotoxic in reporter stem cells but stainless steel particles activated the Nrf2-dependent oxidative stress pathway. In hSAEC, both particle types induced time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity, and stainless steel particles also increased generation of reactive oxygen species. The cellular metal content was higher for hSAEC compared to the reporter stem cells exposed to the same nominal dose. This was, in part, related to differences in particle agglomeration/sedimentation in the different cell media. Overall, our study showed differences in cytotoxicity and activation of cancer-related pathways between stainless and mild steel welding particles. Moreover, our data emphasizes the need for careful assessment of the cellular dose when comparing studies using different in vitro models.

Residential biomass combustion is a significant source of aerosol particles on regional and global scales influencing climate and human health. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the properties of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) emitted from biomass burning of solid fuels in different cookstoves mostly of relevance to sub- Saharan east Africa. The traditional three-stone fire and a rocket stove were used for combustion of wood logs of Sesbania and Casuarina with birch used as a reference. A natural draft and a forced-draft pellet stove were used for combustion of pelletised Sesbania and pelletised Swedish softwood alone or in mixtures with pelletised coffee husk, rice husk or water hyacinth. The CCN activity and the effective density were measured for particles with mobility diameters of v65, v100 and v200 nm, respectively, and occasionally for 350 nm particles. Particle number size distributions were measured online with a fast particle analyser. The chemical composition of the fuel ash was measured by application of standard protocols. The average particle number size distributions were by number typically dominated by an ultrafine mode, and in most cases a soot mode was centred around a mobility diameter of v150 nm. The CCN activities decreased with increasing particle size for all experiments and ranged in terms of the hygroscopicity parameter, from v0:1 to v0:8 for the ultrafine mode and from v0:001 to v0:15 for the soot mode. The CCN activity of the ultrafine mode increased (i) with increasing combustion temperature for a given fuel, and (ii) it typically increased with increasing potassium concentration in the investigated fuels. The primary CCN and the estimated particulate matter (PM) emission factors were typically found to increase significantly with increasing potassium concentration in the fuel for a given stove. In order to link CCN emission factors to PM emission factors, knowledge about stove technology, stove operation and th

Residential biomass combustion is a significant source of aerosol particles on regional and global scales influencing climate and human health. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the properties of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) emitted from biomass burning of solid fuels in different cookstoves mostly of relevance to sub- Saharan east Africa. The traditional three-stone fire and a rocket stove were used for combustion of wood logs of Sesbania and Casuarina with birch used as a reference. A natural draft and a forced-draft pellet stove were used for combustion of pelletised Sesbania and pelletised Swedish softwood alone or in mixtures with pelletised coffee husk, rice husk or water hyacinth. The CCN activity and the effective density were measured for particles with mobility diameters of v65, v100 and v200 nm, respectively, and occasionally for 350 nm particles. Particle number size distributions were measured online with a fast particle analyser. The chemical composition of the fuel ash was measured by application of standard protocols. The average particle number size distributions were by number typically dominated by an ultrafine mode, and in most cases a soot mode was centred around a mobility diameter of v150 nm. The CCN activities decreased with increasing particle size for all experiments and ranged in terms of the hygroscopicity parameter, from v0:1 to v0:8 for the ultrafine mode and from v0:001 to v0:15 for the soot mode. The CCN activity of the ultrafine mode increased (i) with increasing combustion temperature for a given fuel, and (ii) it typically increased with increasing potassium concentration in the investigated fuels. The primary CCN and the estimated particulate matter (PM) emission factors were typically found to increase significantly with increasing potassium concentration in the fuel for a given stove. In order to link CCN emission factors to PM emission factors, knowledge about stove technology, stove operation and th

Residential biomass combustion is a significant source of aerosol particles on regional and global scales influencing climate and human health. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the properties of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) emitted from biomass burning of solid fuels in different cookstoves mostly of relevance to sub- Saharan east Africa. The traditional three-stone fire and a rocket stove were used for combustion of wood logs of Sesbania and Casuarina with birch used as a reference. A natural draft and a forced-draft pellet stove were used for combustion of pelletised Sesbania and pelletised Swedish softwood alone or in mixtures with pelletised coffee husk, rice husk or water hyacinth. The CCN activity and the effective density were measured for particles with mobility diameters of v65, v100 and v200 nm, respectively, and occasionally for 350 nm particles. Particle number size distributions were measured online with a fast particle analyser. The chemical composition of the fuel ash was measured by application of standard protocols. The average particle number size distributions were by number typically dominated by an ultrafine mode, and in most cases a soot mode was centred around a mobility diameter of v150 nm. The CCN activities decreased with increasing particle size for all experiments and ranged in terms of the hygroscopicity parameter, from v0:1 to v0:8 for the ultrafine mode and from v0:001 to v0:15 for the soot mode. The CCN activity of the ultrafine mode increased (i) with increasing combustion temperature for a given fuel, and (ii) it typically increased with increasing potassium concentration in the investigated fuels. The primary CCN and the estimated particulate matter (PM) emission factors were typically found to increase significantly with increasing potassium concentration in the fuel for a given stove. In order to link CCN emission factors to PM emission factors, knowledge about stove technology, stove operation and th

Digitaliseringen har medfört en strukturomvandling som genomsyrar hela vårt samhälle. Det har lett till en teknologisk revolution för samtliga branscher, där spelplanen för aktörerna förändrats. Inte minst inom bankmarknaden där digitaliseringen medfört nya spelregler med PSD2 och Open Banking. Detta har ökat konkurrensen då många nya aktörer äntrat marknaden med nya innovativa produkter och tjänster. Samtliga aktörer lägger således större fokus på utveckling, där exempelvis de mer traditionella aktörerna vill flytta affären från fysiska kontor till digitala applikationer. Detta kan medföra en ökning av teknisk skuld, eftersom utvecklingstempot ökar benägenheten att ta genvägar för att snabbare färdigställa utvecklingsprocessen. Undersökningen syftar därför till att besvara hur teknisk skuldsättning skiljer sig hos aktörer på bankmarknaden med olika teknologiska förutsättningar, samt hur skuldhanteringen ser ut hos dessa. Frågan är av induktiv karaktär och kvalitativ data har därför samlats in genom fem intervjuer med representanter från olika banker. Resultatet visar att de teknologiska förutsättningarna tycks skiljas mellan aktörerna och att det i sin tur har en påverkan över mängden skuldsättning. Bland annat påverkas skulden av faktorer som mängd legacy. Vidare visade det sig att hantering av teknisk skuld inte görs helt enligt metoder som teorin förordar. En del av strategierna fann vi gemensamma, men i allmänhet sker hanteringen mer informellt där samtliga tillfrågade företag tycks ha egna arbetssätt att hantera teknisk skuld.

Welding fumes induce lung toxicity and are carcinogenic to humans but the molecular mechanisms have yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of stainless and mild steel particles generated via gas-metal arc welding using primary human small airway epithelial cells (hSAEC) and ToxTracker reporter murine stem cells, which track activation of six cancer-related pathways. Metal content (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr) of the particles was relatively homogenous across particle size. The particles were not cytotoxic in reporter stem cells but stainless steel particles activated the Nrf2-dependent oxidative stress pathway. In hSAEC, both particle types induced time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity, and stainless steel particles also increased generation of reactive oxygen species. The cellular metal content was higher for hSAEC compared to the reporter stem cells exposed to the same nominal dose. This was, in part, related to differences in particle agglomeration/sedimentation in the different cell media. Overall, our study showed differences in cytotoxicity and activation of cancer-related pathways between stainless and mild steel welding particles. Moreover, our data emphasizes the need for careful assessment of the cellular dose when comparing studies using different in vitro models.

Residential biomass combustion is a significant source of aerosol particles on regional and global scales influencing climate and human health. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the properties of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) emitted from biomass burning of solid fuels in different cookstoves mostly of relevance to sub- Saharan east Africa. The traditional three-stone fire and a rocket stove were used for combustion of wood logs of Sesbania and Casuarina with birch used as a reference. A natural draft and a forced-draft pellet stove were used for combustion of pelletised Sesbania and pelletised Swedish softwood alone or in mixtures with pelletised coffee husk, rice husk or water hyacinth. The CCN activity and the effective density were measured for particles with mobility diameters of v65, v100 and v200 nm, respectively, and occasionally for 350 nm particles. Particle number size distributions were measured online with a fast particle analyser. The chemical composition of the fuel ash was measured by application of standard protocols. The average particle number size distributions were by number typically dominated by an ultrafine mode, and in most cases a soot mode was centred around a mobility diameter of v150 nm. The CCN activities decreased with increasing particle size for all experiments and ranged in terms of the hygroscopicity parameter, from v0:1 to v0:8 for the ultrafine mode and from v0:001 to v0:15 for the soot mode. The CCN activity of the ultrafine mode increased (i) with increasing combustion temperature for a given fuel, and (ii) it typically increased with increasing potassium concentration in the investigated fuels. The primary CCN and the estimated particulate matter (PM) emission factors were typically found to increase significantly with increasing potassium concentration in the fuel for a given stove. In order to link CCN emission factors to PM emission factors, knowledge about stove technology, stove operation and th

Welding fumes induce lung toxicity and are carcinogenic to humans but the molecular mechanisms have yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of stainless and mild steel particles generated via gas-metal arc welding using primary human small airway epithelial cells (hSAEC) and ToxTracker reporter murine stem cells, which track activation of six cancer-related pathways. Metal content (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr) of the particles was relatively homogenous across particle size. The particles were not cytotoxic in reporter stem cells but stainless steel particles activated the Nrf2-dependent oxidative stress pathway. In hSAEC, both particle types induced time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity, and stainless steel particles also increased generation of reactive oxygen species. The cellular metal content was higher for hSAEC compared to the reporter stem cells exposed to the same nominal dose. This was, in part, related to differences in particle agglomeration/sedimentation in the different cell media. Overall, our study showed differences in cytotoxicity and activation of cancer-related pathways between stainless and mild steel welding particles. Moreover, our data emphasizes the need for careful assessment of the cellular dose when comparing studies using different in vitro models.

Residential biomass combustion is a significant source of aerosol particles on regional and global scales influencing climate and human health. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the properties of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) emitted from biomass burning of solid fuels in different cookstoves mostly of relevance to sub- Saharan east Africa. The traditional three-stone fire and a rocket stove were used for combustion of wood logs of Sesbania and Casuarina with birch used as a reference. A natural draft and a forced-draft pellet stove were used for combustion of pelletised Sesbania and pelletised Swedish softwood alone or in mixtures with pelletised coffee husk, rice husk or water hyacinth. The CCN activity and the effective density were measured for particles with mobility diameters of v65, v100 and v200 nm, respectively, and occasionally for 350 nm particles. Particle number size distributions were measured online with a fast particle analyser. The chemical composition of the fuel ash was measured by application of standard protocols. The average particle number size distributions were by number typically dominated by an ultrafine mode, and in most cases a soot mode was centred around a mobility diameter of v150 nm. The CCN activities decreased with increasing particle size for all experiments and ranged in terms of the hygroscopicity parameter, from v0:1 to v0:8 for the ultrafine mode and from v0:001 to v0:15 for the soot mode. The CCN activity of the ultrafine mode increased (i) with increasing combustion temperature for a given fuel, and (ii) it typically increased with increasing potassium concentration in the investigated fuels. The primary CCN and the estimated particulate matter (PM) emission factors were typically found to increase significantly with increasing potassium concentration in the fuel for a given stove. In order to link CCN emission factors to PM emission factors, knowledge about stove technology, stove operation and th

Influenza D virus, IDV, is a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family and was discovered in North America, 2011. The virus was first found in swine but has since then been found in a broad range of hosts. Studies have shown that cattle appear to be the main reservoir. The epidemiology of IDV is not fully understood, but it appears to be transmitted through direct-contact and aerosols in cattle. Experimental studies on calves have shown that IDV can infect both the upper- and lower respiratory tract but only cause mild respiratory clinical signs. Histological examinations following experimental infection have shown that IDV mainly cases cause epithelial neutrophil infiltration and mild epithelial attenuation. Immunologically there is evidence suggesting that IDV can inhibit the immune response in the host. The threat posed by IDV is the link between it and bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Studies have found that IDV is often prevalent in cattle suffering from BRD and it has been suggested that IDV infections can promote the development of BRD. This study aimed to continue the surveillance and mapping of Influenza D among dairy cattle in Sweden where a former study left off to further explore the prevalence and dynamics of IDV in Sweden. To assess the situation, 338 bulk tank milk samples were collected and analysed with an in-house indirect ELISA. The results from the study suggest that the seroprevalence of IDV in Swedish dairy herds has increased since 2019. It also appears as the seroprevalence for IDV is much higher in southern Sweden. Based on the statistical analysis performed, larger herds seem to be more likely to be positive. However, the difference in mean PP-values was not significantly different between each herd size category. This could be an indication that there are certain age groups in the herds that have elevated antibody levels., Influensa D virus, IDV, är en av medlemmarna i familjen Orthomyxoviridae och upptäcktes i Nordamerika under 2011. Viruset hittades först i svin men har sedan dess återfunnits i ett brett spektrum av värddjur. Studier har visat att nötkreatur verkar vara reservoar. Epidemiologin för IDV är inte helt klarlagd, men det verkar överföras genom direktkontakt och aerosoler hos nötkreatur. Experimentella studier på kalvar har visat att IDV kan infektera både övre- och nedre luftvägarna, men att det i de flesta fall endast orsakar milda respiratoriska kliniska tecken. Histologiska undersökningar efter experimentell infektion har visat att IDV huvudsakligen försvagar epitelet i luftvägarna och orsakar epitelial neutrofilinfiltration. Immunologiskt finns det bevis som tyder på att IDV kan hämma immunförsvaret i värddjuret. Studier har visat att IDV ofta förekommer hos nötkreatur som drabbats av bovine respiratory disease (BRD) och det har föreslagits att IDVinfektioner kan främja utvecklingen av BRD. Syftet med denna studie var att fortsätta övervakningen och kartläggningen av seroprevalensen för IDV i svenska mjölkbesättningar. En första studie på detta utfördes 2019 och tanken var att studierna skulle kunna jämföras för att påvisa förändrad förekomst och eventuella dynamiker. För att bedöma situationen samlades det in 338 mjölktanksprover och dessa analyserades med en intern indirekt ELISA. Resultaten från studien tyder på att seroprevalensen för IDV har ökat hos svenska mjölkbesättningar sedan 2019. Det verkar även som att seroprevalensen är mycket högre i södra Sverige. Baserat på den utförda statistiska analysen verkar större besättningar vara mer benägna att vara positiva för IDV. Skillnaden i genomsnittliga PP-värden skilde sig dock inte signifikant mellan storlekskategorierna. Detta skulle kunna vara en indikation på att förhöjda nivåer av IDV-antikroppar förekommer i en specifik åldersgrupp, inte hela besättningar.

This research was part of the Salutary Umea Study of Aerosols in Biomass Cookstove Emissions (SUSTAINE) laboratory experiment campaign. We studied ice-nucleating abilities of particulate emissions from solid-fuel-burning cookstoves, using a portable ice nuclei counter, Spectrometer Ice Nuclei (SPIN). These emissions were generated from two traditional cookstove types commonly used for household cooking in sub-Saharan Africa and two advanced gasifier stoves under research to promote sustainable development alternatives. The solid fuels studied included biomass from two different African tree species, Swedish softwood and agricultural residue products relevant to the region. Measurements were performed with a modified version of the standard water boiling test on polydisperse samples from flue gas during burning and size-selected accumulation mode soot particles from a 15 m(3) aerosol-storage chamber. The studied soot particle sizes in nanometers were 250, 260, 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500. From this chamber, the particles were introduced to water-supersaturated freezing conditions (-32 to -43 degrees) in the SPIN. Accumulation mode soot particles generally produced an ice-activated fraction of 10 3 in temperatures 1-1.5 degrees C higher than that required for homogeneous freezing at fixed RHw = 115 %. In five special experiments, the combustion performance of one cookstove was intentionally modified. Two of these exhibited a significant increase in the ice-nucleating ability of the particles, resulting in a 10(3) ice activation at temperatures up to 5.9 degrees C higher than homogeneous freezing and the observed increased ice-nucleating ability. We investigated six different physico-chemical properties of the emission particles but found no clear correlation between them and increasing ice-nucleating ability. We conclude that the freshly emitted combustion aerosols form ice via immersion and condensation freezing at temperatures only moderately above homogeneous freezi, Bio4Energy

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det uppstår en onormal avkastning i samband med nyemission för företag noterade på Nasdaq OMX Stockholm samt hur aktiestrukturen påverkar den onormala avkastningen. Studien genomförs med hjälp av en eventstudie och signifikans testas genom ett T-test samt en multipel regressionsanalys. Den studerade perioden utgörs av 2016-01-01 till 2019-06-01 där urvalet består av 110 nyemissioner. Resultatet av T-testet visar att samband finns mellan onormal avkastning och uttalande om nyemission samt att det är negativt. Vidare resultat från regressionsanalysen indikerar att aktiestrukturen har en viss påverkan på den onormala avkastningen där företag med multipla aktieslag genererar en mer positiv onormal avkastning. Tidigare studier har undersökt huruvida onormal avkastning och uttalande om nyemission har ett samband. Aktiestrukturens påverkan på den onormala avkastningen är tidigare outforskat. Resultaten från studien är till viss del i enlighet med det tidigare studier funnit.

Digitaliseringen har revolutionerat våra samhällen. Hur vi kommunicerar och interagerar med varandra och hur vi handlar produkter och tjänster har över de senaste åren varit föremål för drastiska förändringar. Bakom dessa förändringar står ett fåtal digitala jättar. Trots att förändringarna har ökat konsumentvälfärden och i regel varit positiva, har farhågor lyfts. Detta har inte minst uppmärksammats inom den konkurrensrättsliga sfären. Utvecklingen har medfört att ett fåtal stora företag har kunnat agera som grindvakter. Vidare har nätverkseffekter, extrema skalfördelar och databeroende bidragit till att dessa företag har fått en orubblig marknadsposition. Trots att de inte anses vara dominanta i konkurrensrättslig mening, kan de agera som monopolister. Resultatet har inneburit höjda inträdesbarriärer för uppstartsbolag, högre priser för konsumenter, lägre innovation och valbarhet bland produkter och tjänster samt ett hämmat konkurrensklimat på marknaden. Därmed har den konkurrensrättsliga debatten intensifierats. Det är tydligt att digitala marknader behöver regleras, dock inte hur det görs bäst. EU har klarligen uttryckt sin ledande roll in i den digitala eran. Följaktligen la kommissionen under hösten fram lagförslag om nya konkurrensverktyg, som utökar kommissionens befogenheter gentemot digitala aktörer. Digitaliseringen är här för att stanna. För att hantera den snabba samhällsutvecklingen behövs en motsättning. Ett nytt förhållningssätt är väsentligt för skyddet och utvecklingen av den inre marknaden. En översyn av skadeteorier och analysverktyg är tänkbara åtgärder. Nya regleringar bör vara proportionerliga, flexibla och ändamålsenliga. Vidare är det vitalt för den fortsatta konkurrensrättsliga rättsutvecklingen att det system som har utvecklats fram tills nu inte undermineras, trots de omfattande förändringar vi ställts inför., Digitalization has revolutionized our societies. How we communicate and interact with one another and how we purchase goods and services has changed drastically. A select few technological giants are the driving force behind these changes. Despite the increase in consumer welfare and the overall heightened standard of living, concerns have been raised, especially within the discourse of competition law policy. Digitalization has allowed for a handful of undertakings to become gatekeepers, effectively raising the barrier of entry for new companies looking to establish themselves in a specific market. Furthermore, network effects, extreme economies of scope and scale and data dependency have contributed to further entrenching the market position of these undertakings. Consequently, they can engage in monopolistic market activity without risking the scrutiny of the European competition law framework. This, in turn, results in raised barriers of entry for startup companies, higher prices for consumers, less innovation and fewer choices for goods and services and an overall less competitive market. Thus, the public discourse regarding competition law policy has intensified. Clearly, digital markets need to be further regulated. What is not clear, however, is how best to do so. The EU has unmistakably established themselves as a global leader heading into the digital era. As a result, this fall, the Commission presented a proposal regarding a regulation for new competition tools. These would, if implemented, significantly expand the powers of the Commission in digital markets. The digital era is here to stay. A reaction is therefore is needed to address this fast-paced societal transformation. A new way of thinking is essential to the evolution of the internal market. An overhaul of existing theories of harm and analytical tools might be the path forward. New regulation should adhere to the principal of proportionality, be flexible and justified. Furthermore, it is vital

Digitaliseringen har revolutionerat våra samhällen. Hur vi kommunicerar och interagerar med varandra och hur vi handlar produkter och tjänster har över de senaste åren varit föremål för drastiska förändringar. Bakom dessa förändringar står ett fåtal digitala jättar. Trots att förändringarna har ökat konsumentvälfärden och i regel varit positiva, har farhågor lyfts. Detta har inte minst uppmärksammats inom den konkurrensrättsliga sfären. Utvecklingen har medfört att ett fåtal stora företag har kunnat agera som grindvakter. Vidare har nätverkseffekter, extrema skalfördelar och databeroende bidragit till att dessa företag har fått en orubblig marknadsposition. Trots att de inte anses vara dominanta i konkurrensrättslig mening, kan de agera som monopolister. Resultatet har inneburit höjda inträdesbarriärer för uppstartsbolag, högre priser för konsumenter, lägre innovation och valbarhet bland produkter och tjänster samt ett hämmat konkurrensklimat på marknaden. Därmed har den konkurrensrättsliga debatten intensifierats. Det är tydligt att digitala marknader behöver regleras, dock inte hur det görs bäst. EU har klarligen uttryckt sin ledande roll in i den digitala eran. Följaktligen la kommissionen under hösten fram lagförslag om nya konkurrensverktyg, som utökar kommissionens befogenheter gentemot digitala aktörer. Digitaliseringen är här för att stanna. För att hantera den snabba samhällsutvecklingen behövs en motsättning. Ett nytt förhållningssätt är väsentligt för skyddet och utvecklingen av den inre marknaden. En översyn av skadeteorier och analysverktyg är tänkbara åtgärder. Nya regleringar bör vara proportionerliga, flexibla och ändamålsenliga. Vidare är det vitalt för den fortsatta konkurrensrättsliga rättsutvecklingen att det system som har utvecklats fram tills nu inte undermineras, trots de omfattande förändringar vi ställts inför., Digitalization has revolutionized our societies. How we communicate and interact with one another and how we purchase goods and services has changed drastically. A select few technological giants are the driving force behind these changes. Despite the increase in consumer welfare and the overall heightened standard of living, concerns have been raised, especially within the discourse of competition law policy. Digitalization has allowed for a handful of undertakings to become gatekeepers, effectively raising the barrier of entry for new companies looking to establish themselves in a specific market. Furthermore, network effects, extreme economies of scope and scale and data dependency have contributed to further entrenching the market position of these undertakings. Consequently, they can engage in monopolistic market activity without risking the scrutiny of the European competition law framework. This, in turn, results in raised barriers of entry for startup companies, higher prices for consumers, less innovation and fewer choices for goods and services and an overall less competitive market. Thus, the public discourse regarding competition law policy has intensified. Clearly, digital markets need to be further regulated. What is not clear, however, is how best to do so. The EU has unmistakably established themselves as a global leader heading into the digital era. As a result, this fall, the Commission presented a proposal regarding a regulation for new competition tools. These would, if implemented, significantly expand the powers of the Commission in digital markets. The digital era is here to stay. A reaction is therefore is needed to address this fast-paced societal transformation. A new way of thinking is essential to the evolution of the internal market. An overhaul of existing theories of harm and analytical tools might be the path forward. New regulation should adhere to the principal of proportionality, be flexible and justified. Furthermore, it is vital

Renewable diesel fuels have the potential to reduce net CO2 emissions, and simultaneously decrease particulate matter (PM) emissions. This study characterized engine-out PM emissions and PM-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation potential. Emissions from a modern heavy-duty diesel engine without external aftertreatment devices, and fueled with petroleum diesel, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) or rapeseed methyl ester (RME) biodiesel were studied. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) allowed us to probe the effect of air intake O2 concentration, and thereby combustion temperature, on emissions and ROS formation potential. An increasing level of EGR (decreasing O2 concentration) resulted in a general increase of equivalent black carbon (eBC) emissions and decrease of NOx emissions. At a medium level of EGR (13% intake O2), eBC emissions were reduced for HVO and RME by 30 and 54% respectively compared to petroleum diesel. In general, substantially lower emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including nitro and oxy-PAHs, were observed for RME compared to both HVO and diesel. At low-temperature combustion (LTC, O2 < 10%), CO and hydrocarbon gas emissions increased and an increased fraction of refractory organic carbon and PAHs were found in the particle phase. These altered soot properties have implications for the design of aftertreatment systems and diesel PM measurements with optical techniques. The ROS formation potential per mass of particles increased with increasing engine O2 concentration intake. We hypothesize that this is because soot surface properties evolve with the combustion temperature and become more active as the soot matures into refractory BC, and secondly as the soot surface becomes altered by surface oxidation. At 13% intake O2, the ROS-producing ability was high and of similar magnitude per mass for all fuels. When normalizing by energ

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det uppstår en onormal avkastning i samband med nyemission för företag noterade på Nasdaq OMX Stockholm samt hur aktiestrukturen påverkar den onormala avkastningen. Studien genomförs med hjälp av en eventstudie och signifikans testas genom ett T-test samt en multipel regressionsanalys. Den studerade perioden utgörs av 2016-01-01 till 2019-06-01 där urvalet består av 110 nyemissioner. Resultatet av T-testet visar att samband finns mellan onormal avkastning och uttalande om nyemission samt att det är negativt. Vidare resultat från regressionsanalysen indikerar att aktiestrukturen har en viss påverkan på den onormala avkastningen där företag med multipla aktieslag genererar en mer positiv onormal avkastning. Tidigare studier har undersökt huruvida onormal avkastning och uttalande om nyemission har ett samband. Aktiestrukturens påverkan på den onormala avkastningen är tidigare outforskat. Resultaten från studien är till viss del i enlighet med det tidigare studier funnit.

This study aims to understand the knowledge sharing process between developers within an IT-consultant organization. As with today’s fast-paced and knowledge-driven society, there’s been a growing interest within organizations to manage their collective knowledge. Thus, this study doesn’t merely focus on what’s currently going on in a specific setting, but also what can be done to further influence the process of knowledge sharing. Previous research within the field of knowledge sharing has been studied, mainly based upon the theoretical framework developed by Minu Ipe (2003). This study has been further divided into several influential factors regarding the process of knowledge sharing. We, therefore, strive to understand where the act of sharing knowledge occurs, how the employees learn from one another and what motivates them to participate in the process. This was done through qualitative methods, where several employees and a few representatives of the management of a certain organization were interviewed. The results gathered were further analyzed and conclusions were made regarding future improvements to the knowledge sharing process. Social and communicational aspects were determined to be core influential factors of knowledge sharing., Studiens mål är att undersöka och förstå kunskapsdelningsprocessen mellan utvecklarna på ett IT-konsultföretag. I och med dagens snabbt växande och kunskapsdrivna samhälle har intresset för att effektivt hantera den kollektiva kunskap som företag besitter märkbart ökat. Således strävar inte studien enbart att undersöka hur kunskapsdelningsprocessen ser ut idag, utan även vad som kan göras för att främja processen ytterligare. Tidigare forskning inom området kunskapsdelning har studerats, i huvudsak baserat på det teoretiska ramverk utformat av Minu Ipe (2003). Studien har vidare delats in i flertalet faktorer som anses influera och främja kunskapsdelningsprocessen. Vi strävar efter att förstå vart kunskapsdelningen sker, hur de anställda lär av varandra och vad som motiverar dem att delta i processen. Detta gjordes genom kvalitativa metoder, där flertalet anställda och ett fåtal personer från ledningen av ett IT-konsultföretag intervjuades. De erhållna resultaten analyserades, för att vidare generera framtida förbättringar tänkt att främja kunskapsdelningsprocessen inom företaget. Sociala och kommunikativa aspekter ansågs vara de centrala faktorer för främjandet av kunskapsdelning.

In order to keep up with the increasing demand of fuel-efficiency in the transportationindustry, the interest of making the vehicles as lightweight as possible is steadilyincreasing. One of the ways of reducing the weight is to introduce an anisotropicmaterial as Short Fibre Reinforced Polymers (SFRP) as a replacement for structuralparts made out of metals. To meet the modern vehicle design process which strivestowards a more simulation driven workflow, the need for accurate simulations offibre reinforced composites is of importance.This thesis aims to evaluate and find a working process for fatigue analysis of injectionmoulded SFRP components. To evaluate the fatigue analysis procedure anexisting SFRP component has been studied. The component is the front bracket thatmounts the roof air deflector to the roof on Scania trucks. To correlate the fatigue lifeestimation from the fatigue analysis, experiments were performed at ÅF Test Centerin Borlänge.The anisotropic behaviour is modelled using the commercial software Digimat togetherwith an injection simulation provided by Scania, to estimate the fibre orientationand thereby the material behaviour of the SFRP component. The fatigue analysiswas conducted by performing a coupled structural analysis between Digimat-Abaqus and then import the resulting stress- and strain-fields into the fatigue postprocessornCode DesignLife. The stress is then cyclic tested towards experimentallydetermined S-N curves determined in Digimat.Due to restriction of available fatigue data for the plastic in the front bracket, a fatiguematerial model for a plastic containing the same fibres and matrix but witha different fibre amount was implemented. The fatigue data were scaled using theUTS method to get a good characterisation of the real-life material behaviour of theplastic of the front bracket component.From the correlation between the fatigue analysis and performed experiments, itwas shown that the simulated fatigue life was conservative co

This study aims to understand the knowledge sharing process between developers within an IT-consultant organization. As with today’s fast-paced and knowledge-driven society, there’s been a growing interest within organizations to manage their collective knowledge. Thus, this study doesn’t merely focus on what’s currently going on in a specific setting, but also what can be done to further influence the process of knowledge sharing. Previous research within the field of knowledge sharing has been studied, mainly based upon the theoretical framework developed by Minu Ipe (2003). This study has been further divided into several influential factors regarding the process of knowledge sharing. We, therefore, strive to understand where the act of sharing knowledge occurs, how the employees learn from one another and what motivates them to participate in the process. This was done through qualitative methods, where several employees and a few representatives of the management of a certain organization were interviewed. The results gathered were further analyzed and conclusions were made regarding future improvements to the knowledge sharing process. Social and communicational aspects were determined to be core influential factors of knowledge sharing., Studiens mål är att undersöka och förstå kunskapsdelningsprocessen mellan utvecklarna på ett IT-konsultföretag. I och med dagens snabbt växande och kunskapsdrivna samhälle har intresset för att effektivt hantera den kollektiva kunskap som företag besitter märkbart ökat. Således strävar inte studien enbart att undersöka hur kunskapsdelningsprocessen ser ut idag, utan även vad som kan göras för att främja processen ytterligare. Tidigare forskning inom området kunskapsdelning har studerats, i huvudsak baserat på det teoretiska ramverk utformat av Minu Ipe (2003). Studien har vidare delats in i flertalet faktorer som anses influera och främja kunskapsdelningsprocessen. Vi strävar efter att förstå vart kunskapsdelningen sker, hur de anställda lär av varandra och vad som motiverar dem att delta i processen. Detta gjordes genom kvalitativa metoder, där flertalet anställda och ett fåtal personer från ledningen av ett IT-konsultföretag intervjuades. De erhållna resultaten analyserades, för att vidare generera framtida förbättringar tänkt att främja kunskapsdelningsprocessen inom företaget. Sociala och kommunikativa aspekter ansågs vara de centrala faktorer för främjandet av kunskapsdelning.

In order to keep up with the increasing demand of fuel-efficiency in the transportationindustry, the interest of making the vehicles as lightweight as possible is steadilyincreasing. One of the ways of reducing the weight is to introduce an anisotropicmaterial as Short Fibre Reinforced Polymers (SFRP) as a replacement for structuralparts made out of metals. To meet the modern vehicle design process which strivestowards a more simulation driven workflow, the need for accurate simulations offibre reinforced composites is of importance.This thesis aims to evaluate and find a working process for fatigue analysis of injectionmoulded SFRP components. To evaluate the fatigue analysis procedure anexisting SFRP component has been studied. The component is the front bracket thatmounts the roof air deflector to the roof on Scania trucks. To correlate the fatigue lifeestimation from the fatigue analysis, experiments were performed at ÅF Test Centerin Borlänge.The anisotropic behaviour is modelled using the commercial software Digimat togetherwith an injection simulation provided by Scania, to estimate the fibre orientationand thereby the material behaviour of the SFRP component. The fatigue analysiswas conducted by performing a coupled structural analysis between Digimat-Abaqus and then import the resulting stress- and strain-fields into the fatigue postprocessornCode DesignLife. The stress is then cyclic tested towards experimentallydetermined S-N curves determined in Digimat.Due to restriction of available fatigue data for the plastic in the front bracket, a fatiguematerial model for a plastic containing the same fibres and matrix but witha different fibre amount was implemented. The fatigue data were scaled using theUTS method to get a good characterisation of the real-life material behaviour of theplastic of the front bracket component.From the correlation between the fatigue analysis and performed experiments, itwas shown that the simulated fatigue life was conservative co

The composition and carbon nanostructure of soot are important parameters influencing health and climate effects, and the efficacy of soot mitigation technologies. We used laser-vaporization, electron-ionization aerosol mass spectrometry (or SP-AMS) to systematically investigate relationships between aerosol mass spectra, carbon nanostructure (HRTEM), and composition (thermal-optical carbon analysis) for soot with varying physicochemical properties. SP-AMS refractory black carbon concentrations (based on C≤5+ clusters) were correlated to elemental carbon (r = 0.98, p < 10−8) and equivalent black carbon (aethalometer) concentrations. The SP-AMS large carbon (C≥6+, midcarbons and fullerene carbons) fraction was inversely correlated to fringe length (r = −0.97, p = 0.028) and linearly correlated to the fraction of refractory organic carbon that partially pyrolize during heating (r = 0.89, p < 10−4). This refractory organic carbon material was incompletely detected with conventional aerosol mass spectrometry (flash vaporization at 600 °C). This suggests that (SP-AMS) refractory carbon cluster analysis provides insight to chemical bonding and nanostructures in refractory carbon materials, lowcarbons (C≤5+) indicate mature soot and large carbons indicate refractory organic carbon and amorphous nanostructures related to C5-components. These results have implications for assessments of soot particle mixing state and brown carbon absorption in the atmosphere and enable novel, on-line analysis of engineered carbon nanomaterials and soot characteristics relevant for climate and health.

The composition and carbon nanostructure of soot are important parameters influencing health and climate effects, and the efficacy of soot mitigation technologies. We used laser-vaporization, electron-ionization aerosol mass spectrometry (or SP-AMS) to systematically investigate relationships between aerosol mass spectra, carbon nanostructure (HRTEM), and composition (thermal-optical carbon analysis) for soot with varying physicochemical properties. SP-AMS refractory black carbon concentrations (based on clusters) were correlated to elemental carbon (r = 0.98, p < 10−8) and equivalent black carbon (aethalometer) concentrations. The SP-AMS large carbon (C+≥6, midcarbons and fullerene carbons) fraction was inversely correlated to fringe length (r = −0.97, p = 0.028) and linearly correlated to the fraction of refractory organic carbon that partially pyrolize during heating (r = 0.89, p < 10−4). This refractory organic carbon material was incompletely detected with conventional aerosol mass spectrometry (flash vaporization at 600 °C). This suggests that (SP-AMS) refractory carbon cluster analysis provides insight to chemical bonding and nanostructures in refractory carbon materials, lowcarbons (C+≥5) indicate mature soot and large carbons indicate refractory organic carbon and amorphous nanostructures related to C5-components. These results have implications for assessments of soot particle mixing state and brown carbon absorption in the atmosphere and enable novel, on-line analysis of engineered carbon nanomaterials and soot characteristics relevant for climate and health.

Transplantation innebär att ett organ eller vävnad tas från en individ och ges till en annan individ med behov av organet eller vävnaden. Ett problem globalt är att det finns för få tillgängliga organ för transplantation. Xenotransplantation skulle kunna vara lösningen på problemet och därför har xenotransplantation från gris till människa utvärderats sedan 90-talet. Xenotransplantation innebär att organ eller vävnad tas från en individ och ges till en individ av annan art. Det ger dock upphov till fyra immunologiska avstötningsreaktioner: hyperakut-, akut humoral-, akut cellulär- och kronisk avstötning. Att utveckla metoder som förhindrar dessa avstötningsreaktioner har därför varit av stor betydelse. Frågeställning i den här litteraturstudien har rört varför avstötningsreaktioner uppstår, hur det porcina viromet påverkar förutsättningarna för xenotransplantation, hur CRISPR/Cas9systemet fungerar och hur den tekniken kan tillämpas för att driva utvecklingen med mål att göra xenotransplantation från gris till människa kliniskt möjligt. En del i problematiken med xenotransplantation mellan gris och människa är grisens endogena retrovirus (PERV). Dessa skulle kunna överföras till människor vid xenotransplantation och sedan liksom andra retrovirus orsaka immunosuppression och tumörbildning. För att förhindra dessa problem har man försökt överbrygga den genetiska skillnaden mellan människor och grisar genom genetiska modifieringar. Tack vare olika gentekniker har nu mycket av den initiala problematiken med xenotransplantation övervunnits. Den hyperakuta avstötningen har förebyggts genom att ta bort grisens gen som ger uttryck av galaktos-alfa-1,3galaktos (gal) och modifierat grisorgan så att de uttrycker humana regulatoriska komplementfaktorer vilket ytterligare har förbättrat överlevnadstiden för xenotransplantat. Med utvecklandet av CRISPR/Cas9-systemet och dess applicering inom xenotransplantation har PERV-fria grisar tagits fram. CRISPR/Cas9 är ett effektivt verktyg, Transplantation is a process where you take an organ or tissue from one person and give to another in need of a new organ or tissue. A global problem is that there are too few organs and tissue available for transplantation. Xenotransplantation could be the solution to the worldwide problem and xenotransplantation from pigs to humans has been evaluated since the 90’s. Xenotransplantation is a process where you take an organ or tissue from one individual and give it an individual of a different species. Xenotransplantation from pig to primates gives rise to 4 graft rejection reactions: hyper acute, acute vascular, acute cellular and chronic rejection. The development of methods to prevent graft rejection reactions has therefore been of great importance. In this literature review the approached questions are why graft rejection reactions occur, how the porcine virome affects the conditions for xenotransplantation, how the CRISPR/Cas9 system works and how that technology can be applied to forward the development of xenotransplantation. One of the problems with xenotransplantation between man and pig are the porcine endogenous retro virus (PERV). This has worried the scientists as the viruses could potentially be transferred to humans from pigs and then like other retroviruses cause immunosuppression and tumourgenesis. To prevent these problems, scientists have tried to bridge the genetic difference between primates and pigs through genetic engineering. Today much of the initial problems of xenotransplantation have been successfully counteracted. The hyper acute rejection has been counteracted by removing the pig's expression of gal molecules and engineering of pig organs to express human complement decay molecules has further improve the survival time of xenografts. Through the development of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and its application in xenotransplantation PERV-free pigs have been developed. CRISPR/Cas9 is an effective tool to remove and insert genes in eukaryotic cel

Time-resolved particle emissions from a conventional wood stove were investigated with aerosol mass spectrometry to provide links between combustion conditions, emission factors, mixing state of refractory black carbon and implications for organic tracer methods. The addition of a new batch of fuel results in low temperature pyrolysis as the fuel heats up, resulting in strong, short-lived, variable emission peaks of organic aerosol-containing markers of anhydrous sugars, such as levoglucosan (fragment at m/z 60). Flaming combustion results in emissions dominated by refractory black carbon co-emitted with minor fractions of organic aerosol and markers of anhydrous sugars. Full cycle emissions are an external mixture of larger organic aerosol-dominated and smaller thinly coated refractory black carbon particles. A very high burn rate results in increased full cycle mass emission factors of 66, 2.7, 2.8 and 1.3 for particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, refractory black carbon, total organic aerosol and m/z 60, respectively, compared to nominal burn rate. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are primarily associated with refractory black carbon-containing particles. We hypothesize that at very high burn rates, the central parts of the combustion zone become air starved, leading to a locally reduced combustion temperature that reduces the conversion rates from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to refractory black carbon. This facilitates a strong increase of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions. At nominal burn rates, full cycle emissions based on m/z 60 correlate well with organic aerosol, refractory black carbon and particulate matter. However, at higher burn rates, m/z 60 does not correlate with increased emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, refractory black carbon and organic aerosol in the flaming phase. The new knowledge can be used to advance source apportionment studies, reduce emissions of genotoxic compounds and model the climate impacts of r, Bio4Energy