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Stridulation is used by male katydids to produce sound via the rubbing together of their specialised forewings, either by sustained or interrupted sweeps of the fi le producing different tones and call structures. There are many species of Orthoptera that remain undescribed and their acoustic signals are unknown. This study aims to measure and quantify the mechanics of wing vibration, sound production and acoustic properties of the hearing system in a new genus of Pseudophyllinae with taxonomic descriptions of two new species. The calling behaviour and wing mechanics of males were measured using micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometry, microscopy, and ultrasound sensitive equipment. The resonant properties of the acoustic pinnae of the ears were obtained via mu-CT scanning and 3D printed experimentation, and numerical modelling was used to validate the results. Analysis of sound recordings and wing vibrations revealed that the stridulatory areas of the right tegmen exhibit relatively narrow frequency responses and produce narrowband calls between 12 and 20 kHz. As in most Pseudophyllinae, only the right mirror is activated for sound production. The acoustic pinnae of all species were found to provide a broadband increased acoustic gain from similar to 40-120 kHz by up to 25 dB, peaking at almost 90 kHz which coincides with the echolocation frequency of sympatric bats. The new genus, named Satizabalus n. gen., is here derived as a new polytypic genus from the existing genus Gnathoclita, based on morphological and acoustic evidence from one described (S. sodalis n. comb.) and two new species (S. jorgevargasi n. sp. and S. hauca n. sp.). Unlike most Tettigoniidae, Satizabalus exhibits a particular form of sexual dimorphism whereby the heads and mandibles of the males are greatly enlarged compared to the females. We suggest that Satizabalus is related to the genus Trichotettix , also found in cloud forests in Colombia, and not to Gnathoclita.

Stridulation is used by male katydids to produce sound via the rubbing together of their specialised forewings, either by sustained or interrupted sweeps of the fi le producing different tones and call structures. There are many species of Orthoptera that remain undescribed and their acoustic signals are unknown. This study aims to measure and quantify the mechanics of wing vibration, sound production and acoustic properties of the hearing system in a new genus of Pseudophyllinae with taxonomic descriptions of two new species. The calling behaviour and wing mechanics of males were measured using micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometry, microscopy, and ultrasound sensitive equipment. The resonant properties of the acoustic pinnae of the ears were obtained via mu-CT scanning and 3D printed experimentation, and numerical modelling was used to validate the results. Analysis of sound recordings and wing vibrations revealed that the stridulatory areas of the right tegmen exhibit relatively narrow frequency responses and produce narrowband calls between 12 and 20 kHz. As in most Pseudophyllinae, only the right mirror is activated for sound production. The acoustic pinnae of all species were found to provide a broadband increased acoustic gain from similar to 40-120 kHz by up to 25 dB, peaking at almost 90 kHz which coincides with the echolocation frequency of sympatric bats. The new genus, named Satizabalus n. gen., is here derived as a new polytypic genus from the existing genus Gnathoclita, based on morphological and acoustic evidence from one described (S. sodalis n. comb.) and two new species (S. jorgevargasi n. sp. and S. hauca n. sp.). Unlike most Tettigoniidae, Satizabalus exhibits a particular form of sexual dimorphism whereby the heads and mandibles of the males are greatly enlarged compared to the females. We suggest that Satizabalus is related to the genus Trichotettix , also found in cloud forests in Colombia, and not to Gnathoclita.

Stridulation is used by male katydids to produce sound via the rubbing together of their specialised forewings, either by sustained or interrupted sweeps of the fi le producing different tones and call structures. There are many species of Orthoptera that remain undescribed and their acoustic signals are unknown. This study aims to measure and quantify the mechanics of wing vibration, sound production and acoustic properties of the hearing system in a new genus of Pseudophyllinae with taxonomic descriptions of two new species. The calling behaviour and wing mechanics of males were measured using micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometry, microscopy, and ultrasound sensitive equipment. The resonant properties of the acoustic pinnae of the ears were obtained via mu-CT scanning and 3D printed experimentation, and numerical modelling was used to validate the results. Analysis of sound recordings and wing vibrations revealed that the stridulatory areas of the right tegmen exhibit relatively narrow frequency responses and produce narrowband calls between 12 and 20 kHz. As in most Pseudophyllinae, only the right mirror is activated for sound production. The acoustic pinnae of all species were found to provide a broadband increased acoustic gain from similar to 40-120 kHz by up to 25 dB, peaking at almost 90 kHz which coincides with the echolocation frequency of sympatric bats. The new genus, named Satizabalus n. gen., is here derived as a new polytypic genus from the existing genus Gnathoclita, based on morphological and acoustic evidence from one described (S. sodalis n. comb.) and two new species (S. jorgevargasi n. sp. and S. hauca n. sp.). Unlike most Tettigoniidae, Satizabalus exhibits a particular form of sexual dimorphism whereby the heads and mandibles of the males are greatly enlarged compared to the females. We suggest that Satizabalus is related to the genus Trichotettix , also found in cloud forests in Colombia, and not to Gnathoclita.

Stridulation is used by male katydids to produce sound via the rubbing together of their specialised forewings, either by sustained or interrupted sweeps of the fi le producing different tones and call structures. There are many species of Orthoptera that remain undescribed and their acoustic signals are unknown. This study aims to measure and quantify the mechanics of wing vibration, sound production and acoustic properties of the hearing system in a new genus of Pseudophyllinae with taxonomic descriptions of two new species. The calling behaviour and wing mechanics of males were measured using micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometry, microscopy, and ultrasound sensitive equipment. The resonant properties of the acoustic pinnae of the ears were obtained via mu-CT scanning and 3D printed experimentation, and numerical modelling was used to validate the results. Analysis of sound recordings and wing vibrations revealed that the stridulatory areas of the right tegmen exhibit relatively narrow frequency responses and produce narrowband calls between 12 and 20 kHz. As in most Pseudophyllinae, only the right mirror is activated for sound production. The acoustic pinnae of all species were found to provide a broadband increased acoustic gain from similar to 40-120 kHz by up to 25 dB, peaking at almost 90 kHz which coincides with the echolocation frequency of sympatric bats. The new genus, named Satizabalus n. gen., is here derived as a new polytypic genus from the existing genus Gnathoclita, based on morphological and acoustic evidence from one described (S. sodalis n. comb.) and two new species (S. jorgevargasi n. sp. and S. hauca n. sp.). Unlike most Tettigoniidae, Satizabalus exhibits a particular form of sexual dimorphism whereby the heads and mandibles of the males are greatly enlarged compared to the females. We suggest that Satizabalus is related to the genus Trichotettix , also found in cloud forests in Colombia, and not to Gnathoclita.

Stridulation is used by male katydids to produce sound via the rubbing together of their specialised forewings, either by sustained or interrupted sweeps of the fi le producing different tones and call structures. There are many species of Orthoptera that remain undescribed and their acoustic signals are unknown. This study aims to measure and quantify the mechanics of wing vibration, sound production and acoustic properties of the hearing system in a new genus of Pseudophyllinae with taxonomic descriptions of two new species. The calling behaviour and wing mechanics of males were measured using micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometry, microscopy, and ultrasound sensitive equipment. The resonant properties of the acoustic pinnae of the ears were obtained via mu-CT scanning and 3D printed experimentation, and numerical modelling was used to validate the results. Analysis of sound recordings and wing vibrations revealed that the stridulatory areas of the right tegmen exhibit relatively narrow frequency responses and produce narrowband calls between 12 and 20 kHz. As in most Pseudophyllinae, only the right mirror is activated for sound production. The acoustic pinnae of all species were found to provide a broadband increased acoustic gain from similar to 40-120 kHz by up to 25 dB, peaking at almost 90 kHz which coincides with the echolocation frequency of sympatric bats. The new genus, named Satizabalus n. gen., is here derived as a new polytypic genus from the existing genus Gnathoclita, based on morphological and acoustic evidence from one described (S. sodalis n. comb.) and two new species (S. jorgevargasi n. sp. and S. hauca n. sp.). Unlike most Tettigoniidae, Satizabalus exhibits a particular form of sexual dimorphism whereby the heads and mandibles of the males are greatly enlarged compared to the females. We suggest that Satizabalus is related to the genus Trichotettix , also found in cloud forests in Colombia, and not to Gnathoclita.

Male crickets and their close relatives bush-crickets (Gryllidae and Tettigoniidae, respectively; Orthoptera and Ensifera) attract distant females by producing loud calling songs. In both families, sound is produced by stridulation, the rubbing together of their forewings, whereby the plectrum of one wing is rapidly passed over a serrated file on the opposite wing. The resulting oscillations are amplified by resonating wing regions. A striking difference between Gryllids and Tettigoniids lies in wing morphology and composition of song frequency: Crickets produce mostly low-frequency (2–8 kHz), pure tone signals with highly bilaterally symmetric wings, while bush-crickets use asymmetric wings for high-frequency (10–150 kHz) calls. The evolutionary reasons for this acoustic divergence are unknown. Here, we study the wings of actively stridulating male field-crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) and present vibro-acoustic data suggesting a biophysical restriction to low-frequency song. Using laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) and brain-injections of the neuroactivator eserine to elicit singing, we recorded the topography of wing vibrations during active sound production. In freely vibrating wings, each wing region resonated differently. When wings coupled during stridulation, these differences vanished and all wing regions resonated at an identical frequency, that of the narrow-band song (∼5 kHz). However, imperfections in wing-coupling caused phase shifts between both resonators, introducing destructive interference with increasing phase differences. The effect of destructive interference (amplitude reduction) was observed to be minimal at the typical low frequency calls of crickets, and by maintaining the vibration phase difference below 80°. We show that, with the imperfect coupling observed, cricket song production with two symmetric resonators becomes acoustically inefficient above ∼8 kHz. This evidence reveals a bio-mechanical constraint on the production of high-frequency, Version of record

We describe the general occurrence in animal cells of elastic components ("tethers") that connect individual chromosomes moving to opposite poles during anaphase. Tethers, originally described in crane-fly spermatocytes, exert force on chromosome arms opposite to the direction the anaphase chromosomes move. We show that they exist in a broad range of animal cells. Thus tethers are previously unrecognised components of general mitotic mechanisms that exert force on chromosomes and they need to be accounted for in general models of mitosis in terms of forces on chromosomes and in terms of what their roles might be.

Este trabalho reporta novos registros de ocorrência de Quiva diaphana Hebard e Quiva pulchella Renh para o Brasil, juntamente com a ocorrência de Quiva abacata (Brunner von Wattenwyl) pela primeira vez para a Amazônia brasileira, incluindo notas de distribuição., This paper reports a new record of Quiva diaphana Hebard and Quiva pulchella Rehn to Brazil along with the occurrence of Quiva abacata (Brunner von Wattenwyl) for the first time in the Brazilian Amazon, including distribution notes.

The saltopteran fauna of Portugal was studied between 1992-2000. Sampling took place during field tlips, lasting yearly 5 to 14 days. Several southern, central and northern regions were visited at different times of the year. In total, 76 species (31 of Ensifera and 45 of Caelifera) were recorded, from which a C/E quotient of 1.45 was calculated. For some of the species caught, the song of the male was presented as additional taxonomic character. First records were made for nine species: Tylopsis lilifolia, Conocephalus conocephalus, Platycleis falx laticauda , two Ctenodecticus spp., Mogoplistes brunneus , Tetrix subulata , Paracimena t. bisignata . Uromenus anapaulae was found as new species and described. Using literature data, the species of Saltatoria previously mentioned for Portugal were listed, and some notes added for insufficiently known species. The biogeography of the saltatoria fauna of Portugal is discussed in relation to its origin with the result that 19 (25%) specis are endemic for the Iberian Peninsula.

Das primäre Ziel des BIOTA Ost Teilprojektes E06 (HÄUSER et al. 2003) ist die Erforschung der Tag- und Nachtfalterfauna im Kakamega Forest Reserve, einem Schutzgebiet in Westkenia, ca. 50 km nördlich der am Viktoriasee gelegenen Provinzhauptstadt Kisumu (siehe auch KOKWARO 1988). Während der Feldarbeit wurden außer Lepidopteren auch zahlreiche Orthopteren erfasst, in erster Linie Ensifera und Caelifera. In den National Museums of Kenya (NMK) in Nairobi befindet sich zudem eine umfangreiche Sammlung kenianischer Orthopteren, die während der Aufenthalte in Kenia eingesehen werden konnte. Die vorliegende Arbeit bietet einen vorläufigen Überblick über die Orthopterenfauna des Kakamega Forest Reserve und basiert im Wesentlichen auf diesen genannten Quellen. Es ist uns ein Anliegen, mit diesem knappen Überblick weitere Arbeiten und Studien über diese interessante und ökologisch wichtige Insektengruppe im Untersuchungsgebiet anzuregen., In the BIOTA East Project E06 (BMBF project ID 01LC0025), 3 field trips to the Kakamega Forest Reserve were undertaken between September 2002 and January 2004. Among other Orthoptera representatives 122 specimens of Ensifera were recorded. Most of the specimens were collected manually, using a net, or recorded at light traps. The number of species occurring in Kenya is about 200 according to the National Museums of Kenya (NMK) collection, literature data (KEVAN 1950, KEVAN & KNIPPER 1961, OTTE et al. 1988), and OSF (OTTE & NASKRECKI 1997). According to the Orthoptera Species File, OSF (http://osf2x.orthoptera.org/osf2.2/OSF2X2Frameset.htm) the type locality of 94 species is located in Kenya. Both figures will most probably increase significantly in the future. From the Kakamega Forest region, 33 species in 7 families are reported to date, based on our own field collecting (122 specimens) and NMK data (about 60 specimens). The estimated minimal number of occurring species is 60.

[What controls the song activity of grasshoppers and crickets (Saltatoria)?]Song activity of Oecanthus pellucens and Pholidoptera griseoaptem could be induced by darkening. Song activity of Nemobius sylvestris and Metrioptera bicolor seems to be positively correlated with temperature. It is suggested that the song activity is not or less controlled by a biological clock but by environmental factors (day light, temperature).