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The clean and renewable energy scenario has gone through a transformation process with the discovery of new generation sources and devices for their storage. Sustainable and efficient solutions are sought to satisfy the growing energy demand of today's population. The environmental problems related to fossil fuels are recognized throughout the world, but to abandon them and for renewable energies to cover current demand, they must not only deliver enough energy but must also be accumulated and transported. In this perspective, batteries play an important role in different areas, from energy storage to powering electronic devices, electric vehicles, etc. Electronic devices use relatively little power, so even small improvements in batteries have driven big changes in their performance and daily use. The functionalities of graphene and coltan make them ideal for a variety of applications, which are at the same time development opportunities for Colombia, such as water purification and desalination, catalyzing systems for the production of hydrogen and foams for lighting purposes, and a rapid heating element; graphene used as a photocatalytic coating material in smart buildings can purify the air in cities; It is also a promising material in the fields of printed electronics, sensors, graphene-based field-effect transistor (GFET) biosensors, optical biosensors, and photovoltaic cells. The possibility of incorporating graphene microchips implanted in teeth for bacterial detection and monitoring of oral hygiene is currently being studied, which could facilitate the study and prevention of periodontal diseases in the future; At the University of Manchester, new graphene condoms were obtained thanks to graphene composite polymers, which provide a higher heat transfer rate, improving sensitivity and the ability to disperse active drugs to prevent sexually transmitted diseases uniformly, pregnancy or even increase sexual pleasure. Graphene sheets have also recently been used, El escenario de las energías limpias y renovables ha atravesado un proceso de transformación con el descubrimiento de nuevas fuentes de generación y dispositivos para su almacenamiento. Se buscan soluciones sostenibles y eficientes para satisfacer la creciente demanda de energía de la población actual. En todo el mundo se reconocen los problemas ambientales relacionados con los combustibles fósiles, pero, para abandonarlos y que las energías renovables puedan cubrir la demanda actual, estas no solo deben entregar la cantidad de energía suficiente, sino que además deben acumularse y transportarse. En esta perspectiva, las baterías desempeñan un papel importante en distintas áreas, desde el almacenamiento de energía, hasta la alimentación de dispositivos electrónicos, vehículos eléctricos, etc. Los dispositivos electrónicos usan relativamente poca potencia, por lo que incluso pequeñas mejoras en las baterías han impulsado grandes cambios en su desempeño y empleabilidad diaria. La funcionalidades del grafeno y del coltán los hacen idóneos para una variedad de aplicaciones, que son al mismo tiempo, oportunidades de desarrollo para Colombia, tales como: purificación y desalinización del agua, sistemas de catalización destinados a la producción de hidrógeno y de espumas para fines de alumbrado y como elemento de calentamiento rápido; el grafeno usado como material de recubrimiento fotocatalítico en edificios inteligentes puede purificar el aire de las ciudades; también es un material prometedor en los campos de la electrónica impresa, los sensores, biosensores de transistores de efecto de campo a base de grafeno (GFET), biosensores ópticos y las celdas fotovoltaicas. Actualmente se estudia la posibilidad de incorporar microchips de grafeno implantados en dientes para la detección bacteriana y la monitorización de la higiene bucal podrá facilitar el estudio y prevención de las enfermedades periodontales en el futuro; en la Universidad de Manchester se obtuvieron nuevos pre

The covid pandemic has brought severe impacts on the supply chain of the electronics industry since it starts. Electronic companies are struggling to find strategies for reducing these impacts. The purpose of the research intends to provide decision-makers in the electronics industry with a clear understanding of the impacts on the supply chain and support them to formulate effective recovery activities and long-term strategies for restructuring more resilient and sustainable supply chains in the future. Delphi method was performed in the research with the consideration of the aim and research questions, research quality as well as the available resources. The consensus among a group of experts was achieved after two rounds of investigation. The empirical data was collected from 12 experts in the 8 electronic companies through interviews and questionnaires. Both data collection techniques are suitable and have advantages in obtaining people’s perspectives and experiences of reality. In the study, an amount of 10 impact items, 9 short-term recovery actions, and 10 proposals of long-term strategies were identified and aligned. Followed up by the analysis and discussion together with existing findings from previous literature. The impacts will vary from company to company, and each recovery activity has its own strengths and weaknesses, so decision-makers need to choose the appropriate recovery activities considering the realities of company resources and the economy. Furthermore, the findings of long-term strategies implied that the supply chain should be restructured in terms of resilience and sustainability from a long-term perspective. Future research can continue to examine how these strategies can be implemented by exploring case studies with electronics companies. Besides, it is also valuable to investigate what are the main challenges in carrying out these strategies. A broader survey in the electronic industry is also recommended to validate the results.

The covid pandemic has brought severe impacts on the supply chain of the electronics industry since it starts. Electronic companies are struggling to find strategies for reducing these impacts. The purpose of the research intends to provide decision-makers in the electronics industry with a clear understanding of the impacts on the supply chain and support them to formulate effective recovery activities and long-term strategies for restructuring more resilient and sustainable supply chains in the future. Delphi method was performed in the research with the consideration of the aim and research questions, research quality as well as the available resources. The consensus among a group of experts was achieved after two rounds of investigation. The empirical data was collected from 12 experts in the 8 electronic companies through interviews and questionnaires. Both data collection techniques are suitable and have advantages in obtaining people’s perspectives and experiences of reality. In the study, an amount of 10 impact items, 9 short-term recovery actions, and 10 proposals of long-term strategies were identified and aligned. Followed up by the analysis and discussion together with existing findings from previous literature. The impacts will vary from company to company, and each recovery activity has its own strengths and weaknesses, so decision-makers need to choose the appropriate recovery activities considering the realities of company resources and the economy. Furthermore, the findings of long-term strategies implied that the supply chain should be restructured in terms of resilience and sustainability from a long-term perspective. Future research can continue to examine how these strategies can be implemented by exploring case studies with electronics companies. Besides, it is also valuable to investigate what are the main challenges in carrying out these strategies. A broader survey in the electronic industry is also recommended to validate the results.

Introduction: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is considered a source for productivity growth of manufacturing industries in developing countries. Mexico, since the opening of its economy, has facilitated the arrival of foreign companies expecting economic benefits in the form of spillovers. The case of Japanese FDI in Mexico is relevant due to the fact that FDI flows have increased considerably with presence in the electronic industry since the entry into force of the Economic Partnership Agreement in 2015. Previous studies have shown that due to specific characteristics of Japanese FDI, there are positive and relevant impacts for the productivity of different manufacturing industries in different contexts. The objective of this study is the analysis of the productive effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) of Japan on the growth in production of the electronics industry of Mexico during the period from 2000 to 2016. Method: The KLEMS methodology was employed as the basis for the econometric model. Two time-series regression models are presented with aggregated data using independent variables related to production factors (national capital, foreign capital, labor, energy, materials and services) to observe their effects on the production of the electronic industry, as a dependent variable. The working hypothesis is: Japanese FDI has a positive and significant effect on production of each of the industrial branches in Mexico’s electronic industry. The first of these models is estimated for the whole electronic industry and the second one analyzes each branch of the electronic industry, both using data from 2000 to 2016. Finally, the results are contrasted with a third model that follows a Cobb-Douglas type of production function with two factors (capital and labor) to compare the results regarding FDI and the productivity effects in the electronic industry and the industrial branches. Results: The results indicate positive and significant effects for thr, Resumen Introducción: La Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) se considera una fuente para aumentar la productividad de industrias manufactureras en países en desarrollo. México, desde su proceso de apertura comercial ha facilitado la llegada de empresas extranjeras esperando beneficios económicos en forma de derrames. El caso de análisis de la IED de Japón en México resalta ya que, desde la entrada en vigor del Acuerdo de Asociación Económica en 2005 entre estos dos países, los flujos de IED se han incrementado de manera considerable sobre todo con presencia en la industria electrónica. Estudios previos han demostrado que debido a las características intrínsecas de la IED japonesa, se encuentran impactos positivos y relevantes para la productividad de diferentes industrias manufactureras en diferentes contextos. El objetivo de este estudio es el análisis de los efectos productivos de la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) de Japón sobre el crecimiento en producción de la industria electrónica de México durante el periodo de 2000 al 2016. Método: Se utilizó la metodología KLEMS como base para el modelo econométrico. Se presentan dos modelos de regresión de series de tiempo donde, a nivel agregado, se relacionan factores de producción (capital nacional, capital extranjero o IED, mano de obra, energía, materiales y servicios) como variables independientes para observar sus efectos en la variable dependiente: producción de la industria electrónica. La hipótesis general de trabajo es: la IED de Japón tiene un efecto positivo y representativo en la producción de cada una de las ramas de la industria electrónica de México. Ambos modelos son estimados en términos logarítmicos desde 2000 al 2016, el primero analizando la industria en su totalidad y el segundo dividido por ramas específicas de la industria. A su vez, los resultados se contrastan con un tercer modelo que sigue una función de producción tipo Cobb-Douglas, con dos factores (capital y trabajo) para comparar y corro

Introduction: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is considered a source for productivity growth of manufacturing industries in developing countries. Mexico, since the opening of its economy, has facilitated the arrival of foreign companies expecting economic benefits in the form of spillovers. The case of Japanese FDI in Mexico is relevant due to the fact that FDI flows have increased considerably with presence in the electronic industry since the entry into force of the Economic Partnership Agreement in 2015. Previous studies have shown that due to specific characteristics of Japanese FDI, there are positive and relevant impacts for the productivity of different manufacturing industries in different contexts. The objective of this study is the analysis of the productive effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) of Japan on the growth in production of the electronics industry of Mexico during the period from 2000 to 2016. Method: The KLEMS methodology was employed as the basis for the econometric model. Two time-series regression models are presented with aggregated data using independent variables related to production factors (national capital, foreign capital, labor, energy, materials and services) to observe their effects on the production of the electronic industry, as a dependent variable. The working hypothesis is: Japanese FDI has a positive and significant effect on production of each of the industrial branches in Mexico’s electronic industry. The first of these models is estimated for the whole electronic industry and the second one analyzes each branch of the electronic industry, both using data from 2000 to 2016. Finally, the results are contrasted with a third model that follows a Cobb-Douglas type of production function with two factors (capital and labor) to compare the results regarding FDI and the productivity effects in the electronic industry and the industrial branches. Results: The results indicate positive and significant effects for thr, Resumen Introducción: La Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) se considera una fuente para aumentar la productividad de industrias manufactureras en países en desarrollo. México, desde su proceso de apertura comercial ha facilitado la llegada de empresas extranjeras esperando beneficios económicos en forma de derrames. El caso de análisis de la IED de Japón en México resalta ya que, desde la entrada en vigor del Acuerdo de Asociación Económica en 2005 entre estos dos países, los flujos de IED se han incrementado de manera considerable sobre todo con presencia en la industria electrónica. Estudios previos han demostrado que debido a las características intrínsecas de la IED japonesa, se encuentran impactos positivos y relevantes para la productividad de diferentes industrias manufactureras en diferentes contextos. El objetivo de este estudio es el análisis de los efectos productivos de la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) de Japón sobre el crecimiento en producción de la industria electrónica de México durante el periodo de 2000 al 2016. Método: Se utilizó la metodología KLEMS como base para el modelo econométrico. Se presentan dos modelos de regresión de series de tiempo donde, a nivel agregado, se relacionan factores de producción (capital nacional, capital extranjero o IED, mano de obra, energía, materiales y servicios) como variables independientes para observar sus efectos en la variable dependiente: producción de la industria electrónica. La hipótesis general de trabajo es: la IED de Japón tiene un efecto positivo y representativo en la producción de cada una de las ramas de la industria electrónica de México. Ambos modelos son estimados en términos logarítmicos desde 2000 al 2016, el primero analizando la industria en su totalidad y el segundo dividido por ramas específicas de la industria. A su vez, los resultados se contrastan con un tercer modelo que sigue una función de producción tipo Cobb-Douglas, con dos factores (capital y trabajo) para comparar y corro

Introduction: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is considered a source for productivity growth of manufacturing industries in developing countries. Mexico, since the opening of its economy, has facilitated the arrival of foreign companies expecting economic benefits in the form of spillovers. The case of Japanese FDI in Mexico is relevant due to the fact that FDI flows have increased considerably with presence in the electronic industry since the entry into force of the Economic Partnership Agreement in 2015. Previous studies have shown that due to specific characteristics of Japanese FDI, there are positive and relevant impacts for the productivity of different manufacturing industries in different contexts. The objective of this study is the analysis of the productive effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) of Japan on the growth in production of the electronics industry of Mexico during the period from 2000 to 2016. Method: The KLEMS methodology was employed as the basis for the econometric model. Two time-series regression models are presented with aggregated data using independent variables related to production factors (national capital, foreign capital, labor, energy, materials and services) to observe their effects on the production of the electronic industry, as a dependent variable. The working hypothesis is: Japanese FDI has a positive and significant effect on production of each of the industrial branches in Mexico’s electronic industry. The first of these models is estimated for the whole electronic industry and the second one analyzes each branch of the electronic industry, both using data from 2000 to 2016. Finally, the results are contrasted with a third model that follows a Cobb-Douglas type of production function with two factors (capital and labor) to compare the results regarding FDI and the productivity effects in the electronic industry and the industrial branches. Results: The results indicate positive and significant effects for thr, Resumen Introducción: La Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) se considera una fuente para aumentar la productividad de industrias manufactureras en países en desarrollo. México, desde su proceso de apertura comercial ha facilitado la llegada de empresas extranjeras esperando beneficios económicos en forma de derrames. El caso de análisis de la IED de Japón en México resalta ya que, desde la entrada en vigor del Acuerdo de Asociación Económica en 2005 entre estos dos países, los flujos de IED se han incrementado de manera considerable sobre todo con presencia en la industria electrónica. Estudios previos han demostrado que debido a las características intrínsecas de la IED japonesa, se encuentran impactos positivos y relevantes para la productividad de diferentes industrias manufactureras en diferentes contextos. El objetivo de este estudio es el análisis de los efectos productivos de la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) de Japón sobre el crecimiento en producción de la industria electrónica de México durante el periodo de 2000 al 2016. Método: Se utilizó la metodología KLEMS como base para el modelo econométrico. Se presentan dos modelos de regresión de series de tiempo donde, a nivel agregado, se relacionan factores de producción (capital nacional, capital extranjero o IED, mano de obra, energía, materiales y servicios) como variables independientes para observar sus efectos en la variable dependiente: producción de la industria electrónica. La hipótesis general de trabajo es: la IED de Japón tiene un efecto positivo y representativo en la producción de cada una de las ramas de la industria electrónica de México. Ambos modelos son estimados en términos logarítmicos desde 2000 al 2016, el primero analizando la industria en su totalidad y el segundo dividido por ramas específicas de la industria. A su vez, los resultados se contrastan con un tercer modelo que sigue una función de producción tipo Cobb-Douglas, con dos factores (capital y trabajo) para comparar y corro

This paper points out some remaining problems of investment in Vietnam. Firstly, it is hard to identify the leading industry due to the huge amount and overlapped legal documents for the long time in Vietnam. Secondly, after conducting the in-depth interview for three specific cases of foreign firms in Vietnam, the paper finds that the capability of Vietnamese firms is weak. Consequently, Vietnamese firms are unable to compete and/or cooperate with foreign counterparts.

This paper points out some remaining problems of investment in Vietnam. Firstly, it is hard to identify the leading industry due to the huge amount and overlapped legal documents for the long time in Vietnam. Secondly, after conducting the in-depth interview for three specific cases of foreign firms in Vietnam, the paper finds that the capability of Vietnamese firms is weak. Consequently, Vietnamese firms are unable to compete and/or cooperate with foreign counterparts.

This article describes the impact of R&D investment to on the economic stability in the Czech electronics industry in the period 2007–2014. Increasing the competitiveness of companies is conditional on the systematic investments, development and stability of companies. Searching for competitive advantage through innovation may be one of the ways of how to obtaining a sTab. market position in the industry. The aim of this article was is to determine whether there are relations between changes of economic indicators and the reporting process of research activities for innovative companies in the electronics industry. The research was conducted among 103 companies based in the Czech Republic, which invested in R&D in 2007 – 2013. The comparison was made between companies which invested in the 2007 – 2013 in the annual or occasional R&D. Two subgroups were established and companies in each subgroup were monitored companies according to their size. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to assess if relationships among R&D Expenditure and Operating Revenue were preserved across periods. Two hypotheses were formulated and verified on the basis of statistical data processing of innovative companies. The results showed that innovative companies had the ability to better capitalize on their asset base, and they are better able to cover their needs from their own resources better than other companies of in the electronics industry. Their ability to provide a return on equity varies by according to company size. Innovative companies showed an ability to reach a positive outcome from operating activities. The coefficient of self-financing for SMEs is for SMEs constantly above the industry mean and increases with the length of period of time. This trend was not confirmed for micro-companies and large companies this trend was not confirmed.

This paper aims at the impact of R&D investments on economic stability in the Czech enterprises. The authors study relationships between R&D investments and financial indicators and ratios for period 2007 – 2014. The empirical analysis is based on a sample of 103 Czech electronic industries innovative enterprises with R&D investments during the period 2007 – 2013. The paper deals with the hypothesis that R&D investments are utilized to increase economic efficiency. The second hypothesis is represented by an idea that enterprises invest systematically to be able to cope better with the effects of depressions. Financial indicators are analyzed and presented with the aim to verify these hypotheses., Tento dokument se zaměřuje na dopady R&D investic na ekonomickou stabilitu v českých podnicích. Autoři studovali vztahy mezi VaV investicemi a finančních ukazatelů a poměry pro období 2007-2014. Empirická analýza je založena na vzorku 103 českých inovativních podniků působících v elektronickém průmyslu v období 2007 – 2013. Clánek se zabývá hypotézu, že R&D investice jsou využívány ke zvýšení ekonomické efektivity. Druhá hypotéza předpokládá, že podniky investující systematicky do VaV se mohli lépe vyrovnat s důsledky deprese. Finanční ukazatele jsou analyzovány a prezentovány s cílem ověřit tyto hypotézy.

This article describes the impact of R&D investment to on the economic stability in the Czech electronics industry in the period 2007–2014. Increasing the competitiveness of companies is conditional on the systematic investments, development and stability of companies. Searching for competitive advantage through innovation may be one of the ways of how to obtaining a sTab. market position in the industry. The aim of this article was is to determine whether there are relations between changes of economic indicators and the reporting process of research activities for innovative companies in the electronics industry. The research was conducted among 103 companies based in the Czech Republic, which invested in R&D in 2007 – 2013. The comparison was made between companies which invested in the 2007 – 2013 in the annual or occasional R&D. Two subgroups were established and companies in each subgroup were monitored companies according to their size. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to assess if relationships among R&D Expenditure and Operating Revenue were preserved across periods. Two hypotheses were formulated and verified on the basis of statistical data processing of innovative companies. The results showed that innovative companies had the ability to better capitalize on their asset base, and they are better able to cover their needs from their own resources better than other companies of in the electronics industry. Their ability to provide a return on equity varies by according to company size. Innovative companies showed an ability to reach a positive outcome from operating activities. The coefficient of self-financing for SMEs is for SMEs constantly above the industry mean and increases with the length of period of time. This trend was not confirmed for micro-companies and large companies this trend was not confirmed.

This paper aims at the impact of R&D investments on economic stability in the Czech enterprises. The authors study relationships between R&D investments and financial indicators and ratios for period 2007 – 2014. The empirical analysis is based on a sample of 103 Czech electronic industries innovative enterprises with R&D investments during the period 2007 – 2013. The paper deals with the hypothesis that R&D investments are utilized to increase economic efficiency. The second hypothesis is represented by an idea that enterprises invest systematically to be able to cope better with the effects of depressions. Financial indicators are analyzed and presented with the aim to verify these hypotheses., Tento dokument se zaměřuje na dopady R&D investic na ekonomickou stabilitu v českých podnicích. Autoři studovali vztahy mezi VaV investicemi a finančních ukazatelů a poměry pro období 2007-2014. Empirická analýza je založena na vzorku 103 českých inovativních podniků působících v elektronickém průmyslu v období 2007 – 2013. Clánek se zabývá hypotézu, že R&D investice jsou využívány ke zvýšení ekonomické efektivity. Druhá hypotéza předpokládá, že podniky investující systematicky do VaV se mohli lépe vyrovnat s důsledky deprese. Finanční ukazatele jsou analyzovány a prezentovány s cílem ověřit tyto hypotézy.

This article describes the impact of R&D investment to on the economic stability in the Czech electronics industry in the period 2007–2014. Increasing the competitiveness of companies is conditional on the systematic investments, development and stability of companies. Searching for competitive advantage through innovation may be one of the ways of how to obtaining a sTab. market position in the industry. The aim of this article was is to determine whether there are relations between changes of economic indicators and the reporting process of research activities for innovative companies in the electronics industry. The research was conducted among 103 companies based in the Czech Republic, which invested in R&D in 2007 – 2013. The comparison was made between companies which invested in the 2007 – 2013 in the annual or occasional R&D. Two subgroups were established and companies in each subgroup were monitored companies according to their size. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to assess if relationships among R&D Expenditure and Operating Revenue were preserved across periods. Two hypotheses were formulated and verified on the basis of statistical data processing of innovative companies. The results showed that innovative companies had the ability to better capitalize on their asset base, and they are better able to cover their needs from their own resources better than other companies of in the electronics industry. Their ability to provide a return on equity varies by according to company size. Innovative companies showed an ability to reach a positive outcome from operating activities. The coefficient of self-financing for SMEs is for SMEs constantly above the industry mean and increases with the length of period of time. This trend was not confirmed for micro-companies and large companies this trend was not confirmed.

This paper aims at the impact of R&D investments on economic stability in the Czech enterprises. The authors study relationships between R&D investments and financial indicators and ratios for period 2007 – 2014. The empirical analysis is based on a sample of 103 Czech electronic industries innovative enterprises with R&D investments during the period 2007 – 2013. The paper deals with the hypothesis that R&D investments are utilized to increase economic efficiency. The second hypothesis is represented by an idea that enterprises invest systematically to be able to cope better with the effects of depressions. Financial indicators are analyzed and presented with the aim to verify these hypotheses., Tento dokument se zaměřuje na dopady R&D investic na ekonomickou stabilitu v českých podnicích. Autoři studovali vztahy mezi VaV investicemi a finančních ukazatelů a poměry pro období 2007-2014. Empirická analýza je založena na vzorku 103 českých inovativních podniků působících v elektronickém průmyslu v období 2007 – 2013. Clánek se zabývá hypotézu, že R&D investice jsou využívány ke zvýšení ekonomické efektivity. Druhá hypotéza předpokládá, že podniky investující systematicky do VaV se mohli lépe vyrovnat s důsledky deprese. Finanční ukazatele jsou analyzovány a prezentovány s cílem ověřit tyto hypotézy.

This article describes the impact of R&D investment to on the economic stability in the Czech electronics industry in the period 2007–2014. Increasing the competitiveness of companies is conditional on the systematic investments, development and stability of companies. Searching for competitive advantage through innovation may be one of the ways of how to obtaining a sTab. market position in the industry. The aim of this article was is to determine whether there are relations between changes of economic indicators and the reporting process of research activities for innovative companies in the electronics industry. The research was conducted among 103 companies based in the Czech Republic, which invested in R&D in 2007 – 2013. The comparison was made between companies which invested in the 2007 – 2013 in the annual or occasional R&D. Two subgroups were established and companies in each subgroup were monitored companies according to their size. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to assess if relationships among R&D Expenditure and Operating Revenue were preserved across periods. Two hypotheses were formulated and verified on the basis of statistical data processing of innovative companies. The results showed that innovative companies had the ability to better capitalize on their asset base, and they are better able to cover their needs from their own resources better than other companies of in the electronics industry. Their ability to provide a return on equity varies by according to company size. Innovative companies showed an ability to reach a positive outcome from operating activities. The coefficient of self-financing for SMEs is for SMEs constantly above the industry mean and increases with the length of period of time. This trend was not confirmed for micro-companies and large companies this trend was not confirmed.

This paper aims at the impact of R&D investments on economic stability in the Czech enterprises. The authors study relationships between R&D investments and financial indicators and ratios for period 2007 – 2014. The empirical analysis is based on a sample of 103 Czech electronic industries innovative enterprises with R&D investments during the period 2007 – 2013. The paper deals with the hypothesis that R&D investments are utilized to increase economic efficiency. The second hypothesis is represented by an idea that enterprises invest systematically to be able to cope better with the effects of depressions. Financial indicators are analyzed and presented with the aim to verify these hypotheses., Tento dokument se zaměřuje na dopady R&D investic na ekonomickou stabilitu v českých podnicích. Autoři studovali vztahy mezi VaV investicemi a finančních ukazatelů a poměry pro období 2007-2014. Empirická analýza je založena na vzorku 103 českých inovativních podniků působících v elektronickém průmyslu v období 2007 – 2013. Clánek se zabývá hypotézu, že R&D investice jsou využívány ke zvýšení ekonomické efektivity. Druhá hypotéza předpokládá, že podniky investující systematicky do VaV se mohli lépe vyrovnat s důsledky deprese. Finanční ukazatele jsou analyzovány a prezentovány s cílem ověřit tyto hypotézy.

This article describes the impact of R&D investment to on the economic stability in the Czech electronics industry in the period 2007–2014. Increasing the competitiveness of companies is conditional on the systematic investments, development and stability of companies. Searching for competitive advantage through innovation may be one of the ways of how to obtaining a sTab. market position in the industry. The aim of this article was is to determine whether there are relations between changes of economic indicators and the reporting process of research activities for innovative companies in the electronics industry. The research was conducted among 103 companies based in the Czech Republic, which invested in R&D in 2007 – 2013. The comparison was made between companies which invested in the 2007 – 2013 in the annual or occasional R&D. Two subgroups were established and companies in each subgroup were monitored companies according to their size. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to assess if relationships among R&D Expenditure and Operating Revenue were preserved across periods. Two hypotheses were formulated and verified on the basis of statistical data processing of innovative companies. The results showed that innovative companies had the ability to better capitalize on their asset base, and they are better able to cover their needs from their own resources better than other companies of in the electronics industry. Their ability to provide a return on equity varies by according to company size. Innovative companies showed an ability to reach a positive outcome from operating activities. The coefficient of self-financing for SMEs is for SMEs constantly above the industry mean and increases with the length of period of time. This trend was not confirmed for micro-companies and large companies this trend was not confirmed.

This article describes the impact of R&D investment to on the economic stability in the Czech electronics industry in the period 2007–2014. Increasing the competitiveness of companies is conditional on the systematic investments, development and stability of companies. Searching for competitive advantage through innovation may be one of the ways of how to obtaining a sTab. market position in the industry. The aim of this article was is to determine whether there are relations between changes of economic indicators and the reporting process of research activities for innovative companies in the electronics industry. The research was conducted among 103 companies based in the Czech Republic, which invested in R&D in 2007 – 2013. The comparison was made between companies which invested in the 2007 – 2013 in the annual or occasional R&D. Two subgroups were established and companies in each subgroup were monitored companies according to their size. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to assess if relationships among R&D Expenditure and Operating Revenue were preserved across periods. Two hypotheses were formulated and verified on the basis of statistical data processing of innovative companies. The results showed that innovative companies had the ability to better capitalize on their asset base, and they are better able to cover their needs from their own resources better than other companies of in the electronics industry. Their ability to provide a return on equity varies by according to company size. Innovative companies showed an ability to reach a positive outcome from operating activities. The coefficient of self-financing for SMEs is for SMEs constantly above the industry mean and increases with the length of period of time. This trend was not confirmed for micro-companies and large companies this trend was not confirmed.

This paper aims at the impact of R&D investments on economic stability in the Czech enterprises. The authors study relationships between R&D investments and financial indicators and ratios for period 2007 – 2014. The empirical analysis is based on a sample of 103 Czech electronic industries innovative enterprises with R&D investments during the period 2007 – 2013. The paper deals with the hypothesis that R&D investments are utilized to increase economic efficiency. The second hypothesis is represented by an idea that enterprises invest systematically to be able to cope better with the effects of depressions. Financial indicators are analyzed and presented with the aim to verify these hypotheses., Tento dokument se zaměřuje na dopady R&D investic na ekonomickou stabilitu v českých podnicích. Autoři studovali vztahy mezi VaV investicemi a finančních ukazatelů a poměry pro období 2007-2014. Empirická analýza je založena na vzorku 103 českých inovativních podniků působících v elektronickém průmyslu v období 2007 – 2013. Clánek se zabývá hypotézu, že R&D investice jsou využívány ke zvýšení ekonomické efektivity. Druhá hypotéza předpokládá, že podniky investující systematicky do VaV se mohli lépe vyrovnat s důsledky deprese. Finanční ukazatele jsou analyzovány a prezentovány s cílem ověřit tyto hypotézy.

Electronic industry has grown in the last 50 years, especially in developed countries, contributing to its economy. Particularly in Baja California, located in the northwest of Mexico, these companies have prospered in Mexicali. In the electronic industry of this city, industrial electronic equipments reduce their operating level by the exposure to the atmospheric corrosion, generating electrical failures continuously or at certain moments. Based on this, a study to organize and then determine the main causes of the reduction of the operating yielding of the electronic equipments, using the ABC graphics was made. Operating yielding was lower in winter at indices of relative humidity and temperature higher than 70% and 25 °C and the concentrations of sulfur that exceeded the air quality standard, occurring the corrosion phenomenon., La industria electrónica ha crecido en los últimos 50 años, sobre todo en los países desarrollados, y ha significado una contribución importante a su economía. Estas empresas han prosperado particularmente en Mexicali, Baja California, que se ubica en el noroeste de México. En la industria electrónica de esta ciudad los equipos electrónicos industriales disminuyen su nivel de operación por la exposición a la corrosión atmosférica y generan fallas eléctricas de manera continua o en ciertos periodos. Con base en esto se desarrolló un estudio para determinar las principales causas de la reducción del rendimiento operativo de los equipos electrónicos mediante los gráficos ABC como herramienta de análisis. El rendimiento operativo fue menor en invierno, con índices de humedad relativa y temperatura mayor al 70% y 25 °C, así como el bióxido de azufre (SO2) que reaccionan con metales utilizados en la industria electrónica y promueven rápidamente la corrosión.

Electronic industry has grown in the last 50 years, especially in developed countries, contributing to its economy. Particularly in Baja California, located in the northwest of Mexico, these companies have prospered in Mexicali. In the electronic industry of this city, industrial electronic equipments reduce their operating level by the exposure to the atmospheric corrosion, generating electrical failures continuously or at certain moments. Based on this, a study to organize and then determine the main causes of the reduction of the operating yielding of the electronic equipments, using the ABC graphics was made. Operating yielding was lower in winter at indices of relative humidity and temperature higher than 70% and 25 °C and the concentrations of sulfur that exceeded the air quality standard, occurring the corrosion phenomenon., La industria electrónica ha crecido en los últimos 50 años, sobre todo en los países desarrollados, y ha significado una contribución importante a su economía. Estas empresas han prosperado particularmente en Mexicali, Baja California, que se ubica en el noroeste de México. En la industria electrónica de esta ciudad los equipos electrónicos industriales disminuyen su nivel de operación por la exposición a la corrosión atmosférica y generan fallas eléctricas de manera continua o en ciertos periodos. Con base en esto se desarrolló un estudio para determinar las principales causas de la reducción del rendimiento operativo de los equipos electrónicos mediante los gráficos ABC como herramienta de análisis. El rendimiento operativo fue menor en invierno, con índices de humedad relativa y temperatura mayor al 70% y 25 °C, así como el bióxido de azufre (SO2) que reaccionan con metales utilizados en la industria electrónica y promueven rápidamente la corrosión.

A large number of organizations that offer products today are experiencing returns; whether it is the return of a book from an online book store, the return of a television to the electronic retailer or a garment to a fashion retailer. How organizations handle product returns (reverse logistics) differs and also how much focuses each organization places on it, be-cause after all; it is extremely difficult to actually make revenue on reverse logistics. Why spend time and money on it? This study focuses on comparing an electronic and a fashion organization, how they both are conducting reverse logistics in regards to e-commerce. This is of interest to examine and add to the literature based on research focusing on a comparison between two organizations of a different nature in terms of their reverse logistics. Furthermore, it was of interest to study how each organization operates internally. For example, what are the barriers and drivers of reverse logistics, do they work proactively or reactively and what is the focus in regards to recycling of products? A case study research strategy was applied with an inductive approach. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with each organization where qualitative data was gathered. Secondary data was collected from literature sources such as academic journals and books. Data was analysed in order to structure the large amount of data to be able to compare the two organizations and draw conclusions. From analysing the data it is concluded that both the electronic and the fashion retailer are experiencing a great amount of returns, which generally follows the sales trend. Furthermore, the two organizations are similar in several aspects regarding reverse logistics although they are selling different products. One of the main drivers for both organizations in regards to reverse logistics is satisfying their customers. Finally, one of the main barriers for each organization was the costs that play a major role in re

The technological development that results from innovation can lead to considerable environmental impact. Yet, companies and other stakeholders have not done enough to develop strategies for minimizing waste management. The present study contributes to research in this area, by empirically examining the link between the management of technological innovation and sustainability. A case study was carried out to examine the extent to which there is strategic orientation towards both technological innovation and sustainability in a large public university in Brazil. The results show the importance of integrating sustainability activities within the organisation’s corporate strategy: although the researched organisation had sufficient theoretical knowledge about waste management, the lack of an integrated strategy led to uncoordinated attempts at recycling within the university.

A large number of organizations that offer products today are experiencing returns; whether it is the return of a book from an online book store, the return of a television to the electronic retailer or a garment to a fashion retailer. How organizations handle product returns (reverse logistics) differs and also how much focuses each organization places on it, be-cause after all; it is extremely difficult to actually make revenue on reverse logistics. Why spend time and money on it? This study focuses on comparing an electronic and a fashion organization, how they both are conducting reverse logistics in regards to e-commerce. This is of interest to examine and add to the literature based on research focusing on a comparison between two organizations of a different nature in terms of their reverse logistics. Furthermore, it was of interest to study how each organization operates internally. For example, what are the barriers and drivers of reverse logistics, do they work proactively or reactively and what is the focus in regards to recycling of products? A case study research strategy was applied with an inductive approach. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with each organization where qualitative data was gathered. Secondary data was collected from literature sources such as academic journals and books. Data was analysed in order to structure the large amount of data to be able to compare the two organizations and draw conclusions. From analysing the data it is concluded that both the electronic and the fashion retailer are experiencing a great amount of returns, which generally follows the sales trend. Furthermore, the two organizations are similar in several aspects regarding reverse logistics although they are selling different products. One of the main drivers for both organizations in regards to reverse logistics is satisfying their customers. Finally, one of the main barriers for each organization was the costs that play a major role in re

The technological development that results from innovation can lead to considerable environmental impact. Yet, companies and other stakeholders have not done enough to develop strategies for minimizing waste management. The present study contributes to research in this area, by empirically examining the link between the management of technological innovation and sustainability. A case study was carried out to examine the extent to which there is strategic orientation towards both technological innovation and sustainability in a large public university in Brazil. The results show the importance of integrating sustainability activities within the organisation’s corporate strategy: although the researched organisation had sufficient theoretical knowledge about waste management, the lack of an integrated strategy led to uncoordinated attempts at recycling within the university.

The technological development that results from innovation can lead to considerable environmental impact. Yet, companies and other stakeholders have not done enough to develop strategies for minimizing waste management. The present study contributes to research in this area, by empirically examining the link between the management of technological innovation and sustainability. A case study was carried out to examine the extent to which there is strategic orientation towards both technological innovation and sustainability in a large public university in Brazil. The results show the importance of integrating sustainability activities within the organisation’s corporate strategy: although the researched organisation had sufficient theoretical knowledge about waste management, the lack of an integrated strategy led to uncoordinated attempts at recycling within the university.

Observer and Observed in Soviet Design Institutes of the 1960s

Observer and Observed in Soviet Design Institutes of the 1960s

Observer and Observed in Soviet Design Institutes of the 1960s

Observer and Observed in Soviet Design Institutes of the 1960s

Observer and Observed in Soviet Design Institutes of the 1960s

The SRAM which functions as the cache for system-on-chip is vital in the electronic industry. The heavy bit-and data-line capacitances are the major road blocks to its performance. A high-performance SRAM is proposed using a 1.8 V/0.18 à ¿m CMOS standard process from Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing Ltd (CHRT). It incorporates a discharging mechanism that helps eliminating the waiting time during the read operation, hence offering a faster sensing speed and lower power consumption. Our post-layout simulation results have shown that it improves the sensing speed and power consumption by 51.4%, and 62.47%, respectively when compared with the best published design. The total power-delay-product (PDP) is 81.79% better. Furthermore, it can operate at a supply voltage as low as 0.8 V with a high stability to the bit-line capacitances variation and mismatch.

The objective of this article is to present the results of a case study research that investigated the existence of practices that foster and promote explicit technological organizational memory, i.e., documented knowledge, as well as those practices related to the reuse of this knowledge for problem solving. Organizational memory can be defined as the organization's ability to benefit from its past experience in responding more effectively in the present, characterized by the institutionalization of individual’s knowledge. The company investigated is a multinational company from the electro-electronic segment. Several sites were included in the study. The employees were surveyed by means of a Likert-scale questionnaire for the quantitative analysis where the factorial analysis was applied. The overall results indicated that although the employees recognize the importance to grow the explicit technological organizational memory, and valorize the memory processes, such processes do not occur in an effective way in the company. Furthermore, the respondents indicated the availability of enough collective information for them to solve their technical problems, Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar os resultados de um trabalho de pesquisa que investigou, através do método de estudo de caso, aplicado numa empresa multinacional do setor eletroeletrônico no Brasil, a existência de práticas voltadas à formação de uma memória organizacional explícita para a preservação do conhecimento técnico, bem como a ocorrência de práticas de reutilização desse conhecimento na resolução de problemas técnicos. Memória organizacional é a capacidade da organização se beneficiar das experiências passadas para reagir de forma mais eficaz no presente, caracterizada pela incorporação do conhecimento individual pela organização. A empresa-caso foi pesquisada nas suas unidades brasileiras. Foi empregado um questionário com escala Likert; e as respostas foram estudadas por meio do método de análise fatorial. A pesquisa revelou que, embora os processos de memória organizacional não ocorram de forma efetiva, e apesar das opiniões bastante divididas, existe, sim, alguma preocupação relacionada com a memória organizacional tecnológica explícita e com relação à reutilização do conhecimento. Ademais, os sujeitos de pesquisa indicaram que há disponibilidade suficiente de informações de uso coletivo para resolverem seus problemas técnicos, Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar los resultados de un trabajo de pesquisa que investigó, al través del método de estudio de caso, aplicado en una empresa multinacional del Sector Electro-electrónico en Brasil, la existencia de practicas que están direccionadas a la formación de una memoria organizacional explícita para la preservación del conocimiento técnico, bien como la ocurrencia de practicas de reutilización de este conocimiento en la resolución de problemas técnicos. Memoria Organizacional es la capacidad de la organización beneficiarse de las experiencias pasadas para contestar de forma más eficaz en el presente, caracterizada por la incorporación del conocimiento individual por la organización. La empresa-caso fue pesquisada en sus unidades brasileñas. Fue utilizado un cuestionario con escala Likert, y las respuestas fueron analizadas al través del método de análisis factorial. La pesquisa reveló que, aunque procesos de memoria organizacional no ocurran de forma efectiva, y a pesar de las opiniones bastante divididas, existe, sí, alguna preocupación con relación a la memoria organizacional tecnológica explícita y con relación a la reutilización del conocimiento. Además, los sujetos de la pesquisa indicaron que hay disponibilidad suficiente de informaciones del uso colectivo para resolvieren sus problemas técnicos.

The objective of this article is to present the results of a case study research that investigated the existence of practices that foster and promote explicit technological organizational memory, i.e., documented knowledge, as well as those practices related to the reuse of this knowledge for problem solving. Organizational memory can be defined as the organization's ability to benefit from its past experience in responding more effectively in the present, characterized by the institutionalization of individual’s knowledge. The company investigated is a multinational company from the electro-electronic segment. Several sites were included in the study. The employees were surveyed by means of a Likert-scale questionnaire for the quantitative analysis where the factorial analysis was applied. The overall results indicated that although the employees recognize the importance to grow the explicit technological organizational memory, and valorize the memory processes, such processes do not occur in an effective way in the company. Furthermore, the respondents indicated the availability of enough collective information for them to solve their technical problems, Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar os resultados de um trabalho de pesquisa que investigou, através do método de estudo de caso, aplicado numa empresa multinacional do setor eletroeletrônico no Brasil, a existência de práticas voltadas à formação de uma memória organizacional explícita para a preservação do conhecimento técnico, bem como a ocorrência de práticas de reutilização desse conhecimento na resolução de problemas técnicos. Memória organizacional é a capacidade da organização se beneficiar das experiências passadas para reagir de forma mais eficaz no presente, caracterizada pela incorporação do conhecimento individual pela organização. A empresa-caso foi pesquisada nas suas unidades brasileiras. Foi empregado um questionário com escala Likert; e as respostas foram estudadas por meio do método de análise fatorial. A pesquisa revelou que, embora os processos de memória organizacional não ocorram de forma efetiva, e apesar das opiniões bastante divididas, existe, sim, alguma preocupação relacionada com a memória organizacional tecnológica explícita e com relação à reutilização do conhecimento. Ademais, os sujeitos de pesquisa indicaram que há disponibilidade suficiente de informações de uso coletivo para resolverem seus problemas técnicos, Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar los resultados de un trabajo de pesquisa que investigó, al través del método de estudio de caso, aplicado en una empresa multinacional del Sector Electro-electrónico en Brasil, la existencia de practicas que están direccionadas a la formación de una memoria organizacional explícita para la preservación del conocimiento técnico, bien como la ocurrencia de practicas de reutilización de este conocimiento en la resolución de problemas técnicos. Memoria Organizacional es la capacidad de la organización beneficiarse de las experiencias pasadas para contestar de forma más eficaz en el presente, caracterizada por la incorporación del conocimiento individual por la organización. La empresa-caso fue pesquisada en sus unidades brasileñas. Fue utilizado un cuestionario con escala Likert, y las respuestas fueron analizadas al través del método de análisis factorial. La pesquisa reveló que, aunque procesos de memoria organizacional no ocurran de forma efectiva, y a pesar de las opiniones bastante divididas, existe, sí, alguna preocupación con relación a la memoria organizacional tecnológica explícita y con relación a la reutilización del conocimiento. Además, los sujetos de la pesquisa indicaron que hay disponibilidad suficiente de informaciones del uso colectivo para resolvieren sus problemas técnicos.

The trend of outsourcing within the electronic industry has contributed to the creation of new types of extended enterprises. These extended enterprises must be able to manage a challenging situation with shorter product life cycles and increased collaboration between companies during the vital product introduction process. For the electronic industry, which is currently acting in an “era of hyper-competition”, it is a challenge to implement an efficient and flexible collaboration within an extended enterprise during the product introduction process. In the product introduction process, a product design is prepared for and transferred into production. During the course of this research, the electronic industry has changed continuously. Empirical data were first collected within an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) that was responsible for its own production. Based on a strategic decision at the OEM, a new extended enterprise was established. In general, these new extended enterprises within the electronic industry consist of: a “product owner” in the form of an OEM that owns the product design and its brand; a “producer” in the form of an Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) company that is responsible for the production; and suppliers of services, material, components, equipment etc. However, in the later stages of this research the studied EMS was responsible for the product introduction, production and distribution of the product to the end user. In order to compare and contrast trends and lessons learned in similar industries, case studies within the mechanical engineering and aerospace industries also were performed. The dissertation primarily describes the process of collaborative product introduction (PI) within the electronic industry, and presents among other things a number of general conditions for efficient collaborative PI within an EE in that industry. First, a clearly communicated definition of what is included in product introduction is needed, On the day of the public defence the status of article VIII was Accepted and the title was "Coordination in Collaborative Manufacturing Mega-Networks: Observations from a Case in the Commercial Aerospace Industry".

The trend of outsourcing within the electronic industry has contributed to the creation of new types of extended enterprises. These extended enterprises must be able to manage a challenging situation with shorter product life cycles and increased collaboration between companies during the vital product introduction process. For the electronic industry, which is currently acting in an “era of hyper-competition”, it is a challenge to implement an efficient and flexible collaboration within an extended enterprise during the product introduction process. In the product introduction process, a product design is prepared for and transferred into production. During the course of this research, the electronic industry has changed continuously. Empirical data were first collected within an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) that was responsible for its own production. Based on a strategic decision at the OEM, a new extended enterprise was established. In general, these new extended enterprises within the electronic industry consist of: a “product owner” in the form of an OEM that owns the product design and its brand; a “producer” in the form of an Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) company that is responsible for the production; and suppliers of services, material, components, equipment etc. However, in the later stages of this research the studied EMS was responsible for the product introduction, production and distribution of the product to the end user. In order to compare and contrast trends and lessons learned in similar industries, case studies within the mechanical engineering and aerospace industries also were performed. The dissertation primarily describes the process of collaborative product introduction (PI) within the electronic industry, and presents among other things a number of general conditions for efficient collaborative PI within an EE in that industry. First, a clearly communicated definition of what is included in product introduction is needed, On the day of the public defence the status of article VIII was Accepted and the title was "Coordination in Collaborative Manufacturing Mega-Networks: Observations from a Case in the Commercial Aerospace Industry".

The trend of outsourcing within the electronic industry has contributed to the creation of new types of extended enterprises. These extended enterprises must be able to manage a challenging situation with shorter product life cycles and increased collaboration between companies during the vital product introduction process. For the electronic industry, which is currently acting in an “era of hyper-competition”, it is a challenge to implement an efficient and flexible collaboration within an extended enterprise during the product introduction process. In the product introduction process, a product design is prepared for and transferred into production. During the course of this research, the electronic industry has changed continuously. Empirical data were first collected within an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) that was responsible for its own production. Based on a strategic decision at the OEM, a new extended enterprise was established. In general, these new extended enterprises within the electronic industry consist of: a “product owner” in the form of an OEM that owns the product design and its brand; a “producer” in the form of an Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) company that is responsible for the production; and suppliers of services, material, components, equipment etc. However, in the later stages of this research the studied EMS was responsible for the product introduction, production and distribution of the product to the end user. In order to compare and contrast trends and lessons learned in similar industries, case studies within the mechanical engineering and aerospace industries also were performed. The dissertation primarily describes the process of collaborative product introduction (PI) within the electronic industry, and presents among other things a number of general conditions for efficient collaborative PI within an EE in that industry. First, a clearly communicated definition of what is included in product introduction is needed, On the day of the public defence the status of article VIII was Accepted and the title was "Coordination in Collaborative Manufacturing Mega-Networks: Observations from a Case in the Commercial Aerospace Industry".

The trend of outsourcing within the electronic industry has contributed to the creation of new types of extended enterprises. These extended enterprises must be able to manage a challenging situation with shorter product life cycles and increased collaboration between companies during the vital product introduction process. For the electronic industry, which is currently acting in an “era of hyper-competition”, it is a challenge to implement an efficient and flexible collaboration within an extended enterprise during the product introduction process. In the product introduction process, a product design is prepared for and transferred into production. During the course of this research, the electronic industry has changed continuously. Empirical data were first collected within an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) that was responsible for its own production. Based on a strategic decision at the OEM, a new extended enterprise was established. In general, these new extended enterprises within the electronic industry consist of: a “product owner” in the form of an OEM that owns the product design and its brand; a “producer” in the form of an Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) company that is responsible for the production; and suppliers of services, material, components, equipment etc. However, in the later stages of this research the studied EMS was responsible for the product introduction, production and distribution of the product to the end user. In order to compare and contrast trends and lessons learned in similar industries, case studies within the mechanical engineering and aerospace industries also were performed. The dissertation primarily describes the process of collaborative product introduction (PI) within the electronic industry, and presents among other things a number of general conditions for efficient collaborative PI within an EE in that industry. First, a clearly communicated definition of what is included in product introduction is needed, On the day of the public defence the status of article VIII was Accepted and the title was "Coordination in Collaborative Manufacturing Mega-Networks: Observations from a Case in the Commercial Aerospace Industry".

The trend of outsourcing within the electronic industry has contributed to the creation of new types of extended enterprises. These extended enterprises must be able to manage a challenging situation with shorter product life cycles and increased collaboration between companies during the vital product introduction process. For the electronic industry, which is currently acting in an “era of hyper-competition”, it is a challenge to implement an efficient and flexible collaboration within an extended enterprise during the product introduction process. In the product introduction process, a product design is prepared for and transferred into production. During the course of this research, the electronic industry has changed continuously. Empirical data were first collected within an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) that was responsible for its own production. Based on a strategic decision at the OEM, a new extended enterprise was established. In general, these new extended enterprises within the electronic industry consist of: a “product owner” in the form of an OEM that owns the product design and its brand; a “producer” in the form of an Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) company that is responsible for the production; and suppliers of services, material, components, equipment etc. However, in the later stages of this research the studied EMS was responsible for the product introduction, production and distribution of the product to the end user. In order to compare and contrast trends and lessons learned in similar industries, case studies within the mechanical engineering and aerospace industries also were performed. The dissertation primarily describes the process of collaborative product introduction (PI) within the electronic industry, and presents among other things a number of general conditions for efficient collaborative PI within an EE in that industry. First, a clearly communicated definition of what is included in product introduction is needed, On the day of the public defence the status of article VIII was Accepted and the title was "Coordination in Collaborative Manufacturing Mega-Networks: Observations from a Case in the Commercial Aerospace Industry".

The trend of outsourcing within the electronic industry has contributed to the creation of new types of extended enterprises. These extended enterprises must be able to manage a challenging situation with shorter product life cycles and increased collaboration between companies during the vital product introduction process. For the electronic industry, which is currently acting in an “era of hyper-competition”, it is a challenge to implement an efficient and flexible collaboration within an extended enterprise during the product introduction process. In the product introduction process, a product design is prepared for and transferred into production. During the course of this research, the electronic industry has changed continuously. Empirical data were first collected within an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) that was responsible for its own production. Based on a strategic decision at the OEM, a new extended enterprise was established. In general, these new extended enterprises within the electronic industry consist of: a “product owner” in the form of an OEM that owns the product design and its brand; a “producer” in the form of an Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) company that is responsible for the production; and suppliers of services, material, components, equipment etc. However, in the later stages of this research the studied EMS was responsible for the product introduction, production and distribution of the product to the end user. In order to compare and contrast trends and lessons learned in similar industries, case studies within the mechanical engineering and aerospace industries also were performed. The dissertation primarily describes the process of collaborative product introduction (PI) within the electronic industry, and presents among other things a number of general conditions for efficient collaborative PI within an EE in that industry. First, a clearly communicated definition of what is included in product introduction is needed, On the day of the public defence the status of article VIII was Accepted and the title was "Coordination in Collaborative Manufacturing Mega-Networks: Observations from a Case in the Commercial Aerospace Industry".

The trend of outsourcing within the electronic industry has contributed to the creation of new types of extended enterprises. These extended enterprises must be able to manage a challenging situation with shorter product life cycles and increased collaboration between companies during the vital product introduction process. For the electronic industry, which is currently acting in an “era of hyper-competition”, it is a challenge to implement an efficient and flexible collaboration within an extended enterprise during the product introduction process. In the product introduction process, a product design is prepared for and transferred into production. During the course of this research, the electronic industry has changed continuously. Empirical data were first collected within an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) that was responsible for its own production. Based on a strategic decision at the OEM, a new extended enterprise was established. In general, these new extended enterprises within the electronic industry consist of: a “product owner” in the form of an OEM that owns the product design and its brand; a “producer” in the form of an Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) company that is responsible for the production; and suppliers of services, material, components, equipment etc. However, in the later stages of this research the studied EMS was responsible for the product introduction, production and distribution of the product to the end user. In order to compare and contrast trends and lessons learned in similar industries, case studies within the mechanical engineering and aerospace industries also were performed. The dissertation primarily describes the process of collaborative product introduction (PI) within the electronic industry, and presents among other things a number of general conditions for efficient collaborative PI within an EE in that industry. First, a clearly communicated definition of what is included in product introduction is needed, On the day of the public defence the status of article VIII was Accepted and the title was "Coordination in Collaborative Manufacturing Mega-Networks: Observations from a Case in the Commercial Aerospace Industry".

The trend of outsourcing within the electronic industry has contributed to the creation of new types of extended enterprises. These extended enterprises must be able to manage a challenging situation with shorter product life cycles and increased collaboration between companies during the vital product introduction process. For the electronic industry, which is currently acting in an “era of hyper-competition”, it is a challenge to implement an efficient and flexible collaboration within an extended enterprise during the product introduction process. In the product introduction process, a product design is prepared for and transferred into production. During the course of this research, the electronic industry has changed continuously. Empirical data were first collected within an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) that was responsible for its own production. Based on a strategic decision at the OEM, a new extended enterprise was established. In general, these new extended enterprises within the electronic industry consist of: a “product owner” in the form of an OEM that owns the product design and its brand; a “producer” in the form of an Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) company that is responsible for the production; and suppliers of services, material, components, equipment etc. However, in the later stages of this research the studied EMS was responsible for the product introduction, production and distribution of the product to the end user. In order to compare and contrast trends and lessons learned in similar industries, case studies within the mechanical engineering and aerospace industries also were performed. The dissertation primarily describes the process of collaborative product introduction (PI) within the electronic industry, and presents among other things a number of general conditions for efficient collaborative PI within an EE in that industry. First, a clearly communicated definition of what is included in product introduction is needed, On the day of the public defence the status of article VIII was Accepted and the title was "Coordination in Collaborative Manufacturing Mega-Networks: Observations from a Case in the Commercial Aerospace Industry".

The trend of outsourcing within the electronic industry has contributed to the creation of new types of extended enterprises. These extended enterprises must be able to manage a challenging situation with shorter product life cycles and increased collaboration between companies during the vital product introduction process. For the electronic industry, which is currently acting in an “era of hyper-competition”, it is a challenge to implement an efficient and flexible collaboration within an extended enterprise during the product introduction process. In the product introduction process, a product design is prepared for and transferred into production. During the course of this research, the electronic industry has changed continuously. Empirical data were first collected within an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) that was responsible for its own production. Based on a strategic decision at the OEM, a new extended enterprise was established. In general, these new extended enterprises within the electronic industry consist of: a “product owner” in the form of an OEM that owns the product design and its brand; a “producer” in the form of an Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) company that is responsible for the production; and suppliers of services, material, components, equipment etc. However, in the later stages of this research the studied EMS was responsible for the product introduction, production and distribution of the product to the end user. In order to compare and contrast trends and lessons learned in similar industries, case studies within the mechanical engineering and aerospace industries also were performed. The dissertation primarily describes the process of collaborative product introduction (PI) within the electronic industry, and presents among other things a number of general conditions for efficient collaborative PI within an EE in that industry. First, a clearly communicated definition of what is included in product introduction is needed, On the day of the public defence the status of article VIII was Accepted and the title was "Coordination in Collaborative Manufacturing Mega-Networks: Observations from a Case in the Commercial Aerospace Industry".

The trend of outsourcing within the electronic industry has contributed to the creation of new types of extended enterprises. These extended enterprises must be able to manage a challenging situation with shorter product life cycles and increased collaboration between companies during the vital product introduction process. For the electronic industry, which is currently acting in an “era of hyper-competition”, it is a challenge to implement an efficient and flexible collaboration within an extended enterprise during the product introduction process. In the product introduction process, a product design is prepared for and transferred into production. During the course of this research, the electronic industry has changed continuously. Empirical data were first collected within an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) that was responsible for its own production. Based on a strategic decision at the OEM, a new extended enterprise was established. In general, these new extended enterprises within the electronic industry consist of: a “product owner” in the form of an OEM that owns the product design and its brand; a “producer” in the form of an Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) company that is responsible for the production; and suppliers of services, material, components, equipment etc. However, in the later stages of this research the studied EMS was responsible for the product introduction, production and distribution of the product to the end user. In order to compare and contrast trends and lessons learned in similar industries, case studies within the mechanical engineering and aerospace industries also were performed. The dissertation primarily describes the process of collaborative product introduction (PI) within the electronic industry, and presents among other things a number of general conditions for efficient collaborative PI within an EE in that industry. First, a clearly communicated definition of what is included in product introduction is needed, On the day of the public defence the status of article VIII was Accepted and the title was "Coordination in Collaborative Manufacturing Mega-Networks: Observations from a Case in the Commercial Aerospace Industry".

This paper studies the contractual form of subcontracting agreements in the Spanish electronic industry, focusing on the type of clauses that are formalized in the contract. To this end, we distinguish between two basic king of agreements: either those in which contractor basically formalize the output or results expected - full service contracts - or those in which hierarchical or administrative controls over the vendor's production systems are formalized - board stuffing contracts -. Based on this classification, we examine factors explaining the choice between the two contractual forms. The results show that the strategic relevance of the subcontracted activity, the technological uncertainty surrounding the exchange and the contractor's size favour the adoption of hierarchical controls over the formalization of output. Besides, the specificity of subcontracted activity reduces the probability of adopting hierarchical contracts, Este trabajo analiza la estructura de los acuerdos de subcontratación en la industria electrónica española, centrando la atención en el tipo de cláusulas que son detalladas en los contratos. Para ello, se parte de la presencia de dos modalidades de subcontratación, según se formalicen los resultados que debe servir el subcontratista (subcontratación de resultados) o bien controles de carácter jerárquico sobre su proceso productivo (subcontratación de recursos). Sobre esta base, se examinan los factores que explican la adopción de una u otra modalidad de contratación. Los resultados del estudio empírico confirman que el valor estratégico de la actividad subcontratada, la incertidumbre tecnológica que rodea al intercambio y el tamaño de la empresa contratista tienen un efecto positivo sobre el empleo de controles administrativos frente a una mera "subcontratación de resultados". Por otra parte, la especificidad de la actividad subcontratada disminuye la probabilidad de establecer un contrato de carácter jerárquico

This paper studies the contractual form of subcontracting agreements in the Spanish electronic industry, focusing on the type of clauses that are formalized in the contract. To this end, we distinguish between two basic king of agreements: either those in which contractor basically formalize the output or results expected - full service contracts - or those in which hierarchical or administrative controls over the vendor's production systems are formalized - board stuffing contracts -. Based on this classification, we examine factors explaining the choice between the two contractual forms. The results show that the strategic relevance of the subcontracted activity, the technological uncertainty surrounding the exchange and the contractor's size favour the adoption of hierarchical controls over the formalization of output. Besides, the specificity of subcontracted activity reduces the probability of adopting hierarchical contracts, Este trabajo analiza la estructura de los acuerdos de subcontratación en la industria electrónica española, centrando la atención en el tipo de cláusulas que son detalladas en los contratos. Para ello, se parte de la presencia de dos modalidades de subcontratación, según se formalicen los resultados que debe servir el subcontratista (subcontratación de resultados) o bien controles de carácter jerárquico sobre su proceso productivo (subcontratación de recursos). Sobre esta base, se examinan los factores que explican la adopción de una u otra modalidad de contratación. Los resultados del estudio empírico confirman que el valor estratégico de la actividad subcontratada, la incertidumbre tecnológica que rodea al intercambio y el tamaño de la empresa contratista tienen un efecto positivo sobre el empleo de controles administrativos frente a una mera "subcontratación de resultados". Por otra parte, la especificidad de la actividad subcontratada disminuye la probabilidad de establecer un contrato de carácter jerárquico